THE MOOD OF AMERICA

...Eight of the slices cut from the original acreage were sold to Negroes...

...Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin...

...In Gov...

...They hold to the view that Negro schools should be made absolutely equal to white schools, but that segregation should be maintained...

...On top of all this, a candidate himself can get on the Oregon primary ballot' merely by informing the director of elections that he harbors serious Presidential ambitions...

...Fired with enthusiasm for the coop idea, he made the most of his innate ability in salesmanship, and in 1945 and 1947 he was high man for the entire organization in life insurance...

...But the Fourth U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the district court decision on appeal...

...The lack of specialized training resulted in a degree of inefficiency that ruled out this method as a basis for future work...

...Needless to add, this provision in the law has resulted in some weird characters confronting Oregon voters on primary day...

...Together with Cheyney Homesteads and a projected third group on land already purchased, they look forward to an integrated fellowship of like-minded people buying their goods at a co-op store, finding their recreation in a community center near the lake they have plans for, and working together to prove the possibility of a more Christian way of life...

...The last legislature in South Carolina voted to issue $75,000,000 in bonds to provide for the construction of school buildings to provide "equal education facilities" for children of both races...

...Member student governments were urged to give sororities and fraternities a five-year limit to rid their organizations of any restrictive clauses...

...A three-way Democratic race among Truman and the two Douglases could well be in the lap of the gods...

...Among a certain segment of the Negro population, there is the well-grounded fear that an end to segregation will drastically reduce the number of teaching jobs open to Negroes in North Carolina and close the door for Negroes on a profession in which they long have served...

...He appointed a Negro to the State Board of Education in a precedent-shattering move, and he has named other Negroes to state commissions and boards...

...The delegates passed a "Student Bill of Rights" which affirmed in its clauses the rights of students to bring and hear political speakers of their choice on the campus...

...When he wanted a college education he ran away from home with $10 in his pocket to enroll in Parsons College at Fairfield...

...There is no suitable synonym for the word McCarthyism," she said...

...Professionally diverse, they are to a large extent religiously united, with half their number Quakers...

...He now has a cabin there...

...In fact, some of Morse's friends think longingly of Morse as Ike's running-mate...

...When he left the Tygart Valley project, Bob joined the cooperative insurance companies of Farm Bureau headed by Murray D. Lincoln...

...As of now the dramatis personae promises to include Robert A. Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Harry Truman, Paul H. Douglas, Estes Kefauver, William O. Douglas, Wayne L. Morse, Douglas MacArthur, and perhaps even Joseph McCarthy...

...But to which party does Eisenhower belong...

...They added to that list the fact that the white high school has "paved entrances and approaches, a hard-surfaced parking lot, lawns, hedges and walks" while the Negro school does not...

...Its homesteaders, lacking adequate financing, have had to sell off choice roadside lots and several of the original farmhouses...

...His views on bolstering the standard of living of Asia's common people have wide acceptance in Oregon, which lies along the Pacific's heaving surf...

...Farm Bureau, and other organizations to accept a mortgage on the land and buildings have uniformly failed...

...We must give first place to the rights of the individual citizen," said the circuit court decision, "and when and where he seeks only equality of treatment before the bar, his suit must prevail...

...In the current crisis there is a contraction of freedom on the American campus, due to the present fear of being called 'Communist' or 'subversive.' "One of the chief reasons for this situation is a technique known as McCarthyism—a technique characterized by reliance upon legislative immunity, guilt-by-association, and unproven scattershot charges...

...Of the 38 two-acre lots into which Tanguy is divided, 12 are now built on and occupied, and another house is in the process of construction...

...Many of these men are liberals...

...a technique that is being employed by members of both major political parties...

...Financing for Tanguy has been met so far out of the slim private resources of members and friends, and the equity, which during the first years was below a safe percentage, has now reached the margin respected by underwriters...

...A few days later, Dewey won the primary election...

...in basic design the Tanguy dwelling is a Mary Arnold house...

...Although a few members are doing a large share of their own building, most of the new -houses have been erected on contract...

...After the four applied for entrance to the UNC school without success, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People took the case to Federal court...

...And, most important of all, the congress demonstrated that an association of 680,000 students can show more forthrightness and courage than many of their elders in opposing all enemies of freedom— whether it be Communism and Fascism abroad or McCarthyism at home...

...All along the historic color line in the South, legal assaults are being prepared...

...Forsyth County is spending $1,000,000 in purely local funds for Negro schools, Durham County $750,000, and Asheville $400,000...

...Said their resolution: "All inroads on freedom have their eventual impact on the campus...

...Against Eisenhower or Morse, he probably would fare poorly...

...They want their man on the ballot, but they frankly fear a "popularity contest" with Eisenhower on the eve of the national convention...

...Morse are actively pushing the Eisenhower petitions...

...Disillusioned with education in America, he was accepted sight unseen by a Presbyterian mission board as teacher for a boys' school on the Island of Cyprus which was a springboard for exploring Europe and the Mediterrenean during vacations for four years...

...He has asked that petitions proposing his name be withdrawn, but the sponsors of the petitions have told him publicly they will not honor the request...

...the only representative student organization in America voted 220 to 48 against the virus of McCarthyism...

...Tom Mahoney who in the 1951 legislature introduced a bill to abolish civil service, advocated oaths for school teachers, and sponsored on the Senate floor a bill increasing the legal "take" allowed pari-mutuel race tracks...

...The following year four of the men of the community, including Bob Willson, organized themselves as a construction gang, and spent a full 12 months building three houses...

...But Sam Williams, the Santa Claus in a large Portland department store, has started petitions for another Douglas—William Orville Douglas of the U. S. Supreme Court...

...His wife taught school in the state...

...The flat roofs of these single-story dwellings are sealed against moisture with an asphalt covering, and the overhang above the broad front windows cuts off the hot sunshine during the summer...

...Good salesman that he is, Bob had saved the best farm to show last...

...Bob is carrying on this honorable tradition...

...James F. Byrnes had said that if the courts abolish segregation in the schools, he will close the state's public school system...

...Can a particular candidate fare fortuitously at the polls...

...They have had to face opposition to the interracial character of the community they are building...

...While this case has been heralded as the supreme test of segregation in the South, it certainly will not be the final test...

...Now that the new Cheyney Homesteads have been set up under Section 213 of the 1950 Federal Housing Act providing Government insurance for mortgagees, some hope is held out for a similar arrangement for TanguyIII When the first house Was under way, an ingenious plan was worked out to secure a mortgage on it and use the mortgage funds to start the next house and so on, but blueprint specifications were too inexpensive to attract the financial interests...

...Twin Pines At Tanguy By Albert V. Fowler Philadelphia ON a fine day in 1945 Mary Arnold was looking over sites for a co-op homestead which Bob Willson, a Farm Bureau insurance agent, and his friends were planning near the Baltimore Pike a few miles south of Philadelphia...

...When he had taken her over its 100-odd acres of rolling cropland and woodlot she said with conviction, "This is it, Bob...

...Significantly, the circuit court based its verdict primarily on the intangibles that cannot be reduced to writing—or to a school building balance sheet...

...III Taft's prospects in the strategic Oregon primary race are none too glowing...

...In the area of discrimination against minority groups, the NSA also hewed to the line of liberalism —although the voting was close...

...A network of special pipe laid in the cement floor provides heat from a boiler and oil burner system, and the houses are so placed as to utilize the warmth from the low winter sun coming through large plate-glass windows at the front...

...The Republicans who acknowledge allegiance to Sen...

...In at least four counties in North Carolina, the NAACP has notified school boards that Negroes will seek entrance to high schools unless certain inequalities are erased...

...From that time on, the founders of Tanguy Cooperative Homesteads have relied on the advice and devoted efforts as well as the financial assistance of this woman whose success in self-help housing among the Nova Scotia fishermen is a by-word in co-op circles...

...Perhaps the most important effect of these court actions has been the acceleration of efforts to end segregation at the public school level...

...In the same decision, the judges granted an injunction which ordered school officials to proceed immediately to equalize Negro school facilities because the court declared they were not equal...

...It takes only 1,000 signatures to put a man (or woman) in the Presidential preference ballot...

...Appropriately enough, the McCarthyism resolution was introduced by the Wisconsin region of NSA...

...They have been obliged to compromise their ideal of group ownership of all the land with individual lots held on 99-year leases...

...If Ike does not make the Oregon ballot for one reason or another, the name of Oregon's famous maverick junior U. S. Senator, Wayne Morse, probably will be listed...

...It seems about to happen to Senator Paul Douglas now...

...Bob now has his own agency in nearby Media, and divides his time between insurance and co-op housing...

...Taft advance agents have been to Oregon twice to canvass the situation...

...For the most part these recommendations were backed by the delegates from the South...

...II Defenders of the "separate but equal" doctrine for the schools in North Carolina hope without too much confidence that their position will be sustained by the U. S. Supreme Court when the South Carolina case reaches that tribunal...

...Indeed, it can be done against his express wishes...

...Tanguy is organized as a true Rochdale cooperative under the Cooperative Law of Washington, D. C. Its capital structure consists of equity in common stock for active members...

...This happened to Charles Evans Hughes in 1916...

...They claim the Senator would be a natural foil for Eisenhower, to make a perfectly-balanced ticket...

...This sentence provides for the nomination of a candidate "upon the petition of 1,000 of his supporters who are registered voters in the state of Oregon of the political party to which said candidate belongs...

...The candidate's consent is not necessary...

...After that they joined the homesteaders as independent members with no strings attached, and Bob, working on the construction gang, gained practical experience in the ground roots of housing that later proved of great value to Tanguy...

...Among a segment of white school officials, there is an attitude which might be described as a weary resignation to the inevitable...

...So far, of $37,000,000 allocated, white schools have received $21,679,243.57 and Negro schools $15,695,243.13...

...In Virginia, where at least two school suits are pending, the NAACP now is preparing to file suits attacking segregation in state-supported hospitals and recreational facilities...

...An important factor, the paper concluded, was "the pressure generated by Sen...

...David O'Hara, for 30 years Oregon's director of elections, has announced he will reject both Eisenhower petitions in the absence of affirmative proof that the General of the Army is affiliated with either the Democratic or the Republican Party...

...And the deletion was resoundingly voted down...

...Two counties are putting every cent of their share of the school bond money into Negro schools...

...Morse is for Eisenhower...

...During a June week contest in Pennsylvania in 1947, he was the highest producer in the state, and was chosen one of six Farm Bureau agents to be sent to Europe on a tour of cooperatives...

...A faction in the Democratic Party already has obtained 1,000 names to a petition entering Ike in the Oregon primaries as a Democrat...

...This impressive melee in a state with a mere one per cent of the national population stems from Oregon's incredibly loose and flexible primary election laws...

...with the first $500 exempt from interest, and 4% debentures for investment by friends of the community...

...That sentiment will crystallize when the issues are reduced from the legal abstract to real experience in the schools...

...The deadline for filing Presidential primary nominations in Oregon is Mar...

...Their leader is State Sen...

...The Oregon primary, being as wide open as a tunnel portal, affords a chance to test the drawing power of every aspirant for the country's biggest job...

...Eisenhower is a military man, while Morse is a liberal with strong trade-union support...

...He has insisted that the issue of school segregation be met by positive action as contrasted to the threats in Georgia and South Carolina to end the present school system if segregation is outlawed by the courts...

...The most perplexing problem Tanguy RICHARD L. NEUBERGER, who covers the Northwest for many American publications, is a Democratic member of the Oregon State Senate . . . KARL MEYER, crusading editor of the University of Wisconsin's Daily Cardinal two years ago, is presently engaged in advanced studies in political science at Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School . . . JAY JENKINS is a staff writer for the Raleigh News and Observer . . . ALBERT V. FOWLER, Philadelphia free-lancer, edited "War and Civilization by Arnold J. Toynbee...

...Morse is a challenging public speaker who could carry the campaign load in the whistle stops and the factory towns...

...this does away with costs of excavation and underground construction...

...North Carolina lays claim to the best record of any Southern state in the field of race relations, imperfect as that record may be...

...For the advocates of improved Negro schools, one of the most cheering aspects of the school bond allocations has been the action of school boards at the county level...

...II Out on the farm near Morning Sun, Iowa, Bob Willson's father used to explain the extra L in his surname by saying that the Willsons were too Scotch to have the 'ell knocked out of them...

...Dennis, an admirer of Douglas, thinks the President might be defeated in a primary test with the man whom Washington newspaper correspondents recently chose as the Number 1 Senator...

...The occasion was the fourth annual congress of the National Student Association, a federation of 300 student governments representing 680,000 American students...

...In concluding, the resolution askcd that NSA "cite the harmful effects of McCarthyism on the campus and call upon all members of the educational community to defend and extend the environment of freedom that has made past accomplishments possible and future aspirations feasible...

...Like Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., who played both king and prisoner in The Man in the Iron Mask, Eisenhower may appear in Oregon in a dual role...

...Judge Waring, in a long dissent, blasted the principle of segregation as unconstitutional...

...A candidate may possess all -sorts of assets, but if he lacks appeal at the ballot box these jewels are wasted...

...Stassen argued for outlawing the Communist Party...

...Their immediate aim has been to provide themselves with low-cost housing away from the crowded confusion of modern life, but they have been influenced by the social thinking of men like Wilfred Wellock to work toward a cooperative commonwealth in the midst of a competitive mechanistic society...

...However, it would be a mistake to be overly optimistic about the results of the student congress...

...Two members of the court, Circuit Judge John J. Parker and District Judge George B. Timmerman, Sr., refused in their decision to enjoin school officials of rural Clarendon County from segregating white and Negro students in the public schools...

...Pure democracy of this kind is rare, and though it postpones action when unanimous consent is lacking, it is a great safeguard against the corrosive effect of a dissenting minority so dangerous in a closely knit group...

...The court in effect subscribed to the NAACP contention that tradition and reputation enter into the relative value of the two law schools...

...Tanguy includes a Japanese-American family and two Negro teachers...

...After two years of sociology there, his favorite professor was fired because he would not submit to the influences of local business interests...

...By contrast, Ike's Democratic proponents in Oregon are on the Tory fringe of that party...

...the right of students to publish un-censored newspapers...

...In that key case, the NAACP charged before a three-man Federal court that the South Carolina constitution violated the 14th Amendment of the U. S. Constitution by allowing segregation in South Carolina schools...

...For the next four years Bob put his economics to work in the Tygart Valley Homesteads at Beverly, W. Va., administered by the Division of Subsistence Homesteads of the Department of Agriculture during the depression...

...Later, the U. S. Supreme Court refused to review the case...

...The first half of this period Bob and Dora were paid by the American Friends Service Committee...

...However, Walter J. Dennis, state president of the Young Democrats, has answered that Douglas lacks the power to prevent Oregon voters from choosing between him and Truman...

...Notification usually has been followed by a long list of particulars in which the Negroes claim that the Negro high schools are inferior to the white schools...

...The election itself takes place in Oregon May 16...

...W. Kerr Scott the Negroes have the most helpful and sympathetic chief executive in 50 years...

...Dewey later said that the outcome of that contest undoubtedly assured him the Republican Presidential nomination...

...The 500 students who met to hammer out a program for the coming year had their share of bitter fights over such issues as Universal Military Training and racial discrimination on the campus...

...When adjoining Cheyney Cooperative Homesteads, the first housing cooperative authorized in the Philadelphia, area under the new federal Housing Act, were projected in 1950, it was Mary Arnold who shouldered the major burden of ironing out the wrinkles with Washington and Philadelphia officials...

...Monroe Sweetland, Oregon's Democratic National Committeeman, has declared definitely that he will promote petitions for Truman unless ordered not to do so by the President himself...

...Back in this country with his English wife, Dora, he completed his college course at Swarthmore, graduating in 1933 with honors in economics...

...A girl from Bryn Mawr College spoke up...

...This might confound the adherents of the other Douglas and of Truman...

...Most of the titillating interest involves Gen...

...Paul H. Douglas already bear sufficient names...

...of course, there remain the intangibles...

...Other observers of North Carolina's emergence as a state with a balance between agriculture and industry are inclined to the belief that while an abrupt end to segregation may be accompanied by some unhappy incidents, the state's population as a whole will maintain its equilibrium in human relations as it has in its physical resources...

...The business meetings are conducted on the principle of "substantial agreement," which means that all decisions reflect the wishes of the entire membership present...

...Meanwhile petitions for Sen...

...But as recently as two years ago, according to estimates of the state's 172 school superintendents, Negroes constituted 30% of the school population but had only 14.2% of the school facilities...

...But the delegates are merely a token of the real issue...

...This ratio is expected to continue during the expenditure of the remaining $13,000,000...

...A case history of four Negroes who have been admitted to the University of North Carolina Law School provides a key to the future...

...In 1952 this episode probably will be repeated, but with a different cast of characters...

...Of course, the Democratic Presidential preference contest in Oregon next year actually could seize the spotlight away from the Republicans, especially if Mahoney's petitions were accepted as valid, creating a Truman-Eisenhower contest...

...II One sentence in the jumbled statutes governing Oregon primary elections may force an answer...

...Tanguy has weathered five years of difficulty and crisis...

...Homesteaders at Tanguy earn their living almost exclusively outside the community...

...Douglas has insisted that they not be filed...

...One reason these houses did not appeal to the financial interests as good mortgage risks in this northern climate is that they have no cellars...

...of {he law school at North Carolina College for Negroes, as compared with the UNC law school, Judge Johnson B. Hayes upheld the state...

...It was at the high point of his career with Farm Bureau that Tanguy Homesteads was begun...

...Students from state, Catholic, and private colleges announced their support for the Wisconsin resolution...

...Students Speak Up On 'McCarthyism' By Karl Meyer Minneapolis IN a recent survey of 72 major colleges and universities the New York Times found that students and faculty were increasingly fearful of speaking out on public issues...

...Likewise, he is against Taft...

...II When this resolution was presented to the congress, one delegate immediately asked that the word McCarthyism be stricken...

...Bob left the college...

...Finally, a national subcommission was set up at the University of Miami to make a survey of discrimination in American colleges...

...Although various Southern states are spending, or planning to spend, huge sums of money to make Negro schools equal as well as separate, it is becoming evident that money cannot buy what the Negro of this generation seeks in the South...

...There was more jingoism and sword-rattling among the students than at previous congresses...

...And the congress refused to pass a resolution asking provisions in the draft law for conscientious objection on political grounds...

...Futhermore, it must be remembered that the decisive event in the Dewey-Stassen rivalry of 1948 was a radio debate over how to handle Communists...

...Justice Douglas was brought up in Oregon...

...Adjoining Cheyney Homesteads with its 16 one-acre lots has two Japanese-American and one Negro family...

...And the court ordered Clarendon County to report in six months on progress made toward equalization...

...Eisenhower...

...7. By that time Ike must have declared himself or this critical pre-convention race will be won by other hopefuls...

...has wrestled with throughout its five years has been the matter of over-all financing...

...But on the issue of Mc-Carthyism there was emphatic agreement...

...Again and again these homesteaders have had to cut corners and go cross-lots to keep their community solvent, but they have a firm faith which has turned apparent failure into success...

...By sidling up to Joe McCarthy, Taft has more or less placed himself on the Stassen side of this question...

...When the inviting plans for the low ranch-type houses drawn up by their architects proved too expensive for Tanguy homesteaders, they turned to her for help in cutting down the cost...

...High on one slope stands a house almost double the size of those in the valley below...

...School Segregation Faces New Blows By Jay Jenkins Raleigh, N. C. THE death rattle of segregation in state-supported schools and colleges in the South is audible today in North Carolina...

...The race is a kind of dry-run for the great contest which lies ahead...

...Segregation, said the two judges, with District Judge J. Waities Waring strongly dissenting, "is a matter of legislative policy for the several states, with which the federal courts are powerless to interfere...

...Mahoney and Sweet-land are bitter intra-party adversaries...

...In Fayetteville, for instance, Negroes submitted a list including claimed inequalities in equipment, curricula, and instruction...

...Today, petitions in his behalf are in circulation for the Democratic as well as the Republican primaries...

...No two houses are alike at Tanguy because each family is allowed some leeway in modifying the basic Mary Arnold plan...

...There were discouraging signs too...

...The estimated value of white school plants was $168,059,-603 and of Negro plants $27,789,-180...

...A $50,000,000 school bond issue has done much to alleviate inequalities in Negro schools...

...After an hour's debate, the congress voted four-to-one against McCarthyism, including a unanimous seven votes cast by the Wisconsin delegation on the prevailing side...

...Attempts to induce private banks...

...On a hot August afternoon at the University of Minnesota this summer, American students had a chance to speak their minds on "Mc-Carthyism" and kindred evils...

...Before the Clarendon case reached the Federal court, Gov...

...Passage of a Fair Educational Practices Law was proposed to combat college quota systems...

...Five other families are members of the community but have not decided to built as yet...

...The reliance on military might was exemplified by the NSA's endorsement of UMT in an extremely close vote...

...At stake in the Oregon preference primary is only a handful of convention delegates...

...It is for him to decide in which direction his advantage lies...

...One member grows flowers in his spare time for the retail markets in nearby Media, and most of them supply their tables with homegrown vegetables...

...Not even the 1,000 signatures-are a prerequisite in such circumstances...

...But the fact that NSA has now existed for five years despite cries of doom from both friends and critics is proof of the fact that students of all religions and races from all parts of the country can get together and reach agreement on many basic issues...

...Some newspaper editors and other leaders in the state believe that a court decision outlawing segregation, will irreparably damage the relations between the races...

...It is impossible, of course, to gauge dominant sentiment in North Carolina about these developments...

...Republican sponsors of Eisenhower also have collected the necessary number of signatures, and more...

...And they did—showing more courage than many of their elders...

...Ruling mainly on the physical aspects (size of the law library, ratio of students to professors, etc...

...The action taken on McCarthyism was in line with other NSA decisions on problems of civil liberties...

...OREGON is the state where Thomas E. Dewey and Harold Stassen virtually campaigned from porch to porch for five weeks during the 1948 primaries...

...Since each dwelling is financed by the owner it is only right that he should be allowed ample latitude, and this has avoided the ugly monotony of standardized construction...

...and the right of students to form and have recognized any campus organizations they desired...

...Dewey pleaded for freedom of speech, claiming that the Communists could never stand the bright light of the marketplace...