The Peace Party vs the Power Party
CONTINETTI, MATTHEW
The Peace Party vs. the Power Party The real divide in American politics By Matthew Continetti The polarization that has characterized American politics since the presidency of Ronald Reagan has...
...On the most basic question, however—whether Saddam's army should be forcibly ejected from Kuwait— Republicans and Democrats disagreed by substantial margins...
...National Election Survey data show that a person's vote was inextricably tied to whether he thought the war in Iraq had or had not been worth the cost...
...A 2003 Pew survey recorded the largest partisan gap the organization had ever measured on the question of whether "the best way to achieve peace is through military strength...
...The polarization trend continued throughout the 2006 election campaign...
...What the Pew data make clear is that the historic Democratic gains in the midterm elections are the result of a collapse in support for the war among independents, whose views, at least for now, are far more consonant with those of Democrats than Republicans...
...Ninety-four percent of Republicans said the policy of regime change in Afghanistan had not been a mistake...
...A look at our national politicians reveals exceptions to the dominant foreign policy tendency in either party...
...Overall, of course, the public favored the Bush administration's policies toward Saddam...
...And it will remain a prominent feature on the American political landscape for some time to come...
...Though he was often reluctant to do so, and could be said to have just as often pursued his goals half-heartedly, President Clinton deployed American power with some frequency...
...world and America's place in it...
...Most believe that America's global responsibilities extend beyond its own security...
...Republicans were more likely than Democrats to support the use of U.S...
...Consider Iran...
...Most Americans want security for themselves first," write political scientists Benjamin Page and Marshall Bouton in their new book The Foreign Policy Disconnect, "but they also want justice for others...
...A majority of Republicans (53 percent) thought deploying the Marines was not a mistake...
...Such a disparity had been apparent for some time, of course...
...But Holsti argues that these divisions, like others, eventually subsided...
...substantially less than a majority of Democrats felt the same way...
...allies...
...After all, there were clear divergences during the Clinton administration as well...
...Yet even in the Senate, the same partisan distinctions on foreign policy that we find elsewhere apply...
...politics at home shaped events overseas...
...And more than a little worried...
...One's views of America correlate strongly with one's views of American power...
...Furthermore, the attitudes and opinions of the partisan publics, Democrat and Republican, are reflected in the words and policies of each party's leaders...
...Nor should it be surprising that the Republican presidential nominee in 2000, George W. Bush, would respond to the new currents in his party and country by pledging to limit American commitments abroad and to conduct a foreign policy befitting a "humble" nation...
...By 1985, there were more Republicans (29 percent) who thought Reagan was spending "too much" on defense...
...That withdrawal was complete when, in June 1973, Congress passed—by a bipartisan, veto-proof majority—the Case-Church amendment forbidding any further American involvement in southeast Asia...
...What happens when the power party faces a revolt in its own ranks...
...Public opinion research has revealed that most Americans support similar foreign policy goals and share similar beliefs about the Matthew Continetti is associate editor at The Weekly Standard...
...45 Democrats voted against...
...troops to Indochina in May 1954...
...Sixty-three percent of Republicans agreed "strongly" with this sentiment, as did 30 percent of Democrats...
...Ole R. Holsti, the George V. Allen professor emeritus of political science at Duke University and author of Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy, concludes that bipartisan agreement characterized early Cold War foreign policy to an unusual degree...
...But these percentages changed over time...
...Only three House Republicans voted with them...
...As you might expect, almost everyone who is asked this question says "yes...
...people who are married and people who are single...
...But it was not to be...
...As the war plan moved forward, "partisan divisions on its wisdom and necessity were substantial, on the order of 35 to 40 percentage points...
...Developments overseas brought new pressures and interests to the fore at home...
...The 2006 Transatlantic Trends survey asked whether the European Union and the United States should help establish democracy in other countries...
...A 2003 Pew survey found that whereas more than 80 percent of Republicans thought preemptive wars are "often" or "sometimes" justified, substantially fewer of Democrats, 52 percent, shared those same opinions...
...By January 1985, 60 percent of Democrats thought Reagan's defense budgets were "too much...
...just 48 percent of Kerry voters agreed...
...To Pelosi, the solution to the problem of Iraq—American withdrawal—is self-evident...
...More than half the House Democrats in the outgoing Congress are cosponsors of Rep...
...27 percent thought they were "about right...
...But Holsti, in a survey of Gallup data from before, during, and after Operation Desert Storm, found "rather substantial partisan differences" over the military deployment to Saudi Arabia and subsequent invasion of Iraq...
...More than anything else, the 2004 presidential election was about the war...
...Look at the large majority of voters who are reliable partisans, and it begins to vanish...
...Never have the differences between the two parties on issues of war and peace been so distinct...
...Bush...
...36 percent of Republicans thought it was...
...The divergence from Republicans was 18 percentage points...
...And this is clearest when you look at the signature policy of Bush's administration: ending Saddam Hussein's regime and seeking to create a stable, democratically elected government in Iraq...
...troops to protect oil supplies (10 percent of Democrats said yes versus 41 percent of Republicans), to spread democracy (7 percent versus 53 percent), to destroy a terrorist base (57 percent versus 95 percent), to intervene in a humanitarian disaster such as a genocide or civil war (56 percent versus 61 percent), and to protect American allies under attack (76 percent versus 92 percent...
...The most recent data suggest, however, that this has not happened...
...He found that the most radical divergence occurred in an October 2004 Los Angeles Times poll question that asked "whether Bush had made the right decision to go to war, in light of the CIA's report that Saddam had no WMD and no active program to produce them...
...At no time since World War II has the divergence of partisan support for an ongoing war been as great...
...During all this time, however, the trendline in Republican support never sank below 75 percent...
...More than two thirds (67 percent) of Republicans in the Gallup poll disapproved of a U.S...
...Nor have attitudes toward power—its origins, nature, and application—reflected ideological and partisan identification to the extent they do today...
...Jacobson found that, from the beginning of the debate over what to do about Saddam Hussein, the two parties held different views...
...A survey conducted by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press in early November 2006 found that 77 percent of Republicans still agreed that the United States "made the right decision" to use military force against Iraq...
...Yet the more substantial and interesting partisan divergences occurred during the presidency of Reagan's successor, George H.W...
...They found that the difference in opinion among Democrats and Republicans on this question doubled between 1998 and 2004, with substantial majorities of Democrats supporting cuts in military aid...
...The Present Earlier this year, Gary C. Jacobson of the University of California at San Diego published A Divider, Not a Uniter...
...foreign policy...
...And every conflict had a partisan resolution—the victory of one point of view or policy over another, leading to new conflicts and new partisan alignments...
...They "see a widening partisan divergence along the ideological lines of the Bush administration...
...Ras-mussen also asked whether respondents thought the world would be better off if other nations were more like the United States...
...Such a divergence was unprecedented...
...What is perhaps most striking about these data to the contemporary observer is that the foreign policy consensus held throughout the Vietnam war...
...As one might expect, more Republicans than Democrats were critical of Truman's conduct of the Korean war...
...military power is a 'very important goal' of American foreign policy...
...In the peace party, war is the final, and perhaps forbidden, option...
...In 1992, one of the Senate Democrats who had voted for the joint resolution, Albert Gore Jr...
...only 44 percent of Democrats did the same...
...It stands to reason that if you think American power is not generally a force for good in the world, you will be less eager to deploy that power than others...
...As the hour of reckoning neared, the divisions between the parties grew...
...And majority leader-designate Harry Reid has said he will back sending more combat forces to Iraq in 2007 only if it means that American troops will be leaving that country in 2008...
...Only 59 percent of Democrats agreed...
...And the split in partisan public opinion was echoed in the actions of partisan leaders...
...The partisan divisions have not healed...
...Most favor strengthening relationships with U.S...
...The peace party is logically consistent...
...those who attend religious services weekly and those who do not...
...John Murtha's resolution to "redeploy" American troops from Iraq at the "earliest practicable date...
...It, too, never recovered...
...Consulting recent major works of popular diplomatic history—Walter A. McDougall's Promised Land, Crusader State (1997...
...Another student of public opinion, Sidney Verba of Harvard University, has found that partisan identification did not factor heavily into a person's view of Vietnam even after the war became controversial...
...When Rasmussen asked the "fair and decent" question again in November 2006, he found similar results...
...For Democrats, the importance of acting multilaterally was paramount...
...The divide between the peace party and power party is real...
...Two of these questions were related to the use of tactical nuclear weapons against Iraq...
...As America cuts back on its financial commitments abroad, so, too, should it reduce the number of its military bases on foreign soil...
...Robert Kagan's Dangerous Nation (2006)—one finds division and conflict over the course of foreign policy since the founding of the American republic...
...Seventy-one percent of Republicans said they "agreed completely" with this statement, while less than a majority of Democrats (48 percent) said their agreement was "complete...
...The partisan gap on support for the Iraq war, Jacob-son goes on, "reaches an average of about 63 percentage points in the last quarter of 2004 before narrowing a bit to an average of about 58 percent during 2005...
...In May 1985, almost two thirds (65 percent) of Republicans approved of a trade embargo against the hard-left Sandinista regime in Nicaragua...
...The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press concluded in 2005 that "foreign affairs assertiveness now almost completely distinguishes Republican-oriented voters from Democratic-oriented voters...
...On many questions, the typical divergence between Republican and Democratic opinion was somewhere around 20 percentage points...
...Air Force's last bombing raids over Cambodia...
...Never had such a divide been recorded since public opinion researchers turned to foreign policy questions in the aftermath of World War II...
...The pollsters told respondents to imagine an authoritarian regime in which there is no political or religious freedom...
...And here, too, the results of the 2006 election guarantee that debate in the Senate over foreign affairs will swing toward peace and away from power...
...A majority of Democrats (57 percent) approved of the U.S...
...A new consensus behind an assertive foreign policy to combat terror seemed possible and perhaps even likely...
...35 percent of Democrats agreed...
...The 1976 adoption of the "morality in foreign policy" plank of the Republican party platform and the 1980 election of Ronald Reagan apparently hastened the divergence...
...In 1945, 89 senators voted to ratify the United Nations treaty...
...the third asked respondents whether peace protests ought to be banned during the conduct of the war...
...In the 2006 Transatlantic Trends study, 23 percent of Democrats surveyed said that the United States should "accept that Iran could acquire nuclear weapons...
...Yet over the same time period the percentage of Democrats who held this view basically stayed the same—20 percent to 22 percent...
...It was a Republican president who began negotiations to end the war and supervised the withdrawal of American troops from South Vietnam...
...44 percent of Democrats felt the same way...
...Only 29 percent of Democrats shared that opinion—a 9 percentage point decline, Pew found, since the same question had been asked in 2001...
...presence, while only 30 percent of Republicans approved as well...
...It never recovered...
...In the MIT survey, only 4 percent of Democrats thought the war in Iraq had been worth fighting...
...In 2004, 57 percent of Republicans supported bases in Afghanistan...
...just 16 percent disapproved...
...In March 1986, Republicans were split, 44 percent to 44 percent, on military aid to the contras...
...As the United States moved closer to invading Iraq, the percentage of Republicans who said the "United States needs to act now, even without support of its allies," went from 34 percent in the late summer and fall of 2002 to 58 percent in February 2003...
...Shapiro and Bloch-Elkon found that the partisan difference on expanding defense spending increased by 10 percentage points between 1998 and 2004...
...Ninety percent of the Republicans who answered this question said the war remained the right decision...
...Battles between Hamiltonians and Jeffersonians, Populists and internationalists, isolationists and interventionists were, perhaps inevitably, partisan conflicts...
...Yet, at a time when insurgents were spiking the number of attacks against Coalition forces, 35 percent of Republicans shared the majority Democratic assessment...
...The book deserved more attention than it received...
...less than 30 percent thought it was not a mistake...
...The Past Few political cliches bear as little resemblance to reality as "partisanship stops at the water's edge...
...Asked in March 1982 about Reagan's military buildup, 43 percent of Democrats said the defense budget was "too much" and 16 percent thought it was "too little...
...But the great majority said the president's spending priorities were either "about right" (49 percent) or "too little" (15 percent...
...of Tennessee, was chosen by the Democratic governor of Arkansas, Bill Clinton, to be his vice presidential candidate, mainly for considerations of foreign policy...
...Nine percent of Republicans registered a similar opinion...
...Ten percent of Democrats agreed...
...But on the question of force—specifically, the use of force to eject Saddam Hussein's army from Kuwait—Democrats and Republicans still held widely divergent views...
...And he enjoyed bipartisan support for these policies...
...While there are obviously elements of power in the peace party and vice versa, a recent Pew report went so far as to say that the two parties now "see different realities...
...Eighty-three percent of respondents planning to vote for George W. Bush agreed with that sentiment...
...But these trends are probably bigger than Bush...
...In a 2003 article in the Public Interest entitled "Defining the 'Peace Party,'" James Q. Wilson and Karlyn Bowman wrote that ideology plays a role, but they also pointed to widespread pacifist and pseudo-isolationist attitudes among (overwhelmingly Democratic) black voters...
...Similarly, in 2004, Pew asked whether U.S...
...They asked whether the United States and the European Union should take certain actions with regard to such a regime...
...A 2003 Pew survey recorded the largest partisan gap the organization had ever measured on the question of whether "the best way to achieve peace is through military strength...
...Seventy percent of Republicans supported a military strike...
...Fifty-four percent of Republicans agreed that America should be one or the other...
...If military power is less important than certain forms of "soft" power, then it ought to be deployed less...
...The Future The underlying causes of foreign policy polarization are difficult to unravel...
...In 2004 the pollster Scott Rasmussen asked respondents whether America is "generally fair and decent...
...It is worth examining, then, the characteristics of the peace party and the power party, and how their more general beliefs influence each party's views on specific policy questions...
...ground troops in a Kosovo peacekeeping force...
...At no time during this bloody extrication did partisan divergences in public opinion emerge comparable to those that would appear within a few decades...
...Asked whether they would support Europe and the United States sending military forces to remove the authoritarian regime, 65 percent of Democrats said they would not support such a policy...
...No one knows what wonderful and terrible events abroad will influence politics at home...
...Republicans were far more supportive of Reagan's defense spending...
...What lies at the bottom of the great chasm dividing the peace party from the power party...
...The absence of strong partisan cleavages," writes Holsti, "extended into the early years of the Vietnam war, as majorities within both parties expressed strong support for the Johnson administration's policies...
...The split was more pronounced in the Senate, where only 10 Democrats voted to grant Bush authority...
...They were opposed to such a policy, 60 percent to 29 percent...
...The great divisions in American life—between low-and upper-income voters...
...In a time of (apparent) peace and prosperity, it is perhaps unsurprising that Americans would turn inward and the power party would wane in influence...
...In only one area did more Democrats than Republicans support the use of troops: helping the United Nations "uphold international law" (71 percent versus 36 percent...
...Most prefer diplomacy to the use of arms, but will support the use of arms as a last resort...
...In many respects Bush and his advisers repudiated Reaganite foreign policy in favor of a classic "realist" approach to the world...
...Sixty-four percent of Republicans said they should...
...The Reagan era included acrimonious debates over missile deployment, a nuclear freeze, the bombing of Libya and intervention in Grenada, aid to the contras and Central America policy in general, missile defense, and moralistic rhetoric in foreign policy...
...Shortly after the November election, she told the Fox News Channel's Brit Hume that Iraq is "not a war to be won but a problem to be solved...
...What does it mean when the party of the social elite identifies more closely with those who wish to constrain American power than with those who wish to use it...
...The division in American politics between the peace party and the power party may complicate or even prevent the "implementation of a steady, resolute foreign policy and national security strategy" in a time of great danger, write William Galston and Pietro Nivola in Red and Blue Nation...
...The 2006 Transatlantic Trends survey conducted by the German Marshall Fund found that more than 80 percent of Democrats said they agreed either "strongly" or "somewhat" with the idea that "economic power is more important in world affairs than military power...
...In November 2005 the MIT Public Opinion Research Lab conducted a more specific survey...
...only 46 percent of those planning to vote for John Kerry thought so...
...military effort in Iraq was going "very/fairly well...
...Nor can one say that the American electorate, taken as a whole, is bitterly divided over questions of foreign policy...
...and the rise of a Reagan-Helms moralist foreign policy in the Republican party—played a key role...
...That foreign policy polarization is tied to the larger phenomenon of political polarization is undeniable—but that does not make it any less surprising to political scientists...
...Just 20 percent of Democrats agreed that it was the right decision...
...Both Gary Jacobson and Walter Russell Mead point to the emergence within the Republican party of a distinctive, ideological foreign policy with ties to religious conservatism...
...In October 1983 almost two-thirds of Democrats thought it was a mistake to send the Marines to Lebanon...
...One suspects it is differing attitudes toward American exceptionalism, conflicting opinions on America's goodness and greatness...
...In 2003, Pew asked respondents whether they agreed with the statement that "I am very patriotic...
...Similar agreement characterized postwar policy toward Asia...
...Majorities of Republicans, Democrats, and independents supported the action through the first two months of the war...
...Will an American failure in Iraq discredit the power party, just as the urban riots and other social dislocations of the late 1960s discredited the party of the Great Society...
...In the days that followed, Bush declared war on terror and began planning war against the Taliban...
...But reluctance to use deadly force is not limited to preemptive or preventive conflicts...
...voters with a postgraduate education and those without—are often less predictive of voting patterns than one's stance on the use of American power abroad...
...The German Marshall Fund's 2006 Transatlantic Trends poll asked whether, "under some conditions, war is necessary to obtain justice...
...wrongdoing" might have "motivated" the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks...
...About the same percentage of Democrats and Republicans supported aid to Taiwan in July 1950 and opposed sending U.S...
...Democrats in favor of withdrawal from Iraq will replace Republican war supporters who currently hold seats from Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri, Montana, and Virginia...
...And this is especially the case for "preemptive" war...
...If Democratic senators have not embraced peace to the same extent as their colleagues in the House, the reason is that they each represent millions of people who look at the world in diverse ways, not hundreds of thousands of people chosen by a computer or judge in order to guarantee a particular partisan outcome in a given district...
...Together, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the March 20, 2003, invasion of Iraq seem to have accelerated a shift begun some 30 years ago: The Democratic party is increasingly linked with the attitudes, tendencies, and policies of peace, whereas the Republican party is increasingly linked with the maintenance and projection of American military power...
...combat troops, and by greater margins...
...There was no such split among Democrats...
...By contrast, 16 percent of Democrats felt the effort was going "very/fairly well...
...Instead, 81 percent of Democrats said the war was going "not too/at all well...
...Such a stance toward the world would be another casualty of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, however...
...This was the case when respondents were asked whether they would approve of using U.S...
...In Jacobson's analysis, Republican and Democratic views drew closer once the war began...
...In fact Holsti found "only three" Gallup questions that "failed to yield significant differences...
...The data were similar: Eighty-one percent of those planning to vote for Bush thought so...
...In 1947, 56 percent of Republicans and the exact same percentage of Democrats approved of aid to Greece to prevent a Communist takeover there...
...In 2004 large majorities of Republicans supported the American base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba...
...There has been no convergence in opinion...
...a little less than three-fourths of respondents in both parties said yes...
...Looking back, it seems that American withdrawal from Vietnam did more to spur partisan disagreement on foreign policy than the war itself...
...More recently, Robert Shapiro and Yaeli Bloch-Elkon of Columbia University, in a survey of Chicago Council on Foreign Relations data, found "a noticeable divergence from 1998 to 2004 in the opinions of Republicans and Democrats, with Democrats increasingly less likely to say maintaining U.S...
...only 7 percent thought they were "too little...
...And the number of Murtha's cosponsors will almost certainly grow in the incoming Congress...
...Twenty-seven percent of Republicans said in 1982 that the defense budget was "too little...
...The Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and NATO all enjoyed, in Holsti's account, "rather solid public support...
...Contingent, indeterminate, and unpredictable, the course of American politics—and of world politics—is notoriously difficult to predict...
...In one sense, this might be unexpected...
...What we do know is that partisans will see these events through different eyes and respond to them in vastly different ways...
...presence in Bosnia, while only 37 percent of Democrats disapproved...
...Even when they believed that regime change in Iraq was imperative," Jacobson concludes, "most Democrats and independents remained reluctant to resort to force and opposed to unilateral action on the part of the United States...
...George W. Bush, Jacobson argues persuasively, has become the "most divisive and polarizing president in the more than 50 years that public opinion polls have regularly measured citizens' assessments of presidents...
...No doubt the political developments of the 1970s—including the activist takeover of the Democratic primary process, which led to the nomination of George McGovern in 1972...
...In 1946 the Gallup organization asked respondents whether they favored an "active" U.S...
...It stands to reason that if you think American power is not generally a force for good in the world, you will be less eager to deploy that power than others...
...Close to a third thought it "about right...
...When asked whether the allies—the United States and the E.U.—ought to take military action against Iran to stop the mullahs from acquiring nuclear arms, only 41 percent of Democrats agreed...
...37 percent of Republicans said they would not do so...
...It was the expectation of many of the political scientists with whom I spoke that these partisan divergences would fade as the security situation in Iraq continued to deteriorate and Bush's popularity imploded...
...When the North Vietnamese launched the final conquest of South Vietnam in March 1975, it had been more than two years since an American had died in combat in Vietnam and more than a year since the U.S...
...Sixty-nine percent of Republicans agreed with this statement...
...Of those Democratic House freshmen, only two use the word "victory" to describe their goal in Iraq...
...And he was able to keep most Democrats with him...
...Historically, writes Jacobson, the gap "is lowest in the most controversial of these engagements, Vietnam, averaging only 5 percentage points...
...Only 18 percent thought it was "too much...
...The data are revealing...
...Visitors to the campaign websites of the 30 Democratic House freshmen will find that the incidence of Murtha's name is second only to that of George W. Bush—and Murtha is mentioned in a much more positive way...
...troops in Bosnia in 1995...
...Even more striking is the apparent polarization on democracy promotion...
...Bush and Dan Quayle brought a new instability to public opinion on foreign policy...
...Forty-six percent thought it was about right...
...Then, sometime during May and June 2003, the trendline of Democratic support fell below 50 percent...
...the foreign policy failures of the Carter administration...
...Volume One: Characteristics and Causes of America's Polarized Politics (Brookings...
...the Power Party The real divide in American politics By Matthew Continetti The polarization that has characterized American politics since the presidency of Ronald Reagan has extended its reach to foreign affairs...
...But what happens when the peace party holds power of its own and faces a world in which illiberalism is on the march...
...Carl Levin will chair the Armed Services Committee...
...In fact, in retrospect, the post-World War II era appears to have been unique...
...As a result, by the time of the 1999 Kosovo war, 73 percent of Democrats favored the inclusion of U.S...
...That Democrats deemphasize military power in general leads them to adopt certain policies...
...In 2004, 44 percent of Republicans wanted to expand the defense budget versus 20 percent of Democrats...
...And when asked who could best handle the issue of Iran's nuclear program, only 19 percent of Democrats said the United States, versus more than a third of Republicans...
...In 2004 Pew asked whether the United States should be the "'single leader' or 'most active' nation" in the world...
...Leaving Vietnam was also a bipartisan enterprise...
...The most drastic partisan divergence can be seen in Gallup polling on the presence of U.S...
...One question asked whether the United States had made a mistake in invading Afghanistan in October 2001...
...But this general consensus is only superficial...
...Walter Russell Mead's Special Providence (2002...
...But a simple "yes" is not the only option...
...Compared to Republicans," write Shapiro and Bloch-Elkon, "Democrats have been more supportive of cutting back military aid to other nations...
...Fifty-one percent of Democrats—and 67 percent of liberal Democrats—agreed with that sentiment, compared with only 17 percent of Republicans...
...And because the peace party wishes to scale back domestic military spending, it is unsurprising it would also want to reduce foreign military aid...
...They seem genuinely puzzled at these data...
...All Senate Republicans except 2 voted for the joint resolution...
...This is not to say that one party is entirely composed of doves and the other entirely of hawks...
...The Democratic party, its congressional delegation in particular, has embraced withdrawal from Iraq and, in its approach to the world, emphasizes negotiation without the threat of force...
...Republicans were for a while reluctant to support Clinton's interventions when they thought the "national interest" was not at stake...
...What separates the two are their views of the importance of military superiority to national power and the proper use of American arms abroad...
...Speaker-designate Nancy Pelosi knows where her caucus is headed...
...By this time, too, Republicans had rediscovered their affinity for the use of American arms abroad...
...By contrast, 58 percent of Democrats disapproved of an embargo, with only about a quarter approving...
...Clinton and Gore's subsequent victory over George H.W...
...Support for the war among independents trended above 50 percent until sometime between January and March 2004...
...It is sizable...
...A majority of them (57 percent) favored sending ground forces to Kosovo...
...Perhaps most strikingly, some 61 percent of Republicans in the November Pew survey thought the U.S...
...In total," Jacobson continues, "89 percent of Democrats and 82 percent of Republicans and independents" cast votes consonant with their stance on the war...
...Eighty-six Democrats and 164 Republicans voted for the joint resolution...
...One hundred and seventy-nine Democratic representatives voted against the joint resolution providing Bush the authority to use force and confront Saddam...
Vol. 12 • January 2007 • No. 16
