FULBRIGHT OF ARKANSAS
Meyer, Karl E.
Fulbright of Arkansas by KARL E. MEYER President Harry S. Truman called him "that over-educated Oxford s.o.b.," Senator Joseph R. McCarthy referred to him as "Halfbright," and the massed crankdom...
...Faubus injected himself into the school dispute and soon the world saw photographs of angry mobs, Federal troops, and a handful of Negro children who were being subjected to a cruel ordeal...
...During the reign of Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, the Arkansas Senator bore down heavily against the doctrine that neutralism was immoral and that military alliances were a magic assurance of stability...
...No...
...But it is not Fulbright's skill as a tactician that sets him apart...
...Neither the United States nor any of its allies is prepared to trade an easement of the situation for any agreement that could not have been effectively monitored...
...Chapman went through his sonorous testimony and flourished charts and tables before the Committee to demonstrate that it was absolutely vital for the American housewife to pay inflated prices for Mexican sugar...
...But if Arkansas is not wholly southern, it is a predominantly conservative state...
...He kept the focus on the Senate's responsibility to protect its good name and uphold its traditions...
...Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black, it might be recalled, once joined the Ku Klux Klan—but this concession to local realities surely is not a measure of the sum total of Justice Black's career...
...It was too late, however...
...The hearings which Fulbright's Committee will hold this fall will surely serve to lift a curtain on non-diplomatic relations, whether or not specific legislation results...
...It is true that Arkansas is not Alabama but is instead a hybrid state, blending the South and West...
...Fulbright's special quality was evident from the first, when he came to Washington as a freshman Congressman in 1943...
...he also saw that unused foreign currency was accumulating overseas as a result of U.S...
...The record of mankind," he remarked in a speech in 1954, "is replete with illustrations of tribes and nations long vanished from the face of the earth because they were unable to meet the conditions of struggle imposed upon them by their environment or by human enemies...
...The tone suggests the price that an Arkansas politician feels' obliged to pay to accommodate to an imperfect world...
...The "Fulbright Resolution" sailed through the House by a 300 to 29 vote and was instrumental in creating the mood for subsequent approval by the Senate of the United Nations Charter...
...He said at the time: "In some systems of government, notably the Communist system, error is rarely admitted by those who govern...
...The Senator was the only voice among the assembled elite to oppose the entire project, root and branch...
...To a nation beset with onerous challenges and responsibilities, they offer deceptively quick and simple solutions...
...By obscure tradition, sugar legislation in the Senate comes before the Finance Committee rather than the more appropriate Agriculture Committee...
...To the corollary admonition—that any deal with Russia would have to be policed—we agree...
...After sounding out opinion, he found that one crotchety colleague, the late Senator McKellar of Tennessee, was opposed...
...I do not think a few polished and cultured gentlemen, in the dark and dignified recesses of the State Department should be entrusted, exclusively, with the formulation of foreign policy...
...Chapman flushed when he was asked for details about his fee—$50,000, with a contingency provision that would increase his reward to $76,750 if the more favorable House bill were enacted...
...Out of defeat, Hays won an enduring victory...
...The state university, which Fulbright served as president before his election to Congress, broke the color line, without fanfare, in 1949...
...There is an aristocratic coloring in the Senator's view of democratic institutions...
...Fulbright had effectively pre-empted the field...
...Commenting on the staff study, the New York Herald Tribune said: "Exposure to public light should shrivel the more notorious and unhealthy activities of the parasites now swarming over our billions in foreign aid, as if it were some vast international pork barrel...
...On civil rights questions, he has taken the accepted Southern Democratic line...
...In the flat, plantation country of eastern Arkansas, the traditional Southern racial outlook prevails...
...Working closely with a liberal Republican, Senator Ralph Flanders of Vermont, he helped prepare the ground for a censure resolution that was introduced on July 30...
...At another White House meeting, after the debacle, the President said within earshot of others, "You are the only person here who has a right to say, 'I told you so.'" Fulbright has been amply praised for his sane counsel in foreign affairs...
...What committee would he like to join...
...He came to Fayetteville as a child when his father moved there from Missouri and founded diverse family enterprises, including a newspaper, that have flourished since...
...The countries had at least one thing in common: effective lobbyists...
...Fees like this help the foreign agent bypass the normal channels of diplomacy and directly influence American opinion, sweeten national reputations, and sway legislators...
...But Governor Orval E. Faubus, who had been regarded as a moderate, was in need of an issue for his campaign for a third term (no other Arkansas governor had had more than two...
...The state's only liberal governor of modern times was Sidney S. McMath, who served two terms, was once the sponsor of Oryal Faubus, and who barely nosed out a rabid segregationist, Representative Dale Alford, for second place in the primary election that saw Faubus assure himself a fifth term...
...In the debate on ratification of the U.N...
...The McCarthy period posed a different kind of legislative problem, but the same skill was evident...
...President, the lobbyists on Capitol Hill working on the sugar bill are thick as flies...
...All this is the legacy of an ancient and melancholy history...
...No sooner was Fulbright on the Committee than he introduced, on his own initiative, a fifty-five-word resolution that looked beyond World War II and sought to place Congress on record as favoring United States membership in a world organization with "power to prevent future aggression and to maintain lasting peace...
...They tell us that we have only to proclaim our dedication to total victory over world Communism and to root out subversives—real or imaginary—at home and our problems will be solved...
...Governor Faubus, meanwhile, has disengaged from the extremists and is now accepting in practice what he once vowed was unthinkable in principle...
...Fulbright deplored the big power veto built into the U.N...
...The genesis of the lobbying inquiry shows the characteristic brush-work of a skilled legislative artist...
...He has used his influence to prod a constituency larger than Arkansas into an awareness of its responsibilities to decide sensibly and act wisely...
...Before long, the ineffable Major General Edwin Walker had dug himself into a foxhole of absurdities and Senator Thurmond was in red-faced retreat, while the principles so unambiguously set forth by Fulbright rallied the sensible behind civilian authority in the Pentagon...
...The contrast is with Brooks Hays, for years the Congressman from Little Rock and a respected lay leader in the Baptist Church...
...Too often, we have found ourselves aligned against those who would strike at tyranny and corruption," Fulbright asserted in 1958...
...Charter, Fulbright was virtually alone in devoting most of his attention to the malady of sov-ereignty that was left uncured by the new organization...
...even so eminent a liberal as U.S...
...Nature—pitiless in a pitiless universe—is certainly not concerned with the survival of Americans, or, for that matter, of any of the two billion now inhabiting this earth...
...Yet at the end of the same year, the Wisconsin Torquemada was censured by the Senate and went into eclipse...
...At a critical point in 1959, he made a brief and precise statement on Berlin that summed up his view: "We ought not to accept the facile axiom that the Russians have no intention of ever coming to reasonable terms on any matter directly affecting their own interests...
...No one knows what either of them might have been under other circumstances...
...The Arkansas Senator has not darted on vagrant impulse after every rabbit flushed from the bush, as have some of his more flamboyant brethren...
...The reproaches may be just, but any fair assessment must take into account his own view on the role of the legislator...
...Surely the country would be the poorer without its Brooks Hays...
...On August 2, 1961, Fulbright, with pained innocence, confessed that he did not know what the fuss was all about...
...In 1947, he joined with Senator Elbert Thomas of Utah in sponsoring a joint resolution that would have placed Congress on record as favoring the creation of a United States of Europe...
...Again on his own initiative, the Senator expressed his views in a personal memorandum to the President...
...the public saw only the scenery on the stage, not the elaborate mechanism that directed the spotlight...
...If he has made realistic compromises to assure his re-election, election has never been an end in itself...
...Each moves through an intricate ritual of evasions, of make believe and suppressions...
...When the shrapnel was heaviest, Fulbright did not back down an inch...
...How, may I ask, can our people be expected to discharge their duty as citizens of a self-governing republic, if they are not told the truth about their affairs...
...Look at the sorry record of the past ten years...
...In turn, each succeeding lobbyist perspired as he was pressed lor the same information...
...But to those familiar with Capitol Hill, it has all the earmarks of a typical Fulbright operation and serves to explain why so many in Washington are gratified that the Democrats of Arkansas have renominated—in effect, reelected— their junior Senator for a fourth six-year term...
...His laziness, however languid his manner, is not mental...
...Yet when you meet J. William Fulbright, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and one of Washington's exceptionally useful citizens, you cannot help but wonder how so seemingly mild and cheerful a man ever set anybody's temper ablaze...
...They are marked in some ways by a strange disproportion inherited from the age of Negro slavery...
...relief programs and that his scholarship idea would not entail any drain on the Treasury...
...Sugar legislation ranks fairly low as a matter of concern even among the informed public...
...The first fact, as Fulbright has repeatedly stressed, is that in a jungle world of sovereign nations, conflict is inescapable...
...Within a fortnight, a preliminary staff study entitled "Non-diplomatic Activities of Representatives of Foreign Governments" was issued describing the general activities of some 1,550 agents registered with the Justice Department...
...McCarthy had abused the power of investigation that "lies at the very heart of the Senate's legislative role...
...Fayetteville's public schools were desegregated not long after the Supreme Court decision in 1954...
...His argument was on constitutional grounds...
...On June 22, the Finance Committee held its hearings in an austerely modern room crowded with lobbyists of every size and bank-balance...
...and the sanctification of sovereignty in Article I: "It is unfortunate because it reaffirms our allegiance to the concept of national sovereignty under which our civilization has so closely approached self-destruction...
...Fulbright of Arkansas by KARL E. MEYER President Harry S. Truman called him "that over-educated Oxford s.o.b.," Senator Joseph R. McCarthy referred to him as "Halfbright," and the massed crankdom of the John Birch Society has his name high on the hate list...
...Some of these convictions may not be of fundamental importance to the welfare of the nation, in which case he is justified in humoring them even though he may disapprove...
...Others, like Vice President Lyndon Johnson, have erected a reputation almost wholly on their ability as legislative technicians...
...Such a difficult case arose in September, 1957, when the Little Rock school board took a modest first step in desegregation...
...Word of the memorandum leaked out to the press, and soon Senator Strom Thurmond, the strident Dixiecrat from South Carolina, was demanding its release...
...All who were absent received telegrams the same night firmly asking similar questions...
...But this must be coupled with a willingness to face the world as it really is, to confront candidly the hard choices that must be made...
...Some years ago a wise man wrote me that 'where there is sugar you will find flies.'" the Senator said...
...Those who seek to meet the challenge—or, in reality, to evade it—by bold adventures abroad and witch hunts at home are the real devotees of softness —the softness of seeking escape from painful realities by resort to illusory panaceas...
...But the decision was up to the House...
...After a single term in the House, Fulbright moved to the Senate, where he again employed similar strategy for a related cause...
...To endorse such dogma would be to accept an annealing of the present situation, surely insupportable over the stretch of time...
...When the country was being panicked into accepting the so-called Eisenhower Doctrine after the collapse of the Dulles policy in the Middle East, the Senator dissented vigorously...
...granted, sugar quotas have a way of becoming permanent and the State Department was looking ahead to the time when Cuba might break with the Soviet bloc and want to resume normal trade relations with the United States...
...Sitting at the far end of the Senator's rostrum was Fulbright, with an amiable grin and a large sheaf of papers in front of him...
...He later repeated his argument, before a top-level White House meeting on April 4, that the projected invasion was contrary to our principles and dubious as a practical venture...
...In a democratic system, such as ours, the people do have much to say about policy, and they decide who shall govern them...
...Cooley rejected the Administration proposals, and at the very last minute before existing laws expired—an old trick—he reported out an incredible bill that doled out sugar plums to fifteen new areas, including South Africa, Paraguay, Guatemala, the Fiji Islands, and Mauritius...
...He has tried to penetrate the curtain of complacency, to jolt the mind and awaken the imagination...
...It shows aid extended indiscriminately to governments which serve the needs of their peoples and alike to those who do not...
...A third unpleasant reality that Fulbright has tried to keep in stubborn view is that currents of change are coursing through much of the world and that more than a sterile policy of negative anti-Communism is required to spread American influence...
...President Kennedy tartly remarked on the "unfortunate situation," and the demand swelled for an investigation...
...When President Kennedy came into office, Fulbright began reading rumors about a planned invasion of Cuba...
...While Fulbright was not alone in taking McCarthy's measure, no Senator showed a shrewder understanding of his brethren's weak and strong points than the uncowed Arkansas Democrat...
...But before the Senate authorized $50,000 for a Foreign Relations Committee inquiry, there was a final flurry of cloakroom intrigue...
...The report noted that Portugal was paying its American agents $207,000 annually, Katanga Province was paying $100,000, and Franco Spain $87,500...
...The point was made...
...Infallibility of the ruler is accepted by the people, who, indeed, have nothing to say about, or any power to change, the policy in any case...
...At the same time it shows aid, reluctantly given, if at all, to governments which refuse to parrot the anti-Communist lines but which,' nevertheless, have deep roots in their own peoples...
...The first victim was Oscar Chapman, formerly Secretary of Interior in President Truman's Cabinet and now a prosperous lawyer whose clients include the government of Mexico...
...Fulbright's supporters in Arkansas were dismayed by the ensuing uproar...
...Fulbright waited until McKellar was absent from the floor, sprung his idea on the Senate, and won prompt approval...
...When critics complained that the censure motion was "too vague," Fulbright submitted a detailed six-point indictment as an amendment...
...1 feel very strongly that the path of wisdom is not secretiveness and suspicion," he said, "but is the widest possible dissemination of scientific knowledge, coupled with an efficient system of control...
...In direct and thoughtful language, the Senator described the tradition of civilian control of the military, spoke understandingly of the ambiguities and frustrations of the cold war, and then remarked: "The appeal of certain ideas espoused by the radicals of the Right is not difficult to understand...
...his motive was to plant a seed, not to harvest votes...
...The difficult case is where the particular conviction concerns fundamental policy affecting the national welfare...
...History records their passing, but nature does not weep for them...
...Second, once united and strong, given the perils of the nuclear age, the Western world ought to seek out every honorable means of negotiating a settlement of disputes that could lead to war...
...Fulbright first became concerned a year ago with the extent to which registered agents for foreign governments—lawyers, political fixers, and publicity flacks—were circumventing the normal channels of diplomacy...
...The key paragraph read: "The people of Arkansas endure against a background not without certain pathological aspects...
...During the school crisis, Hays sought vainly to play a mediating role and collided directly with the passions of the mob...
...When the ill-fated U-2 flight led to the collapse of the Paris Summit in 1960, the popular pressure was intense to rally-behind-the-flag-and-country...
...Concerned about the too-vocal cold warriors who turned up at right-wing "strategy for survival" meetings— some of them in his own state—Fulbright, again on his own initiative, assembled a memorandum for Secretary of Defense McNamara pointing out the dangers in this breach of military tradition...
...In the hilly Ozarks of the northwest, Negroes are few and racial attitudes more relaxed...
...The pressures of his constituency are reflected in Fulbright's voting record, which, by orthodox liberal standards, is a mixed affair...
...All told, the figures showed that $500,000 in lobbying fees were at stake, with some of the money to be paid on a results-first, cash-later basis...
...Although the memorandum was a private communication, he placed its entire text in the Congressional Record...
...These are among the elements in the Fulbright philosophy, but coupled with them is a conception of the leader's role in a democracy...
...An effort was made by Senator James O. Eastland's Judiciary Committee to move in on an investigation that might prove embarrassing to some old cronies...
...In Fulbright's case, technical ability is joined with a sense of purpose and a vision of foreign and domestic affairs that has remained exceptionally consistent over a long career...
...Hence, our destiny, with the aid of God, remains in our own hands...
...in 1958, he filed a brief of amicus curiae with the Supreme Court in which he urged a delay of school desegregation in Little Rock...
...One member of Finance, it happens, is J. William Fulbright, who also happens to be thoroughly versed in the intricacies of sugar legislation...
...When abusive mail filled his office, Fulbright, characteristically, read the letters into the Congressional Record with deadpan comments on the sickness they exemplified...
...Significantly, the philosopher of democracy that Fulbright quotes most frequently is Alexis de Tocqueville, a cool-headed French nobleman whose praise of free government was tempered by his distrust of the tyranny of the majority...
...Fulbright has been speaking about the Atlantic Community since 1940, long before the phrase became a cliche, and he has seldom missed an opportunity to enlarge on the theme...
...What does it show...
...he has also opposed Federal regulation of natural gas, voted to override the veto of the Taft-Hartley Act, and voted against President Kennedy's medicare plan...
...It seems to me that it is these extremists who are advocating a soft approach...
...The pressure is intense on every politician to stay within the confines of the conventional, and most members of Congress dwell safely in the prison of prudence...
...Fulbright chose the relatively moribund House Foreign Affairs Committee, and the Speaker, with an incredulous shrug, made the assignment...
...It shows aid eagerly and lavishly given to governments which profess their anti-Communism even though their peoples with valid reason might have been disenchanted with those governments...
...Fulbright's belief is that a man armed with common sense and a basic fund of knowledge has the ability, even the duty, to form sound judgments on foreign policy...
...In an era that exalts the Executive, and in a country that habitually scorns its Congress, perhaps the real pertinence of James William Fulbright's career is the reminder it provides of a legislator's creative potential...
...I am very familiar with the ability and genius of the Senator from Arkansas to keep me on that subject from now to midnight, if I allow him to do so...
...He looks what he is, a former college professor whose lanky figure belongs in tweeds...
...He warned in a speech shortly after the first bomb was dropped that other nations could develop the same weapon in three to five years (the actual figure was four...
...He has championed Federal aid to education, REA electrification, and programs designed to help the farmers and small businessmen of Arkansas...
...There is, for example, the Senate investigation of foreign lobbying, which is sure to occupy the headlines this Fall, and which, to an outsider, may appear to have plummeted from the blue...
...At this point, chance intervened...
...His staff quietly began gathering information, and a few months ago, a hard-digging reporter, Walter Pin-cus, was hired as a special researcher...
...The Senator resisted the pressure, conducted even-handed hearings into the Summit debacle, and indicted the Administration for its incompetent handling of the entire affair...
...It must be clearly understood," the freshman Senator contended, "that this charter does not ipso facto prevent war...
...His silence was the most eloquent statement of the dilemma confronting Southern politicians who must live with The Issue...
...Very little of this story has appeared in print...
...Each carries a catalogue of things not to be mentioned...
...With this ammunition, Fulbright was able within a few days to present the Senate with a devastating indictment of sugar lobbying...
...Fulbright has used the forum of the Senate to support rather than inhibit Executive initiative in foreign affairs, and on a whole range of cold war issues—Berlin, Laos, disarmament, summitry—he has sometimes been a lonely voice urging that it takes two to make a bargain...
...The whites and Negroes of Arkansas are equally prisoners of their environment...
...His views, however, cannot be tucked into any glib formulation...
...But look closer and you find that Fulbright has a firm grip on the gavel and that he is among the shrewdest tacticians on Capitol Hill...
...From this resourceful tactic a program grew that as of this year has provided scholarships to 45,000 students...
...Bill," one intimate said, "now you've really done it...
...First, there was the need to strengthen the Western coalition, to submerge ancient quarrels within a new framework of common purpose...
...With the shock of Hiroshima, Fulbright elaborated a second hard truth, that unless sovereignty were modified in an era of nuclear weapons, a terrifying arms race was certain and an atomic war a likely result...
...His speeches, taken together, form an impressive portrait of an independent thinker who has an uncanny ability to lift his eyes beyond the day's headlines...
...In Fulbright's maiden Senate speech, delivered months before the end of the war in 1945, he stressed that it was no longer possible to separate foreign and domestic policy: "The two are much too closely intertwined, too interdependent...
...In this and successive campaigns, the Senator was not perturbed when the resolution met no immediate success...
...Few consumers are aware that they pay upwards of $500 million a year in various indirect subsidies to protect a non-competitive domestic sugar industry and to pay lavish premium prices to overseas producers...
...Fulbright is from Fayetteville, a lovely town cradled in the Ozarks where the state university campus crests the hills...
...Certainly no one of them has ever been free with respect to racial relationship...
...Speaker Sam Rayburn was favorably impressed by the thirty-seven-year-old Rhodes scholar and former university president who came, incongruously, from a district in the remote Ozarks...
...Agriculture Committee, headed by Representative Harold D. Cooley, North Carolina Democrat, and to his door the lobbyists swarmed...
...Fulbright was in London at the time and saw the damage Little Rock was doing not only to Arkansas but also to the United States...
...But this was not to be, and the cold war, which Fulbright squarely blamed on Soviet intransigence, brought with it new and harsh realities...
...He knew the mood was favorable, in 1946, for adopting some form of student exchange program...
...and it also would be poorer without its Fulbright...
...his courage rallied the moderates and laid the groundwork for the reopening of the Little Rock schools (this fall, about seventy Negroes will be enrolled in once-segregated public schools...
...The Senator's mother, Roberta Waugh Fulbright, is still remembered for her outspokenly liberal-minded columns and editorials in the family paper...
...At fifty-seven, he carries his years lightly and presides as chairman of a supremely important committee with the graciousness of a squire, a smile that comes easily, and a lazy Ozark drawl...
...It was an unusual brief by any standard...
...In short, the leadership in a democracy has a special obligation not to abdicate to mob pressures—or to the ignorant pressure of art entrenched bureaucracy...
...once, in 1949, the late Senator Arthur Vandenberg gently observed, "I do not want to branch off into a debate on the United States of Europe...
...It had been expected that the step would be peaceful in a city with a generally moderate racial tradition...
...It would be easier, more pleasant, and I am sure more popular, to join those who pretend that all is well, that the Summit meeting was a triumph for the West and that the Japanese fiasco only demonstrates once again the viciousness of the Communists...
...Not a little of that money goes into the pockets of lobbyists, whose activities become especially intense whenever Congress passes a new Sugar Act...
...Fulbright's deft manipulation of the spotlight played an important part in the change...
...once KARL E. MEYER, editorial writer for the Washington Post and Washington correspondent for The New Statesman (London), is compiling a volume of Senator Fulbrighfs speeches which will be published this fall by Robert Luce Inc...
...He had copies of the contracts which the law requires every foreign agent to file with the Justice Department...
...In an essay written in 1947, he put the matter succinctly: "The average legislator, early in his career, discovers that there are certain interests, or convictions, of his constituents which are dangerous to trifle with...
...As a parliamentarian, Fulbright displayed his technical ability in winning acceptance of the scholarship program that bears his name...
...He showed comparable tactical insight in outflanking the "political" generals in the great battle over the now-famous memorandum...
...After his statement, the questions went around the table until it was the turn of Fulbright and Senator Thruston Morton of Kentucky...
...He has been guided by this outlook ever since and has refused to be awed by the testimony of specialists who would prefer to keep diplomacy an occult art...
...This was before the Marshall Plan, NATO, or any other supranational effort in Europe made the idea seem less daring...
...Their oversimplification and their baseless generalizations reflect the softness of those who cannot bear to face the burdens of a continuing struggle against a powerful and resourceful enemy...
...Senator Paul H. Douglas once rightly described him as "a child of the Eighteenth Century, a throwback to that age of enlightenment, trust in reason, temperate argument...
...It is this resistance to mass opinion that has been one source of Fulbright's strength...
...It is Fulbright's transcendent vindication that he has ventured often beyond the boundaries of timidity to speak clearly and honestly about the hard choices of the world...
...Arkansas is rural (the largest city, Little Rock, just tips 100,000 in population), insular, and economically disadvantaged—an insecure bastion for a Senator whose chief interest is the complex realm of foreign affairs...
...as with McCarthy, he had gauged his opponents accurately...
...In 1958, he was defeated for re-election by Dale Alford in a write-in campaign of inspired scur-rillity...
...In February, 1954, Fulbright was the only Senator to vote a resounding "No" on appropriations for Senator Joseph McCarthy's permanent subcommittee...
...We have found ourselves aligned with the landlords who have exploited tillers of the soil and with militarists who have kept the people in line...
...The Senator then bided his time, waiting for the right moment, which he guessed, accurately, might come if scandal broke over the sugar lobbying...
...the argument took hold and the Senate appointed a Select Subcommittee to investigate the charges...
...he has reserved his shots for the biggest game—thereby earning the* reproach that he is "lazy...
...At that time, a Gallup Poll indicated that fifty per cent of the American people had a generally favorable opinion of McCarthy...
...And he did not speak out...
...I know that the welfare of the cotton farmers of Arkansas is directly, and inevitably, dependent upon the maintenance of a free flow of international commerce...
...he has also been amply criticized for his stand on the race issue—particularly for his silence during the Little Rock school crisis...
...The Administration did not want the Cuban quota to be carved up among eager supplicants...
...This is a reality that many Americans have been reluctant to face, and the theme has not been notably popular among Senatorial orators...
...Fulbright was unruffled, and within a month took his case directly to the military in a speech before the National War College in Washington that should rank with the great political utterances of the era...
...This year, appetites were especially keen because the old Cuban sugar quota, suspended by the Eisenhower Administration to punish Fidel Castro, was up for grabs...
Vol. 26 • September 1962 • No. 9
