"Not When They Did Him Like That"
Porambo, Ron
‘Not When They Did Him Like That’ by Ron Porambo Springfield Avenue, which begins peaceably in the suburb of Springfield and runs through the white retreats of Short Hills, Milburn, and...
...That cardiograph machine was going on the heartbeat...
...They were angry at Richard like men get angry because he wouldn’t do what they were telling him...
...They had a hard time finding a vein to pick up his heartbeat...
...Owens be killed...
...A while later, I gave it back to him...
...I told Richard that he couldn’t come anymore and he had to give me the key...
...When the police came, Richard made a phone call to his lawyer, Solondz, and Solondz told him he had to leave the apartment...
...K’s Restaurant, where Hayden and I had met in the winter of 1968, had been smashed in the disturbance following Martin Luther King’s murder and had never reopened...
...She told Owens they were through...
...He said I couldn’t order him out of the apartment and I called the police just to show him...
...Patrolmen Derek Akridge, Martin Goldman, and Lancelot Owens chased him through a vacant lot and then over a fence- at 124 Hillside Avenue,” the Newark Evening News reported...
...Richard jumped into the back seat like he was afraid they were going to shoot into the car...
...Even Mayor Gibson’s father became a victim when he was attacked by a gang of hoodlums as he walked near Clinton Avenue...
...This time the riots would be county-wide, with blacks moving into the suburbs attacking utilities, water supplies, and covering the highways with sniper fire...
...She was the first and last woman in his life...
...Owens attempted to drive off but was blocked by the radio car...
...The Newark Star-Ledger was the first to announce the passing of Richard Owens: Two Newark patrolmen shot and killed a 35-year-old man last night after the man allegedly resisted arrest...
...Where insects and rodents no longer flee the light, the battle against vermin goes on 24 hours a day...
...Fuses blow continually because of bad wiring...
...His staunch adherence to rules and regulations would, in this instance, be put aside...
...He leaped out of the car with one hand held behind him...
...Of course, I had a permit, but they still won’t give it back...
...They live with gaping holes, cracks, and peeling paint...
...Blacks cut, shot, and mugged one another with abandon...
...I was gonna go over to the funeral home...
...Her home was next...
...I need that gun, I’ve been held up six times since the riot...
...The SturLedger, as usual, editorially ignored the ACLU charge...
...Richard had waited for me to come back and was just getting into his car to leave...
...It was Gibson’s hope to act in the interests of the people who had elected him and instead he found himself captive of the business and real-estate interests that controlled Newark...
...Once the cop kicked in that window, Richard wouldn’t listen to anything...
...Pimps and prostitutes, thieves and junkies mix together with the people who work to live...
...The Clinton Hill neighborhood where Tom Hayden and his group had hoped to spark a social revolution had not changed much in seven years...
...Richard Owens had come to Newark about six years before from Fort Deposit, Maryland...
...A man getting killed is a serious thing,” Officer Harris said, “I can’t talk about it...
...As the patrolmen approached his car, intending to arrest him for atrocious assault and battery, Owens rolled up the window...
...Winn couldn’t, in this instance, be legitimately named in a divorce action because Owens was not legally married to the woman in question...
...Redden, despite his integrity and the concern he had shown over the needless homicides during the riot, was silent...
...They were just angry and they forgot they were policemen...
...He attempted to reorganize the municipal government and his own City Council fought him at every turn...
...He did, however, manage to get one of Gibson’s aides to appear at the press conference called to announce the playwright’s boycott-a position Gibson quickly retreated from when angry members of the Portuguese community showed up at City Hall...
...The body would be taken home, and the entire family, two more brothers and three sisters, would be at the funeral at Fort Deposit...
...For Owens it was an emotional crisis...
...My first shot hit him around the chest, and he ran for the outside door...
...They wanted me to say that there was something in Richard’s hands...
...They are all trapped in a culture of poverty-a combustion chamber sustained by the power structure...
...A week later, a 17-yearold Puerto Rican suspected of stealing a car was shot to death by a Newark police officer...
...It spun him around outside on the sidewalk and he still went about 10 feet further before he dropped and just laid there...
...of 62 Cyprus St., Newark...
...He wouldn’t come out...
...That was the ballgame...
...I Need That Gun” Graham’s Restaurant sits dejectedly on the corner of South 10th Street and Springfield Avenue, just on the edge of what was the riot six months before...
...He was doubtlessly aware that adverse publicity from another shooting death would not do the city any good...
...That would be one of the last things he’d ever do," a brother said angrily...
...A few of the newer landlords offer them bribes, but the established ones know that it isn’t necessary...
...The Funeral Finding a casket large enough to hold the bulk of Richard Owens’ corpse had been a problem, and the one the family members knelt beside at Whigham’s Funeral Home was too small...
...Newark’s two newspapers again proved themselves worthy...
...Early in February, she buried the remaining three-year-old son...
...Margaret Winn...
...What did Imperiale see for the future...
...A black policeman was shot to death by his girlfriend and another black officer was shot to death in a barroom argument...
...Other police at the Fifth Precinct told Owens’ sister that he had been shot when he came at the two officers with a screwdriver...
...Only once did he lose his key to the apartment...
...They said Owens had gone into his glove compartment moments before and emerged from the auto with his hand held behind his back, as though concealing a weapon...
...They had more important things to think about than black children sentenced to death or wasted lives...
...When he came in I was standing about four feet away with my own .38...
...Side streets lined with parked cars, garbage-strewn gutters, and threestory wooden firetraps that seem to lean in a stiff breeze have Springfield Avenue for a life-giving artery...
...They had to open that cat up, man...
...He had never even told Margaret Winn of his first marriage...
...The peeling holes provide refuge to rats that scar children...
...They didn’t come and he phoned again...
...Over at Avon and Badger, where Hayden’s people had marched for a traffic light, urban renewal bulldozers had leveled the entire block...
...Not When They Did Him Like That’ by Ron Porambo Springfield Avenue, which begins peaceably in the suburb of Springfield and runs through the white retreats of Short Hills, Milburn, and Maplewood, ends seven miles later in a frustrated rage...
...When she came to, she rushed to a nearby phone booth without shoes or coat, and telephoned police...
...The Runners A year after Gibson’s election and four years after a riot found the city more immersed in a jungle atmosphere than ever before...
...I couldn’t stand to see him, I just couldn’t stand to see him like’thit...
...I’m not going to the funeral home...
...A third victim was an 18-year-old youth suspected of assaulting a black woman with a gun, according to police...
...Then he pulled me outside to his car...
...He married two women and he never really left me,” she recalled...
...For Margaret Winn, it was the last straw...
...Her black landlord, who happened to be president of the Newark Model Cities Community Council, began eviction proceedings when she was no longer able to pay the rent...
...When he kept coming, Patrolman Owens opened fire...
...The wounded man was handcuffed and lay on the cold cement for about 25 minutes before an ambulance came...
...One seven-year-old boy was crushed by an elevator in a housing project and critically injured...
...Richard was really something...
...The elder Gibson was badly beaten and ended up at City Hospital...
...First they told me they needed it for ballistics, then I went downtown and a detective told me I’d never get it back...
...Portuguese Olives Kenneth Gibson, the new black mayor, could not prevent Newark’s people from maiming and killing one another in their frustration...
...Some time after, Mrs...
...Health inspectors peer, make notes, and then disappear, never to be heard from again...
...If they had let him alone and talked to him, he would have come out, but not when they did him like that...
...What if one of those cops came here?’’ a sister said at the funeral home...
...Newark‘s three black councilmen, Gibson’s running mates on the “Community Choice” ticket, may or may not have forgotten that community, but they certainly forgot Richard Owens...
...Mayor Gibson was vacationing in Puerto Rico...
...If you wanted Richard to do something, you could never do him like that...
...Owens had about $170 in his pocket when shot...
...She may never see that particular policeman again, but, in the event of a civil trial on the Owens shooting, she might see the knife again...
...Instead of being brought to nearby Beth Israel Medical Center, Owens was transported to City Hospital...
...And if you think that I or any member of this administration is going to turn this town right around, you’ve got another think coming...
...Gibson and Police Director Redden naturally took note of Richard Owens’ death in the newspapers...
...Gibson had specifically promised to prevent the execution of non-white residents by the police and this was his most total, abysmal failure...
...M e an w hi1 e, black playwright Le Roi Jones, who represented considerable political power in Newark, was busily absorbed in the new world of black nationalism...
...I fainted...
...Richard Owens’ brothers stood uneasily in front of the casket while Margaret Winn, the first and last woman in his life, lay uneasily in a ward bed on the eighth floor at City Hospital...
...Black politicians were as disinterested as their worthless white counterparts...
...Attorney Morton Stavis, who had been retained by one of Owens’ sisters to look into the shooting, sent them a reminder: The enclosed is a copy of a press report from yesterday’s Newark News which tells of the shooting to death of Mr...
...Their efforts would have commenced sooner except for a police regulation which forbade carrying wounded civilians in patrol cars...
...He said something like he didn’t want to go on...
...Neither could he save them from miserable suffering and death at City Hospital...
...I never wanted them to arrest Richard...
...No one felt the disillusionment more than Gibson himself as he faced the reality of just how powerless the mayor of a black city could be...
...Police Director Redden could not be reached for comment...
...The dead man was identified as Richard J. Owens Jr...
...A coalition of disgruntled blacks-whom Jones called neo-colonialistsforme d in an unsuccessful attempt to gain control of the federal antipoverty agency from Jones’ supporters...
...A patrolman cornered the youth, who pulled a knife and attempted to attack the police officer...
...William Graham, a 53-year-old black man, has owned restaurants in Newark for more than 18 years...
...Far from a political animal, the new mayor had no sooner taken office than he announced that he would work for his city for four years and then retire from the political scene...
...That would have taken balls, man, big balls...
...All I wanted was to go lo the hospital...
...Police Director Redden replied to disgruntled black residents in the South Ward in his own forthright manner: “During the previous administrations, year after year, we all watched as this city tumbled down to the point where it is now...
...Another was a 52-year-old man who became involved in a barroom scuffle with an off-duty black detective...
...One thing, the police won’t give me back my gun...
...I am not suggesting that the police officers be pre-judged, but I do believe that the approach that 1 have proposed is appropriate in the interests of community confidence in the police force, As it turned out, Stavis seemed to be the only individual in Newark who was concerned about Owens’ death and what it meant to the city’s nonwhites...
...Police verified that the fatally wounded man had “a bundle of bills...
...He was moving his arms back and forth to stop them from putting the handcuffs on...
...When he knew he was wrong and you treated him right, he cooperated...
...They shop one day at a time here, where freezers are a status symbol...
...I broke away and ran to the liquor store around the corner...
...Patrolmen Lancelot Owens (no relation) and Alfred Harris said they shot the man when he leaped from his auto and ignored their orders to put up his hands...
...Winn, was always on hand...
...Richard never could get himself together...
...Now there was silence as non-whites continued to be shot down like animals...
...They told Richard to come out of the car but he rolled up the windows and locked the doors...
...For Police Director Redden, it would have been a matter of disciplining black officers while his predecessors had failed to take action against white police who had been involved in questionable homicides...
...The police department has regulations about that...
...They cut him on the arm and they cut him on the side...
...Unlike his cunning predecessor, Gibson offered an honest directness and little backroom savvy...
...He remained there a few seconds and then left the apartment without a word of explanation...
...Here women cook on coal and woodburning iron stoves, relics of a past age, and families eat with a can of No-Roach within reach...
...Medical personnel had worked to save his life for 55 minutes...
...After past occurrences it had at least been announced to the press that the policemen involved had been suspended...
...Owens was a handsome, sometimes charming man who also had an explosive temper...
...The niggers were not only taking over Newark, now they wanted to take over the suburbs, too...
...He wanted to impose an income tax for those who made their money in Newark and the big business leeches and petty state legislators wouldn‘t hear of it...
...He stood six feet, three inches, weighed 240 pounds, and loved women and eating, in that order...
...He soon met Mrs...
...Homicide detectives visited Mrs...
...It perverts, it intimidates, and it finally suffocates those who come in contact with it in a sea of movement, marijuana, heroin, and liquor...
...Civil rights activists had now all but vanished from the scene...
...30 a month extra fox junk furniture that landlords refuse to remove...
...Months later Mrs...
...Newark might disintegrate in crime and perversion, but its black residents would make LeRoi happier by using fewer Portuguese olives...
...Jones didn’t approach Gibson and demand that the black mayor make good on his campaign promises for protection for non-whites...
...He must have put his gun into his jacket when he was pulling on the door...
...None of the thieves were prosecuted and they remained police officers in good standing...
...They gave him an electric shock that made him jump on the table...
...For five years, Owens either lived with Margaret Winn or came and went as he pleased...
...It happened a few months before he died,” she said...
...While victims of Newark’s riot had little but bitter memories to cling to, the policemen even managed to hang onto most of the goods they had stolen...
...Nothing...
...Winn at City Hospital and followed the usual ritual connected with police shootings...
...Things have changed, there’s something just been backfiring in people...
...He asked my friend to leave as nice as could be, and he left...
...He was a runner...
...You couldn’t make him do anything when he was mad...
...What was an avenue of transportation ends as a prison winding down into Newark’s hardcore ghetto, “the Strip,” with a string of bars, liquor stores, and barbecue shops with greasy windows...
...One of the patrolmen kicked in the window and ordered him to get out...
...Less than 24 hours later he was back, ordering a chicken sandwich from the girl behind the counter and then walking for the kitchen door, some 30 feet away, where he knew the safe was...
...Richard Owens by two Newark patrolmen...
...There was still no traffic light at the intersection...
...Gibson did nothing about the killing...
...There are eight stools in front of a clean formica counter, and the top halves of the walls are painted gray...
...I was lying down off to the side of the kitchen and I don’t think he even saw me...
...I kept on waiting, but he never could...
...Richard didn’t become angry at first,” Margaret Winn remembered...
...He arrived at City Hospital in critical condition with a bullet hole in his back and died shortly afterward...
...Treatment of the dead man’s property was also routine...
...She recognized him as the one who had robbed her the night before when I wasn’t around...
...Police said the dead youth had a knife which they had mistaken for a gun in the darkness...
...Winn missed a bread knife and still has been unable to find it...
...There he goes...
...Let me have your phone number, and if I can talk, I’ll call you...
...Graham, lying on a sofa, was in the kitchen with his wife...
...She and Owens became lovers...
...An editorial in the Evening News responded that Negler’s letter had “the clear markings of an over-reach...
...Cause of death in both instances was lead poisoning from paint eaten from the walls of her apartment...
...Richard was near the wall there and Harris just got angry and shot him...
...Exposure of the First Precinct’s burglary ring led to a few newspaper headlines and little else...
...Police gave this account of the incident: Margaret Winn, 29, of 290 Schley Street, reportedly was beaten unconscious by Owens in her apartment...
...I feel sorry for that person, decidedly SO,” Graham went on...
...Then a second shot from Owens brought him down...
...There was no argument with the police that time...
...I stood there watching...
...Until now we have maintained a public silence in the face of mounting evidence that police brutality in the city of Newark has in no respect diminished in the past nine months,” he wrote...
...Ironically, Mrs...
...It said that the youth’s life ended when a .38-caliber slug entered his brain after piercing the back of his skull...
...In this latest shooting, however, Officers Owens and Harris were not only not suspended but continued with their normal patrol duties...
...Manv tenements were boarded up ghost houses and, while authorities played at their urban renewal game, restless teenagers played by their own rules and set fire to them...
...Eyewitnesses who saw the shooting said that Paul’s crime was running...
...My wife saw him coming through the glass window in the door,” Graham recalled...
...Neither did he attack anyone with a knife...
...But blacks had habitually been the victims of shooting at the hands of the Newark Police Department and injustice in the courts, and about these the new mayor was expected to do something...
...It got slower and slower...
...It must have been close to 2:30 in the morning...
...The corner store, Mack Liquors, naturally was the last building scheduled to be torn down...
...It was an emotional thing...
...They had married in June, 1970, at Sumter, South Carolina, where he wasn’t known, and had returned to Newark...
...The New Team Dangers have also continued for Newark’s non-white children...
...Actually, the officers were merely given desk jobs and taken off the street...
...I submit that the only way to deal with a matter of this sort in which a citizen of Newark is killed or seriously injured by a police officer is to have an automatic investigation, independent of the police department, and, especially where there is a killing, the officers should be suspended at least from duties in relationship to the public pending such investigation...
...If the police hadn’t let him make the call there would have been trouble...
...Tony even had their route mapped out: “They can’t come through the North Ward, of course, so they’ll push out through Vailsburg (in the West Ward) and work their way into the Oranges and other suburbs...
...Winn also related that one of the police who had arrived after the shooting walked through her apartment and disappeared into the kitchen...
...Yes, indeed, but with modifications...
...I think if the younger cop hadn’t kicked in the window, the tall one, Harris, would have shot right through the glass...
...He would at least save children from genocide but all he could do was lament their deaths...
...Black was beautiful in the small cultural sphere of LeRoi Jones, but Baraka’s influence was turned into a battle over control of the federal green stuff...
...While the bitterness of the school confrontation continued to polarize the city, and the schools themselves creaked with age, the governor-with strong support from Newark’s business communitypushed ahead with plans to build a $200-million, gigantic sports complex in the Hackensack Meadows to lure the Yankees and Giants out of New York City...
...He died there of ‘‘massive hemorrhage” at nine p.m., approximately an hour and 40 minutes after the shooting...
...A very preliminary investigation of the facts of the current situation indicates grave doubt as to the occurrence of the story as told by the police, and regardless of their story, there is most serious question as to whether any reasonable exercise of police practices required that Mr...
...Owens jumped to the passenger side of the seat and reached into his glove compartment...
...They didn’t have to shoot him...
...With garbage facilities inadequate or nonexistent, piles of debris accumulate in basements, hallways, and backyards...
...He didn’t have anything in his hands...
...After meeting Margaret Winn, the affairs of Richard Owens are a puzzle that defies assemblage, but the key piece, Mrs...
...Heavyset mothers plod along with packages of wilted vegetables and meats of the lowest quality and the highest price...
...At the same time I am sorry he caused blood to be on my hands...
...He was a big-hearted person and women were always chasing after him, I think he was lonely most of the time...
...Many tenants pay Ron Porambo is a reporter who lives in Elizabeth, New Jersey...
...The man inside the store phoned the police for me...
...There were, in addition, other signs of progress...
...Was he expecting another riot...
...Newark’s children were left to eat paint and watch desperate footraces between muggers and their prey...
...In between Owens’ frequent visits to the Winn apartment on Schley Street, he managed to marry twice, once illegally, and to stay with each woman only a matter of weeks...
...When that failed to stop him, Harris fired...
...Everything else has a price, whether you want it or not...
...Slum landlords give their tenants the choice of chipping in to clean the building themselves, or moving out...
...He just couldn’t say no...
...He never went to the glove compartment like the police said, and he didn’t have anything in his hands...
...Governor Cahill cut the state welfare budget by $15 million, and, four years after the riot, the New Jersey College of Medicine and Dentistry finally got around to picking up the deed for the barren Central Ward land where the new medical college was supposed to be constructed, Priorities had been established once again: the well-to-do would be able to eat roast beef while watching professional sports...
...The two front windows, broken by bullets of the state police, have been replaced...
...I didn’t go to look at the body, I’m an expert shot...
...As Tony Imperiale had stated on numerous occasions, “There is a dual system-one set of rules for the blacks, another for us...
...A guest book at the far end of the carpeted viewing room was filled with the names of friends and well-wishers who had met Richard Owens during his five years in Newark...
...When asked during the campaign if he would establish a civilian review board if elected, Gibson declared, “I will be my own review board...
...Buildings that had been corroded with age were now withered and decaying...
...Before the riot he was held up only once...
...With the Italians in power there had been corruption, but voices had been raised against the slaughter of blacks...
...Hoodlums and junkies also slaughtered more white merchants and black residents...
...I need that gun,” he repeated...
...I just told my wife to call for the police...
...Mrs...
...In May, Steve Negler of the New Jersey ACLU made public a letter to Mayor Gibson charging that police brutality was still very much a part of Newark and was being treated by the police with a “business as usual” attitude since the black mayor’s election, Negler’s sincerity was evident in that the letter had been sent the month before and its contents were made public only when ignored by the mayor’s office...
...Nor had the police “cornered” him...
...Naked light bulbs dangle from walls and ceilings on extension cords rather than electrical outlets, and every month people are burned and die in fires caused by overloaded circuits...
...The patrolmen ordered him to stop and put his hands up...
...Her eyes were almost swollen shut and her face was puffed, “I never wanted it to be like this, I never wanted them to hurt Richard,” she murmured, starting to cry...
...Winn had just started seeing, She had never gone this far before...
...These extra mouths come free...
...He hoped to improve tht disgusting living conditions and the federal government looked towards Mars...
...I saw Richard grab his chest first, and Harris shot him again when he was going down, like bang, bang, bang, real fast...
...He turned around there and tried to shoot, and my second shot hit him in the face...
...The Bread Knife and Screwdriver At approximately seven o’clock on the night of November 23, Richard Owens appeared at the apartment to find company sitting in the living room, another man whom Mrs...
...Since then his restaurant has been visited by gunmen six times, the last two in quick succession, A 30year-old gunman, Billy Magwood, walked into the restaurant on a cold December night with a .38-caliber revolver and walked out minutes later with $100...
...A 37-year-old black mother lost one young son at City Hospital in November, 1970...
...A year after Gibson’s election, there were old players in a new game, as well as new players in the old game...
...Heroin was everywhere, destroying young minds and bodies in ever-increasing numbers...
...Owens was pronounced dead at the scene with a wound in his chest and one in his lower abdomen...
...The Essex County Medical Examiner’s office seemed to concur...
...He finally got out of the car on the curb side...
...Seven more blacks were shot to death for suspected or petty crimes during Gibson’s first year in office, five of them as they ran...
...It was right under my pillow, right there on the sofa...
...One was a 16-year-old boy running from a stolen auto...
...Two days later, a nine-year-old plunged to his death down an elevator shaft at another high rise jungle...
...The woman had lost her two children...
...He wanted to improve the sad school system and the state government was more interested in a sports stadium...
...With a black mayor, Newark‘s agony was complete...
...Miss Winn was treated for multiple contusions and a head injury and was admitted to Martland Hospital for X-rays and observation...
...At the time of the shooting, Mayor Gibson was involved in a struggle with the‘ state legislature for funds to bail the city out of its hole...
...When the police car came I asked them to stop by the apartment to make sure my kids were all right...
...The sole purpose of this tactic was to appease the black community...
...When I came to, he hit me, but Richard couldn’t help himself...
...Then he grabbed me by the neck and choked me...
...This article is adapted from his book No Cause for Indictment to be published this fall by Holt, Rinehart and Winston...
...The rats, roaches, and cats are often the first to eat and always the last...
...House niggers had been replaced by slick Negro entrepreneurs, hustling, fast-time Charlies playing the Model Cities game, show-window Negroes, and nigger landlords...
...Patrolmen Owens and Harris met her at the phone booth...
...Liquor was still a big seller in the neighborhood...
...Richard was like that...
...Winn received official notice from a Newark lawyer naming her “the other woman’’ in a divorce action brought by Owens’ second wife...
...Other stores were wiped out in the eruption that followed, some for the second time since the 1967 riot...
...By the time Owens’ corpse left City Hospital his money had been returned to the family, a total of 92 cents...
...the paint provides lead poisoning which kills them...
...He was pulling out on the door and she was pulling in, trying to keep him out...
...As the three approached her address in the patrol car, Miss Winn identified Owens, in his car, as the man who had beaten her...
...The 23-year-old woman had three children and was separated from her husband...
...They worked on him quite a bit when we got to the hospital,” Officer Owens related inside my car...
...The dead boy, Charles Paul, had no gun...
...The black mayor had promised to charge with murder any police o f f i c e r who killed illegally...
...The patrolman, and two others who saw the attack, fired their revolvers and the suspect fell...
...At the time of Owens’ death, Jones was organizing a black boycott of products imported from Portugal in retaliation for the attack of Port ugu e s e mercenaries on Guinea...
...The gray felt gloves on the deceased’s huge hands were also too small...
...He gave me the key and left quietly...
...Neither was anyone going to disturb the amicable relationship between the Newark Police Department and the Essex County Prosecutor’s office...
...I think he was going to crash it into a tree and kill both of us...
...Indeed, all three men were totally uninterested and only vaguely aware that there had even been another shooting...
...Owens’ mother and father had come from Maryland for the viewing and three of his brothers and two sisters, only one of whom lived in Newark, were also there...
...It naturally followed that she also lost her aid to dependent children allotment...
...The plumbing creaks, groans, and leaks...
...After the killing of Richard Owens, the police evidently decided that Gibson and Redden would be no different from their predecessors and they reassumed their role as executioners...
...The enemy now came in all colors for the residents of black Newark...
...Governor Cahill and Newark’s businessmen had also changed little in their outlook on the city’s non-white residents...
...When I found out that Richard had gotten married, I knew we didn’t have any future together...
...The 60-year-old man had fought back with a pen knife, and two of his attackers joined him there...
Vol. 3 • October 1971 • No. 8
