D. C.'S INDENTURED SERVANTS

...When I went grocery shopping I had to put plastic bags on my feet so the snow would not go into my shoes," he explained...

...Based on this contract, the U.S...

...Lawyers and social workers say foreign workers are now even less likely to come forward to bring legal action because they fear that—even if they win their case— they will be deported...

...In Caracas's case it didn't work...

...If one decides to escape, her route to freedom may begin with a chance meeting with a good Samaritan such as Rose, who fell into her Harriet Tubman-like role by accident...

...She called the town-house and one of the residents there came and got her...

...labor laws must be followed...

...Under this pressure, Caracas dropped the lawsuit and returned to the Philippines...

...In 1994, the State Department issued 3,400 of these visas...

...She came to my house," says Rose...

...But as the case of Jane and her Australian employer shows, there have also been instances of First World abuse...

...labor laws...

...The domestic servants are mostly women, often single mothers, from poor families in Asia, Africa, and Latin America...

...Some employers hold their servants' passports and discourage them from leaving the house alone or developing independent friendships...

...Even in Africa, I didn't wash with a bucket," says Zintambila...

...But when Caracas arrived in Washington in March 1994, things were not as she expected...

...Today, consular officers in U.S...

...Many servants do not speak English...

...In a few cases, the employers have neglected to pay their servants at all...

...One of the most notorious cases to reach the courts involved a Malawian man, Caleb Zintambila, who was brought to the United States by an official with the United States Information Agency...

...Caracas was exhausted and sick...

...At the McLean, Virginia, home of a Saudi Arabian diplomat, three Filipina women lived, dormitory-style, in the basement...

...11 p.m...

...Her employer never allowed her to go to school...

...Where can she go...

...Diplomats and foreign executives tend to bring in domestic servants from their own countries...

...Embassy issued Jane a one-year G-5 visa...

...He ticks off a list of his most memorable cases: • In 1991, Sangita Satyal, a Nepalese domestic servant, was awarded about $40,000 in wages and legal fees from her Nepalese employer, an IMF economist and his wife...

...The next day Rose called Ed Leavy, whose name she had gotten through a friend...

...She worked first in Hong Kong and then in Washington for an American diplomatic family whom she says, "thank God," treated her well...

...Employers incur the expense of hiring overseas because imported help is considered more controllable...

...When I went grocery shopping I had to put plastic bags on my feet so the snow would not go into my shoes.' Satyal received room and food, but no salary, and was denied access to the bank account...

...Workers are less likely to quit, run away, or sue, and more likely to endure long hours and low pay without complaint...

...In Third World countries, high-level bureaucrats commonly employ household servants for a pittance...

...I could never buy anything new and my shoes had holes in the bottom...

...where the actual number of working hours weekly is substantially more than those originally contemplated and with no additional pay...

...You are part of my property...

...Leavy and other lawyers have handled cases of exploited domestic servants working for United Nations officials in New York...

...In Geneva, the problem led labor activists to form a union to fight for the rights of domestic servants...

...By chance, she met and talked with two other Filipinas who told her about the brick townhouse...

...I showed them that they could not do that," she says...

...She has since found other employment and succeeded in graduating from college...

...I didn't know anyone and didn't know the regulations, the laws," she says...

...For several years, this townhouse has served as a clandestine way-station on a modern-day underground railway...

...One evening she was allowed out to go to the store to buy sanitary napkins...

...One day at a playground she met another nanny, "Jane," from Guyana, who worked for an Australian woman employed by the IMF...

...He and other lawyers representing domestics say neither the State Department nor the other institutions involved check to make sure that employers of foreign domestic servants follow U.S...

...Even so, he concedes, publicity about these cases is "an embarrassment...

...When one of Leavy's colleagues contacted the diplomat, he agreed to an out-of-court settlement rather than undergo the public embarrassment of a trial...

...to Martha Honey is a journalist and research fellow at the Institute for Policy Studies in Washington, D.C...

...To get the visa, their employers must agree, often with written contracts, to provide "reasonable living and working conditions" as defined under U.S...

...Instead, for two years, she was paid $50 to $100 a week and forced to work seven days a week...

...The State Department receives only "about one" complaint a year, according to a State Department official, who asks not to be identified...

...This is supposed to include transportation to and from the United States, wages "no less than" the minimum wage, overtime, fixed hours, time off, sick leave, and paid vacation...

...and where the employee has been forbidden from leaving the employer's premises even though off duty...

...Here is her story: A distant relative brought Caracas from the Philippines to clean her Fairfax, Virginia, house and care for her three children...

...labor laws...

...In 1981, Secretary of State Edmund Muskie wrote a memo expressing "deep concern" over evidence that some diplomats based in Washington had "seriously abused or exploited household servants...

...But the employer contacted Caracas's father in the Philippines, protesting that his daughter was making false accusations and bringing shame on the entire family...

...where the wages actually paid are substantially less than those stipulated at the time of employment...

...He brought a lawsuit and eventually was awarded $50,000 in damages...

...Their employees come with the help of special State Department programs that permit international bureaucrats and diplomats to "import" household help (housekeepers, nannies, cooks, gardeners, drivers, etc...

...The case was dismissed...

...Tabion said that during the two years she worked in the diplomat's home, she was paid only about $50 a week for more than sixty hours of work...

...where passports have been withheld from the employee...

...Isolation and ignorance are keys to control...

...She was very upset because she was getting only $250 a month" for caring for the woman's son and doing the cooking, cleaning, and laundry, says Rose...

...A small number of American diplomats or businessmen who are subject to international assignment and are temporarily reassigned to the United States are also permitted to bring in domestic help on a temporary B-l visa...

...Caracas and the other runaways are some of the thousands of foreign domestic workers who enter the United States legally to work for diplomats or executives with the World Bank, the IMF, the InterAmerican Development Bank, and other international agencies...

...Most are from overseas...

...In a May 1996 memo, the State Department again said it was "concerned to learn of problems" including "instances where wages have been withheld from personal domestics for undue periods...

...Scattered around) Washington are other way-stations, mainly churches and social-service centers, that have aided hundreds of foreign domestic workers to escape bad situations, find other employment, and get legal help...

...A cluster of about eight women—runaway nannies and housekeepers, most of them from the Philippines—gathers here...

...I could never buy anything new and my shoes had holes in the bottom...

...Both the IMF and the World Bank (where, according to Time magazine, salaries and benefit packages average $123,000 tax-free) have special offices that handle the paperwork involved in importing a domestic servant...

...The woman then retained Leavy and Connolly, who reached an out-of-court settlement of $21,000...

...Before receiving a visa, Satyal signed the usual contract guaranteeing minimum wage, overtime, and time off...

...Caracas's employer took her passport and threatened to dismiss and deport her if she complained, Caracas says...

...Each received only $100 a month...

...At least I had my dignity and I punished them...

...For six months following Muskie's memo, written contracts were mandatory—even for diplomats...

...We believe the result is extraordinarily unjust," says Connolly...

...But frequently the employers ignore the contracts and illegally force their live-in domestics to work very long hours for little pay...

...The idea that a diplomat can employ someone under the conditions that our client was employed— which were totally unacceptable—and escape any liability is really an affront to our entire system of jurisprudence and fair play...

...Rose gives them a place to stay, counseling, and a community...

...A Tanzanian analyst at the World Bank brought a registered nurse from his tribe to work as a nanny and domestic, promising that in addition to meeting the terms of the contract, he would allow her to go to university at night...

...They worked around the clock...

...The visas are good for a year, and can be renewed as long as the servant is working for either a diplomat or an international civil servant...

...The woman finally complained to the World Bank's ethics office, which eventually decided that her employer owed her $13,500...

...Among them is twenty-three-year-old Marilyn Caracas...

...To the astonishment of John Connolly, Tabion's lawyer, the State Department upheld this claim...

...After that, Rose began assisting other runaway servants, mostly Filipinas...

...Jane told Rose that before leaving Guyana, she had signed a contract with her employer, who agreed to pay minimum wage, give her free room and board, and keep fixed hours of employment...

...They told me they don't want me to talk with others, even my co-Filipinos...

...875—or one-quarter—went to Filipino servants...

...Leavy first became aware of the problem about fifteen years ago while doing volunteer work at the Spanish Catholic Center in Washington...

...Employment counselor Celia Rivas, who works at the Spanish Catholic Center in Gaithersburg, Maryland, recalls that a domestic from the Dominican Republic once told her that her employer had proclaimed: "If I ask you to kiss the floor, you have to...

...seven days a week, and received a mere $230 a month...

...The new immigration law, which came into effect October 1, has further narrowed the options and upped the anxiety of exploited domestic servants...

...The owner, "Rose" (not her real name), is part ' These women have been virtually under house arrest, forced to work seven days a week basically around the clock, and haven't seen the light of day for two or three years.' of an informal network of people involved in helping foreign domestic servants escape illegal, exploitative, and sometimes abusive employment situations...

...He said he managed to escape with the help of a woman from Trinidad who, by chance, stopped to talk with him while he was mowing the lawn...

...She wrote "Guatemalan Hit Squads Come to the U.S.A...

...labor laws...

...But just six months later, after Muskie left office, the State Department issued a new directive, stating that "requiring employment contracts in each and every case might be unnecessarily burdensome...

...labor-union officials say organizing domestic workers is nearly impossible because they lack a single employer...

...The problem of abuse is not confined to Washington...

...He has handled several dozen cases...

...But, unbeknownst to Satyal and the State Department, the economist executed a secondary contract with the woman's father in Nepal, in which the economist promised to^de-posit $50 each month into a bank account...

...Zintambila says he was paid only $40 a month which he had to use to buy his own food and was forced to work up to eighteen hours a day, seven days a week, sleep on a piece of cardboard in the unfinished basement of his employer's Potomac home, and bathe in the backyard with a bucket...

...The diplomat claimed he could not be sued because he has diplomatic immunity...

...In 1995, the State Department submitted a "Statement of Interest" in the case of a Filipina servant, Corazon Tabion, who sued her employer, a Jordanian diplomat...

...Through a Washington immigration attorney, Edward Leavy, Caracas filed a $600,000 suit against her employer...

...But when Jane reached the United States, her new employer took her passport and ignored the contract, saying "I don't need to give you a higher salary because I did all the work to get you your visa...

...She says she didn't know where to turn for help...

...She found him a good job with a Norwegian family...

...on either A-3 or G-5 visas...

...Embassy in Manila, Caracas signed a contract with her employer, who promised to adhere to U.S...

...He says that if the contract is broken, "the IMF really can't do an awful lot...

...A May 1996 directive says, "The Department will examine closely any case of alleged abuse by a personal servant, attendant, or domestic that is brought to its attention...

...So did officials at the IMF, who argue that this is "a private not an institutional matter...

...Many of these elite seem to see little wrong in doing so when they come to the United States—especially when they believe no one is watching...

...I've been shocked to find that these domestics—they are always women—have been virtually under house arrest, forced to work seven days a week basically around the clock, and haven't seen the light of day for two or three years," says Leavy...

...Monday through Friday she stayed at the house of the woman's mother-in-law, where Caracas ran an unregistered day-care center for eleven children, in addition to taking care of the older woman...

...in the June 1996 issue...

...Nothing happened to the employer, who works for the International Monetary Fund and repeatedly refused to discuss the case...

...This has meant that some servants, particularly those working for diplomats, arrive without a written contract...

...Washington's modern-day underground railway is the best shot many of these workers have...

...I was very sad and afraid...

...The lawyers who handle such cases suspect they are seeing just the tip of the iceberg: Many servants either endure exploitation in silence or escape on their own, hiding out in the various multinational communities around Washington...

...The Tanzanian official refused to pay...

...On weekends she cleaned the woman's house and took care of her children...

...Leavy calls such cases "slavery in the shadow of the Capitol...

...Some even send their servants' pay to overseas bank accounts, according to several former servants and their lawyers...

...But abuses continue, as the State Department itself acknowledges...

...Diplomats who come from the Middle East and Asia often recruit help from the Philippines...

...Many months later, Jane called Rose to say she was quitting and running away...

...Each child at the day-care center paid the mother-in-law $600 a month...

...John Connolly, an Alexandria, Virginia, attorney who has handled a number of these cases, blames "the State Department for not following through and attempting to monitor these private-employment agreements" and "the IMF and World Bank for not attempting to ensure that their employees are acting in accordance with U.S...

...They weren't properly paid, and they were threatened with deportation...

...embassies are given the discretion to ensure, either verbally or in writing, that the foreign employers and their servants understand that U.S...

...After they made the sacrifice to leave their country, they don't want to go back without money," says Sister Manuela Vencela, assistant pastor at Our Lady Queen of the Americas Church in Washington...

...From the outside it doesn't look like what it is: a modern-day underground railway station for runaway domestic workers imported from the Third World...

...Before getting her visa from the U.S...

...During his two-year employment, Zintambila managed to send $20 a month to Malawi to support his four children...

...The State Department has long been aware that servants are being mistreated and labor laws violated...

...I brought you here and you have to do what I tell you...

...But U.S...

...If they come here, it's because they are very poor in their own countries, and they need to support their families...

...For months she plotted her escape...

...Some employers are American...

...State Department officials pledge that they will examine cases brought to their attention...

...She doesn't know anyone...

...One IMF official, who asks not to be identified, describes the Fund as "a facilitator, not a policeman...

...Leavy succeeded in winning a modest out-of-court settlement for Jane...

...So I had to take her with me...

...The State Department dropped the written-contract requirement...

...The smell of spicy food and the sound of high-pitched chatter drifts out of the kitchen...

...Then, when the mother-in-law went on vacation, leaving Caracas alone, she searched the house and found her passport, which her employer had hidden in the back of a closet...

...Caracas says she worked from 6:30 a.m...