AS THE WORLD SEES US

...More and more the new nations of Asia and Africa are being joined by such Western nations as Austria, Finland, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, and Yugoslavia...

...auspices...

...It is a force composed in the first instance of the new nations of Asia and Africa...

...The women, some of them, are dressed in saris or sarongs...

...Is it possible to convey to the American people the extent to which the American image in the world at large has been hacked down, tarnished, and distorted during the past decade and a half...

...At U.N...

...In some embarrassment, United States diplomats began a tactical retreat...

...He was told the United States had no present intention for introducing such a plan for U.N...

...He also called on the U.N...

...Russian delegates read the books and study the papers in the areas of U.N...

...What is new here is something else —a pivotal force different from either the Russians or the Americans...

...Some of them wear turbans...

...The American people, I say, can change the foreign policy of the United States...

...And so on...

...headquarters the same day...

...to infuse much-needed capital into such areas...

...The Russians were most surprised by the American intrusion, but went ahead as planned...

...The Communist promise was a different sort: You must recognize the hard realities, it said...

...To them it seems that the United States prefers stooges—Chiang Kai-shek, Syngman Rhee, Trujillo, and their kind...

...Before our diplomats began backtracking, however, much harm had been done...

...In the U.N...

...But today there are 81 members in the United Nations—and times have changed...

...You must know that only by the fierce discipline imposed by a doctrine, and by the unswerving dedication of the servants of that doctrine, will you be able to achieve the things you want...

...It has to do with people—the deleDONALD GRANT, interpretive news editor for the St...

...Furthermore, to diplomats representing the countries newly emerged from a colonial status the American position seems to be part of a pattern...

...Unfortunately, however, the final communique from the annual World Bank meeting arrived at U.N...

...to prohibit "inflammatory" propaganda broadcast by radio across national borders, and to do something about "indirect aggression...

...This year we chose to hold a meeting of Latin American foreign ministers in Washington at the same time the China issue was under consideration in New York...

...He was talking, over a cup of tea, in the delegates' lounge at the United Nations...

...For a time, of course, we coasted...

...A tentative agreement was reached, signed by the American representative...

...Before World War I it was a German colony...

...Some six hundred million people are unrepresented...

...could be used, at this stage of history, to shore up governments in the Middle East or anywhere else if such governments become too unpopular with their people—no matter how popular they may be in Washington...

...Under it, a process of partitioning Southwest Africa was begun— most of the territory going to the Union outright and the rest placed under Union administration...

...Is it possible to exaggerate this tragedy...

...The Russians, of course, do not believe this...

...your children need not starve in darkness and ignorance...

...The Thirteenth Regular Session of the United Nations General Assembly, which opened September 16 and will continue well into December, is only a small part of the story...

...At a large dinner party one table consisted only of Africans and Russians—except for an American newspaperman and his wife who insisted on being placed there...

...China is still an outsider, and no less troublesome for that...

...It would be reassuring to think such a study would include an honest look at the foreign policy of the United States...

...In Washington we gave the Latin Americans what had been refused many times before—a hemispheric bank to finance economic development...

...As patiently as I can, I have tried to explain to these Russians—in so many ways, individually, just average decent human beings—that the last word has not been spoken, in Washington or in the world...

...How the Communist government of China is going to be persuaded to agree to a Far Eastern settlement, or disarmament, or even to an inspection system to police a cessation of nuclear weapons tests, was not clear among American diplomats here...

...It is so "un-Marxian"—a "capitalist" nation turning its attention to the welfare of its common people, eliminating a "proletariat" by absorbing it into the main stream of national life...

...Secretary of State John Foster Dulles threw up a smoke screen of sorts in the U.N...

...Louis Post-Dispatch Remember, Khrushchev Is Betting on Both gan negotiating with the Union of South Africa over the problem of Southwest Africa...

...After making another trip to the borders of Southwest Africa—he has been denied readmittance after being evicted—to meet with leaders of the African people there, Father Scott came to New York...

...This gave the United States a fairly safe two-thirds majority...

...They know the delegates they deal with by name—especially those from Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America...

...Use of the U.N., in preference to direct "American foreign aid," has always been popular among the people of the underdeveloped areas, for they feel they can keep their political independence better that way...

...The two promises would be judged together...

...They did what they were told to do by the State Department...

...It would not, of course, be enough...

...When he left the village a small girl remembers seeing him go...

...An American approach to the world based on give and take, on sharing problems and opportunities —for the benefit of all...

...Oddly, Sir Pierson Dixon, head of the British delegation, may be better equipped to understand the realities of the second half of the Twentieth Century than is his American counterpart, Henry Cabot Lodge...

...Dulles brought the matter up in his September 18 address...

...It is worth while taking at least a brief look at this problem because, though it gets few headlines in American newspapers, it concerns, deeply, that majority of mankind emerging from colonialism...

...Southwest Africa is a territory about the size of France, located just north and west of the Union of South Africa...

...But he might have been from India, Burma, or Indonesia—or Mexico or Uruguay or Afghanistan...

...No one really thinks that the U.N...

...debates on this issue...

...I can still hear the Russians laughing: "Your leading circles, the people who control your government would never permit it...

...When it is suggested that this could be the pattern for an American foreign policy—political and economic —the Russians tend to look worried for a moment...

...To such diplomats it also seems as if the United States has returned to a gun-boat era of diplomacy...

...It was used as a labor reservoir for the Union, and the best lands were taken over by white Afrikaners from the Union...

...For the past few years his special assignment has been a roving commission to explore and report developments in the United Nations...

...delegation at the U.N...

...Whether the speaker is an ambassador, here in New York, or a rice farmer in Asia, I know his story by heart as soon as he begins, and you can hear it in Europe, too, in the slums of Naples...

...The "Special Fund" had been proposed last year by American diplomats in the U.N...

...Had a miracle like that ever happened in the village before...

...At least half a dozen new African countries are headed for independence in the next few years—Guinea, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Somalia, and Tanganyika...

...But it is still the truth...

...Then there were the Russians...

...Thirteen years ago, when the United Nations was established, there were 51 member nations...

...The story of America's "New Deal," under Roosevelt, is the subject of endless fascination to many of the Russian delegates at the U.N...

...Often the Asians and Africans are left standing alone —until the Russians move in...

...An amendment to the resolution setting up the Special Fund was proposed by a group of small nations, looking toward a later establishment of a real capital fund under U.N...

...It pointed out that although World Bank President Eugene R. Black had mentioned the development scheme as meriting "most careful study" the scheme itself "was not formally discussed...

...But this agreement reckoned without one man...

...Plans for dams sounded good, but dams on the TVA model sounded better...

...A little later a reporter asked the American delegation spokesman about the "regional development" plan, mentioned by Dulles in his speech...

...The speaker happened to be a diplomat from Khartoum, the capital of Sudan...

...Then, one day, he returned—-"Dr...

...By cleverness and by the luck of being in a minority position, the Russians manage to conceal this fact fairly successfully...

...Jantuah is a delegate at the United Nations, living with his wife in a Manhattan apartment...

...It is the story of hope, and of despair...

...Instead of approving the use of American troops in the Middle East, the United Nations acted to get our troops out of Lebanon—and we took them out...

...secretary general, buried the "stand-by force" idea in a subsequent report...

...His name is Michael Scott, an Englishman, and an Anglican priest...

...to establish a stand-by force to take action in such instances as the Lebanese crisis so the United States could keep its troops at home...

...Two years ago, the Union of South Africa objected so much to a discussion of Southwest Africa in the U.N...

...that the Union government severed all but token ties with the U.N...

...Dulles mentioned something called the "Special Fund...

...He did well in mission schools and was awarded an Oxford scholarship...

...Representatives of the underdeveloped countries had been told it would be a fund to make surveys for developmental projects and they had been led to believe that it was only a first step toward a U.N...

...But they are all human beings...

...There is a way—call it democracy or what you will—for men to live in dignity, as brothers...

...They, too, will become a part of the new, pivotal force, independent of both the Russians and the Americans...

...Several have served jail sentences for political activities...

...The twenty Latin American republics voted with the United States, and so did a good many Western European members...

...Anyway, these American diplomats had their hands full trying to liquidate some past errors...

...But especially since 1952 I have heard this story over and over again—in the United Nations, where the world's diplomats gather, and in the cities, towns, and villages of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, where the majority of the people of the world live...

...No professional diplomat of the first rank, including the American diplomats, thinks our China policy is either realistic or wise...

...Jantuah was a village boy from the interior...

...gates who came from the far corners of the earth to gather in the great auditorium beside the glass house along the East River in Manhattan...

...promptly shelved them—once Dulles got out of town...

...State Department attempts to use the United Nations as a cloak of respectability to be thrown around the use of American troops in Lebanon backfired badly...

...they voted in favor of the broad economic development plan— and let the United States lead the forces to defeat it...

...But our hope is the only real hope...

...Dag Hammarskjold, U.N...

...What America really needs is a new foreign policy—a foreign policy based squarely on the social philosophy that attacked, successfully, the great economic crisis of the 1930s, here in America...

...Then, last year, the United States joined the "Good Offices Committee," with Britain and Brazil, and beFitzpatnck in The St...

...plan to finance such projects...

...trusteeship system...

...Now prime minister of the Union of South Africa, he is the world's leading exponent of racial segregation and white supremacy...

...to cover the retreat...

...More intelligent and sensitive attention given the "new" delegates from Asia and Africa by American diplomats would be a beginning for a better American approach to these areas...

...The amendment was withdrawn...

...The American delegate in that discussion threatened that if the amendment were not withdrawn the United States would oppose even the "Special Fund...

...Was the African ambassador interested in visiting Moscow...

...Here in a quiet but insistent voice he told the story of how those people had been brutally treated by the South African government headed by Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd, a once obscure professor who began his political career as a pro-Nazi anti-Semite...

...He also mentioned various possibilities for "regional development programs," and again "an international development association as an affiliate of the World Bank...

...The New York colony of Soviet Russians at any one moment, especially during the General Assembly, may number more than 500 men, women, and children...

...there may be another, brighter chapter...

...Perhaps the State Department found an even more awkward stand, however, in the issue of a U.N...

...It is, understandably, a little difficult for some of the senior delegates from the older nations to realize what has happened in the world...

...Take the China issue...

...The Africans of Southwest Africa were reduced to one of the lowest standards of living in the world and deprived of any political voice...

...This year, however, American diplomats made matters clear: The Special Fund was not the first step, so far as the United States was concerned, but the last...

...Without this force the United States can no longer control the United Nations...

...They even voted for a resolution expressing "regret and concern" over South Africa's apartheid policy, though our diplomats, in a gesture toward the Verwoerd government, specifically said they would not condemn apartheid, which is the Afrikaner word for race segregation in its most extreme form...

...More than one delegate has fought in an underground movement for the independence of the country he now represents...

...fund for economic development, something the people representing the underdeveloped areas of the world have been wanting and talking about since 1952...

...Our diplomats here have not found a definition of either phrase that would permit continued operation of the Voice of America or Radio Free Europe—not to mention the Central Intelligence Agency—while stopping others from playing the same sort of games...

...Yet the world also heard the other promise, the one born among the chilly archives in the British Museum, where Karl Marx wrote...

...In New York, the Latin Americans, tongue in cheek, voted with the United States to refuse discussion of China's representation...

...To newspapermen, including Asian and African correspondents, a spokesman for the American delegation declared that the United States did, after all, favor a world-wide plan for economic development—but under the World Bank, as Dulles had mentioned...

...Louis Post-Dispatch, has roamed the world for that paper...

...The world, perhaps, expected too much...

...Our "automatic majority" the Russians used to complain about has become no more than an "automatic minority," though still, it must be admitted, a powerful minority...

...There was so little enthusiasm for these suggestions that even the U.S...

...The full story of the choices men are making is not told...

...The Russians will have things their way if this force can be attracted to the Soviet side...

...Would the delegate interested in education like to study the Russian educational system...

...social functions the American diplomats seem to prefer the company of Europeans...

...Now the light is dimmed if not extinguished...

...Then it became a League of Nations mandate administered by the Union of South Africa...

...The small village girl was grown up, now, and very pretty...

...They were greatly disturbed when American troops were sent to Cuba, ready to jump to Venezuela to protect Vice President Nixon, and when our Marines landed in Lebanon...

...It may be that the promise was too great, the promise of America...

...work assigned them...

...they have their humanity in common...

...There are 28 of them—not all, to be sure, voting together on all issues, but in one way or another forming the core of the new pivotal force in the U.N...

...the other, the American dream, is only a dream —a mirage and a delusion...

...That, too, could be arranged...

...Not only would there be no TVA-type dams, there would not even be any surveys...

...Sir Pierson meets every fortnight with Commonwealth delegates, including the Ghanians, Indians, and Ceylonese...

...the promise that was translated into some kind of reality, first in Moscow, then in Pei-ping...

...Every year we lose a few votes in the U.N...

...They were married...

...it is defended privately by our diplomats, solely on the ground that our internal policies makes our policy necessary, or at least expedient...

...The Lodges of Boston, on the other hand, have never been very matey with outlandish people...

...It could be arranged...

...These were the alternatives, and they still are...

...Is it really important, anyway, what the small obscure nations of the world think or do...

...For nine years the United States has opposed the seating of the government of mainland China in the United States...

...discussion...

...The Lebanese adventure of last July is not quickly forgotten here...

...Until recently the United States maintained the fiction that they were represented by the delegates nominated by Chiang Kai-shek, the ruler of Formosa...

...After World War II the increasingly racist governments of the Union claimed hegemony over Southwest Africa and refused to allow the territory to come under the U.N...

...And they know their cultures, and more often than not their languages...

...And perhaps even more significantly for the future, this force is being augmented by such Latin American nations as Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, and others...

...A new policy emphasizing economic development for the benefit of human beings, rather than "military aid" to bolster tottering distatorships...

...They dare not...

...They backed away from the partition scheme...

...In his speech before the General Assembly September 18 he called on the U.N...

...About all the people of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America had left—from the United States foreign economic policy in the United Nations—seemed to be the fine words of Secretary Dulles: "Economic development is, of course, an aspiration shared by all peoples...

...The American promise was warm with life and hope: You, the people of the world, it said, may order your own destiny as you will it, in freedom and without fear...

...Jantuah...

...The State Department has begun a study of the long-range effects of the increasing membership of the United Nations...

...This was how the conversation began...

...After paying tribute to "private initiative" as the best instrument for aiding the underdeveloped areas, he spoke of various vague schemes for working through the U.N...

...There is a good deal of evidence that Russia, like the United States in its present foreign policy posture, prefers economic aid it can control—for direct or indirect political benefit...

...It is always the same: America was our hope, our beacon light...

...In the U.N...

...The people of Southwest Africa, Father Scott said over and over again, object and will always object to the racist rule of the Union of South Africa...

...A new policy on colonialism— based on simple justice, a love for freedom and independence, and plain American decency...

...The Russians, it is true, still stand with their eight satellites—an unimpressive minority on many issues...

...As for "indirect aggression" and "inflammatory broadcasts" — these were fine-sounding phrases coined by the speech-makers in Washington...

...How do we look in the United Nations—especially to the new nations of Asia and Africa, and to the underdeveloped nations of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America...

...J. E. Jantuah of Ghana, a small, new country on the rim of the great continent of Africa...

...It would have been difficult to find a more awkward posture for American diplomacy among the nations of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America...

...There was, for instance, that business of the "Good Offices Committee" to deal with the problem of Southwest Africa...

...But for an American who is proud of his country's heritage and who would like to be confident of its future, it is a sad part...

...Israel Galili of the Israeli delegation formerly was head of the anti-British underground in what was then Palestine...

...Then they break out into great gusts of roaring Russian laughter...

...They speak many different languages...

...Pick one out at random—Dr...