FALSE ROADS TO PEACE

...An Anglo-American combination would represent a vast pool of manpower, industrial plant, air and naval strength, natural resources...

...But would American sentiment and American action necessarily be the same if the next great conflict should start not in Europe but in Asia...

...Among these are its acceptance of national sovereignties, its advocacy of regional federations, its outlawry of the use of force between nations except as a means of combatting aggression...

...As this was the only occasion when the Monroe Doctrine was seriously challenged (we may overlook several minor challenges from Great Britain itself) the idea that Great Britain played the role of protector of American security in the 19th Century may be dismissed as a fantasy unsupported by serious factual evidence...

...But the Culbertson Plan as a whole is too doctrinaire and theoretical, perhaps too reasonable to stand much chance of acceptance in the passion-haunted world of the postwar years...

...Some aspects of the Culbertson Plan should find a place in any practical blueprint for the maintenance of world peace...

...Walter Lippmann has proposed a larger ."nuclear" alliance between the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China...

...This project raises several difficult questions...

...For British colonial officialdom, secure in the backing of American military power, might be all the more inclined to refuse the compromises and adjustments which would ease the transition from old-fashioned imperialism to a healthier basis of cooperation between East and West...

...Either civilization will overcome war or war will overcome civilization...

...What would be the purpose of such a formidable and yet not universal coalition, once Germany and Japan have been thoroughly defeated and disarmed...

...Suppose a war originating in this or in some similar cause, should be further complicated by an upsurge of rebellious Indian nationalism...

...One feature of his plan is the division of the world into 11 regional federations...

...On the other hand Great Britain, through its Empire, is vulnerable to attack in many distant parts of the world...

...The fact that Mr...

...Would not a combination in which each partner would be bound to close its eyes to acts of injustice committed by one of the others be a standing justified cause of dissatisfaction to the countries not admitted to the "nuclear" inner circle...

...But Great Britain and the Empire cannot be dissociated, at least while Mr...

...At the other extreme from vague dreams of a world state is Winston Churchill's proposal for a military alliance between Great Britain and the United States, subsequently endorsed by Gov...

...Far more important than the increasing speed of communication has been the multiplication of unseen Chinese Walls of totalitarian censorship and self-isolation during the period between the two great wars...

...FRED RODELL, a professor of law at Yale, is the author of Woe Unto You, Lawyers and Fifty-five Men : the Story of the Constitution...

...ANTHONY NETBOY was a free lance writer and editor before he went to work for the federal government in 1942...

...This would be a feasible and practicable proposal...

...Who's Who FRANK C. HANIGHEN is the highly respected and well-informed correspondent with years of experience in this country and abroad...

...Culbertson is best known as an expert on bridge does not disqualify him from thinking keenly and intelligently about some of the infinitely complex problems of world order and peace...

...He labors to prove that America's security during the 19th Century was largely attributable to the British Navy, the supposed protector and co-guarantor of the Monroe Doctrine...

...IN DISCUSSING the various projects advanced for American participation in the postwar settlement, I rule out of serious consideration all suggestions for the creation of a world superstate or a merging of sovereignties along the lines of Clarence Streit's "Union Now...

...How should we feel if a European or Asiatic publicist should put forward the same argument, maintaining that the security of his country could not be assured unless it possessed air bases on the American continent...

...Another plan for world organization is associated with the name of Ely Culbertson...

...There would be no moral basis of law and justice for such a coalition...

...In relatively sheltered America we have reason to be concerned about the growth of delinquency among children whose home lives have been disrupted by the war...

...Americans believe in cooperating with the nations of the world, Mr...

...To persons who are obsessed with an exaggerated fear of American insecurity, to those classes in the United States which are Anglophile because of family, social, or intellectual ties, the suggestion may seem attractive...

...It is often said that, as America has twice gone to England's aid in major wars, an alliance would merely recognize an existing fact and would serve as a warning to future aggressors...

...Millions of men for years have known no trade but killing, have lost the habits and skills of peaceful work...

...Lippmann Distorts History Would the magic word alliance be strong enough to banish the causes of friction between the prospective allies...

...There might be force in this argument if England alone, with its self-governing dominions, were concerned in the alliance...

...The Culbertson Plan Very interesting are the implications of two sentences in Mr...

...Suppose, for example, that China should demand the return of Hong Kong and that Great Britain should refuse...

...Hanighen, who served in the last war, recently flew to England for a first-hand study of conditions there...

...It emphatically did nothing of the kind...

...Countrysides have been stripped bare by invasion and plundering...

...Churchill's views dominate British policy...

...Chamberlin showed how America has played a leading role in world affairs for more than two decades and, far from having pursued an isolationist course, intervened actively and frequently in international disputes...

...And equally old is the fatal sequence...

...He is the author of the new book, The Russian Enigma, and is currently teaching a course on Japan at the Harvard School of Overseas Administration and lecturing at Haverford College...

...In view of such possibilities, should we be acting wisely in giving an undated blank check, payable in our lives and fortunes, for the unconditional insurance of the British Empire...

...A third World War will be ultimate and irretrievable tragedy...

...Willkie's exceptional facilities could fly around it in 160 hours...

...Lippmann's book: "The strategic defenses of the United States are not at the three-mile limit in American waters, but extend across both oceans and to all the trans-oceanic lands from which an attack by sea or by air can be launched...

...An obvious objection to this arrangement, from the American standpoint, is the strikingly unequal distribution of risk and liability, as between the partners...

...Churchill said: "I am sure this would not be a party question in Great Britain...

...Moreover, the formation of an Anglo-American combination would stimulate the formation of oppositionist combinations, probably revolving around the Soviet Union...

...Lippmann's case is not strengthened by the bad history and the extravagant views of the requirements of American security with which he endeavors to support it...

...While justice requires law-enforcing agencies, there can be no law, in the proper sense of the word, until there is justice...

...And, as Mr...

...Travelers and ideas moved between countries with far greater freedom in 1913 than in 1938, even if means of travel and transmission were slower...

...Alliance: counter-alliance: war...

...His suggestion, for instance, that a Germanic federation should receive the Belgian Congo for development would not be put into practice until Germany had given convincing proof that Nazism had been outlived...

...WILLIAM HENRY CHAMBERLIN has had years of experience as a foreign correspondent in France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and China and has watched American foreign policy in action throughout the world...

...It even cooperated, at first, in the intervention...

...QUINCY HOWE is a news analyst for the Columbia Broadcasting System and chief editor for Simon and Schuster, New York book publishers...

...Far from preventing war, an Anglo-American alliance might even hasten its outbreak in Asia...

...In the first two, Mr...

...America came to Great Britain's aid in wars when it seemed that England might be overwhelmed by a formidable continental military power...

...Without the use of advanced air bases across the oceans, American airpower cannot be developed effectively...

...Science has now made war so horribly destructive that the human race is faced with a grim and solemn alternative...

...Whatever theoretical arguments may be put forward in behalf of such schemes they are completely unrealizable until there is a far greater similarity between the peoples of the world in such matters as political institutions, economic systems and ideals, popular psychologies, standards of living, and types of culture than one could find in the world today...

...On the one occasion when the Monroe Doctrine was seriously challenged, when Napoleon III sent a French army to Mexico to uphold the claims of the Austrian Archduke Maximilian to the throne of that country, did England turn the guns of the Royal Navy on the transports that were carrying the French troops to Mexico...

...Chamberlin concluded last week, but they oppose underwriting certain foreign powers in programs of imperialism and annexation...

...An indefinite prolongation of the present conflict will be bad enough...

...No Single Formula To criticize what seem to be false roads to peace is not to disparage the supreme importance, to America and to human civilization, of making every effort to insure a peaceful world...

...Alliances Lead To War Impossible may be too strong a word...

...What a problem this must be in a Europe with uncounted orphans, with millions of children whose parents are uprooted fugitives or deportees assigned to slave labor...

...In this connection I think the effect of Wendell Willkie's One World has been extremely harmful...

...His conception of security is based not on an international army, but on the distribution of the modern mechanized military, naval, and air forces which should be permitted in a fixed proportion among the powers, with a certain weightage in favor of the smaller powers which could not be suspected of aggressive intentions...

...The habit of killing first and asking questions afterward which always develops under conditions of guerrilla warfare will not be easy to outgrow...

...M. C. OTTO is chairman of the University of Wisconsin's department of philosophy...

...Chamberlin presents a proposed foreign policy for America in the fourth article of this series which will appear in an early issue...

...For the hard truth is that it is not "one world," even if a traveler with Mr...

...He is the author of England Expects Every American To Do His Duty, Blood Is Thicker Than Water, and The News And How To Understand It...

...Then the people of the richest and most secure countries may find themselves burrowing in caves, living on the level of Asiatic coolies...

...Thomas Dewey of New York...

...Now war is a product of many causes and peace, for the same reason, is not to be gained by the adoption of any single formula, however important, or by the putting into force of any specific machinery of international action, however ingeniously contrived...

...The withdrawal of the French troops and the downfall of Maximilian were brought about not by any British action in defense of the Monroe Doctrine, but by the stubborn guerrilla resistance of the Mexicans and because the United States was able to take a firm position on this issue after the end of the Civil War...

...And without such a basis, equally fair and acceptable to all nations, there is every reason to suppose that this alliance, too unwieldy for easy composition of clashes of interest among its members, yet lacking the authority of universality, would go the usual way of coalitions formed under the pressure of aggression and dissolve after the emergency had passed...

...Even at the present stage of development the task of restoring elementary conditions of civilized life in great areas of Europe and East Asia will present terrific difficulties...

...Alliances are as old as history...

...Inasmuch as it cannot be shown that England ever sacrificed a man or an extra pound sterling for the upholding of the Monroe Doctrine this thesis seems farfetched, to say the least...

...But it is very doubtful whether an exclusive alliance with Great Britain would, in the long run, serve the cause of peace...

...He is co-author of Europe in Perspective: 1815 to the Present, a book widely used in American colleges...

...But it is most improbable, for geographical reasons, that the United States would be or could be attacked while Great Britain was at peace...

...No scheme of exclusive alliances that would divide the countries of the world into first and second and third-class powers, no system of Hitlerism-in-reverse that would condemn large people to eternal subjugation and discrimination, that would keep hundreds of millions of Orientals in colonial servitude, will preserve peace for a period long enough to be worth trying...

...He is the author of Things and Ideals and The Human Enterprise...

...Cities have been pulverized into masses of rubble by air bombings...

...It is obvious that only total world conquest would satisfy the needs of a "security" that is conceived in such extravagant terms...