SANCTIONS AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA

...However, specific steps, such as desegregating the functions of our representatives in the Union, should be taken to let the South African government know that we mean what we say when we deplore segregation...

...Certainly no direct foreign aid should be extended to a government which persists in pursuing the racial policies of the Union of South Africa...

...If no international action is taken to avert its necessity, an invasion of South Africa by the new black African states to the north may become a distinct possibility...

...South Africa has received little direct American economic assistance...

...Our diplomatic representatives should remain on the spot to carry out negotiations as long as possible...

...It seems clear that we cannot, as a people who love freedom, allow the Afrikaners to turn South Africa into a vast concentration camp that tramples upon the rights of a helpless people...

...They are fully aware of the consequences, but prefer them to continuation of the beatings, imprisonment, and death which they suffer when they oppose the regime...

...However, South Africa is likely to be far more cautious with the leading power of the Western alliance...

...Industrialists, mine-owners, farmers, and bankers would then face the choice of reversing the policy of apartheid or suffering financial ruin...

...The ultimate result is not likely to be the revolution that so many observers have predicted but the growing misery of masses of people condemned to a concentration camp type of existence...

...Since the South African railways are segregated, American dollars have helped to expand segregation in the Union...

...We have often withheld or extended aid for political reasons in the past...

...When the Russians took a similar step, they were forced to close their embassy...

...teaches international relations at St...

...Many South Africans feel that the United States has no right, either morally or legally, to interfere in the Union of South Africa's internal policies...

...To achieve changes in South African policy, American policy-makers must take several specific steps they have scarcely been willing to consider...

...The ease with which the police and armed forces crushed the recent strikes and forced Africans back to work underscores the weakness of the non-white organizations...

...Here, the outside world has its strongest legal case against the Union...

...are quite prepared to suffer and even starve to bring about a change in the unjust social system...

...They were, therefore, deeply offended when U.S...

...How is it all to end...

...There has been some subsidy of uranium production and an Export-Import Bank loan...

...The largest single item of aid has been a World Bank loan, sixty per cent of which is American capital, used for railroad construction...

...While it is true that many white South Africans reject apartheid, and several smaller political parties oppose the government's policies in varying degree, their political weight is such that the Nationalists are under no significant internal pressure to change their position...

...There is nothing wrong inherently with this policy, although the political application usually has been shortsighted and cast within a cold war mold...

...but it is this kind of pressure that is likely to be more effective with the tough Afrikaners than the sweet reasonableness that has been employed to date on this subject...

...If the world markets for her gold, diamonds, and foodstuffs were cut off by a boycott, her stock market would collapse, and she would quickly become bankrupt...

...Another diplomatic attack on the problem can be made through the United Nations, on the South West Africa issue...

...Trade unions and political parties throughout Africa are urging their people to stop buying goods manufactured in the Union...

...government to initiate a boycott of South African gold...

...In America, trade unions are considering this step, and liberal organizations have requested the U.S...

...Liberal optimism keeps hoping that something will develop in the power structure in South Africa to bring about a change in the Nationalist Party toward moderation or to make possible a coalition government...

...But there is every indication that this is coming...

...It has been difficult for our State Department to alter its policies in the face of the fact that South Africa is a military ally, a source of strategic materials, and one of the last outposts of Western power in the Afro-Asian world...

...These two countries take most of South Africa's exports...

...With such countries as Nigeria, the Congo, and Tanganyika gaining independence, the prospect of forceful liberation of their black brothers becomes more real...

...It should be remembered that it is the white South Africans who oppose outside intervention, but that the vast majority of South Africa's citizens, who are black and brown, welcome it...

...Diplomatic pressure undoubtedly can be used far more effectively than we have been willing to employ it to date...

...Certainly, one of the lessons of the recent strike actions was that the black Africans themselves have great potential power...

...Moreover, there has been for many years a growing group of liberal white South Africans who have called for help from America and the outside world...

...There are two major avenues of action open for American policy...

...The hard reality is that the Nationalists have a sure grip on power in the Union of South Africa...

...Liberia is currently considering taking this matter to the World Court for another and perhaps final decision...

...The two most recent meetings of the All-Africa Peoples Conference have issued appeals to all nations and peoples to boycott the Union of South Africa's goods...

...All outside intervention is certain to be disregarded unless behind it lies the ultimate threat of economic sanctions...

...Liberia has been hesitating to take this step because the Western powers and particularly the United States have not favored such action...

...Moral censure by resolution or diplomatic note cannot accomplish anything more than arouse the self-righteous wrath of the Afrikaners...

...Well-meaning persons have opposed such extreme action on the ground that it would also have a disastrous effect on the African, Colored, and Indian people, who would lose their jobs...

...Those who would lose temporarily are private American and British investors...

...Yet white South Africans cannot establish Nazi-type concentration camps without incurring militant reactions from men and from nations that paid a terrible price to stamp out Nazism during World War II...

...The recall of the American ambassador in the Union would serve little purpose...

...One is private diplomatic pressure...

...the other is association with, and even leadership of, a growing economic boycott of South Africa...

...Now most of their first and second-rank leadership is in prison, and will be kept there as long as the government feels any threat to its power...

...Olaf College, where he is director of the foreign service program...

...As yet, there has been little compliance by the African governments for an official trade boycott...

...He was formerly director of the American Committee on Africa and is the author of "They Wait In Darkness," a book on current problems in Africa...

...In addition, she is a member of the British Commonwealth, and we tend to bow to British interests in such cases...

...The appeals of the African people for cooperation around the world have been taken up by the labor and cooperative movements in England...

...This would raise several difficult legal and practical questions...

...Neither of their economies would suffer from the loss of South African gold, diamonds, foodstuffs, or even uranium, all of which are available elsewhere in the world...

...It is imperative that we refuse to allow ourselves to be deterred from a necessary course of action that would help bring freedom to millions of Africans because of the hardship and losses entailed by a few people...

...It can become doubly effective if the threat of boycott action is held over the heads of the Afrikaners as a final resort pending the failure of other means...

...A good deal of wishful thinking characterizes opinion about South Africa, within both government and other knowledgeable circles, in this country and in England...

...The African National Congress and Pan-African Congress have issued a call for an international boycott of South Africa...

...There is no question that South Africa's refusal to recognize her responsibilities under her mandate over South West Africa is a violation of international law...

...However, it is important to remember that the African people have already indicated by their attempts at a work stoppage that they GEORGE SHEPHERD, JR...

...An international boycott movement has been launched...

...South Africa is especially vulnerable to this kind of pressure because the nature of her economy is such that it is dependent upon overseas trade...

...Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge took the leadership before the United Nations Security Council in pushing through a resolution deploring those South African policies that led to the recent tragic massacres at Langa and Sharpe-ville and the imprisonment of more than 400 leaders of all races...

...Should the Court find South Africa negligent in her duties, the Security Council or General Assembly can take appropriate steps to force the compliance of the Union...

...The United States has more than an adequate gold supply for many years ahead, despite recent losses in world trade...

...With American cooperation, it is conceivable that the United Nations could move toward considering means for taking the South West Africa mandate away from the Union and placing it in international trust...

...Without the leadership of the United States and the United Kingdom, a boycott program will have little effect...

...But they are not likely to be able to organize it now for effective action...