BOOKS

...But the fact that confronts all Third World secular revolutionaries is that there is only one nation that will underwrite the process of social transformation, and that such a choice not only confers needed material benefits, but also inevitably brings the revolution into a prolonged conflict with the United States...

...For a decade after 1955 no firings were required since, as Schrecker notes, the purge had "snuffed out all meaningful opposition to the official version of the Cold War" and "all was quiet on the academic front...

...These justifications were, as Schrecker clearly demonstrates, a facade which allowed universities to patch over their panicky fears of adverse public reaction if they allowed those accused of being subversives to remain on their staffs...

...I think that the author actually borrowed the central moral theme from a play by the Norwegian Ibsen, who if I'm not mistaken, called his drama, An Enemy of the People...

...Before the filming began, Mankiewicz asked Castro about the books he was reading...

...The honest police chief wanted to close the beach because there was a danger to the public health and safety, but the men who owned the hotels and other resort concessions feared that this would bankrupt them, and the town's economy as well...

...I listened to him relate an episode described in Waldo Frank's biography of Simon Bolivar, the South American revolutionary hero...

...The basic facts of this inquisition in academia have long been well known, since, as author Ellen Schrecker notes, it was front-page news at the time...

...four years before that, he was virtually unknown outside his home state...

...While the pre-1949 background material on political threats to academic freedom in the United States is less than complete (although still useful), and the failure to include any material since about 1955 (i.e., the wave of political firings during the Vietnam war period) is disappointing, the material for the 1949-1955 era is extremely rich...

...He found old-timers who still remember the night in 1938 when Joe Louis knocked out Max Schmeling...

...Castro has built a new Cuba, physically and politically, on top of the old...

...64 pp...

...But the most shocking information in her book concerns the groveling collapse of the leading supposed defender of academic freedom, the American Association of University Professors (AAUP), and the vast majority of faculty in the face of the red-hunting hysteria...

...I had filmed Fidel six years before and had been amazed that after a sixteen-hour day driving on rutted dirt roads in ninety-degree heat, he always read deep into the morning hours and frequently wanted to discuss the book the next morning at breakfast...

...Robert Justin Goldstein (Robert Justin Goldstein, a political scientist at Oakland University in Michigan, wrote "Political Repression in Modern America...

...In a beautifully designed format, the text is illustrated by talented Chicago photographers...

...Reprinted in this book as essays on the promise, the triumphs, and the undoing of Carter, the Gaillard series holds up exceedingly well...

...More than that," answered Castro...

...Terkel captures the moods, contradictions, ethnic diversities, and personalities of colorful "Big Daddy...

...We watched Castro open the envelope in his office, read the text, replace the letter in the envelope, and declare: "Kissinger wants to talk...

...The Jesuit complex cannot answer the question about whether or not Castro was a Marxist-Leninist at the time he won power, or even before, or whether he pragmatically embraced the revolutionary dogma well after seizing the reins of state...

...He reminisces about the Big Snow in 1967 and the Oak Street beach...

...The book has been adapted and expanded from an article in Chicago magazine...

...The fundamentals of the 1949-1955 period can be quickly summarized...

...15.95...

...The Windy City CHICAGO by Studs Terkel Pantheon Books...

...He harshly judges Castro for taking his people into Soviet-style communism in order to accomplish that revolution...

...Bourne reiterates the importance of Castro's alleged bastard status as the constant spur that pushes him to seek legitimacy in the outside world...

...A most fitting title...

...They have incorporated as well the thought of Mao, Ho, Che Guevara, Castro, and Jefferson...

...Bourne searches for a method to judge Cuba, but cannot overcome culture-bound liberal prejudices...

...But Bourne's psychological diagnosis of a man and a historical process traps him in a methodless web in which cause and effect become indistinguishable...

...148 pp...

...Such a political giant deserves more than a facile psychoanalytical portrait...

...Like all biographers, Bourne struggles with the issues of Castro's ideology...

...With some notable exceptions, the vast majority of faculty similarly ran and hid...

...Mankiewicz, a member of the Foreign Policy Advisory Council, had told Henry Kissinger of the Cuba trip and had agreed to take a secret message to Castro...

...A skilled political biographer knows that the key to success is in asking the right questions, the answers to which will offer insight into the subject's character...

...The Jesuits," writes Bourne, "had done a good job inculcating in him a fascination with ideas...

...Bourne is the first writer to gain access to Cuban archives as well as to members of Castro's inner circle...

...By 1953, the hunt for pinkos in American schools and colleges had become so intense that three Congressional committees were investigating the subject...

...I've read it," Fidel said, naming the Spanish title for Jaws by Peter Benchley...

...AAUP General Secretary Ralph Himstead expressed the fear in 1955 that the organization could be ruined if it got a "left-wing or pro-communism tag...

...For revolutionaries like Castro there was no third option...

...Although he avoids the lures of hag-iography and demonology, he does not have a world view into which he can place a great man and a revolutionary process...

...Of course, those who controlled the economic interests prevailed, and the Saul Landau is a senior fellow at the Institute for Policy Studies in Washington, D.C...

...As a result of the secret exchange, a dialogue began in the fall of 1974, which ultimately resulted in the establishment of U.S...

...More than 100 professors were fired for political reasons from a wide variety of institutions ranging from the University of Michigan to Reed College, generally for admitting current or past affiliations (often twenty years old) with the Communist Party or for refusing to testify about their political beliefs and associations before Congressional or university hearings...

...When Bourne, the doctor, places himself above his patient's struggle, he often misses the central point about Castro's behavior...

...He recounts some good stories about Castro's early political years, but the man who has prevailed over the course of seven U.S...

...asked Frank...

...When the historians get around to their biographies of Carter and his starcrossed Presidency, it's a good bet that some of Gaillard's insights will find their way into the books...

...We stared with our own jaws agape as he explained...

...Lee Lockwood's 1968 book, Castro's Cuba: Cuba's Fidel, remains a masterpiece of photojournalism, rich in insight and anecdote, while Herbert Mat-thews's portrait and histories still offer the best journalistic biography...

...References to the strong father, the impact of Jesuit discipline, and the curse of illegitimacy may satisfy some impulse for simplification, but they do not suffice to explain Fidel Castro's character, and thereby his behavior as a political leader...

...However, Schrecker's book No Ivory Tower is, at least so far as college teachers are concerned (other educators are not treated), by far the most comprehensive account...

...Questions about Castro's ideological sincerity miss the very nature of revolutionary thought...

...Secretary of State to the Cuban leader...

...in 1986—were legitimate, he might well have dropped such a trite explanation for political behavior...

...The result of this vicarious shrinking is that Bourne traces Castro's political behavior to his pre-univer-sity Jesuit education, a strong Spanish father, and the stigma surrounding his illegitimate birth...

...Neither the Western European democracies nor China offered an alternative route...

...Listening to the speech and seeing the audience respond with an outpouring of affection, Gaillard reflected with wonder on Carter's phenomenal eight-year rise and fall—from peanut farmer to President and back in less than a decade...

...Castro's extraordinary discipline also "derives from Jesuit training...

...Marxism or Leninism exist only insofar as they are useful bodies of lore and practice from which historical actors can draw...

...By the mid-1950s the anti-red hysteria had spread so widely it was necessary to swear a loyalty oath to obtain permits to fish in New York City, to become a public accountant in New York State, to sell pianos in Washington, or to treat sick dogs in the state of Washington...

...In this climate, it was inevitable, as Einstein's remarks suggest, that academics would become targets of the mind-probers...

...Brezhnev, by contrast, was like the iron hand of the Jesuits...

...And the Soviets extract a premium for their insurance policy: To become eligible to receive first-class Soviet aid, the Third World nation must be led by a hegemonic Marxist-Leninist party...

...This affectionate yet realistic memoir of Chicago is a prose poem by one of the city's most articulate voices, Studs Terkel, who says his politics represent a blend of LaFollette progressivism and Gene Debs socialism...

...North Carolina journalist Frye Gaillard, an editorial writer for the Charlotte Observer, heard former President Jimmy Carter speak at a small college near Charlotte in February 1985...

...Why not...

...four years before that, he was basking in the glory of his victorious march to Washington as the first Deep South candidate ever to win the Presidency...

...Such might be expected from university administrations and boards of trustees...

...He ranges from Jane Addams and Louis Sullivan to Mayors Big Bill Thompson and Richard S. Daley...

...He attempts to cast new light not only on the tormented relationship between the United States and the island upstart, but on the enigmatic zones of Fidel Castro's personal and political life as well...

...As anyone who has haunted the halls of academia lately can probably testify, in this regard, at least, nothing much has changed...

...We expressed our admiration for such a creative political interpretation of an adventure story, but Castro wasn't finished...

...In addition to the cameras and recorders, we carried a letter from the U.S...

...shark continued to eat people, while they conspired to cover up the facts...

...Those who refused to speak openly about their politics were accused of betraying an alleged special academic responsibility to be completely open and candid about their activities...

...Had Bourne inquired about what percentage of the children born in rural Oriente in 1926—or in Washington D.C...

...Terkel's extraordinary eyes and ears reflect both the city's squalor and its beauty...

...No evidence was ever introduced to suggest that any of those fired had performed less than competently in the classroom...

...It is part of the story of the Third World, and especially Latin America, in its efforts to forge a reentry path into the mainstream of history...

...The public justification for these actions was that, as Schrecker puts it, communists were "considered to be intellectual automatons" who lacked the independence necessary to be scholars seeking for truth (ignoring the fact that those who joined the Communist Party did so voluntarily and that most left sooner or later when they decided they no longer believed...

...To his credit, Bourne recognizes that under Castro's leadership, revolutionary Cuba has accomplished that goal...

...Under socialism, the police chiefs decision to close the beach would not have been countermanded by any economic interests, because there is no conflict between the economy and the public's health and safety in such circumstances...

...The world still awaits the definitive biography of Fidel Castro...

...it is, in fact, a textbook example of interpretive journalistic writing...

...Cuba, an island nation with some ten million people, is a major participant in the political current, a worthy contestant in international sporting and intellectual events, and a model—albeit imperfect—for noncapitalist development...

...He either had to surrender to Washington's aggressive tactics or join the Soviet camp...

...Bourne cannot put Castro on a real couch, so he places him from time to time on a literary one...

...The AAUP remained effectively silent throughout the height of the repression, failing to publish a single report on the purges or to censure a single university for its actions until 1956...

...A problem of method, however, arises, especially when the author is a psychiatrist...

...Fidel Castro is the most important American revolutionary since Simon Bolivar...

...Presidencies still awaits the biographer who can match literary and analytical talent to his vast political skills...

...Peter Bourne, a psychiatrist who served in the Carter White House, overcomes some of the pitfalls that have thus far prevented writers from compiling a definitive biography...

...and Cuban Interests Sections in Havana and Washington, embassies without formal accreditation...

...It is a marvelous critique of capitalism...

...A terrific adventure, wasn't it...

...But like lesser figures, he too has been kept from realizing his Utopian communist dreams by the realities of the past...

...Another academic, fired for similar reasons from Hunter College, noted that teaching had become a profession which "makes people servile and spineless...

...To explain the revolutionary programs throughout the 1960s Bourne has Castro "turning Cuba into a giant Jesuit school in which he was the principal...

...Bourne concludes that Castro "was not a Marxist when he came to power, and only he knows in what ideology he truly believes today...

...He mirrors some of the city's murals, Orchestra Hall, the Art Institute, and the Uptown neighborhood...

...This means that a biographer of Fidel Castro must also be a historian, an anthropologist who can glean the culture of Cuba in the mid-1920s, when Castro was born on a farm in Oriente Province, and a political scientist devoid of the ethnocentric stamp that labels so many of that profession as people whose careers have been made by explaining why the United States has the best functioning democracy in the world...

...The story of Fidel Castro is not just his own or the Cuban story over the last twenty-nine years...

...Mankiewicz agreed to carry home a reply from Castro...

...There is no other available revolutionary thought or language from which to carry out basic social and economic transformation, no alternative methodology through which national liberation struggles can be won...

...Bourne has offered a few insights but does not have sufficient mastery of the man, the country, or the historical process to paint a full picture...

...All modern revolutionaries, except those associated with fundamentalist religion, are Marxists and Leninists...

...Those musings eventually led to a series of re-portorial and analytical pieces in the Observer...

...by Saul Landau In the late spring of 1974, Frank Man-kiewicz and Kirby Jones hired me to make a film with Cuban Premier Fidel Castro, which subsequently appeared on CBS...

...Bourne understands how this occurred and tries to avoid the inane argument about whether the United States drove Castro into the Soviet sphere or whether the Cuban leader would have gone in any case...

...Castro, rebelling against his strong father, also "rebelled against the Jesuits but absorbed their Christian values...

...For example, Castro's relations with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev were also influenced by the cursed Jesuits...

...Four years earlier, Carter had just returned in defeat to his Georgia home, having been evicted from the White House by Ronald Reagan...

...Things in this town come fast and go fast," Terkel writes...

...Bourne, like many liberal scholars, recognizes that Cuba needed a revolution to move it out of the stagnation and corruption that had developed hand-in-glove with dependency on the United States...

...Mankiewicz told the Cuban leader of a recent book about a great white shark...

...This kind of psychodrivel obfuscates the interesting policy debates that occurred in Cuba and the Soviet Union about the "correct" paths to socialism, the nature of imperialism, and the relationship between new Third World revolutions and the mother Soviet state...

...It is pointless to harp on the fact that Cuba is locked into the Soviet economic order, which means that its political process as well as its culture remain under the hegemony of a Leninist communist party...

...One historian fired from Reed College after taking the Fifth Amendment recalls that his "old friends, fellow students, former colleagues, fled to the hills, in fact behaved like a bunch of frightened rabbits...

...It is the clearly organized, lucidly written, and meticulously documented product of ten years of research, including interviews with scores of academic victims of the purge and extensive explorations in private and university archives...

...One can forgive a reference to, or suggestion of, such influences but Bourne converts an elementary psychological insight into a mover of history...

...Occasionally the truth would slip through: Thus, a committee at state-supported Rutgers University warned that if faculty members refused to answer Congressional questions about their beliefs it might "tend to impair the confidence of the state officials and the legislature in the integrity and value of the university" (i.e., budget cuts...

...Khrushchev inadvertently activated all of Fidel's rebel instincts...

...Virtually every page of Schrecker's lengthy book contains information about academic atrocities of substance and procedure that can only be termed nauseating...

...BOOKS Insights on Jimmy Carter THE UNFINISHED PRESIDENCY by Frye Gaillard Wingate College Press (Wingate, NC 28174...