Cyprus and the Turkish Elections

...Given the border and compensation questions that must be settled, Denktas expects the talks to last at least 18 months...

...Before and after independence, President Makarios, the Greek-Cypriot Ethnarch and Archibishop, repeatedly promised "enosis"-union with Greece...

...The principal financial backer of Rossides' lobby group is A. G. Le-vantis, Makarios' ambassador to unesco...

...Ankara holds that Athens intended through the coup to seize the whole island, and therefore Turkey showed moderation by stopping as soon as the main Turkish centers were liberated...

...That a year later Washington should have imposed an arms ban (lifted partially in 1975), because of an underdeveloped island, struck Ankara as ungrateful...

...Of the property they own there, valued at $2 million, half is in Kibris...

...Ataturk not only introduced the multiparty system—there are now nine major and Rt'ssF.i.i...

...Professor Daniel Rossides of Bow-doin College, are the largest foreign landowners in northern Cyprus...

...Before World War n, Washington's relations with Ankara were minimal...

...These provide a clue to the motivations of the energetic Greek lobby in Washington...

...Angered by the new uncertainty about American arms supplies in the wake of the recent Cyprus conflict, many several smaller parties—but also proportional representation, the separation of religion and state, the Latin alphabet, and the Christian calendar...

...At present, Greek Cyprus gets virtually all the international aid...

...Cyprus The air here is warm after Ankara and Istanbul, the country lanes fragrant with the pungent scent of lemons...

...Yet that era ended long ago, when Mustapha Kemal Ataturk led his successful revolution...

...We [Greek- and Turkish-Cypriots] can live side by side, but never together again, after all that has happened," he says...

...As is the case with New York, this municipality hopes the central government will provide aid...

...In a year and a half, over 130 persons have died in campus violence...

...The 1974 confrontation there, of course, helped produce Ankara's problems with Washington, currently its biggest headache...

...Second, it claims oil exploitation rights for the whole Aegean—including the Turkish coast, since its islands' insular shelf coincides with Turkey's continental shelf...

...Unfortunately, this did not put a stop to the operations of a strong pro-enosis underground movement known as EOKA-B...

...public opinion...

...Accordingly, some of the disputes are nearer to solution than before...

...Congress has not caught up with the fact...

...Not all that he did had positive results, however...

...To the surprise of many Westerners, women are often as independent as they are stylish, in their Pucci scarves and leather boots...

...Cyprus is a divided island, and partition is destined to remain a fact of life for the inhabitants...

...He knows that a Greek from Girne is running his former place...

...The Patriarch barely escaped alive...

...Indeed, until Turkey, in order not to provoke Washington or Athens, dissuaded him, Denktas planned on declaring Kibris independent next fall, following the Turkish elections...

...It finally returned to Ottoman rule in the late 16th century...

...From 1923 until it gained independence in 1960, it was a British colony...

...This hastened the end of the Greek junta, facilitated the overthrow of Sampson and eventually led to the restoration of Makarios...

...Adding to the general tumult, the air and the printer's ink (Istanbul has 45 daily newspapers) are thick with political rhetoric: Turkey is supposed to hold elections in October, but most informed oitizens think Premier Suley-man Demirel, to foreshorten what may be a violent campaign, will move them up to June...

...In a bar beside the yacht marina, five Turkish-Cypriot businessmen and their wives engage in a weekly ritual...

...Leftists look to Moscow, Rightists seek a nationalist revival, and a growing number are beginning to turn to the oil-enriched brotherhood of Islam...

...He says he fears, though, that 45,000 Turkish-Americans are no match for the 3 million organized Greek-Americans in the battle for U.S...

...Even before Makarios and Denktas met, a diplomat in Nicosia told this reporter: "The Cyprus problem is solved, short of legitimization and rug-trading, and only the U.S...

...While Makarios will presumably still head the Greek-speaking zone, his influence will wane...

...There is heady talk, too, of Kibris, as Turkish Cyprus is called, becoming a Moslem banking center...

...Like most Mediterranean countries, it has had many rulers—Turkish, Egyptian, Assyrian, Persian, Roman, Greek, French, and Venetian...

...Turkish forces took their revenge by initiating their own massacre...

...At the Dome, the once-Greek hotel in Girae (formerly Kyrenia) where Durrell wrote the book, Laj housemaids of African ancestry chat with imported Pakistani waiters: Greeks formerly monopolized the tourist industry...

...The United Nations, the FBI and the State Department agree this virtually halted the contraband from Turkey...

...Kibris would remain a continuous band of territory, including Turkish Nicosia and the new international airport Turkish-Cypriots have built nearby, in return for frontier adjustments and compensations for seized property...

...The parties agreed that Cyprus should maintain its "nonaligned" status, but both want the military guarantees of Greece and Turkey to stay in force...

...Boasting armed forces of 500,000 (second largest in nato after the United States) and a network of electronic surveillance facilities—now closed in retaliation for the American arms embargo—pointing at the Soviet Union, Premier Demirel is constantly assured by the Pentagon that Turkey is incomparably more important to nato than Greece...

...The then Turkish premier, Bulent Ecevit, appealed to London and for the sake of form to Athens, to jointly intervene with Ankara under the 1960 treaty...

...Thus when Clark Clifford arrived there was in fact not much for him to mediate or negotiate...

...Although the identity of the six assassins was common knowledge for more than a year, they were ordered arrested by Makarios only last month, clearing the way for President Carter to send former Defense Secretary Clark Clifford to Nicosia as a mediator of the conflict...

...Enosis would inevitably follow...

...Third-party property claims will also be an issue at the negotiations...

...Warrfn Howe, a fre-quviu Nrw Leader contributor, is viHiuthor of The Power Brokers...

...The students, their campuses frequently closed to deprive them of battlefields, are more volatile...

...Some European diplomats, however, think Washington could help ease a compensation settlement by promising increased economic aid to both parts of the island...

...It went on to capture the two main centers of Turkish population: northern Nicosia and Famagusta (now Magusa), the main port...

...Kibris receives money from Turkey, some limited funds from Libya to rebuild the mosques destroyed by Greeks, and a trickle of dollars from America...

...He could prove less compliant than Demirel has found himself constrained to be...

...Whatever their differences, though, Turks are united in their concern about their image abroad, an image they know is one of pre-1918 Turkey and encompasses the centuries of Ottoman tyranny...

...But nothing is likely to be settled until the major bone of contention between Turkey and Greece, the Cyprus conflict, is resolved...

...Accordingly, Athens and Ankara will wield a heavy influence on the upcoming ministerial negotiations scheduled to start March 31 in Vienna under Kurt Waldheim and continue in Nicosia...

...Yet the gift has been a source of three disputes with Greece...

...When the slaughter was over, the remaining Turks, consisting of about 20 per cent of the island's population, having been herded into mountain enclaves and urban ghettos, were placed under the protection of a UN-force that is still on Cyprus...

...In what was considered an intelligent act of statesmanship demonstrating Turkey's renunciation of empire, Ataturk gave his defeated neighbor 3,040 Turkish coastal islands, some standing in die mouth of Turkish harbors...

...The national hero, who defeated Winston Churchill's Anglo-Australian invasion of the Dardanelles during World Wai I and vanquished the Basil Zaharotl-financed 1921-22 Greek invasion, then overthrew the inadequate descendant of a long and once distinguished line of sultans to impose democracy by edict...

...few residents seem to smoke less than two packs of cigarettes a day...

...In any event, today two de facto nations exist on Cyprus, with United Nations troops in between...

...His property is similarly in Turkish hands...

...On July 15, 1974, the Athens junta ordered its 500 officers on Cyprus to stage a coup that would bring Nikos Sampson to the presidency and depose Makarios...

...The turmoil is especially evident in Ankara, the nation's second largest city and the seat of government...

...In recent weeks, the foreign ministers of the two countries, Ihsan Sabri Cagjayangil and Dimitrios Bit-sios, have held meeting in France...

...Rebuffed as expected, Turkey was delighted to fulfill its obligations alone and sent troops to Cyprus...

...By the time Sampson was deposed, Turkey had occupied a fifth of the island opposite its coast...

...The EOKA-B, in response, assassinated the American ambassador...

...No Greeks live in Levantis' hometown, Pendaia...

...Mustachioed porters plod by, backs bent beneath loads varying from Xerox paper to carpets to console pianos...

...First, Athens has militarized some of these islands, in defiance of pacts signed in 1923 and 1947...

...they are spending the evening speaking English, essential for catering to the tourist trade...

...Meanwhile, Bulent Ecevit, who is more of a hardliner over Cyprus than Demirel, is the favorite in the coming Turkish elections...

...Their objective was to make the island all-Greek and thereby present the world with an enosis that was a fait accompli...

...This threat, plus the possiblity of June rather than October balloting, apparently forced Makarios to relent and meet Denkas in February, their first meeting in 14 years...

...But the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee of Cypriot Independence gave Britain, Turkey and Greece the right to intervene with force if the island's independence were threatened...

...Makarios flies the Greek flag from his palace and car, the Cypriot flag alone over his embassies...

...In Washington the Greek lobby argues somewhat legalistically that the intervention should have stopped when Sampson was toppled, since by that time Turkey had fulfilled whatever obligations were imposed on it by the treaty...

...Located atop the snowy Anatolian peaks, it is crowned by a citadel whose hovel-lined alleys provide the best view in town...

...In Istanbul-which appropriately sits astride the continents of Europe and Asia—a herd of old American cars creates a daily traffic jam while elderly men sipping strong coffee look on from the doorways of their stores...

...During Christmas 1963, Makarios' National Guard and police just stood by while EOKA-B squads, directed by the late General Grivas and led by Nikos Sampson, carried out a pogrom against Turkish villagers...

...Down below, disgruntled city employes, unpaid for two months, hold press conferences...

...Like most cities, Istanbul is a strain on the nerves...

...Kissinger's articulate former Harvard student, promises Socialist reforms as well as an end to Turkey's economic doldrums...

...At a second February meeting, attended by UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim, Makarios agreed to a federation...

...The lobby's leader, former Assistant Treasury Secretary Eugene T. Rossides and his brother...

...Now it is Denktas who must take steps that do not appeal to him: giving back land settled by Turkish-Cypriot refugees from the South and sharing such powers as defense, foreign affairs and finance with a future Greek-Cypriot superpresident...

...In 1967, Makarios imported 3,000 Greek soldiers armed with nato weapons, the sort of breach of the United States Foreign Military Sales Act that Congress would later "punish" Turkey for...

...This fruit that gave Lawrence Durrell the title of the novel Bitter Lemons suggests the Cypriot troubled atmosphere within a setting of postcard charm...

...Yet in neither sector does a majority of the insular-minded Cypriots desire absorption by its motherland...

...the pleasant brick church he bulk there remains unharmed, but unfrequented—mute testimony to the human passions that lie behind a Congressional debate on the end-use provisions of the foreign military sales statute...

...To be acceptable to Denktas, the federal president will have to be secular...

...Makarios, though, was to live to regret his move...

...Afterward, Turkey received Marshall Plan and military aid...

...Ironically, Greece today enjoys democracy thanks to the Turkish Army, which in turn enjoys a strong position on Cyprus because of the Greek colonels...

...Up to that point the Archbishop had held the President of Kibris (once his vice-president), at arms length because the United States Congress had made repeal of the Turkish arms ban dependent upon "meaningful" Cyprus talks...

...The Turk-ish-Cypriot leader, President Rauf Denktas, reelected last year, has the Turkish flag beside his desk, Ata-turk's portrait on the wall...

...The restaurant next door is operated by a Turkish-Cypriot who lost his own meyhane, or bar, in Limassol, in the South...

...Third, Greece has closed the Aegean airspace to aircraft flying to and from Turkey...

...Istanbul Turkey remains an intriguing mixture of the past and the present...

...This would mean a whole new ball game, and not just for the fading figure of Makarios...

...In 1973, under pressure from Washington, the Turkish government took the domestically unpopular step of stifling the peasantry's profitable "French connection" heroin trade with America...