RELUCTANT WARRIORS
JUNKERMAN, JOHN
RELUCTANT WARRIORS Will Japan be yanked back into uniform? ====== BY JOHN JUNKERMAN ====== The Marines retook Iwo Jima this spring. From amphibious assault ships poised offshore, 800...
...Some 650 million tons of freight are shipped in and out of Japan every year, 80 per cent of it flowing through the two primary sea lanes that stretch south toward Southeast Asia and the Middle East...
...In Kikuchi's view, pacifism has rendered Japan "womanish and weak...
...But the effort to reprogram the Japanese mind has made some headway in the last few years...
...The SDF also has trouble recruiting, operating in recent years at 80 per cent of authorized force levels...
...The sea lanes are, in fact, little more than an excuse for the buildup: "The forces you would need to defend the sea lanes are not sea lane-specific," points out our military analyst...
...This figure is quite misleading...
...meeting, the groups estimated that eighty-seven million signatures had been collected on petitions calling for complete nuclear disarmament...
...Most soliders come from the countryside...
...But I am on my way across town to visit another group that is attempting to awaken Japan: the Hiroshima-Nagasaki Publishing Committee, a grass-roots organization dedicated to preserving a documentary record of the atomic bombings...
...On a tactical level, the shift has been apparent for a number of years...
...When he returned to Tokyo, he spent weeks doing semantic acrobatics to explain himself...
...The group first published a 340-page volume of rare photographs, and recently completed a set of three films on the bombings and their consequences...
...It is a strategy that has worked effectively on other nationalist issues in the past, and the chemistry of the times could well catalyze the collective change in consciousness that would bring down the Constitution...
...The Japanese economy would grind to a halt in one to three months if these arteries were severed...
...The new edition of the Constitution was lavishly illustrated with color photographs of Japanese landscapes, scenes of happy families, automobiles lined up for export, and microchips...
...He still chairs an association of war veterans and runs seminars for young Japanese...
...There is, however, a footnote to this love affair with postwar peace and democracy...
...The influential industrial structure counPacifism: 'Womanish and Weak' The military is gradually becoming the in thing in Japan...
...For the moment, however, pressure has been focused where the Japanese feel their greatest vulnerability— their dependence on world trade and the sea lanes over which it is conducted...
...It is unfortunate but true that Japan, disarmed but shadowed by American arms, has not developed a nonmilitary alternative to the power politics of the world...
...Long-term Pentagon plans are based on the complete integration of an armed Japan into a global strategy for containment of the Soviet Union...
...With defense as proof of the solidarity of the people, a new awareness of the nation must be created...
...If Japan were to spend at the same percentage level as the European nations (3 to 5 per cent of the GNP), it would have the fourth largest military force in the world, after the Soviet Union, the United States, and China, with precious little space to garrison it...
...This feeling of self-generation is key...
...by 1982, defense spending stood at 0.93 per cent, or $11.5 billion, almost a twenty-fold jump...
...joint maneuvers, including the first ground exercises last year, have been quadrupled in frequency to improve coordination in combat situations...
...The films (in various formats and lengths) are available from the Hiroshima-Nagasaki Publishing Committee, Heiwa Kaikan, 1-4-9 Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105...
...Government review of textbooks allows the Right to revise what Japanese children read, but the government does not yet have access to the minds of the teachers...
...Since 1978," Yamakawa argues, "the Japanese military is no longer a selfdefense force, it is an arm of the U.S...
...It is up to them how it will be used...
...An independent newspaper survey confirmed that at least one in every three Japanese had signed the petition...
...The Japanese are still children when it comes to defense," says the ten-year veteran of the SDF...
...Proponents of this transformation cast it as a new realism, one that would replace the pacifist legacies of defeat and occupation with a posture of preparedness that recognizes Japan's position in the world and its responsibility to share in the defense of the West...
...Ceremonies are held for the war dead...
...A professor speaks in favor of arms exports in Nagasaki—a symbolic citadel of pacifism...
...forces in the Pacific, told a Congressional hearing recently that the idea of defending the sea lanes is wholly "outmoded...
...When it was all over, I just kept repeating, 'Ya da, senso wa ya da ("War is hell").' But for my kids that was not enough...
...the F-15 fighters and missile systems necessary for, air supremacy, however, could be used to contain the Soviet air force in time of war...
...The Constitution is inseparably associated with the prosperity of postwar Japan...
...Emotional protests were lodged with U.S...
...American pressure for an expanded Japanese military role has been building for a decade...
...But the threat to civilian shipping has litt'e credibility, outside of a total war...
...I spent a year and a half on my stomach," he recalls...
...We made the film as a resource...
...Ultimately, Japan will have to go it alone...
...The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan prompted the completion of the shift in American strategic emphasis from East Asia to the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf, with Japan expected to fill the gap...
...One victim narrates footage of himself being treated for burns in a makeshift hospital...
...The Soviets could invade tomorrow and no one would be there to fight them...
...When we pass on the street the following day, Kikuchi salutes...
...The Peace Constitution is a best-seller throughout Japan, but if conservatives can portray it as a barrier to defense of the economy, the peace experiment may end The remilitarization of Japan will not occur overnight...
...Kikuchi, twenty-nine, resigned his commission last year to join the staff of New Message magazine...
...The U.S...
...The ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)—a conservative party despite its name— endorsed revision last year, and nationalists are now operating on the grass-roots level, focusing on local legislatures in an attempt to create a popular groundswell...
...forces during the Korean war, and it played a similar role in the Vietnam war...
...Unreconstructed militarists have long harbored dreams of rewriting the document, which they consider an embarrassment to Japanese nationhood, but the issue has been politically untouchable for decades...
...Japanese politicians cannot use the term "alliance" without sending shock waves through the nation, as Prime Minister Zenko Suzuki discovered last year when the word was slipped into a joint communique issued in Washington after a meeting with President Reagan...
...Although the bonding of American and Japanese armed forces is an accomplished fact, it is still a sensitive issue in the political arena...
...But the process of unlearning the lessons of war is well under way...
...The problem is that the Japanese people simply don't sense a military threat...
...Television announcers openly expressed anger on the evening news, and by the following day Ito was compelled to retract his statements...
...The current buildup has pushed those constraints to the breaking point, and the Japanese Right is now campaigning vigorously to eliminate them altogether...
...Before the war," he says, "every Japanese man was up on the military—how many soldiers we had, all about the latest model of tank...
...As much as Iwo Jima suggests to the American mind the image of Marines running up the Stars and Stripes on the summit of volcanic Mount Surabachi, for the Japanese it awakens long dormant memories of heroic, meaningless death and defeat...
...But these surface manifestations of growing nationalism probably overstate the strength of the Right...
...His muscled chest swells with pride...
...They are very quick on economic affairs, but when it comes to military and political affairs, they are still very much a closed country...
...The rewriting of school textbooks to downplay Japanese responsibility for the war has been going on since the 1960s, and this chauvinistic recasting of history has been stepped up in the past two years...
...One indication of the abiding influence of pacifist sentiment was the remarkable mobilization of support for the United Nations special session on disarmament in June...
...An English print of the film was hurriedly prepared for the U.N...
...Japan has come of age as an economic superpower at a time when the world economy is in disarray, resulting in a national preoccupation with "economic security...
...Some 80 per cent of the readers who returned the response card in the book said they opposed revision of the Constitution...
...Strategic Bombing Survey...
...After the war, he directed his nationalism toward business, but Seijima keeps his military contacts alive...
...Government polls confirm that only 6 per cent of the Japanese people would fight if the country were invaded...
...A motorcycle gang calls itself ICBM...
...But the staff now places its articles on missiles and submarines in popular soft-porn weeklies, and Kikuchi is confident the message is getting out...
...As a corollary, Kikuchi argues, "Americans cannot understand the Japanese mind, so the United States will never be a reliable ally...
...often the younger sons of farm families, they join the SDF only if they cannot find work in the city...
...This has earned it the wrath of nationalist organizations, which deliver diatribes against the alleged communism of the union from sound trucks parked outside train stations throughout Japan...
...Some contingency plans even contemplate a Japan prepared to mount an air and sea blockade against Soviet Pacific forces in the event of general war...
...They see all ways of strengthening Japan as part of the nation's defense...
...This became the subject of international controversy in August, when the Chinese learned that the Japanese invasion of China had been recast as an "advance" and South Koreans heard that an uprising against Japanese colonial rule is now referred to as a "riot...
...In a recent interview in Tokyo, Asao Mihara, chairman of the LDP's security affairs committee and a spokesman for the defense lobby in the national assembly, told me, "I am comfortable with Japan being a link in U.S...
...But calls for his resignation were blithely dismissed...
...For me the war has never ended...
...As we sit talking in the magazine's small office in an entertainment district of Tokyo, a truck full of ultra-right cadre passes, blaring music from loudspeakers...
...pullback from Asia in the last years of the Vietnam war, Japan's sphere of responsibility was extended to the surrounding seas, including the Korean peninsula and the strategic straits that provide access to the Pacific for the Soviet fleet based in Vladivostok...
...To begin with, the GNP has grown stupendously: In 1962, the last time the spending limit was reached, 1 per cent amounted to $600 million...
...I am optimistic now that we have a movement that all generations can participate in...
...Contained within these moves, however, is a desire to rekindle Japanese patriotism and unleash a new nationalism of indeterminate scope...
...In the view of Western diplomats in Tokyo, the Japanese still suffer from an "island kingdom mentality...
...Two major impediments stand in the way: the experience of World War II and the Peace Constitution...
...If the sea lanes issue has provided an effective cover for the military buildup within Japan, it has also been a lightning rod for Congressional criticism of the Japanese...
...Such plans will require abandonment of Japan's postwar defense policy, which has limited the "self-defense forces" to countering direct attacks on Japanese territory...
...Seijima and others in the mainstream of the Japanese Right subscribe to a philosophy that borders on racism...
...All carried the same basic message: Japan has prospered under the American security umbrella and it is now time for it to pay its own way...
...In the decade since 1972, the budget has tripled, averaging an increase of 13.5 per cent per year...
...His mission: to alert the people to the Soviet threat and popularize the military...
...One third of the island of Okinawa lies behind American barbed wire, where 20,000 Marines are deployed within striking distance of China, Korea, the Soviet Union, and Southeast Asia...
...The strength of Japanese feeling about nuclear weapons is matched by their affection for the Peace Constitution...
...Now if you walk along the streets of Tokyo, do you see anyone who could beat you up...
...Weapons and communication systems have been standardized for the sake of joint operations in the future...
...The annotated edition had a cover polkadotted with the rising sun of the Japanese flag and was sold under the banner, "One in every household...
...The projection of military power 1,000 miles from the mainland to police the sea lanes is already a significant departure from this policy, but the government has been able to sell it to the Japanese public by playing on fears of a cutoff of food, oil, and other imported essentials...
...Taboos are broken in rapid succession: Soldiers of the Self Defense Force (SDF) venture into public in uniform...
...The active military partnership envisioned by the United States would also constitute "collective selfdefense," which is prohibited by Japan's Constitution...
...and since January of this year, strategic planners from both countries have been drafting a set of operational procedures for responding to "Far Eastern emergencies...
...Those are not true nationalists," Kikuchi remarks...
...J.J...
...The Maritime SDF's skill in antisubmarine warfare and naval mining is considered by some in the Pentagon to be the most advanced in the world...
...This campaign culminated last June in an assassination attempt by a right-wing youth against the president of the teachers' union...
...Beginning with the U.S...
...Since the oil crisis of 1973, the threat of a cutoff of resources has been a recurring Japanese nightmare...
...A resolution calling on the Japanese to buy the U.S...
...Most significantly, the Right has charted a five-year strategy to eliminate the pacifist invocations from the Constitution...
...Akio Yamakawa, a veteran Tokyo defense analyst, points to a November 1978 agreement on guidelines for military cooperation between Japan and the United States as the turning point...
...The book's frontispiece featured a telling phrase in minute Japanese and English print: "For peace, freedom, and love (still...
...The speech was roundly criticized in the mainstream media, where it was compared to the militaristic spirit of old, such as was bound up in the World War II slogan, "100 Million with One Heart...
...By all accounts, the national consensus has been pushed to the Right, and a path is now being cleared for Japan's reemergence as a military power in the Pacific...
...The campaign received national exposure in Japan, and 45,000 people responded...
...In the long run, say those who view events from this perspective, the Japanese will have to be reprogrammed with a Cold War mentality: the balance of power, deterrence, the belief that the nation has a stake in every uprising in the jungles and deserts of the world...
...If the Japanese have hitched a free ride, they have at least been paying for gas along the way, and there has never been any doubt who is in the driver's seat...
...By the time of the U.N...
...military...
...if calculated on the Western basis, the military budget is close to 1.6 per cent of the GNP, almost $20 billion...
...Some 45,000 U.S...
...Hiraoka herself illustrates how this movement was evolved...
...American politicians share this perspective...
...The exercise, a mock rescue of islanders held by hostile forces, was unremarkable in military terms, but it raised a dust cloud of controversy 900 miles away in Tokyo...
...It has also proved fertile ground for the growth of Japanese nationalism...
...We have the least understanding of military affairs of any people of the world...
...The magazine did not sell...
...the former soldier asks contemptuously, spitting his words through cracked front teeth...
...They learned swordfighting and judo at school...
...In the first five months after the release of the first film last winter, there were 750 showings, primarily at small neighborhood gatherings organized by those who contributed to making the film...
...This shift was confirmed recently by the Pentagon's "Strategic Guidance," a classified document that set the framework for military planning for the next five years...
...There is no doubt that he expressed the true intentions of the military establishment...
...Until now, however, that expansion has been accomplished by fudging the constraints on fullfledged militarization written into the 1947 Peace Constitution...
...Japan has been essentially a client state, delegating control over foreign and military policies to the United States while the government concerned itself with the tasks of economic reconstruction...
...To fund the projects, the committee asked individuals to contribute the cost of producing one edition of the photos or sequence of film...
...cil of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, the brain center of the Japanese economy, published in May a report on the issue of economic security that is destined to become (as the council's reports invariably do) the dominant theme in government policy for the 1980s...
...It must be defense...
...Although this structure demanded that Japan swallow its national pride, it also allowed the country to sidestep controversy and smooth over the conflict between forces of pacifism and remilitarization...
...The new strategic outline, leaked to The New York Times, hinges on a transformation of the U. S. relationship with Japan into an "active defense partnership...
...The Pentagon wants Japan to double military outlays within the decade...
...If the public will stand for it, Iwo Jima will be remilitarized...
...They had guts...
...Right-wing organizations have been growing rapidly...
...To complete the picture, Washington is now pressing Japan to include defense against the Soviet Backfire bomber in its plans, on the grounds that the sea lanes cannot be protected without control of the air space...
...Jane Fonda will narrate a final version, scheduled for release this fall...
...Despite a well-publicized concentration of Soviet forces just to the north, it is difficult to conjure up the specter of any invasion...
...Many of the Japanese defenders were burned to death by flamethrower, then buried by bulldozer in volcanic caves steaming with sulphur...
...Iwo Jima sits hard by one of these sea lanes, and a new air base on the John Junkerman is a Boston-based freelance writer who specializes in Asian affairs and recently spent several months in Japan...
...there are an estimated 1,000 ultranationalist groups, and they have had considerable success recruiting disenchanted youths into their ranks...
...If it isn't there, there will be no peace movement...
...or we will arm...
...authorities by the families of the 20,000 imperial Japanese soldiers who died on Iwo Jima in February and March of 1945...
...For the moment, the focus is on Japan's dependence on world trade Suzuki's Liberal Democrats would like to acknowledge the military alliance...
...I remember during the war I was an unabashed patriot, caught up in the war effort," she says, a smile of self-amazement crossing her face...
...Japan was the major staging ground for U.S...
...Each individual has a stake in this film," notes committee secretary Fukiko Hiraoka...
...Land rents, maintenance, and new construction for all these bases— plus a "sympathetic share" of the cost of stationing troops there—are paid by the Japanese, to the tune of $1 billion per year...
...The committee was formed in 1977 by filmmaker Tsutomu Iwakura after a family visit to Hiroshima...
...It is also virtually impossible: Some fifty million tons of Japanese shipping crisscross 400,000 square miles of ocean territory in the triangle between the sea lanes—and that is just one terminus of trade routes that stretch around the world...
...retired Admiral Noel Gay lor, former commander of U.S...
...Like most Japanese nationalists, Kikuchi blames the state of affairs on the Constitution, the teachers' union, and the press, all of which have fostered "extreme humanism...
...Disputes continue to simmer on the Korean peninsula, but it is doubtful that a war there would spill over into Japan...
...The Japanese budget is thus constructed with one eye on Washington...
...Japan's strategic value to Washington would suggest that the United States has its own reasons for opening a security umbrella over the country...
...In a speech before the Japan Industrial Club, Ito lashed the Japanese public for having "lost the will to defend their country" and declared, "What can unite the 117 million people of Japan...
...Beginning at the turn of the year, labor unions, religious organizations, and pacifist groups launched petition drives that reached every square meter of the country...
...At the conclusion of a trip to Tokyo in April, Representative Stephen Solarz, the New York Democrat who chairs the House Foreign Affairs subcommittee on Asia, commented that "the primary obstacle to any significant increase in the level of defense spending in Japan is the absence of a consensus in the country which would support it...
...You succeeded far beyond your expectations...
...By the late 1970s, Japan was committed to assisting the United States in "emergencies" throughout East Asia, and joint sea, air, and land maneuvers had increased dramatically in scope and number...
...There are equally powerful domestic factors at work...
...The true nationalists are the elite of Japanese business...
...Even conceding that Japan spends less of its budget on guns and warships than most major nations, has it been given a free ride all these years...
...If it is necessary for Japan to survive," he concludes, "we will trade and swallow our pride...
...if that prosperity is seriously threatened, and if conservatives are successful in portraying the Constitution as a barrier to defense of the economy, Japan's experiment with peace could come to an abrupt end...
...However inaccurate, the image on Capitol Hill is one of American aircraft carriers and destroyers patrolling the sea lanes as Japanese freighters shuttle back and forth nonchalantly eating away at American markets and racking up a $16 billion annual trade surplus with the United States...
...That Ito violated long-standing political taboos and emerged unscathed is itself an indication that the environment in Japan has changed...
...A typical response: "Japan would be heaven if the Constitution were enforced to the letter...
...Maintaining the vitality of the economy has become something of a national cause, charged with a spirit that fosters public acceptance of such projects as the defense of the sea lanes...
...The sea lanes have been easy to sell," concedes the Western military analyst, who asked not to be identified, "because the Japanese put two and two together and realize the sea lanes are vitally important...
...Trade efforts and world competition are a form of war," he suggests...
...Some 92,000 feet of this film, taken in the immediate aftermath of the atomic blasts, was lying in Pentagon archives, untouched and unseen...
...For example, Japan will be expected to secure the North Pacific if the Seventh Fleet is shifted to a conflict in the Persian Gulf or Africa's coastal waters...
...world military strategy, but the Japanese consciousness has not yet developed to the point where the people understand the structure of world peace...
...It may well pick up the gun again...
...Japanese involvement in the Pentagon's global strategies, on the other hand, will require a total revamping of Japan's approach to defense...
...It is a common sight in Tokyo to see khaki-clad teenagers demonstrating on city streets, marching to the nationalist army anthems of the past...
...For three decades, since the signing of the U.S.-Japan security treaty at the end of the American occupation, the mainstream forces of Japanese politics have been content to play second fiddle to the United States...
...Reaganomics is, being practiced in Tokyo, but it never seems to be enough...
...From amphibious assault ships poised offshore, 800 young Americans in full battle gear crashed through the surf and rumbled once again up the battle-scarred slopes of the sulphurous island...
...The report focused on trade protectionism, Japanese dependence on foreign food, energy, and mineral supplies, and the vulnerability of the sea lanes as the primary threats to the Japanese economy...
...The city is bustling, modern, and shows no trace of atomic catastrophe...
...Japan's military and the country's involvement in the U.S.-inspired alliance of noncommunist Pacific nations have grown steadily since the self-defense forces were established in the early 1950s...
...American pressure on Japan to assume a more active role is only one cause of the breakdown of this long-standing compromise...
...Businessmen read war stories on the subway...
...Furthermore, the Japanese exclude their coast guard, military pension payments, and other expenditures from their calculations of defense spending...
...He called for "an effort on our part to convincingly explain to the Japanese why this kind of military buildup is in their interest and what it is designed to accomplish...
...The military just hasn't merged with civilian life...
...He is nostalgic for a world he never knew...
...An unusually frank statement of this agenda was delivered recently in Tokyo by Soichiro Ito, the director-general of the Defense Agency...
...Throughout the postwar period, these sentiments have stood as a powerful and enduring barrier to rearmament—and an endless source of frustration to the military establishment of both countries...
...Cutting routes would be tantamount to an invasion of Japan and is equally unlikely...
...It is the responsibility of politicians in the 1980s to make people conscious of the fact that Japan acts on the stage of international politics...
...Navy a new aircraft carrier and another proposing Japan pay a $20 billion annual "security tax" were among the more novel of some forty resolutions on Japanese defense and trade matters introduced in Congress this year...
...Union conventions are conducted under constant police protection...
...At the same time that the government is freeing the budget for growth, military contractors are lobbying for an end to a prohibition on arms exports...
...special session on disarmament last June...
...New war films glorify the emperor's troops...
...troops are stationed on bases scattered throughout Japan today, and they aren't there defending the Japanese...
...This scenario is more plausible and consistent with the Pentagon's global strategies than is the supposed need to fend off an attack on the sea lanes, but the Japanese public would never buy it...
...The first target is Tokyo's highly visible policy of limiting defense spending to 1 per cent of the gross national product...
...The defense of the sea lanes is only the first undertaking in Japan's military buildup...
...I received a postcard from the committee and started helping out in the office now and then...
...Under intense pressure from the United States, Japan has agreed to shoulder primary responsibility for the defense of the first 1,000 nautical miles of the sea routes that tie the nation to its suppliers and markets in the rest of the world...
...While the council's policy proposals were essentially benign (emphasizing international cooperation and economic aid to ease tensions), Americans understand that it is a short step from framing the economy as a security issue to accepting the necessity of policing the economic empire with a powerful military...
...But Yoshio Kikuchi is impatient with the pace of change...
...the expansionist goals pursued by the Japanese empire are conveniently overlooked...
...military has never concealed its contempt for Japanese pacifism and the public aversion to anything that recalls the nightmare of the Pacific fighting...
...They had fighting spirit...
...Last April, thirty-five years after its promulgation, the Constitution became a best-seller throughout Japan, its sales spurred by the current controversy surrounding militarization...
...P-3C Orions and HSS-2B helicopters, antisubmarine aircraft being purchased in large quantities by the Maritime Self Defense Force (SDF), could also be used to control the straits and blockade Soviet subs in the Japan Sea...
...The long-run goal is to reprogram Japan with a Cold War mentality...
...They didn't really understand and I didn't have the words to explain...
...Many times I wanted to die...
...In this changing context, the Iwo Jima drill assumed added significance...
...The American occupation, he charges, "aimed at keeping Japan impotent, a nation of geisha and kimono...
...Japan has been sliding toward rearmament without having to acknowledge the process...
...officials said, Good, but do better next time...
...I think the connection will be made...
...Kikuchi's personal mentor is one such nationalist: Ryuzo Seijima, the former chairman of the giant trading company C. Itoh, a graduate of the imperial military academy, and a veteran of the Manchuria occupation...
...Iwakura was convinced that the youth of Japan and the world would grow up with no awareness of the bombings unless they could be documented in all of their horror...
...The 1982 increase in military spending was originally set at 7.5 per cent, a politically unpopular level at a time when social spending was being cut...
...According to one Western military analyst, "the Japanese have been slow to pick up the sense that Americans have that when something happens in the world it is going to impact on us...
...The demand for increased spending is often made in the context of the constitutional limitation of Japan's defense budget to 1 per cent of the GNP...
...This is in the range of the spending levels of Great Britain and France...
...Japan is thus quickly arming itself to fulfill the role assigned by the Pentagon's "Strategic Guidance"—controlling the North Pacific on behalf of the United States if the Seventh Fleet is deployed elsewhere...
...Nor is the Seventh Fleet currently engaged in defending the ocean roadways...
...technical cooperation with the American arms industry and increasing demand for sophisticated Japanese electronics have already breached this barrier...
...Weeks of negotiations followed, in which every thousandth of a percentage point was contested until the government came up with a figure—7.754 per cent—that would satisfy "the American officials concerned," in the words of the finance minister...
...The Right can revise Japanese textbooks, but 660,000 members of the Teachers Union run a peace education program in the schools The Reagan Administration has officially separated the issues of defense and trade friction, but it has used the sentiment in Congress to impress Tokyo that failure to increase military spending will result in protectionist measures against Japanese imports...
...The committee produced a powerful document, mingling footage from the bombing survey with current interviews with hibakusha (bombing victims...
...The 660,000-member Japan Teachers Union has long been at the head of the militant left wing of the labor movement, and has engaged in an active peace education program in the schools...
...on the island is considered a virtual necessity if Japan is to establish military control of the surrounding ocean...
...I had pretty much given up hope of ever transmitting my feelings to the next generation...
...In the context of the economic security debate, for example, it has become increasingly commonplace to portray the aggression of the 1930s as the unavoidable response to restrictions placed on Japanese access to raw materials and markets by the United States and other world powers...
...Ito's bluntness startled the nation...
...A parade of Pentagon officials trooped to Tokyo to express dissatisfaction...
...It is replete with myths of racial purity and the spiritual centrality of the emperor...
...Over the past five years, I've gotten more deeply involved," she says, explaining that her family has adjusted to her volunteer schedule...
...Telephone (03) 454-9875...
...Pulp comic books are filled with combat action...
...The Japanese asked that the blood-stained island be left in peace, but the Marines rolled on...
...The latter effort was dubbed the "Ten Feet Movement," since supporters were asked to contribute 3,000 yen ($12), the cost of procuring ten feet of film shot by the U.S...
...Spending plans already approved by the government will require passing that limit by fiscal 1984, and the public is being carefully prepared for the eventuality...
Vol. 46 • November 1982 • No. 11
