Political Booknotes
POLITICAL BOOKNOTES Public affairs books scheduled to be published this month. Trial By Jury. Steven Brill and the editors and reporters of The American Lawyer. Simon and Schuster,...
...Budget deficits, which had long been thought a problem that Republicans were best suited to solve, are still on the list of problems, but no longer is one party seen as better equipped than the other to handle them...
...Madison Books, $24.95...
...But Brill's reporting reveals a team of dedicated, thoughtful citizens scrupulously applying the judge's instructions to the evidence before them, alarmed by the notion that they were "sending signals" to anyone...
...Only a charismatic Democrat could have, and even that would not have been enough...
...Strikingly, while the level of formal education has grown dramatically during the same period, the trend toward neutrality in party evaluation is the same at all education levels...
...Legal decisions are the product of two things: rules (Thou shalt not kill) and the facts that get plugged into them in a particular case (James killed Scott, so James goes to jail...
...The Post wrote in a 1979 story that Tavoulareas had used his position to "set up" his son in a lucrative shipping business that counted Mobil itself as its only customer...
...Will Texas ever again be...
...Peter Elkind...
...When party identity is a powerful influence on choice, there is less incentive for mudslinging, because strong partisans already see their own candidate in a good light and the opponent in a bad one...
...Weakened parties help explain declining participation in federal elections—barely 50 percent of the eligible citizens voted in the last presidential election, the lowest percentage in 64 years...
...Key, Jr., anticipated these keys, demonstrating the centrality of party and of performance on peace and prosperity (what he called retrospective voting) to voters and thus to elections...
...Nothing else worked against Bush...
...Nevertheless, middle America loved Barb...
...Between 7 and 9 each morning he supposedly made her life a "living hell...
...And expansion of a pilot Texas program to expand in-state processing of the state's agricultural harvest...
...But this "realist" law beat had been left largely uncolonized by quality journalists until Steve Brill planted his flag a decade ago...
...But oil and gas reserves are dwindling, and so is the underground water supply that makes farming and ranching possible on the arid half of the state west of Austin...
...Despite the book's success, Callwood's contribution to the project remained hidden...
...In articles on the Texaco-Pennzoil battle and the fight for Richard Lord's advertising agency, Brill gets bogged down parsing contract language in mind-numbing detail...
...And it's the kind of coverage that's too often neglected...
...Lichtman and DeCell boldly claim to have the key, or rather all 13 keys, to presidential elections...
...What is surprising about the keys, then, is not what is included but what is not...
...Hopefully, she will do it soon and tell us ALL...
...After finding out the hard way how much it costs to maintain a lawsuit, he decided it was cheaper in the long run to become an attorney himself...
...And one might quibble further...
...Her first big break came when she accompanied Jackie Kennedy on her trip to India...
...Callwood acquiesced and finally received a thank-you note...
...Wattenberg is certainly correct when he concludes that we now vote for the person, not for the party...
...Terrified of losing the plant, Texas dispatched economicdevelopment delegations to Taiwan on bended knee, bearing promises of swift environmental approvals and a tidy $168 million package of tax abatements and other inducements...
...and her access to celebrities, which led to "The Barbara Walters Specials," turned her into an icon of sorts...
...but in 1988, less than 45 percent endorsed a candidate...
...Ronin expresses dismay at the state's failings in public education, but offers few specific suggestions...
...Those small Texas cities—now struggling with high unemployment— might well beg to differ...
...Since Walters lacked the time to actually write the work, Doubleday, the publisher, provided her with a well-known ghost, June Callwood...
...Delbert Latta is an Ohio Republican who served in the House from 19581988, best known for the GrammLatta budget and reconciliation bills...
...Texas banks and S&Ls are doing a little better...
...I believe his view best explains how, for instance, Bush could win in an electoral landslide while losing seats in the Senate and House, earning him the weakest base of party support in Congress of any president in history...
...Lyndon Johnson proffered the invitation...
...He tells a story about the first time he and Mrs...
...On display throughout the book, of course, are the tit-for-tat, nit-picking, fetish-for-trivia pathologies that make lawyers (and I'm one of them) such a contemptible breed...
...One fascinating detail is the rise in neutrality of print media, associated with the disappearance of competing papers and best shown in the percentage of newspapers that endorse presidential candidates...
...In the John DeLorean entrapment case, however, a different jury dynamic emerged...
...and the natural course of generational replacement that produces new voters coming to the political world too long after realigning events, like The Depression and the New Deal, which gave meaning and strength to their parents' and grandparents' political identification, but not theirs...
...Wattenberg argues that the public has no difficulty finding differences between the parties...
...Jesse Jackson would now be president...
...Back in the jury room, however, as Brill's interviews with the jurors reveal, this legal standard was turned on its head...
...After a stint as a booker at CBS and as a PR rep for the legendary Tex McCrary, Walters joined NBC's "Today Show" as a writer-assistant to The Face, Anita Colby, in 1961...
...Oppenheimer claims that he has interviewed EVERYONE on Walters's life—more than 400 friends, colleagues, acquaintances, and enemies— but if you want to dish the dirt it's not all here...
...After all, analysis of the fall of American political parties has been a growth industry for scholars and journalists at least since the early seventies...
...But the realists understood that if the factfinding process is fouled up, or if the appropriate rules are in reality systematically ignored, then even the most theoretically just legal system may be a mockery and a fraud...
...David Ronin's biography gives some evidence that he has learned that lesson himself...
...We might be tempted to round up the usual suspects: broad demographic changes, the parties' failure to differentiate themselves, and a growing, general distrust of government...
...And the handful of ideas Ronin cites for working toward that goal certainly makes sense: Intensive local efforts to support existing small businesses, since such companies produce most new jobs...
...Under the law, for the high-profile Mobil executive to prevail, he'd need to show that the Post deliberately published falsehoods (of which there were virtually none), or that it acted with reckless disregard as to whether its assertions were true...
...But if Wattenberg is right and the significance of party affiliation has been drained away, changes in party identity mean little—Wattenberg describes them as "hollow realignment...
...But at its best (and most anthology-worthy), the magazine has seen its mission as reporting on highstakes trials to illustrate the successes and failures of frontline legal decisionmaking—how and why judges, juries, and lawyers do what they do, and why the rest of us, as citizens, should care...
...Another vignette involves Walters's best-selling book, How to Talk With Practically Anybody About Practically Anything...
...In 1988, the giant Formosa Plastics Group of Taiwan, facing stiff environmental protests at home, decided to build its smelly new petrochemical plant where it was welcome: Calhoun County, Texas...
...Callwood credits Walters with "enormous determination," and labels her "a shaky woman in a lot of ways, emotionally very vulnerable...
...Is there no room for issues, for ideology, for the campaign, or even for the challenger...
...opportunities to attract relocating corporations or foreign plants (like Formosa) are costly and rare...
...If you had any doubts, Martin P. Wattenberg's book shows that partisanship like that is now largely out of fashion...
...The ultimate survivor, who despite her frequent coy, cloying questions and pronounced lisp, can corner the latest celebrity and get him or her to talk...
...Had, for instance, Bush won a divisive nomination, Pat Robertson bolted and made a strong third-party bid, and the Democrats nominated a charismatic candidate, they would have won, according to the keys...
...In modern times, as a clear-eyed look at the world reveals, economic self-reliance is impossible for a country, much less a single state...
...Had it not been for Cohn's assistance, notes Oppenheimer, Walters could have remained childless...
...So Ronin's prescription for healing Texas might make interesting reading even for Yankees—if only it offered any real promise of a cure...
...Texas's dependence on agricultural and oil exports has made it "an economic colony" for the rest of America and the world, argues Ronin...
...Can the constitution be read to contain a right of privacy, for example, and does that right include the right to abort a fetus...
...A relentless, self-promoting perfectionist, obsessed with work and fame...
...Rx for Texas offers little that could make a significant difference during the 1990s...
...Brill and Connie Bruck explicate the Westmoreland and Sharon libel trials in several solid pieces...
...Much that is wrong with contemporary politics can be blamed on party indifference...
...Prospects don't look terribly promising at the moment...
...And to what end, even in theory, would Texas become economically self-reliant...
...By contrast, when similar like/dislike questions were asked about the candidates during the same period, the percentage of nothingto-say hardly varied...
...The press at the time hyped the jury's acquittal as a broad signal to law enforcement authorities that they'd "gone too far...
...The marriage was not annulled after less than a year (the usual story) but lasted for three years and ended in a somewhat amicable divorce...
...David Pomerantz Rx for Texas: Staying in Business in the 90's...
...But it is more than insuperable problems that explain changes in this perception...
...On the strength of this mission Brill has attracted a string of first-rate reporters (including James Stewart, Connie Bruck, and Stephen Adler) that have made him one of The Wall Street Journal's main farm clubs and one of journalism's best training grounds...
...Plus, all age cohorts have moved toward neutral evaluations, suggesting that while older generations don't tend to change their party affiliations, the labels used to have more meaning for them than they do now...
...Harvard University Press, $10.95...
...But what cemented the relationship was Cohn's help when Walters wanted to adopt an infant daughter during her second marriage to producer Lee Guber...
...Katz has remained silent on the subject, but this has not stopped Oppenheimer from theorizing that "Barbara had allowed her job to take precedence over everything else...
...Never one to miss an opportunity, she also forged a useful bond with first friend, Joan Braden, who would later provide an invaluable service: introductions to the movers and shakers of Washington...
...In part this reflects a changing perception of the problems—drugs and moral decay are social problems that the federal government is not likely to solve overnight...
...Now blonder, smoother of cheek and jowl, more streamlined than ever at the age of sixty (Walters admits to 58), and earning more than a million annually, she seems firmly ensconced in the video firmament...
...What explains these changes...
...Taylor, $16.95...
...Some people have nothing to say, good or ill, about either party...
...and who, after an uninspired start, gathered enough confidence and chutzpah to pierce the male chauvinism of broadcasting and land on top...
...A fourteenth key, the late V.O...
...But why quibble, This is politics, where perfect is perfectly rare...
...Instead, as the central theme of his book, Ronin preaches the gospel of "bootstrap economics"— "pull[ing] ourselves out of this mess with our own hands," and becoming "economically self-reliant...
...But with the New England economy now in early freefall, the patterns of regional boom-and-bust resonate across America...
...A "layman's edit" might have helped these pieces move more gracefully beyond their original legal readership...
...Wattenberg devised a broader measure of indifference toward the parties to ascertain an overall positive, neutral, or negative attitude...
...In the 1860 election, for instance, slavery appears in the keys through social turmoil, through the surge toward a Republican Congress, through divisions in the Democratic party, and through third-party candidacies...
...To be sure, a Democratic victory was barely possible...
...They don't look forward to what could happen...
...Martin's Press, $19.95...
...That's the good news...
...John Aldrich Barbara Walters...
...Indirectly, yes...
...She was not even included in the customary thank you's in the front of the book...
...Why is six the magic number...
...As Walter Dean Burnham once wrote, "Pure candidate-domination of elections is a recipe for irresponsible, unaccountable performance in office...
...A sexy ice maiden, who pursued powerful men for a story rather than a romance...
...they're failing at a slower rate...
...Oppenheimer depicts Walters's constant lobbying to expand her domain, her supposed feud with Sally Quinn (when Quinn joined rival CBS) and the contempt of male journalists, who considered Walters a major embarrassment...
...Can a public figure ever recover damages for libel, or would permitting such recoveries deter the aggressive press coverage the First Amendment deems critical in a free society...
...The proud Lone Star State didn't merely accept the $1.3 billion project, expected to produce about 1,500 permanent jobs for Americans...
...From data collected in the National Election Studies (NES), which were inaugurated in 1952 and have been conducted in each presidential campaign since, Wattenberg devised a measure of indifference or neutrality toward the political parties...
...Is this any way to run a legal system...
...In this collection of American Lawyer pieces covering 16 big trials of the eighties, jurors sulk in corners, sleep in court, and ignore the law routinely...
...So where there is hostile rejection of one or both parties, there is still hope of realignment, of significant switches toward one party, in effect revitalizing both...
...Ronin is a self-styled "bornagain Texan" (he arrived in 1971), and, with the passion of the converted, he offers a selfishly statist perspective...
...Wattenberg discusses some of these changes...
...the election of George Washington was plainly a triumph of personal image over any of the issues that came to be associated with the Federalist party...
...David Ronin...
...The Lattas had a marvelous time...
...She is also insecure, moody, and secretive...
...Martin P. Wattenberg...
...Colby quickly ascertained Walters's insatiable appetite for the limelight and helped her to get on camera, by assigning her to cover fashion shows and feature stories...
...McGhee would not speak to her offcamera, disparaged her interviews, and refused to allow her to report on certain subjects...
...But the harsh reality is that Texas, like other regions, is inevitably subject to the boom and bust of economic cycles...
...After covering the Kennedy assassination, Walters fought tooth and nail for the highly visible role of the Today Girl, with no success...
...According to Jerry Oppenheimer, Barbara Walters is a fascinating, influential woman...
...Its decline started with its core industry, energy, then rippled into real estate and banking...
...in the 1960s, about 77 percent did...
...I]t's probably a blessing in disguise," Ronin argues, "that small Texas cities lost out in the competition a few years ago to become the site of the General Motors Saturn Corporation facilities...
...he notices that, while people change their party identity only rarely, the significance of that affiliation waxes and wanes over time...
...There has been a small shift back to partisanship in the eighties, but the basic trend toward indifference is well entrenched...
...In Texas, that's a crowd-pleasing suggestion...
...Perhaps more than any other group of Americans, Texans truly believe that through grit and hard work and sheer force of will, they can shape the world and alter history...
...paradoxically, the trend here moves opposite the trend toward neutrality...
...The author persuasively dismisses solutions popular with public officials and economic-development specialists...
...Any Republican would have won, since Republicans had only three keys turned against them: the absence of an incumbent running, of major policy changes, and of charisma...
...What is most interesting here is Oppenheimer's presentation of the inside gossip of the early years of television— the behind-the-scenes intrigues, friendships, squabbles, and struggles of the poor little rich girl striving for success...
...The trend away from party and towards personality is a return to a very old tradition in American politics...
...To be sure, The American Lawyer is still a trade rag, packed each month with law firm gossip, summer associate surveys, and breathless pullout sections on managing billables in the nineties...
...But what's equally important yet frequently ignored is how well the legal principles that don't make headlines are applied in the trenches every day...
...Wattenberg has shown that we need a new vision of politics, a new form of partisanship, that recognizes the candidate as the center of the universe but also takes the best from American political parties— their stability and orientation to the future...
...No dummy, she put together a crack management and publicity team...
...substitute high-tech for oil and gas, and you see the very same pattern afflicting New England...
...There is no doubt that indifference, and even anti-party sentiment, describes our earliest days...
...Hopefully, Barbara Walters will decide to write her own biography...
...Alternating between threatening, whining, and cajoling—tactics she would employ throughout her career—Walters managed an exclusive interview with the First Lady...
...Or that another's "repertoire" includes a deference to the judge that is "a touch ingratiating...
...But according to Wattenberg, it turns out these are not the culprits...
...Their own exacting standards—particularly in explicitly sourcing their data ("Four jurors said" rather than "Jurors agreed") so that the reader can judge its credibility for himself—make them effective critics of sloppy journalism elsewhere...
...But we are probably now ill-served by this 18th century view...
...His book jacket reports that at one point he became an entrepreneur, but his business "fell victim to a breach of contract...
...It happens to work, is the answer...
...The bad news is that voters look backward to what has happened...
...When People magazine published that Callwood was the actual writer, Walters quickly asked her for a denial...
...Those details, combined with ample showcases of audacious puffery (Pennzoil's lawyer tells the jury, for example, that the suit against Texaco is "the most important case ever brought in the history of America—there isn't any question about that"), should make the book a handy reference tool for devoted lawyer-bashers...
...Does it serve a national interest for Texas to take jobs away from Ohio...
...And most important, Wattenberg's idea explains why presidential support is so broad and yet so shallow—why it can't be translated into a mandate...
...If six or more are turned against the incumbent, the challenger wins...
...It is the intensity of party identification that Wattenberg focuses on...
...Matthew Miller The Thirteen Keys to the Presidency...
...In 1988, for example, Lichtman and DeCell claim that Bush did not win due to a Republican "lock" on the presidency (with their keys, no party ever has a lock), due to an incompetent or too liberal Dukakis, or due to anything under the control of Democrats...
...So did Harry Reasoner...
...Not everything works in these pieces, however...
...And yet often, no, not really...
...In sweeping rhetorical flourishes, he dismisses the economic value of defense contracts, military bases, and corporate branch plants—bulwarks of the post-bust Texas economy...
...Finally, when NBC had no one else to turn to, and with the help of the host, Hugh Downs, she made it on the air in 1964...
...There's a message for serious legal journalists here: Though prestige may come with the Supreme Court beat, a lot of the real action is elsewhere, where judges and juries get their hands dirty...
...Simon and Schuster, $24.95...
...Yet at times they perform their duties so responsibly that it's downright inspiring— especially compared to the incompetent and petty lawyers who prance before them...
...In addition, Brill and company often lapse into movie-reviews of the courtroom action that resemble the kind of trivializing legal journalism they aspire to rise above...
...But what makes Wattenberg's book important...
...These quibbles aside, the collection offers a unique and searching perspective on how our legal system is handling— and fumbling—some important issues...
...Their argument was straightforward...
...Example: In writing about Walters's affairs he omits one of her most prominent and well publicized suitors, Senator John Warner, who got so carried away that he proposed marriage (Walters said no...
...The rule is simple: If no more than five keys are turned against the incumbent, the incumbent wins...
...The only thing the challenger can do is be charismatic, but that, too, can be matched by the incumbent...
...The dominance of the incumbent and his performance is no surprise...
...He might have added jury verdicts...
...Latta were invited to the White House...
...It is the Lone Star State that is the subject of David Ronin's book...
...So what are the keys to victory and who controls them...
...Along the way he's gone far toward attacking the niche Jerome Frank yearned to see filled...
...Lichtman and DeCell claim that voters make sensible, sound, political judgments...
...When the Lattas returned home and checked in on the kids, Del was so excited, he woke his young son just to tell him the news: "Your mother danced with the President of the United States...
...Walters boasted it had taken only two years to create, the hardest part being the table of contents...
...Isn't this a tad silly...
...A Texas business writer, market researcher, and MBA, Ronin embraces the blunt "let-me-tell-it-toyastraight" style of offering his wisdom...
...And movies like Twelve Angry Men make useful civic fables...
...The basic thesis is interesting...
...Further specific examples might include a better-educated electorate, which might be expected to make its political choices without the help of party cues...
...High-tech projects are "relatively insignificant in an economy as large as that of Texas," he notes...
...Texas...
...The oil and gas business is still in the toilet...
...The book's weaknesses are that the development of the logic of the keys has a bit (not too much, but a bit) of academic defensiveness (covering their butts) to it, while the long review of each election is interesting and readable but becomes a bit stylized, since the authors have to cover each key each time...
...It also may explain why disillusionment persists about the Democratic party, even though Democrats won six of eight recent congressional special elections and did better than expected in the two they lost...
...It is hard to knock success, for they correctly call all 33 presidential elections from 1860 to date...
...What has changed, he says, is the perception that one party will do better than the other at handling what people see as the most significant problems of the day...
...If Texas can no longer afford to be a colony, neither can it afford to act as though it were still an independent nation...
...In the 1930s, about 95 percent of newspapers made such endorsements...
...A 27-year-old foreman used his "authority" as a reference librarian in the Library of Congress's law library to make the deliberations turn on whether the Post had sufficiently "proved" what the article had claimed—a notion utterly irrelevant to liability, and in fact subversive of the law's solicitude for hard-hitting press coverage of public figures...
...A replica of the "Oregon Marketplace" program, which encourages companies buying goods out of state to find local suppliers...
...No, it's not so much the national issues but the changes in our political structure—the rise of entrepreneurial candidates for president and for Congress facilitated by changes in media coverage and new forms of campaign financing—that best explain why the electorate now links issues with candidates, not parties...
...But Dad," the boy shot back, "the president is a Democrat...
...In the 1980s, about 33 percent of the respondents had nothing to say about the parties, even though this group identified differences between them, had likes and dislikes about the candidates, and voted about as frequently as other respondents...
...Wattenberg's news is that what's afoot is not hostility but indifference— a subtle but important distinction, especially for understanding our most recent elections...
...Most legal controversies that capture national attention are debates about abstract principles...
...Will the state's economy ever recover...
...Take Brill's piece on Mobil chairman William Tavoulareas's libel suit against The Washington Post...
...More of the same simply cannot do...
...Jerry Oppenheimer...
...They had dated seriously when Walters was a junior at Sarah Lawrence and Cohn a rising young assistant district attorney...
...It makes far more sense to recognize that reality than to tilt at windmills...
...The struggling real estate industry is staring at a billion-dollar inventory of foreclosed properties from busted financial institutions that Uncle Sam's preparing to dump on the market...
...In most theories of affect, love and hate are closer to each other than to indifference...
...He says nothing about boosting productivity— except that he's for it...
...If the incumbent is running, if the incumbent's party is strong, if the path to nomination is unblocked and the path to election uncluttered by third parties, and if the incumbent has performed well in office on economic and foreign policy, made major policy changes, and avoided major scandal and social unrest, keys are turned in the incumbent party's favor...
...Even a divided Republican party running, say, Pete DuPont would have won...
...One word of advice: avoid legal overdose by reading the pieces in several sittings...
...He discovered that from 1952 through 1980, there was a steady increase in the percentage of respondents who were truly neutral, all at the expense of the true partisan category...
...Remember: Long before economic gurus pronounced Massachusetts a recession-proof miracle, they were calling Texas the promised land...
...Yes and no...
...They can also explain the excesses of negative campaigns, since a personalized politics requires harsh negative attacks to distinguish the candidates...
...This collection is filled with cases in point...
...They met with dignitaries, they ate a fine supper, they danced and, at one point, the president himself cut in...
...Was the boom—the day when corporations begged for the privilege of building a plant in Texas—really just a decade ago...
...Their phenomenal success is backed up by a persuasive, detailed account of all 33 contests...
...Our top news outlets haven't been impressed enough by this fact to make a habit of such coverage...
...Sandra McElwaine The Decline of American Parties 1952-1988...
...The "legal realists" of the 1930s— led by Jerome Frank, New Dealer, Yale professor, and federal judge— were the first to get exercised about this neglect of the front lines...
...What Oppenheimer does disclose is an early marriage in the 1950s that Walters would rather forget—her first of three, to a wealthy New York businessman, Robert Henry Katz...
...Mostly the incumbent does...
...Is it really that important to know, for example, that one lawyer's "Adolfo-clad wife, who often sits behind him" in court, "softens his image...
...But Ronin's basic premise is misguided...
...Among other questions, NES respondents are asked what they like and dislike about each party...
...But Ronin insists such projects would make Texas an "economic junkie," dependent on outsiders "for another injection into its economic mainstream...
...Apparently the zeal with which she followed his suggestion led to the end of their union...
...Over the years they contemplated tying the knot...
...Big thinkers (then and now) prefer to focus on the first of these issues— on what "the law" should be...
...And Texans are bracing for a double whammy from the untimely outbreak of world peace: the cancellation of corporate defense contracts and cutbacks—maybe even closings— at Texas military bases...
...Woodward and Bernstein's The Brethren helped uncloak the mechanics of high court decision-making...
...And strong partisans form hearty, stable attachments resistant to the influences of the moment...
...Oppenheimer also explains Walters's puzzling lifetime devotion to Roy Cohn...
...Without realizing it at the time, she was establishing a pattern that would prevail throughout her life, helping to destroy two marriages and sound the death knell to other relationships with men...
...But Ronin doesn't stop there...
...Bismarck said there were two things the public should never see being made: sausages and legislation...
...A politics dominated by candidates' personalities ignores the future...
...And are the rules actually being applied to produce the result...
...To put it bluntly, he despised her...
...Not only are these keys incumbent-centered, they are performancecentered—and they leave room neither for campaigning to matter nor for the challenger or challenging party to act...
...Are we sure the true facts are being uncovered...
...This means that as citizens (and journalists) we've got three things to worry about: Are our rules really the right rules...
...In 1952, only 10 percent were in that group, and most of them were apolitical— they knew little about the candidates and very few voted...
...It's better for your health...
...By clever manipulation of male powerbrokers she worked her way up to queen of the airwaves...
...Why were the two most anti-incumbent elections (in 1876 and 1960 there were nine keys turned against the incumbent party) also two of the closest elections of all time...
...Allan J. Lichtman and Ken DeCell...
...Parties, much more so than candidates, have an incentive to look beyond the next election, to take risks for the long run...
...Maybe not—but it's certainly the right way to report on one...
...These questions are important, of course, and make for sexy Time and Newsweek covers...
...One of her fiercest opponents was the late NBC newsman, Frank McGhee...
...It was Katz who inadvertently launched her toward stardom when he suggested she go to work to combat persistent depression...
...Ronin is now a student at the University of Texas Law School...
Vol. 22 • March 1990 • No. 2
