Responses to "Carter and the Jews"-II
BERNSTEIN, LOUIS & GLASER, JOSEPH B. & PLAX, MARTIN J. & SANDBERG, NEIL & SCHOENBERG, HARRIS & SHESTACK, JEROME J. & WOOCHER, JONATHAN S.
Responses-II Below we present the second and concluding section of responses to our Special Issue, "Carter and the Jews: An American Political Dilemma" (NL, June 30). The author of that issue,...
...Even under the best of circumstances, a vote for an independent candidate is a wasted one...
...It is a Jew-killing movement...
...The new pluralism strikes many Jews as dangerous precisely because those impulses no longer appear blunted...
...Neil Sandberg Western Regional Director, American Jewish Committee Jews and other interest groups are once again the objects of classic election-year rhetoric that has raised expectations and will very likely lead to frustration and anger...
...Sociological research (including my own) indicates that Jews are expressing their political views in an unprecedented manner...
...Jerome J. Shestack U.S...
...Jews have always been in the forefront of human rights movements...
...It is not a question of who is more liberal or less liberal but, rather, whether it is good or bad for the Jews to have prayer in the schools, challenges to our civil liberties, and a nation ravaged by inflation and economic recession...
...They will have to make the best of a terrible situation...
...A lot of them, including some rabbis, are worried about their acceptability in American society and/or among their friends and colleagues of "liberal" persuasion whose credo drives them to favor Palestinians over Israelis...
...As Congressman Lester Wolff of New York told a group of Yeshiva University students, "Carter is the better of two evils...
...So if not Carter...
...Since Cynthia Ozick refrains from offering an answer to her question, I surely will not try...
...Would the Soviets withdraw from Afghanistan...
...I, too, am of Jewish Bostonian stock...
...And it was Nixon who delayed assistance to Israel in the Yom Kippur War long enough to salvage Egypt's claim to a military victory...
...If there is a contest between those who deny and those who affirm a Jewish political agenda, it seems evident to me that among politically active Jewish communal leaders, the latter position predominates...
...This is the real ghetto mentality, as opposed to the so-called "pragmatists" whom Ozick rightly depicts as being the ones who are comfortable with America, and keeping faith with it and its traditional democratic and humanitarian ideals...
...In short, as far as the Presidential candidates are concerned, American Jewry has little to select from...
...ally in the Middle East and therefore the interest of the United States requires that it be accorded solid American Support...
...to reject it...
...Moreover, he has accomplished a great deal...
...Given the emphasis on enemies, friends (or those with whom we make alliances) are defined derivatively, having little or no meaning outside of struggles against foes...
...Given her uncommon insight, I only wish she had started with her last question, "But if not Carter, who...
...We worried about Harry S. Truman (too often a captive of State Department Arab-ists...
...A good example is General Brent Scow-croft, President Ford's National Security Adviser, who now has business relationships with Saudi Arabia and other Arab oil countries...
...Indeed, it was no surprise to note the endorsements of Carter by such Israeli leaders as Moshe Dayan and Ezer Weizman...
...whose objective has been from the outset to prevent Jews from exercising self-rule...
...Finally, the "idealists, optimists, uni-versalists, Utopians" or however else Ozick chooses, either naively or tongue-in-cheek, to name them, frequently are more bound to a particular ideology and socio-political goal that is intrinsically in opposition to the well-being of Israel, and perhaps even to its very existence, than they are to the general set of universal ideals true liberals espouse...
...Does the political climate demand that Jews seek to maintain a united front politically, or is the diffusion of Jews to all points on the political spectrum a healthy step toward full political maturity...
...Today that same Constitution is being used for just the opposite of its intended purpose...
...Her arguments seem to indicate that it is not Jimmy Carter as an individual leader who is the problem, but Carter as the representative of a changing political order that poses the difficulty...
...There is a difference between ideology and idealism, and it is time we redeemed the latter term...
...What "idealism" drove Fein to slander the American Jewish community with that obnoxious charge, and to cause the enormous damage which for a time it caused...
...First, American foreign policy decisions, particularly concerning Israel, are often made by career Foreign Service officials in defiance of Presidential policy...
...All three major Presidential candidates are offering virtually everything and everyone????including much that may be beyond their capacity to deliver...
...Ozick may have simplified her description of the PLO, but the PLO does differ significantly from what has traditionally been regarded as a national liberation movement...
...Rather than seeking power to share in public goods, groups in America, if not Americans as a group, seem to be seeking power to punish their rivals...
...we worried about John F. Kennedy (I don't quite remember why, but we did...
...What Cynthia Ozick writes of is very real to many of these American Jews...
...First, no President has given more aid to Israel...
...Even the increased Jewish presence in American political life seems unable to have a moderating effect...
...Groups are now defining themselves as collective entities rather than as collections of individuals, and they are functioning as fighting units, for offensive or defensive reasons...
...Liberalism, as reflected in the politics of pluralism, is no longer what it was...
...Ozick is clearly correct: This is not simply a matter of feeling uncomfortable with a man or unhappy with a policy...
...their souls are intertwined...
...As Ozick observed, President Carter is "learning about coalition politics...
...And the Palestinian National Covenant has officially elevated violence from the level of tactic to strategy, helping to make the practice of terrorism the primary mode of Palestinian expression...
...The ire and the fire must now be directed at National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski, the diplomats and, yes, at a President who like all others entering a second term becomes concerned with his place his history...
...While I love them for that, and respect them for that, I do not admire their inability to realize that the lamb won't get much sleep...
...There is an uneasiness and an anxiety abroad which in a sense marks the end of a Jewish political era in the United States, the era of customary responses and habitual choices...
...So Jews are in a bind...
...but it is the kind of error that goes to character flaw...
...He sounds good on Israel, but too good...
...This change from perennial victims to controlling our own destiny has especially affected Jews who feel the Holocaust is not over...
...It was Eisenhower and Dulles who forced Israel to withdraw from the Suez Canal...
...He admits an error...
...Promises are being exacted from all the candidates...
...And then there is always the ultimate question: Who will be with us in the crunch...
...Martin J. Plax Ohio-Kentucky Area Director, American Jewish Committee Cynthia Ozick's rather husky analysis of the dilemma facing Jewish voters properly takes us far beyond the question of whom to support for President...
...He also argued that the U.S...
...A Reagan sweep could bring down such pro-Israel Democratic stalwarts as Senators Frank Church of Idaho and Richard Stone of Florida...
...The author of that issue, Cynthia Ozick, takes up the comments here as well as those that have previously been published ("Responses-I," NL, August 11) in her rejoinder beginning on page 14...
...Among these questions are the following: How central is Israel in the American Jewish political calculus...
...Anderson...
...Their goal is to attract a substantial, perhaps critical, Jewish vote for their candidate, and thereby assure themselves of prominence in a new administration...
...His flaky effort to Christianize the nation was not just once, but twice, some say three times...
...Constitution was designed to be an antidote to the tendency toward unlimited factional strife...
...Many Jews are indeed rethinking a whole series of questions, and, as they answer them, are being pulled in several different directions...
...Can Jews afford to overlook "softness" on support for Israel's security if candidates have other virtues...
...Where should American Jews turn to forge their political alliances-to traditional, but now seemingly indifferent or even hostile, friends, or to new groupings, apparently sympathetic and with compatible concerns in several areas, but ideologically suspect in others...
...Would the Arabs lower the price of their oil...
...Third, he was instrumental in producing the Camp David Accords...
...Arab money is working very hard against Church...
...This leads me to the whole matter of "idealists" versus "pragmatists," where Ozick once more tends to be pat and even simplistic to such an extent that she may have reversed roles, although she does qualify both sets somewhat...
...I do know that there will be a lot of "nose holding...
...The only Jewish community worth fathoming, if indeed the other is a "community" at all, is the one that puts its faith in America, the community she designates as "pragmatists [who] simply go about their business of making representative democracy do its job...
...If American Jews have come of age politically in the 1970's?if they have accepted the fact that theirs must be a politics of interests and ideals, and that both the nature of and most appropriate means of pursuing these interests and ideals will be subject to ongoing debate within the Jewish community-then the I980's as a whole will be a time of testing...
...Assuming Ozick is more accurate about her "assimilated...
...We dissent only in believing that the Israeli government's present course carries greater risks to Israel and Zionism than would initiatives toward territorial and political compromise with the Palestinians...
...The PLO is not a national liberation movement," she writes...
...The appeal of John Anderson to many such Jews lies in the possibility that one can have one's cake and eat it too...
...An old man from a bygone season, with a philosophy Reader's Digest deep, schooled in scenario faith that hipshooters win, surrounded by hawkish types untempered by experience...
...In Federalist 10 James Madison indicated that the problem of faction plagued ancient republics and made then unstable...
...and they do...
...Sometime ideologue on the Left, sometime on the Right...
...Reagan...
...Harris Schoenberg Director, B'nai B'rith International At the core of Cynthia Ozick's essay is the Jewish fear that President Carter is moving toward recognizing and negotiating with the PLO...
...An important parenthetical note: I must dissent strongly from Ozick's characterizations of the Peace Now movement in Israel and its American supporters...
...Representative, UN Commission on Human Rights We knew of Cynthia Ozick's preeminence in American belle-lettres...
...But the monitoring of performance and exertion of postelection pressure will be even more decisive for the protection of Israel and the maintenance of a healthy American society...
...Yes, Virginia," there is a portion of the "idealist" group who really are idealists, who really do believe that Utopia is at hand and that the lion and the lamb can and will lie down together...
...But if in doing so we must abandon our ideals of social justice, what are we...
...It is based upon a perception of American weakness and of the Administration's attempt to cover up that weakness by blaming Israel for American problems in the Middle East...
...Second, he has not recognized the PLO despite pressures no President has had to cope with...
...future years will tell us whether there are any stable resolutions at all, whether American Jews will find a coherent new political identity or continue to confront questions with no happy answers...
...Would the Greek-Turkish rivalry be settled...
...Consequently, other issues come into play that impact on the Jewish stake in our democratic society...
...Rather than neutralizing and depolarizing group competition in America, the new rules (in the form of violations of old ones) appear to be exaggerating it...
...As the recent endorsement by 56 American Jewish communal leaders of an Israeli statement denouncing intraand extra-governmental "extremism" indicates, such concern and criticism does not emanate only from the margins of Jewish political opinion...
...Then she ends her article by rightly observing that this" is the chief, and most perplexing Jewish question of the 1980 election...
...There are many pressures on the President to soft-pedal his human rights policy...
...This agreement appears no longer to exist...
...For instance, she states that "relatively few influential Jews appear to agree with" Nathan Perlmutter's statement that, "Having interests is not inconsonant with the democratic ideal and with the politics of nourishing democracy," even though she allows that the number is on the increase...
...The underlying premise-And it is not unrealistic-is that regardless of who is elected in November, Jews should be assured of an important voice in the Executive Branch...
...Carter has done so publicly and privately, and has made his ambassadors and diplomats do so...
...Of course, I would feel better if he objected less to the settlements or hadn't mentioned a "homeland" for Palestinians, etc...
...Anyway, a vote for Anderson is not a message but a wasted vote...
...we worried about Richard M. Nixon (he endorsed the Rogers Plan...
...The Reagan camp also has added "evenhanded" foreign policy specialists to its Middle East Task Force...
...The overriding feeling is that current political leaders are operating as though they are free from the obligations of the traditional rules of pluralism...
...I think it almost in the nature of things for the Jewish community (also the black community, the business community, the labor community, etc...
...The most important question, however, may not be answered till long after November...
...I don't know what "old" means, but I go back three generations, enough to know that, while fear is not necessarily "bred in," it is not nonexistent...
...What could be more particularistic or pragmatic than worrying about one's own applecart over the safety of 3 million Jews in the State of Israel...
...So they harp and preach and prate, and organize and sign statements that somehow always appear on the front pages of the New York Times, and then they apologize and deny and some claim they were misled...
...It's even okay for American Jews to raise such issues...
...Republican state legislatures riding in on Reagan's coattails could create havoc for some of Israel's friends in Congress...
...cuts most deeply...
...I suppose so, as long as the PLO hugs the Russian bear...
...Ozick suggests that "there are two Jewish communities for any current candidate to fathom...
...Sounding good without a sense of realism doesn't advance anything...
...If Anderson looks at all viable in November, I think that many of my Jewish friends and acquaintances will vote for him...
...As long as the American State appears unwilling to defend its friends and interests, and unable to protect its allies or even its own diplomats, as long as it seeks to accommodate the forces of change without due regard to the nature of the change they advocate, as long as it responds to the energy crisis by increasing its dependence on foreign oil and adding a second layer of potential vulnerability-dependence on opec petrodollars-we can expect three reactions: Our rivals will snort and advance, our allies will distance themselves some more, and the undecided will not seek the friendship of the United States...
...Who among our present political leaders is capable of solving the difficulties created by the newly emerging pluralism...
...The principle of supporting friends and doing harm to enemies (instead of being indifferent to how enemies fare with respect to public goods) is now becoming increasingly acceptable...
...A report several months ago by Wolf Blit-zer, the Jerusalem .Pose's astute Washington correspondent, already carried the headline, "Reagan Turning Even-handed...
...These commitments are usually accompanied by expressions of agreement with a belief held by most Jews: that Israel is the only reliable U.S...
...It attempts to conceal those impulses and thereby to blunt them...
...But, any illusions that Republicans would be better than Democrats should be shattered by recalling the previous Administration's reassessment policy and its torturing of Israel by holding back arms during the Yom Kippur War until Israel had less than a half day's supplies left...
...Would Iran free the American hostages...
...Commitments to one candidate or another are being seen in terms of the primary interests of Jews here and abroad...
...As a member of American Friends of Peace Now who knows many of its active organizers, I can testify that we are, by and large, as repelled by the PLO and its legitimizers, as unenthusiastic about Carter's policies, and as devoted to Israel's security as any Begin enthusiast...
...political neuroses are bad enough, but schizophrenia...
...The questions I hear being asked today are often posed as strategic, but as Ozick emphasizes, they are also part of a fundamental reorientation in the political self-definition of many American Jews...
...rhetoric, but many of them are moved by highly particularistic concerns...
...Space is too limited to cite chapter and verse...
...Election day will tell us how American Jews decide to resolve their immediate dilemmas of political calculation and conscience...
...We want our President's rhetoric pure and uncritical...
...to be wary of Presidents...
...The Six Day War gave powerful stimulus to Jews who looked back at the Holocaust as a "sheep to the slaughter" phenomenon...
...He served in Washington for years as a diplomat and is still very highly regarded by American legislators...
...They are marching to the beat of a quite different drummer, radicalized and Vietnamized as they have become...
...Jews are very sensitive about the PLO threat because there are events in Jewish history too terrible to believe, yet not too terrible to have happened...
...But past experience suggests that where Israel is concerned it matters little who is elected President...
...My vocation and avocations keep me in contact with a fair sampling of Jewishly committed political activists -both inside and outside the communal "establishment...
...No President has spoken out as forcefully and frequently for the Sakharovs, the Scharanskys, the Orlovs, the Timmermans, the Slepaks, and the cause of Soviet Jewish emigration...
...Current Jewish leadership seems to have forgotten that liberalism does not eliminate fighting, nor the disposition to fight...
...That he has remained steadfast is another resounding reason for supporting Jimmy Carter...
...If one were a true idealist, he would not actively pursue a course that imperils a nation of 3 million people which has risen from the ashes of the most terrible act of human hatred and social apathy ever visited upon the world, and which has developed into the only enlightened democracy in its entire region-nor would he seek to strengthen the hands of those sworn to eradicate it...
...In the crunch I believe Jimmy Carter has been, and will be, with us...
...we worried about Lyndon Johnson (he delayed backing Israel against Gamal Abdel Nasser...
...For these Jews, the key questions are not if and whether, but what and how...
...Yet, if it were pure and uncritical then we would worry because we wouldn't believe its sincerity...
...they took new pride in the notion of successful Jewish resistance...
...Rabbi, Young Israel of Windsor Park, New York "But if not Carter, who...
...now we know also of her uncanny ability at political analysis: sensitive, nuance attuned, probing...
...Will Reagan support Israel...
...He predicted that Israel would face immense pressures after the elections, regardless of who emerged as victor...
...The Jewish concern with the Carter Administration's foreign policy, however, goes beyond the PLO...
...Fear is not bred into him...
...Jimmy Carter has championed human rights with fervor and commitment...
...Do American Jews serve themselves and Israel best when they act as faithful interpreters of Israeli government positions...
...They may cloak their intentions in universalis...
...The fear is expressed that an unfettered second-term would free Carter to punish Israel for its perceived intransigence...
...Was there anything there to suggest a lover of Zion...
...It is true enough that the timing of certain policy pronouncements by the Begin government can be construed as provocative...
...Key factions are dominated by foreign governments...
...I have found the "idealists" to be very pragmatic indeed...
...It is the shrillness of the so-called "idealists" which leads Ozick astray...
...In the case of the Jewish constituency, solid assurances are being given that Israel's security is not negotiable, that aid to Israel will be increased, and that the PLO will not be recognized unless it gives up its desire to destroy Israel...
...The glimpse she provides of the evolving rules of American pluralism signals that Jews may soon be compelled to relinquish the security of their past success as the natural human disposition toward malice????And even further toward open conflict????is increasingly made manifest...
...Messages are for primaries...
...It is a splendid analysis, concise and comprehensive, and one of its chief qualities is that it is a reaffirmation of trust in American democracy and institutions, something all Americans need in these troubled and cynical times...
...enough...
...Is strong support for Israel cause for discounting stands on other issues...
...Then, too, there are those who have an even more limited, petty agenda, which is cloaked in the rhetoric of the universal, i.e., they are Labor Zionists, and for them Menachem Begin and the Herut Party have been anathema most of their adult lives, and their own influence and prestige in Israel and in Zionist circles, bound up with Labor, is diminished by the ascendancy of Begin and Likud...
...Jonathan S.Wbocher Assistant Professor of Jewish Communal Service, Brandeis University Cynthia Ozick's concluding question suggests a new version of Hillel's classic trilogy: "If we Jews don't oppose those who would hurt Israel, who will...
...Is it time for American Jews to step out front in promoting causes and candidates, or is it still better to try to remain behind the scenes...
...This is in sharp contrast to the pronouncements of Charles Stember's Jews in the Mind of America, a mid-60's work which advanced the view that the decrease in Jewish visibility was a positive development reinforcing the decline in anti-Semitism...
...I would hope that our Presidential candidates would not see it that way...
...In spite of its general accuracy and evidence of keen acumen, Ozick's article is continuously flawed by this kind of misreading of where some of the American Jews she describes are "coming from...
...The organization was brought into being by a meeting of Arab heads of state...
...With Anderson, many are hoping, one can repudiate Carter and Brzezinski without repudiating the ERA, freedom of choice on abortion, economic justice, and concern for the disadvantaged...
...The PLO's goal is not the elimination of colonialism, but the destruction of Israel...
...John Connally is not the only person whom Jews believe is willing to initiate "an open season on American Jewish, as well as Israeli, security...
...America's problems in the Middle East and around the world stem not from Israel's policies to any appreciable extent, but from policy decisions in Washington that have devalued the credibility of U.S...
...If he does not, I'm not certain how the vote will split between Carter and Reagan...
...In addition, oneof Reagan's top foreign policy advisers, a man known to be sympathetic to Israel, Richard Allen, told a press conference upon returning from Egypt and Israel that the GOP candidate's Middle East policy would adhere to current "basic outlines...
...This is why they view a "balance sheet" approach to political choice as senseless...
...And the curtailment of social programs that a Republican victory would inevitably bring would heighten the misery and despair of300,000 Jewish poor and elderly in New York City alone, adding to the already unbearable burden of Jewish philanthropic agencies...
...Yet he commented, "Reagan, he's crazy...
...Can we count on Reagan then...
...It's okay if Shimon Peres or Moshe Dayan or Abba Eban do so...
...Finally, the matter of human rights...
...In Presidential elections, there are winners and losers...
...That leaves Ronald Reagan...
...He wasn't so sorrowful when I rebuked him for writing in his magazine that "it is becoming disgustingly commonplace to hear American Jews refer to the National Security Adviser as that Polish anti-Semite," an article which Zbigniew Brzezinski showed me when I was trying to convince him that his complaint to that effect was not true...
...Leonard Fein, the active organizer of at least two of these Times splashes, is quoted by Ozick as sorrowing over the use of his blatant attacks on Israel by the Connallys and the Youngs...
...wholly acculturated" New York Jewish publisher, my own experience with, and observation of, contemporary Jews leads me to question her characterization of him, to wit: "He is a sophisticated, sober, sane businessman of confident Bostonian stock...
...So when we get down to it, President Carter is still the best...
...Or does concern for their effectiveness and integrity dictate that they maintain an independent posture, even when this may provide ammunition for Israel's true enemies...
...On a broader scale, it has strengthened the belief that Jews have to defend themselves militarily in Israel and politically in the Diaspora in order to assure their security and well-being...
...But let us suppose for a moment that a PLO-dominated state were established tomorrow...
...Joseph B. Glaser Executive Vice President, Central Conference of American Rabbis When I found myself agreeing with almost everything Cynthia Ozick wrote, I went back to the text to see if I was not being seduced by the sheer beauty of her prose...
...Would our Arab friends permit us to protect them from Soviet aggression, or our European allies feel anymore secure...
...Did you take a look at the crew at the Republican convention...
...we worried about Dwight D. Eisenhower (he let Israel down at Suez...
...Moreover, policies which radicalize the essentially conservative Arab farmers and merchants of Samaria, Judea and Gaza by making them feel that they are gradually being pushed off their lands unfailingly push them only into the waiting arms of the PLO...
...As for Anderson, his non-party independence would make it extremely difficult for him to harness the power of government at all...
...Meanwhile, rich California companies that have close ties to Arab countries, such as Bechtel and Fluor, are calling upon Reagan to adopt a lower pro-Israel profile...
...The question arises as to the import of such changes...
...Second, Ozick gives insufficient attention to Congress where Israel has enjoyed wide support...
...But only the deepest sense of frustration, I believe, could lead us to support a candidate who lost 37 primaries, was rebuffed by his own party, has no campaign machinery, and works out of a public relations office...
...Moreover, state legislatures elected this year will reapportion congressional districts...
...There is considerable ferment-between strict and broad constructionists of such an agenda, between those who believe that Jewish interests and ideals still lie basically with the Left and those who believe that they now reside with the Center or even the Right, and (perhaps most importantly) within those who find themselves torn by conflicting impulses...
...If only the latter, dayenu, that would be enough...
...power and commitment...
...But when the President does so we begin to worry...
...But I would make one correction and some modifications...
...But the dilemma of the American Jews is also the dilemma of a majority of Americans...
...And now Jimmy Carter...
...He is an extremely active, committed Jew, past president of the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in Atlanta, leader in the Jewish Federation, highly identified in a number of Jewish organizations and causes...
...In short, whoever wins, Congress would continue to be the real protector of Israel, undergird-ed by the ongoing pressure of a highly energized and politicized American Jewish community...
...So if not Carter, who...
...Ozick is wrong when she labels Robert Lipschutz "a non-Jewish Jew...
...messages don't count...
...In the context of these events, Jewish leaders have chosen sides among the nominees and are situated in strategic positions in all the campaigns...
...But Jews-who are learning to be realists again-suspect that Anderson can't win and that his summer promises too will become winter memories...
...This concern is paralleled by the likelihood that Ronald Reagan's age would make him a one-term President...
...I would begin by answering, certainly not John Anderson, who has the ball and chain of George Ball weighing him down...
...Louis Bernstein President, Religious Zionists of America...
...Cynthia Ozick asks...
...My observation, based on daily dealings with Jewish leadership of all kinds and movements, is that a substantial majority agree...
...Whatever the case, I believe Ozick overlooks two basic points...
...Still, in a ranking of Presidents, Carter must stand high...
...Today Jewish leaders and organizations are being challenged by the vitality and independence of Jewish opinion...
...As Ozick observes, "The sole lesson Secretary of Defense Harold Brown appeared to have derived from the anguish over Iran was that Israel should yield to the PLO...
...Beyond the mistakes of the Carter Administration, the Republicans are the ones who created the term "evenhandedness" in order to shift our stance toward the Arabs...
...Both the affiliated and the unaffiliated are asserting themselves openly and vigorously in ways that suggest the growing health and psychological security of the Jewish community...
...This seems too pat a statement...
...The Jewish problem today seems to be a symbol of the problem of political life in the United States...
...In the days when coalitions seemed to work, there was an unspoken consensus that public goods????i.e., goods that once available for one are available for all????were possible and desirable...
...When Jewish leaders call for "putting things in perspective" and suggest that "on balance" President Carter has been supportive of Jewish concerns, many Jews respond that such appeals are irrelevant...
...I recently met in Jerusalem with Israel's most knowledgeable expert on the United States...
...Just as the souls of Jacob and Benjamin were bound up together, so it is with human rights and the Jews...
...But suppose the PLO makes a deal with the Saudis to reject further Soviet support...
...It is among this last group-A large one in my experience-that the question "if not Carter, who...
Vol. 63 • September 1980 • No. 16
