Not So Friendly Amici

...Jefferson recorded their ensuing exchange: "[Genet asked,] 'If he decides against the treaty, to whom is a nation to appeal?' I told him the constitution had made the President the last appeal...

...by DAVEED GARTENSTEIN-ROSS CONSERVATIVE LEGAL SCHOLARS have long warned that judges' reliance on foreign opinions might undermine the mechanism for setting domestic policy under the Constitution...

...law, though they couch this argument in legalese...

...He clerked on the U.S...

...And the third wasn't even ratified...

...In the course of the litigation, a shifting group of "current and former members of the United Kingdom and European Union Parliaments" has filed a series of amicus briefs urging the Court to strike down the commissions...

...The submission that these "friends" filed makes clear that they seek to end the military commissions on the basis of international opinion rather than U.S...

...While the Hamdan brief assures the reader that the amici "are aware that the threat of terrorism is real," the biggest household name among the signatories is the notorious British MP George Galloway...

...Although the original brief had 271 signatories, the number had ballooned to 422 by the time the Supreme Court decided to hear the case...

...Circuit...

...These mainly come from international bodies (such as the U.N., the International Court of Justice, and even the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia) but also include a couple of U.K...

...There are sound reasons that foreign governments have heretofore generally refrained from weighing in on the judiciary's interpretation of U.S...

...As more parties purport to shape our foreign relations, effective diplomacy becomes more difficult...

...Galloway's July 2005 claim on Al-Jazeera that "the biggest terrorists are Bush, and Blair, and Berlusconi, and Aznar" certainly calls into question at least one signatory's understanding of the reality of terrorism...

...It cites no federal statutes...

...It should perhaps be unsurprising that foreign legislators are now submitting amicus briefs designed to pressure the judiciary...

...The Supreme Court said in the canonical 1936 case United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., "the President alone has the power to speak or listen as a representative of the nation...

...Federal courts have long recognized that the president should function as the sole representative of the country's foreign policy...

...More than two centuries later, foreign legislators are hoping for a different answer to Genet's question...

...The Bush administration lost that case—and if it loses in Hamdan, this trend will likely accelerate...

...survive the terrorist threat...

...Now, for the second time, a friend of the court brief has been submitted to the Supreme Court by foreign politicians in a case relating to detainees at Guantanamo, suggesting that constitutional control over foreign policy could be similarly jeopardized...

...When Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson met with France's Citizen Genet in 1793, he announced that the United States would not abandon its neutrality in France's wars with Britain and Spain...

...In a 2005 speech to the American Society of International Law, Justice Ginsburg quoted the Declaration of Independence (complete with gender-sensitive modifications) to assure the audience that "we will continue to accord 'a decent Respect to the Opinions of [Human]kind' as a matter of comity and in a spirit of humility...

...Although the brief goes on to say that Hamdan is "one battle in the war between the evil logic of terrorism" and the principle that "all states are subject to the rule of law," the brief itself essentially ignores the rule of law...

...Two were ratified by the Senate with the express reservation that they would be of no domestic effect until Congress passed legislation implementing them, which it has not done...

...It cites only four Supreme Court cases—and these only to support tangential state-ments—but references a full 20 cases from tribunals outside the United States...

...The brief argues that, as a signatory, the United States is nonetheless obliged to implement its protections...

...And signatory Mohammad Sarwar, known for his unremitting attacks on regional ally Israel, has favorably quoted former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir bin Mohamad's statement that it is "no longer a war against terrorism, it is in fact a war to dominate the world...

...The case is Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, challenging the administration's military commissions for trying Guan-tanamo detainees...

...Three treaties are central to its argument, though none is applicable...

...And a look at the amicus brief's signatories reveals that some of the foreign parties attempting to guide the judiciary are hostile to the United States and the global war on terror...

...No doubt, many of the signatories are respected statesmen...

...Court of Appeals for the D.C...

...law because "to the outside world it boils down to the simple, but crucial, question of whether the system of legal norms that purports to restrain the conduct of states vis-à-vis individuals within their power will Daveed Gartenstein-Ross is an attorney and counterterrorism consultant...

...In Rasul, an amicus brief was submitted by 175 "members of both Houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland...

...Moreover, the brief relies on a number of documents of dubious domestic import...

...Another signatory, Peter Kilfoyle, has said, in criticizing Britain's support for the United States: "Every cliché in the book has been employed to justify its slavish adherence to each madcap notion to emanate from this most ideologically perverse of American administrations...

...The brief notes in the opening section that it won't address any of the contested issues of U.S...

...cases...

...foreign policy obligations...

...Although electronic databases lack comprehensive coverage of brief submissions, it appears that before Rasul, when court cases touched on foreign policy issues, foreign officials weighed in only to represent the interests of a sovereign nation (for example, in commerce or admiralty cases) rather than to advance the more amorphous concept of "international opinion...

...Justices Breyer and Kennedy and retired Justice O'Connor have made similar remarks...

...While this is an overstatement (the Constitution commits part of the treaty-making process to the Senate, and courts interpret treaties), the general sentiment is correct...

...But with 422 names on the brief, surely Galloway, Sarwar, and Kilfoyle are not the only "friends of the court" who persistently seek to hamper the war on terror...

...After all, it appears that the federal government's most vocal proponents of respect for the international community's views can be found not in the State Department, but on the Supreme Court...

...Thus, while it isn't unusual for foreign nations to submit amicus briefs where the issue is an interpretation of international law, they now appear to be doing so in an entirely new class of cases, first in the 2004 Guantanamo-related Rasul v. Bush, and now in Hamdan...

...Genet demanded that the president consult Congress before rejecting France's overtures, but Jefferson explained that the Constitution left foreign policy in the hands of the executive...