TRADE UNIONISM REACHES HAPPY VALLEY
PORTER, PAUL
TRADE UNIONISM REACHES HAPPY VALLEY "¦WfAPPY VALLEY" in Tennessee has now become a valley " of strife. _ Supposedly docile rayon workers have risen in an inspiring organised revolt against...
...Only last month, the Standard 08 Company of Ohio appropriated almost # per cent of its surplus for a pension reserve...
...7.—Very, few of the plans hold pensioners subject to recall to active duty, except in cases of those disability pensioners who recover completely...
...Many of the workers had never heard of a labor organization until recently...
...Local Leadership Developed The two most encouraging factors in the present situation are the spirit of solidarity and the local leadership...
...No one need be deluded into believing that a strong labor movement in the South is in the immediate oiling...
...but it Is not a direct answer, for the number of ; pensioners is the survival of a group who may have been pensioned over a period of years, and the employees are the survivors of those hired for many years In the past...
...5% May Be Pensioned Data which are available indicate that the median age of employees in Industry is about 35...
...The chief provisions of the trade unior schemes are: l.—A retirement age of 80 or « nan 2.—Twenty to 25 years of continuous membership in good standing is necessary to qualify for both superannuation pension and disability pension, except in the three railroad brotherhoods maintaining systems, who specify only one year...
...Concerning these schemes I wish to raise three questions: 1.—What are the probabilities of the employees or members surviving to retirement age and receiving a pension...
...By Murray W. Latimer I.—Scope and Limitations of Private Pension Plans npHERE are in existence today some 550 ¦"¦ business...
...In the other four, payment is made on condition of retirement from the trade...
...Victory here, I believe, is of utmost importance to the labor movement of the South...
...There are some modifications of these two kinds, but they are as yet relatively unimportant in so far as number of employees covered ¦is concerned...
...The immediate effect on costs of sneb t change would not be great if th* eompanies did not shift all the r*spoBBbfl8f for past service accruals under th* sM plan...
...The company official who organised the company union claims that 63% of the workers have joined it...
...This gives some light on the question raised...
...Stubbs who in a few weeks has matured to real leadership that gets the ovation...
...These men who exploit you 58 hours a week at starvation wages wouldn't think of callousing their own hands...
...In their mountaineer drawl " they sans "Solidarity Forever...
...The real estate men who kidnap your leaders wouldn't think of letting their daughters work in the mill...
...The truth is organization...
...so that the peak of retirements will not be reached until about 1950, while, by reason of layoffs and reduced hlrtngs in 1921 temporary decline may occur after the peak, it is probably safe to say that the maximum number of pensioners, assuming the current industrial pension plans to continue, will not be reached until 1975 or 1980...
...However, the probability of becoming disabled, at least as generally interI pre ted, is much leas than the probability 1 bt •urririna to 86...
...Out of work, they simply couldn't pay...
...Although contributory plans have increased in the last few years, the number of employees covered by them Is probably not more than 4 per cent of that under non-contributory plans...
...Paul Porter, field secretary of the League for Industrial Democracy, is now in the strike region as a representative of the Emergency Committee for Strikers' Relief...
...All told there are 800 militia men, police and special deputies preserving "law and order...
...It can probably be anticipated that an effort will be made to reduce the burdens in the companies by inm—lim part of the cost on the employees...
...The girls have worked 66 hours s weft...
...They are light-hearted and enthusiastic, independent and determined...
...In some cases there are fairly definite rules, in others each case is dealt with separately, but in every Instance the scheme may be abolished overnight...
...6.—In all cases, the company reserves the option to terminate the plan at any time, after 6 months or one year's notice...
...His speech followed by a testimonial session...
...According to Mr...
...Trade Union Pension Scheme* Nine internationals and six local unions have pension schemes in operation at the present time...
...Not much can be said as to the probability of a disabled person receiving a pension...
...Tit total funds in hand are but little ma* than enough to pay nrosent peufswm* for two y»ars...
...Under about 300 formal non-contributory plans the company promises some pension, computed by a fixed method, to those employees who fulfill the specified requirements...
...one union continues to pension dependent widows...
...It is fair to assume, therefore, that the rates are loaded for safety—which means that they show a larger survivorship than is indicated by the actual data with which they worked...
...Fellow-workers, these men are oppressing you into Industrial slavery...
...When German capitalists jumped over the tariff wall Into Tennessee, and with the aid of American capital built the Bemberg rayon mill six years ago, and later the Olanzstoft mill, there was great rejoicing among the Chamber of Commerce boosters...
...Local 1630, United Textile Workers of America, which has a membership list of over 4,000 out of 5,500 workers...
...Yesterday they paraded to Elizabethton to show their solidarity with the rayon workers...
...As a part of this general question ws inquire as to the probability of such as are disabled receiving a pension...
...President Green at the A. F. of L. came to Elizabethton tat addressed a mass meeting of over I .ON...
...at 40, for ftwal 3 to 30 per cent...
...A fifteen-year old boy was among those jailed for owing a board bill...
...Most of them, however, have been ¦even compos lea...
...The deputy who kit him has been arrested...
...Company Grounds an Armed Plant R. M., Ensor, for 32 years a deputy sheriff and probably the best known-man in Carter County, is cheered for an open letter he has addressed to the president of the recently formed company union: "Now, Mr...
...wMe* have adopted the contributory principle...
...If a person b*eea»a> • member at 30...
...The average pay of afi «eth> ers in both the Olansstog tad Btstste mills was less than $11 a week wbsa tkt first general strike occurred March u. Agreement Broken, Strike Renewed The first strike was quickly tttQsf fc the workers' favor...
...4.—In eight schemes, protection for dependents takes the form of a death benefit...
...The strikers, themselves, feel that Elizabethton is a key city...
...The local business men assured them the mountain folk woald stream down the staves stst *I mills were staple, ignorant seat sasat folk who would never be so ¦mpatrtsai m to join a labor lTrtWn At first most of the workers war* — ployed on twelve hour shifts seven est* a week, A strike in the spinnhw w»s, » ¦ suited in the introduction of the 8-a**> day, but with it came the "strtlsk>sst* and an approximate reduction of $t « week for the more skilled spmaarrassoBi...
...2.—Are the financial provisions of the schemes such as to assure payment to those who qualify for the pension...
...Several of the magistrates have addressed mass meetings and told the strikers to "stick it out" Yesterday several guardsmen joined the strikers parade and marched at the front of the column until ordered out of line by a superior officer...
...It looks like a victory for the Mr liters...
...A •"¦in who net be at toast sixtyfive relates how she was threatened with eviction from a company-owned house: "And I says to that puppy yeller dawg 'take yer scabby house,' and thin I takes the long end of a broom to him and he gits to hell out of theyh, and ain't came back...
...That was the strikers way of answering the attempt of the mill management to re-open the plants with the aid of the "Loyal Workers," a recently formed company union...
...The Future—Three Problems Such, in broad outline, are the provisions of the plans which I shall discuss...
...but many of them have not covered the accrued liabilities, And...
...Out on the picket line their spirits are high...
...The management has broken its agreement and refuses to meet our representatives...
...The Granite Cutters, however, pay only $10 per month for 6 months of the year, and the Printing Pressmen $4 per week...
...We can never get jusUce and freedom without fighting for it," (Prolonged applause and stamping of feet...
...lag to the testimony of several assa workers I have talked to...
...For the typical industrial j employee, therefore, the likelihood of his remaining employed by the same -company to age 65 is slight, from one to fife out of 100...
...The workers face a long fight...
...Had he attempted to arrest any of the strikers there might have been considerable shooting...
...I have had photographs made of four girls, aged IS to 19, behind the bars...
...I have talked to several eat were under fourteen...
...Possibly the best source of data in this regard Is the calculations of actuaries made for the purpose of determining current coats of pennon plans...
...Every trade unionist should study this article...
...Inadequate to meet the problem of caring for the army of the needy aged — Inadequate to meet necessary future payments — 1 hese are Mr...
...Outside of a few business men they have the sentiment of the community almost solidly back of them...
...I have seen on ekeft for $5.45...
...In dealing with the financial aspects, it is to be noted, first of all, that the burden of pension payments will continue to increase for many years to come...
...Actuaries take account of the fact that a great part of labor turnover occurs in the first two years of service and in order to avoid much unneccessary bookkeeping they begin calculation of costs only for those employees of more than two years' service...
...but more rapidly falls the probability of a person out of work getting a job...
...The number of persons retired each year is related to the number of persons hired 25 to 30, or even 35 years previously...
...The latter run as low as $180 per year...
...When the Workers Contribute The contributory plans differ mainly in the phases connected with the contributions, 1.—The employee is assessed from 26 per cent to 75 per cent of the cost...
...The cumber of penskawS 1« growing rapidly...
...The bar* dens as yet are light, and in the old* companies where obligation* art keuks, action may be anticipated...
...We have tried to bargain peacefully...
...Conciliator Charles G. Woods of the U. 8, Department of Labor tried to penasdi the Gianzstcff-Bemberg management b live up to its agreement, without avail...
...non-contributory to a formal contributory basis, though there are a number of others which are considering such • step...
...Their average seen, pay was $8.96...
...8.—Provision for dependents of pensioners is ordinarily made by group insurance and not through the pension plan, although in a few cases the pension (or half of it) may be continued to the widow until her remarriage or to the minor children up to their majority...
...There has been a steady influx of union leaders of other trades for several hundred miles around into this Uttle city to lend encouragement in this heroic tight...
...These figures seem to indicate that for persons of 20 and 25, the chance of surviving in the employment of these firms to age 65 is not more than three out of 100...
...Behind the Revolt Back of the present strike there is a bitter story of long hours of back-breaking work at miserably low wages...
...In a few recent cases, where the company pays money to a fund during active service of employees, tosh payments may be held for employee benefits not subject to recapture by the company...
...Many industrial companies grant a pension relatively twice as liberal as that on the railroads, so that 20 per cent of payroll will probably not be too high as a maximum...
...In Johnson City, seven miles away, 200 workers in a box factory are on strike...
...3.—What are the likely developments j in industrial and trade union pensions in j the near future...
...Workers in a chair factory here are forming s union...
...A petson of 45, so far as his own volition <s concerned, is more likely to stay in the employ of a company for 20 years than Is a person of 25...
...the cities of Elizabethton and Johnson City (seven miles awayK They were promised free water and exemption from taxes for ten years...
...Union Fmnds Precarious Unfortunately, tew companies are as yet adopting this method of reducing their costs...
...3.—Instead of the pension being based on final salary, the more usual procedure is to relate it to the salary over the whole period of service...
...the *TT"yt»J sttsatiea of industrial pension plans U far fraa ideal...
...This, however, does not make the need of immediate relief less urgent...
...Trade Union Plans PrecariowS The trade union funds, unfortunate!* are In an even more precarious condltW, since all the money which they pay «* must be assessed against themselves...
...The task of j ing adequately the plans which j operating will be sufficiently ***r I without any "^tu^y to coats, JaeJasb...
...The resentment of the strikers at this was so high that he was removed from his post...
...I 0"*** some growth in the number of tsdutUl* plans can be anticipated, but they franed oa the same lines to that 9» probability of any particular ¦^¦^ being pensioned would be no greater that under present plans...
...The company property, is an armed camp...
...Five companies of national guardsmen are on duty with fixed bayonets...
...but it would appear safe to reduce the percentage to age 40, at least, by one-half...
...Th* teat of volunteer patriots rushed them outafter first making them pay for the s> dividual taxis that hauled them rtspt*> tively to the North Carolina and VfefMt borders...
...While not dealing with the lastly important aspect of social policy involved in permitting employers of labor to use old age pensions as a club to keep their workers docile, the article nevertheless demolishes an the basis of efficiency and finances-'consideralion of these plans as a permanent feature of industrial relations...
...Funding the accrued liability will, tn most cases, require as much in addition over a period of 20 to 40 years...
...and is in good stsmtM continuously, he will pay for from • *» 34 per cent of his own pension...
...Picketing is not limited to the company gates...
...0* April 15 the workers walked out again...
...G. H. Markland, the president of the local, J. D. White, the grocer who gave away practically his entire stock to the hungry strikers and put up bonds for more than 15,000 when they were arrested for picketing, William F. Kelly, International vice-president of the United Textile Workers, poke fun at the Chamber of Commerce for advertising "cheap, unorganised, labor," and receive vociferous applause...
...Only 150 Return to Plant I travelled up and down the mile-anda-half picket line in front of the two giant mills from 5 until 8 this morning, and counted leas than 150 workers returning...
...One strapping youngster from the Stony Creek elan allows "that th' scab that came up f me with one of thim yaUer dawg papehs musta swallowed a half dozen teeth...
...Bach shifts have not yet been contemplated: whether the growth of ttt burdens will bring them about remafc* to be seen...
...Among the 300 odd non-contributory plans, we have found only 85 or 70 which have begun to accumulate funds in anticipation of future payments...
...The sheriff ii generally credited with being fair and impartial...
...English actuaries, 20 years ago, estimated that the maximum payments on English railroads 1 would exceed 16 per cent of the payroll...
...One striker who got into a fist fight with a worker who had signed a "yellow-dog" contract was held on $2,000 bond...
...i II.—The Possibilities of Receiving Pension Records of railroad companies which have had pension plans established for many years show that the number of pensioners at a given time is from S to 6 per cent of the total number of employees 25 years previously...
...The following table shows the percentages of- employees at various ages wlv have already s«rved two years, who will remain in employment to age 65...
...Of the non-contributory plans, some 150 are of the informal type—that is, the companies maintaining them have a present policy of pensioning their superannuated employees but have never made formal announcement of the plans to the employees...
...All night long shifts o> pickets patrol these roads...
...for from 4 to 33 per cent...
...If there were to be continuous iz*«ea»f in membership of these urlcn* or 13* special funds the funds might bt tea* turned indefinitely...
...Friends, the Bible says that the truth will make you free...
...They are planting more beans and com on the rocky slopes...
...Main street got new lights and the hotel a bell boy...
...The management proceeded to tgseN the agreement by discharging some MM union leaders, and introducing t set "stretch-out" In the OlansstoS ma...
...Most of tat companies which are now accumulattaf funds had not started them five y*B> ago...
...and at 40, possibly eight out of 100...
...3.—The amount of the pension is: 1, 1.5 or 2 per cent of the average annual salary for the last 10 years of service...
...Most of them still live on their hillside farms, and are not cut off from theii base of supply...
...Various union members arose to report how they have been asked to join the company union...
...Now, Mr...
...They have entered on the fifth week of their second strike since the middle of March...
...The contributory plans are in much better shape, 40 per cent of them being reinsured, and almost all having some funds in addition to employees' contributions...
...They've been half-starving us for three years, and we're used to going hungry...
...It is to be hoped that tat ua* ions will study their pension plan* fully in the near future to determine tat feasibility of their continuance...
...The maximum pensions are as high as $10,000 per year, or 100 per cent of the salary base upon which the pension is computed...
...They declare they'll never return nil their right to join a union and bargsb collectively is recognized One dossal need to be here more than a day v realize that these mountain folk men what they say...
...Two thousand of these strikers and svnipathizers the other day paraded the streets of Elizabethton and the highway leading to the American Bemberg and Glanzstoff rayon mills on the edge of the town...
...A comparable figure for American railroads would be 10 or 12 per cent...
...We don't want to strike...
...for all concerned...
...As yet, there are few companies which have taken the trouble to try to ascertain current costs so that the data are fragmentary...
...By Paul Porter ELIZABETHTON, TENN...
...Land worth (40.000 was given to the GlanzstofT and Bemberg Corporations by...
...If, however, funds are set aside at interest, as employee pension credits are earned year by year, the cost will be greatly reduced...
...Moreover, we have discovered only eat company which changed from a forma...
...The companies which are represented in this sample, are, we believe, typical of a large number of Industrial organisations In th}s country...
...Another worker who walked down the highway toward the company plant whittling on a stick was arrested for carrying concealed weapons...
...Supposedly docile rayon workers have risen in an inspiring organised revolt against unbelievably miserable wages and working conditions...
...2.—In case of death or withdrawal, the employee's contribution is returned tc himself or his heirs with interest...
...The labor struggle is everywhere the same," he says...
...If they can be tided over for another week or ten days they are almost certain to win this strike...
...These Southern strikers in one way are more fortunate than Northern workers...
...This one year membership will ultimately be confined to disability pensioners, since the brotherhoods have set maximum limits for joining the funds of 40 and 45 years, with 65 as the age of retirement...
...I have talked to one guardsman who is contributing his $5 a day pay tc ' the strike relief fund...
...and at 45, for from tM to 27 per cent In several of th* it appears certain that if more thta cat of ten of the present membership mid* to claim a pension, there canoe* petaasf be funds to pay them una" the prettt* financial arrangements...
...Rhea, my daughter worked in your plant and I boarded her and the company half-clothed her, and so I don't want her to go back down there under such conditions...
...The limits on service are 10 years as a minimum, probably to 40 years as a maximum...
...If an equal number of persons are pensioned each year, the number of pensioners will continue to Increase over a period of 30 to 35 years...
...At the present time, the nine internationals and six locals are paying nearly $4,000,000 annually to about 11,500 pensioners...
...One youngster is playing on a mouth organ—there Is no injunction against that...
...We have made calculations showing tt* percentage of his own pension paid h? each member of the fund or union ** various ages...
...Company 20 25 SO 85 40 46 50 65 60 1 0.3 0.8 1.9 4.2 8.9 17.4 $0.4 50.8 77.8 2 7.2 11.0 14* 18.4 22.1 26.2 S8.1 47.2 6S.6 S 2.4 4.8 9.2 16.5 26.7 SB.l 61.7 64.8 78.0 4 0.S 1.0 S.l 8.2 17.7 S2.5 50.4 67.1 825 5 4.6 8.0 1S.5 21.8 S2.7 45.8 58.2 70.2 8S.1 Data from five companies, including <5 one of the above, indicated that from 60 to 90 per cent of the labor turnover occurs in the first two years of service...
...In summary, it may be said that taa*8 is little to indicate any changes » awb»> trial or trade union tchtw* which a** tend to extend their coverage...
...A union meeting takes on the characteristics of a revival meeting...
...A large number of new plans have been established in the past three years on the contributory principle...
...The water-works is privately Owned (water is supplied free to the rayon mills) and the owner is alleged to be one of the kidnappers...
...The strikers have been subjected to all sorts of petty intimidation...
...Girls Jailed for $10 Debt** Yet one of the kidnappers of Hoffman and McOrady—the A. F. of L. organizers who were escorted out of the town a month ago by volunteer patriots that included the town's leading banker, two ministers, and a host of real estate men, —was sworn in as a deputy sheriff...
...It must also be recognized that the survivorship percentages are based on computations made for the purpose of setting up reserves...
...These plans are of two main types, the non-contributory, in which the employer bears all the cost, and the contributory in which the cost is divided between both employers and employees...
...But unionism Is a religion among them now...
...In the first place, disability is interpreted differently from company to company...
...And the only two disturbances have been two drunk national guard officers jailed tor fighting, and an eighteen-year old boy cracked over the head with a black-jack for "sassing" a deputy...
...Latimer's study, the schemes set up by some trade unions are no less unsound than most of the employers' schemes...
...In one case, at least, the period covered showed an abnormally low turnover, even tor the post-war period...
...of course, they apply only to a small fraction of all employees, particularly in the Industrial field...
...Many declare they will never return to the mills under present oondtUcma—or let their daughters return, field one amidst great applause, "If we have to hobo it out of the county, we'll hobo it together...
...His claim has provoked sallies of merriment from members of the regular trade union...
...Already most of tfc» unions have been compelled to raise da* some of them several timet...
...Most of then staat on a concrete floor for 10 hoars a at...
...Taken all in all...
...Most companies cannot do thb but many can work out gradually, pt»vidlng that there is no marked inert** in the number who survive...
...Armed troops, violence and attempts at organizing of a company union have made the resistance of the strikers more stubborn...
...Well Bang the Kidnappers to a Sour-Apple Tree," and cheered like collegians en route to a football game...
...What Some Employers Offer Typical provisions of non-contributory plans are: 1.—For superannuation pensions, the employee must have served 20 to 25 years continuously with the company and be 65 years of age...
...The Knoxrtlle NewsI Sentinel, a Scripps-Howard paper, has j properly called public attention to such | outrages, but it is the only newspaper that has done so...
...Local leaders sent out r. hurry up can fc* Alfred Hoffman, organizer for th* Yksss} Textile Workers, and Edward MoOrst* a vice president of the A. F. of L, vtaj had been instrumental In affllisttaj tat local union with the U. T. W. A. t*«j rushed back to Elizabethton...
...We estimate that there are now 80, (XX to 100,000 pensioners under formal plant drawing between $50,000,000 and $60,000,000 in pensions annually...
...At thirty, it is possibly four, at thirty-five, five or six...
...In American Industry, hiring* increased until 1920...
...The data which are given are affected also by the state of business at the time calculations were made—tor the experience is limited to three of five years...
...Declared one, "The sixty-three pun cent means sixty puh cent soljuhs and three pun cent wohkehs...
...The sever, kidnappers who have been arrested had to furnish, only $1,000 bond each...
...It would be going too far, however, to say* that the inevitable end a bankrupt...
...They" were jailed for owing bills of less than $10 each, although they had made no attempt to beat them...
...These are estimates of the maximum payments to pensioners...
...Yellow Dog President, if you will go to Stony Creek and dip yourself seven times in the pure waters of Stony Creek, like Naam of old did in Jordan, it will heal you of your yellow dog leprosy and make a one hundred percent American out of you...
...They returned, of course, as tnycnj with a sense of publicity would have dona...
...Three rail brotherhoods have special widows pension departments in which members may purchase annuities to be paid to their widows...
...5.—With very few exceptions, the employee acquires no right whatever to any pension or credit therefor until he fulfills all the requirements for a pension and is actually placed on the pension roll by the board of directors...
...It is probable that under existing conditions, net pension costs for any current year under even the most liberal plans will rarely exceed 4 per cent of payroll, and will probably average much less than that...
...The forces of "law and order" are divided is their sympathies, and find it difficult to maintain impartiality...
...Stony Creekers furnished them wtta armed bodyguards...
...JJERE in this little boom town nestled in the hills of northeastern Tennessee where Candidate Hoover came last fall to speak weighty words about the glories of American democracy, striking rayon workers ae carrying on a valiant fight for the right to organize into a trade union...
...They passed around 25-cent cigars and celebrated with more Jollity than has been seen hereabouts for many a day...
...4.—A large majority have either a maximum pension, or what has the same effect, a small flat pension...
...it is the youngster, F. -L...
...5.—In eight case* the pension is payable only to members who are unable to obtain sustaining employment which is variously defined...
...Victory' will not bring Immediate escape from the slavery ol long hours of work and low wages, much less a 100% union shop, but it will assure the workers that their leaders won't be discriminated against and will give them the right of committee representation in collective bargaining...
...I) tbj promise of no discrimination agakat strike leaders, (3) an approxlmats way Increase of 13...
...They won (l) tet right of committee representation...
...If they win, organisation throughout the South will greaUy speedup, not only in the textile industry but in many other trades...
...But the struggle here is a great impetus...
...Private Pension Plans Found Inadequate and Unsound Trade Union, As Well As Employers' Schemes, Precarious Financial Ventures, Facts Show QLD age pension schemes set up by certain large employers of labor are analyzed for the first time in this article by an acknowledged student of the problem of old age dependency...
...Then join some union that is affiliated with the American Federation of Labor and be a MAN...
...two public utilities, two ott, sat coal mining, and one food products company having over 9,000 employees...
...After 45, the probability of surviving rises rapidly...
...Supposedly they must be over sects**, tat they have two ages—e mill age, gag ( real age...
...3.—A pension of $25 to $40 per month...
...one an Insurance too pa ay...
...Other landladies have been intimidated Into having strikers arrested for non-payment of board bills...
...Latimer's two- principle conclusions...
...In some cases, the pension may be subject to forfeit if some company rule is violated or the pensioner is convicted of a crime...
...Sometimes the company makes no promises as to what proportion it will bear, merely specifying that it will contribute such sums, from time to time, as it sees fit...
...They would, ho*^ ever, probably be technically bankrupt at all times...
...A break of service by a lay-off or leave of absence of less than a year's duration is usually allowed...
...Another declared, "The company can't starve us out...
...X—For a disability pension (about three-quarters of the plans have such a provision) 15 or 20 years of service and no age requirements are stipulated...
...He is writing a series of articles for The New Leader telling of the inspiring struggle...
...six on Saturday...
...It is rather futile to attempt prediction of the size of the maximum pension burden 45 or 50 years hence...
...Voluntary quitting, Including, of course, striking, always breaks the continuity...
...I have talked to several landladies who were providing board and room for strikers for practically nothing, and who have bad thenwater meter turned off...
...On the whole, one would judge that the chances of a person at 35, who was to be disabled later, receiving a disability pension are somewhat greater than for tl*e employee to be pensioned at 65...
...Machine guns are mounted on the mill roofs...
...per cent for the workmh the GlanzstofT mill which would be* brought their pay up to the level of 9* Bemberg workers...
...These percentages are not directly comparable to the survivorship percentages given above...
...We know, to start with, that The probability of survivorship varies with the age at the time of employment...
...The average .annual pension in 1927 of the 46,000 pensioners of whom we have record was a little over $580...
...Industrial and commercial pension plans in organizations employing between 4.000,000 and 4,500,000 persons...
...In about 40 per cent of the plans, however, the pension once granted is guaranteed by the employing company, for the life of th* pensioner and termination of the plan is subject to this guarantee...
...The barbers of Elizabethton have indicated their sympathy by organising...
...The most effective work is done on the mountain pikes leading to the town and which most workers must travel to reach the plant...
Vol. 8 • May 1929 • No. 18
