Datelines
al., Jonathan Tasini et.
J. Edgar Hoover's Dress Rehearsal LOS ANGELES The large crowd at Liberty Hall had come to hear a speech by Marcus Garvey, champion of black pride and advocate of emigration to Africa by blacks in...
...407 that there was a man by the name of Garvey (colored) who preaches every night against the white people, generally from 134th to 137th St...
...He put newspaper and plastic on the carpet, and all you heard when he walked was, 'squish, squish, squish.'" Despite such conditions, the judge ordered the tenants to pay the landlord the cash they had kept in their account, reasoning that the landlord needed the rent money before he could redress their grievances...
...Garvey "has been particularly active among the radical elements in New York City in agitating the Negro movement...
...But as the operators prepare to restart the plant, it is clear that the safety concerns have not vanished...
...Weariness is beginning to-affect the residents here, especially those who have been campaigning against Three Mile Island over the past five years...
...In December 1982, the Joy Road Fourteen testified in district court about the water that dripped from ceilings, the mice that scampered across floors, the cold that blew through their walls, and the sewage that erupted from their bathroom pipes...
...They ended up going behind our back and we only got 50 per cent of the money and a promise that he would have the furnace fixed in two months...
...If there are witnesses, they don't speak English and you don't know if they're going to show...
...During the twenty years of its existence, Plowshare proposed the use of nuclear bombs to construct underground reservoirs and change the course of rivers...
...J. Edgar Hoover's Dress Rehearsal LOS ANGELES The large crowd at Liberty Hall had come to hear a speech by Marcus Garvey, champion of black pride and advocate of emigration to Africa by blacks in the United States...
...We are guinea pigs...
...Then we called the housing inspector to come to the apartments...
...Nafisa Hoodbhoy (Nafisa Hoodbhoy is a freelance writer in Karachi...
...The industry has had a bad year," says Louise Bradford, who works for Three Mile Island Alert, a group of residents opposed to the nuclear plant...
...Prosecutor Leonard looks at it in a different way...
...The night my house was burglarized, if I had caught the man there I would have killed him dead," he said...
...In February 1921, Garvey set out on a fund-raising swing through Cuba, Central America, and the Caribbean...
...From a prosecutor's point of view, farmworkers' cases are a pain in the neck," says Steve Edelstein, a Raleigh attorney who has represented migrant workers...
...The planners tossed in an extra 100-kiloton bomb to excavate a drainage ditch, bringing the total destructive force to nearly 140 times that of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima...
...Hoover was furious that his plan had been stymied...
...Then he examined Garvey's liaison with Amy Jacques, at the time Garvey's secretary and later his second wife...
...But for unknown reasons, instructions arrived from the State Department that Garvey should be allowed to return to the United States, and his visa was granted after having been denied for three months...
...He just couldn't believe it...
...When Garvey applied for a visa in Kingston, Jamaica, C. L. Latham, the American consul, denied the visa upon instruction from Hoover...
...Unfortunately, however, he has not as yet violated any Federal law," wrote Hoover in a memo dated October 11, 1919, adding: "In his paper, the Negro World, the Soviet Russian World is upheld and there is open advocation of Bolshevism...
...Dee Reid (Dee Reid is associate editor of The North Carolina Independent, in which a slightly different version ofthis story first appeared...
...Combine that with the kind of political pressure coming from growers who always protect their crew leaders and you've got a mess...
...and Lenox Avenue," Campbell wrote...
...They need this restart...
...Everyone talks on the purposes of Islam," says Forum activist and journalist Najma Babar...
...The fundamentalist Islamic emphasis has spilled over into other arenas, too— women's athletics, for instance...
...But the landlord did not respond...
...The cost to U.S...
...When I heard about an alert at the plant, I was shaken," says Laura Gilbert, a newcomer to the area...
...The judge made the survey...
...At the time, Hoover was special assistant to Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer...
...People here now have harder shells in the face of all this...
...That, too, proved fruitless...
...Delgado testified in court that Hernandez was coming at him, crouched close to the ground...
...Judge Snepp agreed...
...The activists realize they have taken on a gigantic task, given the multitude of problems facing Pakistani women...
...Alan Snel (Alan Snel is a free-lance writer in Ann Arbor, Michigan...
...But the underlying fear is: How is everyone dealing with it...
...The EPA claims that no special risks are evident at Three Mile Island and that too much money has already been poured into the Harrisburg area...
...Stunned, Garvey left Jamaica for Panama only to find the door was bolted there as well...
...Albert L. Huebner (Albert L. Huebner is a freelance writer in Canoga Park, California...
...A government commission has recommended that women should not be heads of state, and that only women past the age of fifty should be allowed to run in elections—and then only if they receive permission from their husbands...
...Vocal protests from women kept the order from being carried out...
...I was informed by a Sergeant of the police badge No...
...Garvey was convicted on both counts in 1923 and when his appeal failed, he was sentenced to a five-year prison term...
...In October 1981, government officials canceled three women's hockey tours because the sport would require women to dress "unbecomingly...
...Carryall was abandoned in 1965, not because regard for public safety finally prevailed but because political priorities had shifted...
...Bobby McQuade is a tenant organizer with the United Community Housing Coali-ton in Detroit...
...There is widespread concern about the restart—possibly in June—of Unit 1, and in August a colossal crane is supposed to lift the 170-ton lid off the damaged reactor, an event that is certain to escalate the public safety risks...
...Undaunted, highway planners met with Federal officials, who recommended leveling the mountains with nuclear weapons...
...Islam being the state religion in Pakistan, the Women's Action Forum has for the most part chosen not to entangle the debate on women's rights with the issues raised by Islam...
...They told me that I could handle the repairs myself or move," Bullock recalls...
...According to Delgado, Hernandez had tried to break into his home and had smashed every window...
...The Government's spying campaign is just beginning to come to light as a result of an extensive research effort directed by Robert A. Hill of the University of California at Los Angeles...
...And in nonmurder trials, the testimony of two women would be required to offset the testimony of one man...
...My doctor also told me that the cold was not good for my MS...
...An autopsy showed Hernandez was drunk at the time he was murdered...
...Jurors waiting in the court gallery for another trial applauded Snepp's decision...
...In protest against these proposals, ten Pakistani women's groups staged a nationwide demonstration in which some 200 women lawyers were clubbed by the police...
...We feel support," says Kay Pickering, "but we still feel very alone...
...district attorney in New York prepare a two-count indictment against Garvey, charging him with committing mail fraud while raising money for his shipping line, Black Star...
...Richard Delgado, the forty-two-year-old Mexican-American foreman arrested for the murder, said he shot Hernandez in self-defense...
...The audience was unaware that Jones was working as an undercover agent, known as "800," for the Justice Department...
...We wrote up a petition outlining our complaints," Fry says...
...There was only one problem: The Bristol Mountains stood in the way...
...When anti-American protests escalated in Panama, however, such a venture began to lose its appeal...
...We don't know what it will all mean twenty years from now...
...At a recent community meeting, women discussed how the 1979 accident affected their lives...
...taxpayers: $150 million, plus fallout...
...Lin Nelson (Lin Nelson lives in Ithaca, New York, and writes about environmental issues...
...Jonathan Tasini (Jonathan Tasini is a free-lance writer living in Los Angeles...
...Delgado had to protect his family, he said...
...We were innocent back then and had nothing but visions of peace in our heads," Tom Smith, a veteran employee of the California Department of Transportation, told the Los Angeles Times...
...By the end of that year, Government agents were making regular reports on Garvey's movements and speeches...
...The first report on Garvey to the Bureau of Investigation is a memo dated June 3, 1918, from C. E. Campbell of the American Protective League, an informal arm of the bureau bent on exposing subversives and spies...
...Carryall was part of a larger Atomic Energy Commission program bearing the Orwell-ian name, "Project Plowshare...
...To us, it was our home...
...Superior Court Judge Frank Snepp gave him a one-year suspended sentence and told him to pay court costs...
...Women's political rights are also under attack...
...People are afraid of genetic damage and no one can reassure us that it hasn't or won't happen," says Pam Parson of the Harrisburg Area Women's Center...
...All told, a total of twenty-seven bombs were detonated in three Western states as part of Project Plowshare...
...Among them is the All Pakistan Women's Association, which has consultative status at the United Nations...
...There are nagging fears about the long-term health effects...
...Garvey and Jacques were traveling together and Hoover hoped to convict him under the Mann Act, which barred crossing state lines for the purpose of engaging in "illicit acts...
...The judge found our story so hard to believe that he had to come back with us to see it for himself," says Fry...
...The bizarre project, code-named Carryall, remained secret for more than twenty years until reporter Jim Richardson recently forced it to the surface...
...That's when I called Mr...
...He pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter, for which he could have been sentenced to twenty years in prison...
...Dozens of calls to the apartment management company brought no relief...
...Before Garvey spoke that evening in March 1920, Captain James Wormley Jones rose from his chair and warned the crowd that "the greatest enemy to the Negro race is the Negro himself...
...The Forum has made it a matter of policy not to accept government funds, and members have demonstrated a willingness to risk confrontation with the government for the sake of women's rights...
...Fry was named president of the fourteen-member group and Bullock vice president...
...A major nuclear excavation project would have to be carried out within the United States before we could ask another country to permit one on its territory," the document states...
...But when a friendlier government returned to power in Panama and nonnuclear expansion of the canal was assured, the political necessity for Carryall had passed...
...his bite would sink deeper in the years to come...
...The matches have since been revived, but male spectators are barred and players are required to dress according to Islamic mores...
...It was time to go to court...
...The sheriffs don't like to investigate because they can't talk to them...
...Then she, too, pulled up stakes...
...In the same year that Plowshare began, the Eisenhower Administration considered using nuclear bombs to widen the Panama canal...
...Hernandez—believed to be an illegal Mexican migrant farmworker employed at a neighboring orchard—was shot twice in the head with a .38 caliber pistol...
...They were just going to fix ours to shut us up...
...Murder in the Apple Orchard HENDERSONVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA When Henderson County deputies finally agreed to investigate a shooting reported at a local migrant camp last November, they found the body of twenty-five-year-old Salvador Hernandez under an apple tree, riveted to the ground by a bullet...
...It bothers me that people get the idea there's any particular group of people that can kill one another and the court doesn't take it seriously," Leonard said...
...The Last Mile HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA At the Three Mile Island Visitor Center, you can play a video game that quizzes you on your nuclear smarts or purchase copies of The Mighty Atom and The Energy Ant for the youngsters...
...He found ninety-three building code violations...
...Hoover orchestrated the surveillance, overseeing the four full-time agents who burrowed their way into the ranks of Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association...
...Several months later, the landlord did send a repairman to Joy Road, but only to placate the leaders of the tenant association...
...The former registered nurse, who suffers from multiple sclerosis, a kidney problem, and a bad back, could not imagine another cold winter at Joy Road...
...It did allow, however, that "a few windows might be broken" in the nearest town, ten miles away...
...But today Delgado is back at work...
...Instead of listening to their clients, they were telling us what's what," says Fry...
...And if you happen to pick up a local newspaper, you can read the weather forecast followed by fine print stating: "TMI venting today...
...Also seated in the crowd was Special Agent WW of the Justice Department's Bureau of Investigation, a division overseen by the future FBI czar, J. Edgar Hoover...
...He didn't want to go in one apartment because it was so wet...
...Rehman feels "personally unsafe" venturing outdoors now, adding that "one can't dress as carelessly anymore...
...The venting is part of the utility's attempt to reopen the crippled reactor...
...One day I caught four mice and that was it," she recalls...
...Their difficulties stem in part from the beliefs stubbornly held by fundamentalist Islamic sects and in part from the actions of the repressive government of General Mohammed Zia ul Haq...
...The Forum organizes around such issues as "education, health, women's social problems, and marriage laws," says Anis Haroon...
...The Zia-appointed, overwhelmingly male Consultative Assembly is currently debating what the Forum refers to as "the black laws"—legislation that would disallow a woman's testimony in murder trials and would pay the family of a female victim half the compensation awarded to the family of a male victim...
...With no heat, it was time to go...
...District Attorney Alan Leonard is convinced the second shot was fired to the back of Hernandez's head while he was already lying face down...
...In the past fifteen years, Hill and his assistants have sifted through more than 30,000 documents, including thousands obtained through the Freedom of Information Act...
...I had so many mice, you'd thought I was breeding them...
...He encouraged Bullock to form a tenant association among her fellow apartment dwellers and to put pressure on their landlord for repairs...
...Last fall, Fry decided to move...
...It bothers me that life is that cheap...
...There are an estimated 3,000 migrant farmworkers in Henderson County during the height of the fall apple harvest...
...Seeing that resistance in Panama was growing, the Kennedy Administration drafted plans to carve out another canal with atomic bombs, either in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico or the Atrato-Truanda pass in Colombia...
...Seeing Garvey's trip as a golden opportunity to lock him out of the country, Hoover called on Anthony Caminetti, commissioner general of immigration, for "your cooperation and assistance in having the immigration authorities, at the various ports of entry on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, on the lookout for the return of Garvey...
...That was the beginning of the Women's Action Forum, founded to defend women's legal rights and address the concerns of poor and illiterate women in Pakistan...
...McQuade...
...It was just a piece of property to the owners, just a tax write-off to them," says Bullock...
...Her travail began two years ago, when her bathtub and toilet spewed out sewage, carpeting her washroom with a layer of human waste...
...For a while, Hoover's attempt succeeded...
...The incident at Liberty Hall was not unusual: From 1918 until he was deported in 1927, Garvey was the target of an intensive Government spying operation that foreshadowed the harassment of Martin Luther King Jr...
...The repairman had a list of five people," says Fry...
...Moreover, activists now find they must implore the Environmental Protection Agency to keep its radiation monitors in the area...
...To local residents, Hernandez was just another face on "the wrong side of the tracks," he said...
...They want to prove to the world that they can endure and learn from an accident that was fifteen minutes close to meltdown...
...The Women's Action Forum maintains a nonhier-archical structure and embraces some nine women's organizations...
...It bothers me that in Hendersonville, farmworkers can go out and take one another's lives and no one cares...
...Dozens of part-time informants buttressed the effort...
...He died in London in 1940...
...We want to create a combined forum strong enough to be heard in Islamabad before they think of anything against the women of Pakistan," says activist Shahida Jamil...
...There has been "a categorical change in atmosphere" in the seven years since Zia took power, says Hu-mera Rehman, a Forum activist in Karachi...
...The case goes down the drain...
...We called, wrote letters, begged, but the landlord just refused to make the repairs," Bullock says...
...14 /JUNE 1984 A Forum for Pakistan's Women KARACHI, PAKISTAN In October 1981, a Pakistani school girl was sentenced to be flogged for allegedly eloping with a bus driver...
...Making Molecules Out of Mountains CANOGA PARK, CALIFORNIA The California Department of Highways was hoping to shorten Interstate 40 by fifteen miles...
...Using the Freedom of Information Act, Richardson uncovered a Government feasibility study calling for the detonation of twenty-two atomic bombs on the Bristol Mountain range...
...And it actually detonated bombs underground to increase the flow of natural gas...
...Instead of paying rent, we opened an account in the name of the Joy Road Tenant Association...
...Bullock stayed until March 1984...
...Hoover cut his teeth on the anti-Garvey campaign...
...Sandra approached neighbors and set up a meeting," says Ophelia Fry, another tenant...
...The research reveals a dogged attempt by Hoover to drum up evidence for deporting the Jamaican-born Garvey...
...Relying on information from agent "800," Hoover helped the U.S...
...The Carryall project to blow a hole in the Bristol Mountains was to be the prototype for a new, nuclear canal...
...No Place Like Home DETROIT Sandra Bullock lived in an apartment complex on Joy Road until troubles with the landlord overwhelmed her...
...So the tenants returned to court, and again they were thwarted—this time by their legal-aid attorneys...
...What's happened here—krypton venting, tritium in the water—could happen elsewhere...
...After serving two years in a Federal penitentiary in Atlanta, Garvey was deported in 1927...
...Owing to the remote location of the site, protection from harmful radiation can be assured," the report stated, under a section headed "Fallout...
...At first, Hoover considered detaining Garvey under the Sedition Act, but he failed to uncover enough information to support the charge...
Vol. 48 • June 1984 • No. 6
