WHO LET THE BREAD TRUST ESCAPE?
Stanlely, Louis
WHO LET THE BREAD TRUST ESCAPE! The "Dissolved'' Ward Combine Still Rides the Roost; Will Hays Suggests Another Answer to the Puzzle By Louis Stanley wrHO let the Bread Trust escape iron It the...
...Will H Hay*, exabsirsaan *f the Republican National Conusdtto...
...bSMd"Sorter the years-IBM and 1S24...
...Telgen te above suspicion...
...As redefined by James H. Maurer at the last conference in Boston: "Underlying the purpose of workers* education Is the desire for a better social order...
...In 1927 it had a total membership of considerably less than 3,000,000 and many members were so only figuratively speaking...
...They are avoiding terms and phrases calculated to arouse the prejudice of the average farmer and wage worker...
...I have received replies and facts from tetet aad true socialists and Farmertabmltes in the organisation, who favor a fundamental program, but are strong• opposed to Communist tactics and will have nothing to do with them...
...Us function is to Inject a new principle, a new method, and a new spirit Into the age-long struggle for justice...
...that 270 local education committees had been appointed by as many central labor unions...
...tt— (API "A Bath Tub tor Every Minister and • dean Metbodtet Ministry", to tike stolen of the Eev...
...On the face of It the government had won a great victory...
...It appease, tb lit ton, that th* BagtebBean tttwhto* was satrhbsg strsssasssshr to prataet the Steal Trass, ashen apll lag the pejbsto clamor by tab* assart ¦tests, Ms^seBsd by stto^vtaal Z2SL are sttn carrytog an, 9n*p hat* stateThe Failure of Workers' Education The Movement Loses Sight of Its Aim "To Change the Social Order" By Abraham Epstein TN ANY attempt to evaluate the present movement of workers' education, consideration of its historical alms and purposes is paramount...
...This educational work is education In ebss conscious action for emancipation, •ee papers at least of the Progressive Farmers, which I have seen, are of a fundamental and valuable character...
...9. Commissioner Myer presented to the sub-committee early this February a letter which he had sent to Jtxfg* SBpar, gfjunj attention to Section *i ef the consent decree, which tt wifl be r*~ caUtd b*d dismissed th* ease iwato** th* Continental CkteaxtBtlaa* an 7w'™^^sis^y™*^r«wts™ ^^¦SSSSBSSSS^BX 1 ^SMSW-ISW™*™ S*BFSSSSJWV* I^BSSBS th* around that the ensnniaint axe betag taken care of by the Federal Trad* Commission Two weeks laser Judge Soper testified that this jssa not tb* letter be had received...
...Thfe they btjlfeved was t deliberate attempt tc wreck the organization at '.he instigation of Minneapolis politicians and representatives of big business He was removed from bis position by the Boarc of Directors and H. O. Telgen was appointed to nil his place...
...Their method* and programs were as varied' as the organisations which sponsored them...
...A director In one concern might not serve as a director in another nor acquire stock in any other bakery engaged In interstate commerce...
...But Btuck was not the only fanner-laborlte taken in temporarily by the "strategic" maneuver of the Communists at St...
...All efforts are being exerted to convince the employer that it te to his benefit to recognize the labor union because it will pay him to do so...
...on the treaiatatuaton of ad §40 Republican eamwatan fund...
...That workers' education has a special social function is recognized by all...
...C*mP>bltt "seas'' wfll be eliminate* wharorSTm** **** m*a^t^tbrrnsHvn*.Oomggj* eontrol is an possible, uecaaa...
...Within less thar two months from the issuing of the cal and without any funds whatsoever, about 200 men and women journeyed to Net York City from many states in order tc help launch a more consolidated and invigorating movement of workers education...
...Communist Secretary Ousted Here are some facts they have given me to support their contention...
...They bed formed the Ward Food Products Corporation...
...He was for years on* of the leading spirits in the national Nonpartisan League movement and later the Minnesota Farmer-Labor party...
...Instead of war or eternal vigilance, it seeks eternal harmony and profund peace and collaboration...
...By and large, alien we are dlerinBlng workers' triune tin*, am are discussing cultural nrifinrti initios tag wage earners, not worker*' education," Tha New Apostles (Proas the Republican Journal...
...The consent decree did not prohibit them from acquiring the capital stock of two or more baking corporations where the effect of such acquisition might be- substantially to lessen competition between such corporations nor did it order the three mentioned defendants to divest themselves of capital stock that bad been acquired unlawfully...
...While seven years' saay not be a sufficient per* iod upon which to base definite conelusions, seven years of drifting and dangerous procedure without stock-taking te by far too long a time...
...Another explanatory 'hint haa bean gttpoed by Senator Walsh of Montana fc examination of WU1 H Hayes, exChairmen of the Repuhneaa National QfttmlWce...
...He accepted nomination for vice-president by that convention...
...My own answer can only be that of my irtond Benjamin stollberg...
...Th* above definitions and enunciation of principles are clear and unmistakable...
...Bouck was present as a delegate at the Communistcontrolled "farmer-labor" convention at St...
...Communist Efforts Opposed It aetd not surprise some that in an tnuukatien as radical as this there are Communist activities...
...that, thanks to the generosity of the Carnegie Corporation a W. E. B. press has been incorporated...
...Any real effort to control would undoubtedly lead to a general bouse cleaning such as has happened in the labor and farmer-labor movements of Minnesota...
...He was foi years secretary of the Honparttski at North Dakota, Before tt» be was a leading North Dakota Socialist...
...The Trust la "Dissolved" On April 8, 1986, the Department ol Mfnee announced with much triumph that she Bread Trust had agreed to dissolve itself...
...It is a training to the science of reconstruction...
...Through this •••¦'•real radical education is going out to many thousands of farmers...
...2. On April 2, one day previous to the entry of the consent decree, the Federal Trade Commission dismissed the complaint against the Continental Baking Corporation, to take effect when the consent decree became operative...
...It is this desire on the part of the workingmas for a richer and fuller life individually and collectively that gave the movement its birth and at all times must remain its treasured inheritance...
...Lindeman, a study of the eeavtente of workers education classss reveals that more students are tatsrestsd in learning how to become public speak* ers and debaters than they are hi under standing the ecoorunic and social otder in which they live and labor...
...During the same time American labor, when it did not go in reverse, has either stood still or has driftad from one untenable position to another...
...These aims and purposes were not only the motivating forces of the intellectuals outside ef the labor movement but were also true of the labor leaders most actively and most enesgeUcally identified with this movement from its very inception...
...It is education that will stimulate the student to serve the labor movement in particular and society in general, and not education to be used for selfish personal advancement...
...He refused to send out literature and supplies and finally closed the Minneapolis headquarters on his own initiative...
...Coolidge Appointee* Are WitUag t. On the afternoon of April 2 the Federal.Trade Commission informed the Attorney Oeneral of its action...
...Such an examination is...
...At its best it has merely tried to tmi'-ate American industrial leadership along certain lines of business and financial activities...
...The Progressive Farmer movement'te the most active movement this year in the promotion of a general farmer-labor political alignment...
...Hays, whan ware yaa apache** a director «f the Casnbaansal-BBfesac...
...t *** last Thuraday at the and of a gruelling craw-examination of Hays She aanata Puhhe Lands Committee that the revelation about ttaa Bread Trust came...
...During the past seven years American industrialism let hardly a month slip by without the proclamation of some new theory and some new discovery of the blessings and virtues of capitalism...
...Will Hays Suggests Another Answer to the Puzzle By Louis Stanley wrHO let the Bread Trust escape iron It the clutches of the law Just when g w«* caught red-handed two yean ago...
...Not unmindful of these criticisms, I still maintain that inasmuch as the official movement for workers' education in the United States has during the past seven years taken definite shape and followed Identical processes which throughout have been consistent and constant, even this short period of its existence warrants at least a hasty examination or appraisal of its accomplishments and an evaluation of Its tendencies and future possibilities...
...Next week I win conclude my series o articles on the Piugiunivy Farmers tr...
...Labor education is inside the labor movement, and cannot be bnpeaed from above or from without...
...Senator Walsh — isjtoaly pot this line of questioning: B> Mi...
...production has increased so enormously that thousands of workers are being displaced fro*n their jobs by the Increasing productivjtjy pi piachinery...
...bicisjas a director of th* Pontine* ttl spakbsg Corporation hi th* Fall ef lPtS...
...But parallel with the growth of the W. E B. and increasing population and industrialisation, the membership of the A. F. of L. has declined to one of the lowest records in the past two decades...
...The Labor Movement Declines In 1920-21 when the Workers' Education Bureau was initiated, the American labor movement was at its peak...
...Lindeman is forced to remark: "in fact, candor compels one to hesitate to speak of a workers' education and a labor movement in this country since a movement is presumed to move...
...What ArromnJiahrnrnto...
...10...
...In return the new labor leadership will see to It that the prosperity and happiness shall' remain unmolested by the malcontents and the unmpnagable Reds of whatever degree ol color they may be...
...Quite a number of Socialist* and fsrmer-laborltee, new openly opposed to Communist undercover methods were temporarily taken in and harnessed to the Workers' Party cart...
...George 8. G**ns*B> sasertotandeat of the Btoghaaston • District of the Wyttning Tblirtptl Conference...
...They are designed for the most part, either to give a bit of culture to the student, or else to lift him out of his present job into a higher one...
...According to Mr...
...The nation Is awakening to these problems, but the bfflclflj American labor movement still takes its cue not from the workers' educational movemeat but from the National Civic Federation and from th* Metropolitan Lift Insurance Co...
...This steady growth and deevlopment, it seems to me, warrants us even at this early date to take stock of the meaning and significance of this expansion...
...public lectures and forums, Cbautsuanas...
...A Forged Carbon "Copy" 8. A majority of the sub-committee ol the Senate Committee of the Judiciary, which investigated the circumstances surrounding' the entry' of the consent decree, condemned the' action of the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission in letting the Continental Bakbsg Corporation go soot-fret while pretending to dissolve the Bread Trust in the form of th* Ward Food Products Corporation, which only existed on paper...
...Indeed, one of the most startling revelations in this hasty stock-taking is that side by side with the obvious spread and growth of labor education, both labor statesmanship and vision have been conspicuous by their total absence...
...tts membership wag the highest on record...
...This, I submit, is quite a formidable list and a remarkable achievement...
...and to create a virtual monster/ of the wbnlasale baking tostlnem te the Halted States...
...Oh yes, American labor has been busy fighting labor injunctions for the past quarter of a century and the number has grown by leaps and bounds...
...The president or director of the organization is William Bouck...
...tlrely in opposition to communist tactic* and entirely *n guard against the Workers' party.' Test so-called national Farmer-Labor party'with headquarters in Denver, which stands so far to the right that it is seeking the formation this year of a combination of political elements that would include any insurgents against -the old political parties, however much they are emersed in property interests, er however much they are wedded to the present system,—this organization—has formed a dose alliance with the Progressive Farmers of Colorado aad the National Peogr****** farmers will send delegates to its convention in Milwaukee in May...
...There was an unmistakable ideology pervading them...
...Duncan McDonald was the presidential candidate...
...Not only has labor lost its power and prestige...
...not only has its leadership dwindled to the lowest level, not only have company unions spread to an extent never dreamt of before, but the American labor movement has never before faced its fate with more equanimity, with less resistance and with such utter complacency as today...
...But what te even of greater significance) than the decline in the membership is>the vanishing leadership, the diminishing vitality and the almost total absence of any profound philosophy capable of meeting present day emergencies—the very contributions workers education was to make...
...Has any constructive suggestion of meeting this most Important problem, been proposed by American labor...
...Hopes** show that enly 13 eongregattons bee* failed tha* far to comply with tote re* a est...
...Its actual accomplishments may not mature for many years...
...I have made considerable inquiries to ascertain U there |" say probability that there is a Work«r*l Party attempt to transform this movement into an adjunct organization * * mask for the Worker's party, like the •tejrtrve Federated Farmer-Labor Party ttWHteed at Chicago which died "abern*¦*" and the grotesque Fanner-Labor ttoty organized at St...
...4. Two of the three commissioners voting for dismissal were appointees of President CooHdge...
...There is evidence that this loop-hols has been utilised by the defendants...
...Accord«>t to these replies, there are some Com-* ••tete in the organization, but the acy*_ J...
...It was oharged by ojf Government that the Ward Food products Corporation, the Ward BakBg Corporation, the Ward Baking Company, the General Baking Corporation, Ok General Baking Company, the Continental Baking Corporation, the United gbttes Bakeries Corporation, William B. ward, Howard B. Ward, William Detainer...
...There was confusion both in content and policy...
...In the entire field of workers' education, I can detect only one bright star, only one speck la the desolate firmament which is generally pointed to with Pride and satisfaction in the i spurts *f set* W. E B.—the Philadelphia Labor Ctetlege...
...Th* result ef stub stack acquisitions by *• Ward Feed Products Corporation •to he to eliminate all wiihsmbIMlesi beteeea the ether corporate defendante, the basest, the beat organssad and heat tptetnrt wholesale baking concerns to tm ratal it...
...Paul in 1924...
...A/—* da nee raaeetabw...
...In the maze of new theories enunciated by representatives of American industry, I am not conscious of a single contribution which came from American labor Industry in the United States has expanded beyond all expectations in the past decade...
...Even Mr...
...Attorney-General Sergeant prided himself upon the speed of action and pointed to the procedure of his department as demonstrating the effectiveness and economy of consent decrees as compared wish prolonged ¦Mention Bosh the Attorney Oe—rat and th* Federal Trade OatsssUeaton took special pains to state be then annual reports that they hast dissolved the Bread Trust even bates* it had begun to prey upon th* public...
...that the budget of the Bureau amounts to approximately $36,000 a year and that membership dues are paid by 52 national and international unions, 32 State Federations of Labor, 68 Central Labor Unions and 360 local unions...
...A consent decree had bean entered by Judge Morris A> Soper in the United States District Court at Baltimore ordering the Ward Food Products Corporation to surrender its charter within 3d days...
...I tefer to the Western Progressive Parmer, President Bouck's own paper, published ¦I Presser, Washington, and Humanity, M arrada, Colorado, of which Morton *texander, a veteran Socialist writer, ¦ editor...
...imperative to the very existence of any movement even as It is to an ordinary corporation...
...The investigators concluded that the two billion dollar corporation had been formed only in order to be dissolved...
...The provision in its ehartar for the disposal of excess profits tor philanthropic purposes was to blind the public...
...At least this is what prominent Socialists and FarmerLa bo rites In the organization have told me within the past three or four weeks...
...To Change the Social Order" "The Workers' Education Bureau was not organized for the purpose of duplicating the work done by the public schools, universities, correspondence schools, and so on...
...rural eongregattons to taatoB bathrooms to their pa mane gee...
...Jt took Henry Ford and a reporter of the New Tork Times to enlighten American labor leadership upon the advisability of the five day week...
...judging by these results, what bght can we get from the history of wwteas* education since the war...
...Its meaning and significance can hardly become chrystallired in this short space of time...
...Even as sympathetic a student as Mr...
...There is the problem of the mining industry...
...It backs and1 has the backing of the Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota, which has had" experiences with the Workers' party whieh have placed H en...
...Hays claimed later he did not know what the purpose, of the puft'-"* was and Senator Walsh would -m aspbUh...
...Paul H. Helms, J. W. Rum bo ugh, B. t Peterson, George G. Barber and (b<>i|f B Smith had all conspired in iMstinn of the anti-trust laws...
...There •St suite a number of these buying or•atieaUtns, but the convention a year •go which launched the national organsatlen at Minneapolis voted to stress sasoattenal work for the present, rather •ton economic action...
...Workers' education may be conceived as tea germ of a new people's movement...
...Capture" Seen At Impassible I have.been told that President Bouck has seen that there te a Communist danger but that the organization is now sufficiently forewarned to prevent the Progressive Farmers from ever being used to promote the Workers' Party...
...All it aspires to now is to the National Civic Federation's ideal of cooperation between the workers and employers...
...There were altogether less than one hundred educational classes of all sorts...
...5. Commlsslnnrrs Nugent and Thompson in s~Written dissent pointed out that th* Ward Baking Corporation, the General Baking Corporation, and the Continental Baking Corporation arc holding companies only and as such arc not engaged In the baking business...
...Myer enbsegweatly admitted that his secretary had submitted the "wrong" carbon copy to the committee...
...And these alms were not only the hopes and aspirations of the earlier pioneers of the movement but are apparently still considered essential reauiremenis for a true workers' education movement...
...That Is not the purpose of workers' education...
...It* the *tJM old hoodoo Hie Business...
...There is the entire problem of social insurance arid the insecurity of the American ' workmen against the hazards of modern industry...
...The workers' education movement was to give it increased power and more intelligent guidance...
...To this end It is working in cooperation with consciously non-communist elements...
...tt had a preatlge hitherto never *»V salpad and Its aeoertog n*#*r made it the terror of the forces of darkness...
...Saperintandent Canned dealer** fhat be bops* to win tb* dwtlneasat sea rrrrtUorss into tb* bath tab raasss baton tb* etose of th* a—tsstase* pea...
...Americanization, education by employers, and T. M. C. A. industrial courses...
...While I am not familiar with the present developments of the Workers Education Bureau, I note from the reports to the Boston Conference and to the last Convention of the A. F. of L. that under the guidance of the W. E. B. educational committees had been instituted in practically all of the states...
...Who's who In Hoover...
...It is distinctly not to be confused with the numerous existing forms for adult education...
...In tie final analysis the only way to tell of the efficacy of a certain method is to look in the profit and loss column...
...Five yean age Workers Education meant th* tduotttoa for working class leadership...
...For Its accomplishments have been definitely a result of true worker* iiilm sShai It may as well be admitted that the Philadelphia Labor College to but Jack Lever and Israel Mufson and these few* are but Brookwood transplanted on Philadelphia soil...
...What then were the aims and purposes of the early pioneers of this movement...
...problems confronting American labor...
...He has always remained an honest, faithful, intelligent worker for the farmer-labor cause...
...They are building up an Independent organization free from any outside control and are teaching the straight principles of class emancipation and industrial democracy, without labels...
...Actually th* facts of the ens* were these: 1. Section 13 of the consent decree dismissed the charges against the Continental waking CmuuitOon because the Federal Trade Coram lesson was considering them in a complaint ffled on December 19, 192s...
...By producing Lever and Mufson and a number of other acttv* workers like them Brookwood has shown the real significance and purposes of workers education...
...And they bays been happy to fall in line...
...including the real leaders » eotnisant of what Communist tactics jto tbd wul never tolerate them...
...it uses all aids that will enrich the life of the group and of the worker in the group, and that will win allegiance of the worker to the group...
...The late Arthur Gleason, who unquestionably was one of the best exponents of the early aspirations of the Workers Education movement, clearly distinguished workers education as i "Us own kind of admit education, and not to be confused with university extension, evening high schools, night eebaoto...
...i w ^^-^—^ ^9 —— Communist Efforts Among Farmers Come to Naught By Murray E. Kins JDTDDY of the Progressive Farmers has S eenvmoed the writer that this orWBsaitlrin has the most radical ecoBspue and political program among the American Parmer and farmer-labor orsanitations...
...These necessary and practical alliances, Progessive Farmer leaders tell me, preclude tb* possibility of any tornnuiutet "oaptur*" of their organization and insure a speedy elimination of are Workers' party Influence that may exist In the organisation now...
...Myer called tb* inmnnltbuH report "villainously unfair...
...But araertcao labor contents itself with appeals for relief...
...dw ***** saw year age but fall, fhat was all...
...Two of the members of the Board of Directors are Communists, but trie Communist influence they say, is distinctly on the wane...
...Outside of this episode, Bouck's record is fine and clear, and he never has and does not now advocate anything but a straight farmerlabor organization free from all outside control...
...Zt has sought guidance and underlie using of the fundamental problems which baas) arisen in the past decade...
...Labor education aims at the ultimate liberation of the working masses...
...The efforts of the Progressive Farmers are to fact rapidly leading them away from- all possible contacts with the Workers* Party and toward straight farmerlabor affiliations...
...7. Ahram F. Myers, special assistant to the Attorney-General in th* antitrust division of the Department of Justice, who conducted the Bread Trust case for the Department was appointed a member of the Federal Trade Commission on August 2, 1926...
...Through this cooperation productivity will be increased, conflict eliminated and prosperity win prevail...
...Let us then very briefly take a look at the balance sheet of this great corporation, the American Labor movej ment...
...He is distinctly a constructive Socialist in belief and has always opposed extremist methods and tactics...
...In pursuing that aim...
...Whether they were sponsored by trade unions, Socialist, Communist or independent intellectuals each and every one had aimed at an educational process which would guide and inspire the labor movement to greater heights, profounder vision and ultimately toward the liberation of the working masses from their present social and economic positions...
...A Little History ' £ uttle history is very illuminating...
...On February 8, 1*36, tu United States Department of Jusgee Sied suit In the Federal District Chart St Baltimore, asking for an injqaptlon against various defendants to ¦ayjagt "a huge combination in the taxing industry...
...Cerp*rettea...
...He soon proved to be a traitor to the movement, according to Information I have received from some of the leaders...
...Paul...
...And American labor leaders have been religiously advocating it ever since...
...Only this school has lived ap to the true aims of workers education, baa sought a redefinition of values and a —a1* er understanding of the more recap...
...E. C. Lindeman, who is perhaps somewhat detached from the actual working class, agreed that "if it is truly workers' education, tt also seeks to change the social order...
...Oflden« burg, N. T.) BiBgbeaxpton, Feb...
...These two candidates were dropped like hot potatoes by the Communist elements as soon as their "farmer-labor party" - faded and regular Workers' Party leaders were put in their places without so much as an explanation or an apology...
...there are active intelligent and experienced elements in the organization who know what Communist control is and will never tolerate it...
...Senator Bat ah ***uMMrtesi**d .what happened a* "not ant/ bung but forgery...
...A Rapid Development In the Spring of 1*21, when the first conferenoe on workers' education was held, there was...
...In view of this it is, I think, entirely proper and propitious to stop for a moment and to examine the extent to which these principles are still applicable to the present official movement ef workers' education...
...A Single Bright Spot It took industrial captains, such as Brookings and Henry Ford, to discover the theory that increased purchasing power on the part of the workers makes for greater and more steady prosperity...
...If the balance is in red the stock holders must know that regardless of the wonderful theories of the superintendent -or managment the methods simply did not work profitably...
...Now, of course, I am fully aware that no movement as significant and as vitalising as workers' education can be adequately appraised after a period of but 7 or 8 years...
...It asks for socle lists xaonomlcally, the foundation of the eitjaoisatlon is a connected system of sayaag groups endeavoring by means of ttettt purchases in carload lots from utantualtii, and manufacturers whenev•revanbt* to obtain supplies at the lowest possible cost to the members...
...The Progressive Farmers are parading no "ism" as such...
...At U\e convention in Minneapolis in December, 1926, which launched the national Progressive Farmers organisation a member of the Workers' Party was elected national secretary...
...V«v . . to cause that corporation to aceelre, to exchange for tts shares of aSBitaJ sleek, or for cash realized from sate ef its capital stock, or at least a seStrslHnf interest, in the outstanding •spbal stocks of the Ward Baking Cor¦aretton, the Continental Corporation, sadefsseh other baking companies engaged la traduction and sale of flour, Bdfe, yeast and other ingredients used at the sesdaction ef baked goods, inejgdjag all manner of baking tatrhuirry sat ssjssjsnsnt, as saay be available...
...But underlying all of them there was a definite and concrete purpose winch Inspired and fused them all into one aspiration...
...It is only through this earlier perspective that we may pass judgment upon the present tendencies and prognosticate the future possibilities...
...It is a means to the liberation of the working class, individually and collectively...
...Simply that we still wait to see what workers education can really accomplish...
...Indeed, in the whole realm of recent theories and Industrial philosophies not one new thought is discernible on the part of American labor...
...Paul, which was dead...
...What are some of the facts...
...There is a growing problem of unemployment ip the United States...
...The Ward Baking Corporation and the General Baking Corporation were to decrease their capital stock, while the seven baking concerns named In the Government's suit were to dissolve any common connection...
...It wai the cherished hope of expanding and consolidating these aims and ideals which made possible that remarkable gathering In the Spring of 1921...
...I am told that The United Fanner, published by editor Knutson at Jtenarek, North Dakota., another Prot**tdve Farmer paper, is a straight class•tosetous radical organ...
...Today, where in hell is the movement wteatte promised so weO...
...0n January 30, 1924 there was incorporated in the State of Maryland tm Ward Food Products Corporation gtth s potential capitalization of two gfhnn doBars...
...6. The dissenting commissioners also pointed out that the defendants, William B. Ward, Paul Halms and George G. Barber, were required to dispossess themselves of all voting shares of the capital stock in any of the defendant corporations and the companies controlled by them but that did not prevent them from transferring their shares to members of their families or to the other defendants...
...Its conferences have been both original and trustful and the very success of this experiment is a clear illustration of what real workers education could have xaaao...
...Let us hope American tabor will also give consideration to this question now that it has become a public issue...
...no organised national movement guiding and directing the scattered workers' educational experiment* throughout the country...
...It took Governor Smith and the Democratic Party to stress this as a national issue...
Vol. 7 • March 1928 • No. 12
