CLASS STRUGGLES IN AMERICAN HISTORY
Oneal, James
CLASS STRUGGLES IN AMERICAN HIST0H A Short Record of Fundamental Economic Conflicts Between Cabital And Labor Since Colonial Tiiiius ^ By James Oneal 1*1 subject eaaejned to me in this A...
...When an author writes a book painting the Pennsylvania cossacks in heroic colors end James H. Maurer -writes a pamphlet denouncing them the economic conflict is evident...
...In New England rich families came into possession of coveted common lands through either fraud or their influence at the colonial capital, a process which recalls the enclosure of common lands In England and the eviction, of tenants...
...a number ware Sentenced to be hung, others were given long sentences in prison, but eventually all were pardoned a few years later...
...He added that "We may trace the contest between the capitalist and the democratic pioneer from the earliest colonial days...
...International disarmament to still awaited—ten years after the establishment of tbe League of Nations...
...Surety to point out that the street cleaner and the on magnate may both be addressed as "Mr...
...Miss Hutchins In the later part of her book devotes a good deal of attention to recent left-wing activities in the textile industry, and in particular to those of tbe National Textile Workers' Union...
...the merchant artoUcaf...
...If that should happen the great constitutional battle will begin, which will be fought by both Democratic Government parties under the watchword, Abolition of the Senate...
...So far, the N. T. W. looks like another case of generals without an army, devotees but not labor states men, preachers of a doctrine rather than builders of a union...
...There have been periods of comparative rest in the struggle when to the superficial observer social harmony had been reached but each period has been followed by conflict...
...But tbe Department of Labor has recently published a report which reveals that there are nearly 700,000 children from ten to fifteen years of age who compose a midget army of agricultural laborers...
...but their hours are much longer than factory hours...
...t views of the ruling planter class aid Is prerogatives of the British crown., j The Revolutionary Peris* It is hardly necessary for the tofarto Socialist to give much time to a fltsal tration of the revolutionary pernS r cause so many economic hUtcrWjtR brought out the economics of the tor...
...But they had not reckoned with the working class solidarity and will to sacrifice...
...Positive work or constitutional battle...
...The decision of the electors was clear...
...and not be contradicted by his fellows, that conditions in Paterson are no better now than they were 40 years aao...
...Tbe row-boss stands on one corner hi town and shouts, 'Strawberry hands...
...As property in land was the moat important economic factor down to the revolutionary period we may expect to find class struggles related to this fan of properly...
...The program aims at the reconstruction of social legislation, the repeal of the trade union law., action against unemployment, ratification of international conventions of the International Labor Office and the League of Nations, modernizing of the laws relating to banks and joint stock companies, control over monopolies, land reform, school reform and the passing of the disarmament bill already adopted by the Lower House in 1926...
...Other phases of class conflict have also been conspicuous in our history as we shall see...
...On the contrary, the serfdom and farced labor that existed abroad premised in some form in this country for more than 300 years and chattel slavery stashed longer here than in any otiie.nattrm So much of important history la swept aside in the Weil article that 1 am inclined to believe that the movement is more in danger of a Rotarianeenaciousnesa than it is from a dogmatic rapititkm of old phrases that tend to make of it a sect...
...Speculators offered lands to which they had no title and legislatures sided with the capitalists when complaints were made...
...But with this expansion of large planter property went a policy of apportioning Representation to the legislatures on a bads that gave the rich minority of powerful owners a majority...
...It has recognised the truth that a small country like Denmark with an immense coast line, many Islands, and an accordingly scattered small population, cannot possibly defend itself with military force in a modern war...
...The economic advance of planter interests at the expense of the poor farmers and this political injustice caused a struggle between the two domes that continued to the Civil War...
...It was avaajfwemsmaaMpameBrHw-.,' M | I...
...One cannot read the record of the struggle to the two regions without being impressed with the profound impact of property upon the political end social life of the colonies...
...But In his entire criticism Comrade Weil himself does not resort to the scientific method to establish his position...
...From the remaining men fit for service the necessary number for training (1,600 men) will be drawn each year...
...Millions were presented to the rich through the lightening of taxation...
...Yet, these forty years have seen in Paterson some of the most heroic struggles In the history of the American labor movement, including, of course, the epic conflicts of 1911 and 1913 associated in our minds with such figures as Bill Haywood, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and John Reed...
...The International of the Militarists functions in such cases quite as well as the International of the working class...
...by Grace Hutchins), and should be in the hands of all of those who as organizers, worker educationalists or socially-minded citizens are interested in the silk Industry and the conditions of silk workers...
...Miss Hutchins may believe this, but I think she would admit that she does not give any sufficient reason for the faith that is in her...
...In addition i the reactionary parties had also severely j reduced the communal vote...
...The cause was a quarrel between the Government party proper (the Agrarians) and the Conservatives on th: raising of the military credits...
...Our opponents thought that everything had been foreseen and prepared...
...In fact, our whole history is a cross-ward puxxie without interpretation to terms of economic interests end class struggles clustering around these Interests...
...ON ORGANIZING THE TEXTILE WORKERS The Failure of Past Tactics And Efforts— The Communists9 Dual Union By A. J. Muste CINOE this review is to a large degree critical, it is fair to say at the outset that this Is a very useful book, ("Labor and Silk...
...Extended over many years, James Truslow Adams declared that "it seemed in the eyes of the poorer people to nave established a prescriptive right . . . when their woods and grazing fields began to be forbidden to them, fenced off or sold...
...The 8t*Ject is worthy cf —iMamHon as one writer 1b a recent tone «C The He* Leader has mvoked a atomaeton by doctoring that -there is nc (teas straggle la this country" because "to America the* conditions have been and an entirely different" from conditions in other countries...
...That we have had these examples of class struggle and class consciousness since the rise of the factory system to the latest textile strike in the •both la evident...
...The first strike of factory workers in the United States took place 101 years ago in Paterson, N. J., the great silk center, although the workers involved in that first strike w-re cotton workers...
...The disarmament proposals, which will again be adopted by tbe Lower House before the end of this year, provide for the following new arrangements...
...It gives a vivid, sympathetic, at times perhaps slightly sentimental, picture of the conditions under which silk workers toil and live...
...The South employs 84 per cent of all children engaged in agriculture...
...Philadelphia, New York and Chsrtoton...
...Their parents report that "the children scream and cry because'they are all tired out...
...DENMARK^ PLANS FOR DISARMAMENT Socialist Regime Would Cut Armed Forces To Total Of 13,000 Men By Elsing Anderson Secretary, Social Democratic Party of Denmark COPENHAGEN TN the political history of Denmark the year 1929 will always be remembered as the great Social-Democratic year ot victory'- First came the successful communal elections in March, then the victory at the parliamentary elections on the 24th of April...
...Children handle daily from three to four tons of beets...
...The combination of light and heat, radical enthusiasm and hard plodding common sense has not been achieved...
...It would be Interesting to Jearn bow raany children are at work in the factories and mills of the land...
...Silk did not come in until about a dozen years later...
...The class struggle as a sociological concept may have its verification outside the economic struggle, in literature for example...
...A strike for more wages and limited to a single industry is a conflict of alms between owners and workers...
...The militia was called out...
...In Charleston to workers elected fifteen of their ropnasv tatires to a revolutionary committal se) even sent three of their members to, to Legislature...
...24 ships of net more than 2.60S tons in all...
...The War and Marine Ministries will be abolished...
...The story of labor struggles in the silk Industry is told...
...The economic conflict awakens sympathy and eld...
...are as marked or even as fundamental as Comrade Weil implies I emphatically deny...
...Con'tmporary accounts of this strike have a familiar ring...
...CLASS STRUGGLES IN AMERICAN HIST0H A Short Record of Fundamental Economic Conflicts Between Cabital And Labor Since Colonial Tiiiius ^ By James Oneal 1*1 subject eaaejned to me in this A eventar» rttornarton is -The Class toruggto Theory as Illustrated to Amertoea History...
...The class l unlaw ness on the part of the upper daman even registered in church onrsntssam In New England the Puritan clerks w kept by state taxation and exponas the Interests of the ruling clique) «JS in Virginia Episcopalian clerics, Mtoea kept by state taxation, represents...
...My study of American social and economic history convinces me that that class conflict and class consciousness have bean Just as conspicuous here as they have been abroad and that as social forces they have been continuous since settlement times...
...In the great and small military States the militarists are already at work to defeat, with the help of Danish militarists in a press campaign, the clearly expressed will of the Danish people...
...About 100,000 new votes were secured...
...fc.fl.ll mar ma«^B«Bai^mwa4eStomam^a^**"11111 •••MTi ITi TiifDi • l< «aMalam«mamatomBVtea^^a» mm I Even within cities like New Tort toj ton and Philadelphia there was rirfartal al conflict of alms and intonate alBam merchants and mechanics, to th» ay| election of New York as early at fl> one writer declares that "it wet » aw class conflict between the wealthy as chants and the poorer artisans, aW a deep passions which accomplish a movement against the upper claw of i dety were not lacking...
...But to return to the economic sphere...
...The reactionary government, which followed in December, 1926, the first Social-Democratic Government, had used its small majority during the two years without regard for anyone...
...On the issue of this battle I have no doubts...
...But no writer has ever used the words "dam struggle" in this sense...
...Social legislation, particularly in relation to the support of the unemployed, was severely curtailed...
...In Phfledofpto there was a bitter struggle bit esse to mechanics and...
...Too often indeed these apathetic men and women release what little energy they have toft Into one deep and narrow channel of prejudice and hate...
...The unwary and unsophisticated reader would be pretty sure to gain the impression, I think, that the N. T. W. was the agency to accomplish the emancipation of the silk workers...
...Country schools are emptied of children early In May and are still empty late in October...
...Or a historian may utterly condemn the leader of Bacon's Rebellion as a fool or a scoundrel while a novelist may paint him as a liberator...
...This question is the one which will arouse the greatest Interest abroad, not only among our friends but also among our common enemies...
...Then we might point out to tbe professors that the children whp may look forward to a college education number less then onehalf of those who warped and cramped, will grow up to fulfill the golden prophecy of the Southern Chambers of Commerce of "cheap and d.cito labor...
...This feudal regime is interesting because of other dam struggles related to ft which win be considered later...
...Oh the disarmament question, in relation to which the Land Tax Party will probably cooperate with the Democratic parties, the majority is therefore 134,000 votes...
...The yearly payments for both Institutions will be reduced from 50-68 millions to 17 millions...
...Throughout the colonies there were indentured servants, white men and women bound to limited terms of servitude...
...Their co-cpsrato was needed by the ruling groups, .anv cially for mobbing Loyalists and deSa other dangerous work, but the tiuaaar of the mechanics to shape polkas • well gave much apprehension to the rating cliques...
...The two Democratic parties were of the opinion that this victory must be utilized through positive work, and a combined Government on a common program was regarded as the best means of carrying out such a policy...
...They were almost exclusively illiterate except for a few who were teachers and others who had an education who fell into the l.aiato nl wrtimriirrf if- -*m —r— stives aad were shipped to the colonies and sold...
...problem was 'how to keep them dm" The class struggle within the revsatoav ary movement is clearly describes * Carl L. Becker in the following wsrev A little rioting wet well encash » long as it was directed to the cm aw of bringing the Eng»«>i governmrS w terms...
...Children are rushed out to do this terrific physical work Just as soon as the demand for their labor arises...
...Cotton picking keeps the children busy from late summer until "almost In January...
...For here below the Mason-Dixon line, busy in the fields of cotton and tobacco, are the kids filling to the holes which the rest of tbe family at work in mills at about $12 a week, leave in tbe family fortune...
...Important parts of this book must, however, be read with the proverbial grain of salt at hand...
...They work at piece rate, repeating the same operation using the small muscles in the same monotonous way and then under the watchful eyes of the ever-present boss...
...Hence, the aged weaver can say...
...Fight Due in October When Parliament assembles In October the Government will present its proposals, and the disarmament proposals in particular will, of course, let loose the political fight...
...The Social-Democratic Party, with 42 per cent of the votes behind it, quietly awaits the answer...
...The Old Government Falls The disillusionment, the amazement, was all the greater when the SocialDemocratic Party emerged from the communal elections as the only victor...
...First result: new elections...
...In the parliamentary elections, also, the Social-Democrats were the only victorious party...
...The great majority of the Danish population has declared by its vote that it can no longer wait for others and bear a burden of millions year after year for the sake ot maintaining a military apparatus which all experts have declared to be futile...
...There was no town building to the southam colonies and the tendency was for large plantations to become larger, expanding slowly westward from the coast and pushing the small farmers into the more barren soils of the upland Interior...
...Tbe State Marine will be composed as follows: 6 ships of not more than 8.000 tons in all...
...The organisation with the right ktod of qualities to yet to be found or devdopc* The South's Working Children By Jaek Herling Spartanburg, S. C. pDUCATORS may boast that 850,000 young men and women go to the colleges and normal schools of the country, and they may make then: statistics a proof of the elevation in our standard of living...
...And despite the generally wide-spread compulsory education laws throughout the nation, the census of 1020 tells us that over one million country children from seven to thirteen years of age were not in school...
...Sometimes only the children answer the call/Of tbe magician, sometimes the whole family, but usually tbe children with their mothers...
...There was a 20 per cent increase in the vote, eight seats were captured and the Social-Democratic Party, with about 800.000 votes, or 41.8 per cent of the total votes (as against 37.2 per cent on the last occasion) maintained its position as by far the greatest party...
...The clam antagonism was frequently acknowledged to political struggles...
...Everything, i therefore, was prepared for checking the ! Social-Democratic Party, and the reactionaries awaited the communal elections ; with high hopes...
...The N. T. W. has certainly not yet demonstrated that it can organize workers into stable, functioning industrial unions, if for no other reason than there has not yet been time...
...The Social-Democrats with 61 seats, and the Radicals (the bourgeois toft) with 16 seats, now form a majority of 77 members against 71 (43 Agrarians and 24 Conservatives, together with 3 representatives of the Land Tax Party, which Is uncertain, and 1 representative of the German minority...
...Why so little result for so much effort, heroism and sacrifice...
...This story of the struggles of tbe snk workers to maintain and improve their conditions is carried through the 100 yean that follow...
...The two Democratic parties obtained a majority over the two Conservative parties of over 100,000 votes...
...Slave holding was not profitable in the more barren uphills and this fact provided another economic contrast with the ruling planter class...
...This group of craft unions has been affiliated with the United Textile Workers, the A. F. of L. organization...
...The fortifications will be dismantled...
...The labor movement must find in these men and women with dark and dispiriting childhoods thenfighting strength...
...They have often lacked tbe will, and practically always the skill, to win the confidence of and so to organise the masses of workers...
...In New York City to* das lines were so acute that out of the ttoa> gle issued two committees, one contralto by the...
...probably that statement is not greatly exaggerated...
...The Danish reaction received notice...
...The new Government is composed of nine Social-Democrats and three Radicals, with Comrade Th...
...Bacon's RebeOfcei Virginia in 1878 is a striking examjwi a class struggle recognised as met t the leading men on both sides and Ito tor's Rebellion in New York In lew it ranged upper and lower classes km i struggle for power...
...More* specifically, what Paterson has had for some time now is on the one hand a small group of fairly stable craft unions taking in a fair percentage, though by no means all of the more skilled workers...
...I. tlmr permitted other economic an i social historians could be quoted to the same effect...
...In the South the class straggle between planters and email farmers continued without cessation even down to toe Orril War...
...This to how "day-laborers" are recruited to Virginia...
...We expound a theory which may hare had scene application abroad and sesame that it Is also applicable here, said the writer...
...the mechanics became active trd asserted theid claims to representation k revolutionary bodies...
...The deep-seated resentment that was felt was directed rather against the local governments, the governors and their sycophantic cliques, and the wealthy speculators who claimed the rights to the wilderness lands which the settlers had improved...
...This unexpected situation was immediately taken advantage of by the Social-Democrats, and the whole budget was rejected...
...The Army and the Fleet will be transformed Into a frontier police and a state marine, for enabling Denmark to fullfill its duties as a neutral state and member of the League of Nations in accordance with the existing regulations...
...Unfortunately, in a number ot instances, it has fallowed tactics which win prevent it from holding the confidence of the masses of the workers and so building permanent organizations...
...Unity has not been achieved...
...There is, as stated, a majority of about 100,000 votes for disarmament, and it is precisely the Conservative Party, which conducted its campaign in the traditional manner with "national" slogans, that suffered on this occasion the greatest defeat in the history of Danish Conservatism...
...Those who do not wish to be trained In the frontier police or in the marine must Inform the authorities...
...The Van Renssaleer family was possessed of over a million acres...
...Intermarriage of the landed magnates aad also with the sasranant aristocracy to Mew York City created something like old world feudalism There were frequent complaints by tenants against this aristocratic regime but not till the early forties of the nineteenth century did the all initialing resentment burst into a dam war...
...The new institutions will be subordinated to the Prime Minister...
...Dimly at first, tot with growing clearness, the pi I. Peas' atoasss wore beginning to perctove fto most difficult problem which the r»|Sr ration was to present to them: Be problem of maintaining their ptnV leges against royal encroachment bibb above without losing them by pops}* encroachments from below, ft tot this that gave life and charaotorto the conservative taction...
...But there are enough men and women toft in whom there bums the old pioneer flame...
...The uaanfmint . . . tended to bring down and sections into sharp angnment and "to create a smouldering are of iiaiinlaii ill on the part of the frontiersmen aad frequently the small farmer aad ^thHtti man of the older settlement...
...Seventy thousand new votes, the SocialDemocratic majorities in the districts brilliantly maintained, and one conquest after another on the countryside as in the towns—such was the reply of the workers and the small people of Denmark to- the reactionary attacks...
...Hence, the textile industry is unorganized...
...On the other hand have been groups of radicals under various names holding passionately to some radical workingclass philosophy, energetic, gloriously heroic and self-sacrificing: able at certain times to gain the confidence of a mass of workers and to lead them in a strike, but not able to retain the confidence of the mass permanently and to bind them into lasting, functioning, militant organizations...
...In cities like laton...
...As for class feeling, Adams declares that "the began to feel hlwiMlf mora aad mora hemmed to aad eemtoSnod in the power of those who had both...
...As for the Negro slaves there were at toast 25 revolts before the Revolution...
...Now there is some improvement in conditions today as compared with those of a century ago...
...In New England town toogrteture and land speculators wedged fete a secure position in the colonial governments were able to exploit the eultovetors on the frontiers and this led not eaty to widespread complaint but often the governing authorities...
...There is nothing else to take its place...
...In the beet fields, the strain is terrific...
...Child workers In industrialized agriculture are employed when speed's the thing desired...
...The conditions of this work are not very different from those of factory hands, except that they work out of doors...
...But when the destruction «* property began to be relished foTto own sake by those who had--no onav erty, and the cry of liberty came atoV< est from those who were without poetical privilege, it was Urns to call a toftTheee men might not cease their stoeV ing when purely British iteuktow were removed...
...And here no doubt is possible...
...In the colony of New York vast acres of the best lands fit the colony were in the hands of a small group of aristocratic families and something like cud world feudalism extended far out on Long Island and in the Hudson Valley from Albany almost to the edge of New York City...
...These groups have constituted missionary sects, "generals without an army," rather than builders of stable industrial unions...
...It was an assertion ot eke consciousness that frightened the coastvatives who wanted a respectable rajaatlon that would leave gentlemen sift a possession of power...
...for control...
...If by these words is meant a conflict between classes extending throughout a nation it may be said that such class struggles are not evident even in Europe except on rare occasions like that of the British general strike...
...Illiterate workers lea*» no written records of their attitude towards Ufa and the ruling deems and the only evidence we have of the feelings of these white slaves Is recorded in the diaries of travellers and one or two educated sextants who recorded their experiences...
...The Disarmament Program The Danish population has drawn the consequences of this development...
...This declaration was preceded by saying that we Socialists do not proceed as scientist* do in establishing our positions...
...In Paterson It has during the past winter done Its best to put out of business the one organisation which has bald the allegiance of a considerable percentage of silk workers over a longer period than any other, namely, the Associated Silk Workers...
...Stauning at the head...
...First let us define what is not meant by the words ."class struggle" and "class consciousness...
...It is an absorbing tale...
...some mine and depot ships and 12 cotters...
...The two works grow out of an economic conflict end each is a phase of class struggle...
...All men" over 20 years of age will be registered every year...
...Nor can one sweep aside all American history by the assertion that conditions here have always been different from the conditions in Europe...
...Democracy will finally triumph in the course of a few years...
...Beginning in popular meetings it spread throughout the net Van Renasaeler hnWInp, expanded into armed revolt to which a number of men lost their Bros...
...Second result: a change in the political regime in Denmark...
...Hence, Paterson is unorganized...
...Just here is where the grain of salt is needed...
...workers which led Oouvewa Morris to declare that the sesetoatt -grow dangerous to the gentry" oaf...
...If that struggle expands and is accompanied by dramatic incidents workers throughout the country, at least organised workers, sympathise with end help their distressed brothers...
...When finally they drift back to school, their teachers say they are "too tired aad listless...
...We all get back-aches," the children say...
...gle for independence that it weak t presumptious to dwell upon the neto acts restricting trade, commerce ems dustry which brought on the osJeW However, it is important to point oo\f* the revolutionary movement bad R phases, one represented by the tajr classes who wanted home rule sal a lower classes who wanted to share kt to home rule when it was won...
...The foremost social historian of American society, Frederick Jackson Turner, whose studies cover the whole period of American history, declares: "In nearly every colony prior to the Revolution, struggles had been In progress between the Dartv of privilege, chiefly the eastern men of property allied with the English authorities, and the democratic classes, strongoat to the West and the cities...
...Van Renssaeler was vested with feudal Jurisdiction, Including the administration of justice, appointment of magistrates and ministers of the obsrufa...
...The "healthy out-door life" produces bent backs, cramped chests, and strained muscles...
...Tbe bosses, in a statement to the papers, boasted that they had united, "determined to resist the unworthy efforts of the mechanics and teach the children the necessity of civility and obedience...
...One em a] sketch in broad outline the artoamt society of the colonies rooted in stoee of various kinds and the class itnajH that disturbed the gentry who nitoMaj Maine to Georgia...
...NO doubt they were blind risings...
...A week after the conclusion of the communal elections the Government fell...
...Lorenao Sabine, studying the lives of the Loyalists driven out of the country during the Revolution wrote: 'To me, the documentary history, the state papers of the revolutionary era, teach nothing more dearly than this, namely, that almost every matter brought into discussion was practical, and in some form or other related to LABOR...
...Graft and swindle were common and substantial fortunes were accumulated from this source alone...
...It gives the history of the silk industry...
...The Colonial Period Colonial society had agriculture for its fundamental economic basis yet important i lipping, trading and mercantile interests had developed by the eighteenth oentury...
...They have offered some protection to their own members—sometimes more, sometimes less, depending upon conditions in the industry...
...In the course of the coming winter It will be seen whether the weak Conservative majority in the Senate will oppose itself to the decisive will of the people expressed on the 24th of April, 1929...
...In Boston a mass ¦sstoj of workers actually displaced the ten meeting and temporarily took over to direction of affairs...
...I believe, however, that no one who is in the least acquainted with the situation will question the assertion that the failure of the workers of Paterson themselves to achieve unity and effective mass organization is one very Important reason...
...The general obligatory military service will be done away with...
...Whole states in the South are covered not only by the boll-weevil but by swarms of children working during the hottest months of the year, bent 'over the tobacco plant, breaking the "suckers...
...This question must be answered by our opponents...
...The terrible story these statistics re- I late helps us better to understand why the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee, etc., are what they are...
...They tell about the militia being called out to drive the workers back to work...
...This sympathy and aid is class consciousness and this mood may assume all the phases from mild declaration of sympathy to measureless sacrifice and heroic dartag in behalf of the issues that are at stake...
...Is there hope ot better things in sight...
...One may easily find many «"t*»*mf in (he old planter regime of the 8outh where the master and the stove were both called "Uncle," but I would hardly cite it as evidence that there were no class struggles or class consciousness to the South before the Cirfl War...
...There are enough to give hope to men and women willing to build a new world on tbe basis of a tearless understanding ' of tbe problem Involved...
...When tn 177S Lord Dunmore promised freedom to these whites and enslaved Negroes who would Join the royal forces Washington declared his alarm over this proposal which would suggest that be feared any appeal addressed to the subjected classes...
...On the day before the overthrow of the government a special penal law was passed against the trade unions, and new attacks against social legislation were prepared in order to throw as many unemployed as possible on to the poor laws, because in this case they would lose not only their communal vote, but their parliamentary vote as well...
...property to the South varied somewhat from similar otoWBgtos to New England...
...The answer is, of course, not a simple one...
...It may not immediately involve all owners, and all workers although if it continues very long it may involve many more owners and workers...
...13,000 to Be Total Strength The combined strength ef the Frontier Police will be about 13.SSS men...
...Be represented himself in the lannililj or eypatotai his agent...
...Children of > or less are often experienced cotton pickers, but boys of 11 or 12 are almost as gotten all-round farm bands," the Department of Labor reports...
...The latter, therefore, abstained from voting when the time came for the budget to be finally adopted...
...That there have been and are differences is of course true, but that the...
...TUluugsej all the colonies this struggle within tt revolutionary movement occured see to is whet we would expect considertog tk economic grievances of the worsen a the colonial period...
...But I heard a Paterson weaver assert a few months ago that there was practically no improvement in conditions today as compared with those of 40 years ago, and when an factors such as wages, bourn, i housing conditions, security of employment, ato, ere atom into aooount...
...The Government was.not willing to give as much as the Conservatives demanded...
...The second largest party— the hitherto Government Party—only obtained 400,000 votes, or 2S.3 per cent...
...The ruling classes ws* in feet beginning to see that "itoe* and no taxation" was an arroma* that might be used against theaaato* as wall as against the home auiaw menu The doctrine of self gel— I ment, which for so many years hat been used to Justify resistance to (to colonial guvcmois, was a two-sdpa sword that cut into the f oundettoo* «t clam privilege within the colour to wen as into the foundations of toyd authority without...
...The fact that these white slaves were known to have plotted revolts on a few occasions, that as a rule they were not admitted to serve tn armed forces till their terms expired, and that many were advertised as runaways, would indicate that there was some dam resentment among these unfortunate members of the working class...
...Voluntary military bodies will be forbidden...
...Strawberry hands!' and everybody goes that wants to...
...Considering the illiteracy of the blacks they could be nc4Bfeg earn end yet they cannot be reconciled with the theory that there has oneness to this country...
...We are convinced that either way we shall grow still stronger...
...We thank our comrades abroad who have publicly opposed this campaign, and we will, of course, continue our policy in conformity with the will of the majority of the electorate...
...They are a host of children who, the chances are, will not only not go to college, but who right now are not getting even the rudiments of a primary education...
...The ring leaders of the mechanics, among whom were some Manchester mobttes, have been discharged and all is going on quietly...
...It describes the processes that go into the making of silk, it tells where the silk mills are located and about the organization and financing of the companies which operate these mflls...
...It contains a lot of valuable statistical material which will prove useful for reference...
...How important he considered this statement may be gathered from the fact that the word -practical" appears in italics and titer word "Labor" appears in capitals...
...John" does not reveal any striking sociological insight...
Vol. 8 • July 1929 • No. 25
