Rebellion at Berkeley-II

...Since a strike in January during the time of examinations was unfeasible, Weissman said, they were considering instead disrupting the operations of the IBM machines during registration time...

...Shortly afterward, on his journey to the East with his fellow spokesmen, he was telling people how they had "forced" the faculty to surrender...

...As Feuer puts it, even "the proximity of an undergraduate menaces the managerial purity of the modern professor...

...On the other hand, Feuer calls Berkeley the freest campus of any major university...

...I moved that the university refrain from any interference with student speech or advocacy unless it was directed to some immediate act of force or violence...

...Then we gave ourselves to the civil rights issue, and we were amazed by all the response we could get...

...Kerr's threat of massive police action brought a detente, followed by threats of renewed demonstrations, numerous "clarifications" of rules, negotiations, charges of bad faith on both sides, mass meetings, and finally a massive student campaign to defy all regulations which they thought unfair...

...The activist leaders, including Mario Savio and Stephan Weissman, their present spokesman, were obviously quick and experienced in argument...

...If the university surrenders its autonomous responsibility, then indeed it is on the road to becoming a police university...

...The assistants' "strike" was so sweetened with paternalistic reassurances it seemed the chairmen were running a benevolent company union...

...The mythology of the student strike is already beginning...

...2) that political activity on the campus should be subject to only such reasonable regulation as would prevent interference with the normal functions of the university...

...One of them said: "At first we tried the issue of capital punishment...

...Certainly police increased student solidarity...

...He writes that speeches on contraceptives or drugs were made in the center of the Berkeley campus or from the steps of its buildings...

...The present spokesman, however, has new plans...

...But they sat there at a loss, and searching for an answer which never came, as the asuc president, a youngster without their agility, kept repeating with honesty: Why did you reject every offer and suggestion I made to resolve the issues you raised through the democratically elected students' organization...

...In the late summer, after CORE pickets demonstrated at the Republican National Convention, ex-Senator and then-Goldwaterite William Knowland proved that the traditional area for the organization of student political action was not, as had been believed, city property...

...From the Regents' consideration there did emerge some clarifications and what the liberal President Kerr termed a liberalization of the rules...

...Does it seem likely that such a reorientation could long permit society to be served by basic criticism...

...I explained that this proposal would allow students in the civil rights movement to organize their non-violent actions on the campus even if they were illegal...

...It must also fashion the student raw material-not into educated, integrated human beings-but into the models demanded by those who pay the bills...

...on the campus, both violent and non-violent...

...By saying nothing in the article about his own role, Feuer creates the impression that he was a detached observer, rather than someone actively involved in the opposition to the students...

...American radicalism of the '60s seems to avoid dogma, and even members of sectarian groups are surprisingly "non-sectarian...

...His version of the Berkeley story is an inaccurate, self-serving, and snide distortion of the actual events that have occurred here...

...The Free Speech Movement, by now 5,000 strong, sat in vigil outside the meeting...

...The answer to his question never came because the Free Speech Movement leaders, on a national forum but without the supporting presence of their outdoor claque, were utterly reluctant to indicate to the country as a whole their own anti-democratic animus...

...A few months ago at a symposium of student leaders, I heard them tell of their quest for an issue...

...First, those students with a primary commitment to the civil rights movement will not be satisfied by liberal libations to free speech...

...That is, society as presently constituted-the managerial society...

...As present spokesman for the Free Speech Movement, Weissman does not challenge the accuracy of the narrative which I presented...

...Finally, is freedom necessary or even beneficial to the training which would replace education...

...At this point, it is still not possible to predict how the Berkeley episode will end, especially since the Regents' last action indicates a partial agreement, at least, with the position taken by the Berkeley faculty over Feuer's strong objections...

...Secondly, those who are not civil rights activists are impressed by the importance of that speech which the university would restrict...

...To the extent that Feuer can justify his insistence on the role of "generational solidarity," that solidarity was resurrected from apathy by just such a "precipitous resolution...

...Of those arrested, 57 per cent belong to no political party and 61.2 per cent had never participated in any pernicious demonstrations...

...They would make it impossible for the university as an autonomous institution to preserve the minimal ethical standards appropriate to a society of scholars...

...The University of California campus has been bound by more restrictions than can be found at any major university in the U.S...

...Legalistic as the problem must sound, it was born neither of the scholastic argumentation nor of the opium-induced lumpen-intellectualism which so intrigues Professor Feuer, As he correctly states, during last spring several hundred Cal students were involved in civil rights sit-ins in the San Francisco Bay Area...

...In the newspaper the other day, I read that the Illinois Central Railroad discharged five men who had pleaded guilty in court to bombing Negro churches...

...He does not, as we have seen, relate these contradictions to the more pervasive contradictions in the society at large, most particularly to that between white and black...

...Let me make absolutely clear my position on the matter of alleged Communist, Castroist and Maoist leadership among the students...

...The statement by the present student spokesman that their strike was "81 per cent" effective is fiction, not history...

...The university's analysis of the 814 arrested in the December sit-in showed that 135 or 16.6 per cent were non-students, while university employes, research aides, and unidentified persons constituted 89 or 10.9 per cent...

...nor by the probable resurgence of the manipulated consensus with which President Kerr for so long directed the university...

...Nor is there the slightest suggestion in his article that the student and Academic Senate positions were supported by church groups, the ACLU, other faculties in the area, and a host of reputable community leaders...

...There are very real contradictions in the Multiversity, and these Professor Feuer mentions, though in a trivializing and caricatured fashion...

...But just as he underrates the importance of the civil rights movement to the Berkeley protest, he similarly neglects the social and political impact of the civil rights movement upon the ideology of the Multiversity...

...What would this mean...

...But the only place where such meetings ever took place was on the sidewalk outside the campus, which the students and administration both believed to be city property...

...I suggest that it is about time NEW LEADER contributors realize that not all events can be assessed in terms of their past obsessions: If there is a "generational conflict" between the Berkeley students and men like Feuer, it is less related to the age differentials than it is to the fact that the Feuers still judge all political actions in terms that have no relevance whatsoever to students today and little to politics today, either...

...As for the "children of well-known Communist leaders," most of those I know on the campus reject their parents' political pasts as much as Feuer rejects his own...

...Its leaders have great difficulty in explaining what they have been fighting for...

...The university was forced to admit its ownership of the property and, in view of Kerr's earlier expediency, to prohibit political activity such as fund-raising, recruitment of members, and "mounting" of off-campus political and social action...

...Then again, a few weeks later I was interviewed by two persons who were writing and researching for the Free Speech Movement...

...Multiversity is Kerr's conception of the "University of the 21st century...

...Perhaps influenced by his definition, Professor Feuer sees the students of the FSM demanding that the university "promulgate their right to engage in illegal action...

...Nor does Feuer avoid the exaggerations which have characterized the press...

...Its spokesman now tells us that they were motivated by a "very complex political demand," of a "legalistic" character...

...A second element of exaggeration is the abundance of Kremlinesque metaphors which embroider Feuer's writing...

...The Senate's five-point position is not difficult to summarize: It provided 1) that the university take no disciplinary action against the students for their activities before and during the sitdown...

...Actually the "legalistic" point at issue has always kept changing...

...The natural conflicts of age and of interest will require more than the discussions with the administration suggested by Professor Feuer...

...Dialogue will not be stifled by the anticipated red-baiting...

...In the space allotted to me, therefore, I shall devote myself primarily to the points Weissman makes...

...And what of the series of blunders made by the administration in the weeks that followed...

...The greater part of the crowds which assembled to hear Joan Baez were not adherents to the "movement...

...Presumably, Feuer would have to put Adlai Stevenson in that category too...

...And the liberal president, though he may "really" believe in equal opportunity employment, could not possibly struggle against the "inevitability" which he has predicted...

...Students will be reluctant to advise when they have the power to bargain...

...Indeed, quite the opposite is true, since many of the student leaders reject all forms of political action and represent instead a kind of radical existential viewpoint...

...If Feuer's article had jumped after the first page and a half to the last page and a half, NEW LEADER readers might have had some sense of what is behind the current dispute...

...The Regents met at Berkeley on November 20, supposedly to consider the enactment of new regulations...

...Apart From a high student regard for the traditional legal safeguards for speech, the question can only be answered by an understanding of the ideology of the Multiversity...

...He had to speak from the same street corner as the drug addicts and contraceptive users who so disturb Feuer...

...Will the Berkeley student movement need not only a Turgenev to write a Fathers and Children but a Dostoyevsky to probe its Possessed...

...On October 1 and 2, the general public looked on astonished as Berkeley students...

...which could have been met readily...

...Unfortunately, Lewis S. Feuer, with his amusing psychological and politically sectarian potshots, exhibits an incautious disregard for his purported target in his "Rebellion at Berkeley...

...Feuer, with his bent for psychoanalytics, adequately describes some of the internal deformations of academia brought about by the coalescence of industry and university...

...They raised the argument that for the university as well as the courts to punish them for illegal acts would constitute "double jeopardy...

...the other non-student dropped out of school to do research on university education...

...It should now be clear that civil rights, and not psychotic or Stalinist agitation, provided even for the nonactivist the primary fuel which brought Berkeley to the boiling point...

...Aside from certain problems within the analysis itself, it ignores a very significant fact: There have been generational uprisings for generations...

...Although that claim can be easily disputed, it is true that Clark Kerr is known as a great liberal and as a man unquestionably devoted to academic freedom...

...it could spread to other campuses across the country and cause a fundamental change in your own futures...

...it turned out that they were both full-time practicing non-students...

...The actual fact is that the teaching assistants involved generally took precautions to secure the assurance of their professors that they would be penalized in no way whatsoever for missing classes...

...There was some scholastic objection to the use of the word "force...

...The right to solicit members and money on the university's grounds for lawful off-campus activities was granted...

...What has the ideology of the Multiversity to say about such criticism as is evidenced by the civil rights movement, criticism aimed at one of the most sacred of the ideological tenets of the manager-regent and his similars, the right to hire and fire as they see fit...

...The managerial ethos of the professors is but a reflection of the spirit of those who manage the universities...

...When Stevenson came to California during his campaigns, he was not permitted to speak at what Feuer describes as "the freest of any major university" campus...

...I listened to upwards of 100 students' speeches, and in not more than five was there any reference to civil rights goals...

...One of these, Jack Weinberg...

...Aside from these, three per cent of those arrested were other than students, wives of students, or university employes...

...One can well imagine the alienation of the "untouchable" undergraduate, but Kerr sees this alienation as "the necessary social cost of a historical inevitability...

...From Feuer there is silence on these important questions, and only a shrill, hysterical diatribe against the "children of wellknown Communist leaders, past and present...

...The entire row at Berkeley began with a dispute over whether students could solicit funds or support from tables on this strip of sidewalk outside the campus...

...by using the word "violence" alone...

...And what would be wrong about having such addresses inside the California or Columbia campuses, even if the campuses were, as Feuer so snidely puts it, "the last best hope and sanctuary of every forlorn crackpot and rejected revolutionist in town...

...And if, as Feuer states, there are "psychological overtones" to the events at Berkeley, the character of his article demonstrates that the overtones are not restricted to the student population...

...To my knowledge, only two non-students have played a truly significant role...

...Conversely, it increased the militancy of the student body in several ways...

...The student activists, however, as their spokesman recognizes, insisted that the university grounds should be available for organizing illegal activities...

...Clearly the student spokesman is right when he says that his movement has now raised a "complex political demand," for it could destroy the whole basis of the freedom which American universities have paintully acquired...

...It is strange indeed that Feuer omits any discussion of the posture he took at the Academic Senate meeting...

...But if we want to understand the tactics, twists of arguments, and anti-democratic animus of the student uprising, we shall have to look to the psychology of generational revolt and the factors which made it so extreme in the Berkeley setting...

...In the second, he writes as if, tortured by a vision of a student uprising, he has taken leave of his analytical wits...

...Why did you reject the democratic way of solving problems...

...Then it prohibited the students from using the sidewalk any longer, giving as its excuse a series of conflicting reasons...

...they demand sufficient freedom of speech to continue and to intensify the tempo of student recruitment for civil rights activity both North and South...

...Moreover, why is he so concerned with showing that there were only four "revolutionary Socialists" on their Executive Committee...

...Apart from giving the university some say in determining if the off-campus action was unlawful, the "liberalization" provided for university discipline even if no court could find that the on-campus speech was itself a crime...

...The battle for fair employment brought great pressure upon the university from the business community to which the Regents and administrators are most responsive...

...Students themselves, of course, have referred to their "Free Speech Movement" as a Soviet-style coalition, and their metaphor was a frank recognition of certain of their organizational aims and methods...

...but the December I strike vote was taken even before a sit-in was called, and early rallying of teaching assistants' support indicates that at least a 50 per cent effective strike could have been maintained without police...

...He tells us nothing, however, about the composition of the much more crucial "Steering Committee...

...October Revolution" or "generational uprising," the semester-long controversy at the University of California cannot be explained without reference to one very complex political demand of the Free Speech Movement...

...Today, I can speak on the campus provided I am invited by a student organization and provided a faculty member, with tenure, is physically present during the meeting...

...the intensity, the persistence, the creativity of this uprising...

...And how could THE NEW LEADER editors have permitted an article to appear on as important a subject as this one with such glaring omissions...

...Many persons throughout the country got a glimpse of this fact a few weeks ago when they witnessed the televised debate between the student activist leaders, on the one hand, and the president of the official asuc on the other...

...For instance, when the first invasion of Sproul Hall took place, the chief speech was given by a non-student who was celebrated as the author of the principal article in the so-called Slate Catalogue...

...Armed with a variety of weapons and encouraged by a new sense of community, there is little reason to predict a passive return to the isolation and fragmentation which formally characterized campus life...

...For he not only opposed, in vain, the majority viewpoint, but he even tried to amend the minority position and opt for less freedom on the campus...

...and 5) that the Academic Senate urged all members of the university community to cooperate in restoring the university to its normal operations...

...Both as a prior threat and as a potent weapon during large-scale civil rights activity, punishment of students and student organizations for lawful speech could effectively hamper recruitment of participants in the battle for fair employment and civil rights in the Bay Area...

...Because it was widely believed that the sidewalk was city property, the students even asked for and received permits from the Berkeley police to hold special meetings there...

...Mucking about in the student subconscious, Feuer aims at much that is irrelevant, and ignores, misstates, or misunderstands the very conscious-if mundane-realities of the most important student protest of recent years...

...Eight-hundred-and-fourteen students still face trial for their protest of arbitrary discipline and unjust regulations...

...If so, every time a student cheats on an examination or submits a plagiarized essay, he would have to be prosecuted in the criminal courts under a law of fraud or a counterpart of the law which deals with dishonesty in civil service examinations...

...There followed the arrest of 800 protesters for their sit-in in the administration building, a three-day student strike with 81 per cent effectiveness, a 7-1 faculty endorsement of the FSM position, and a second Regents' meeting...

...Third, the civil rights movement has increased the willingness of the student body to use direct action against what they consider unjust...

...But the student activists were determined to secure a charter for organizing illegal activities of all kinds...

...Every bureaucrat will have his corresponding beatnik, every IBM machine will have its corresponding neo-Luddite rebel, organization will have its counterpart in alienation, the Multiversity will evolve into a Nulliversity...

...Weissman himself made a lame effort, as he does again now, to blame the administration for the fact that the graduate students are not now represented in asuc, Actually, it was Slate, the Left-wing organization, which first proposed in 1959 that the graduate students be thus disaffiliated...

...The historical method of our present student spokesman is indeed most unusual...

...Clearly there is a blending here of the psychological motive of generational revolt with the social conditions of the racial problem...

...The six or seven pages between the start and finish of the article represent irresponsible reporting at its worst...

...Feuer's sense of geography is as distorted as his view of the student world...

...The activists demand also the end of "double jeopardy...

...His task has been to coat the bitter pill and confuse the liberal public by calling liberal whatever ruling the Regents adopt...

...But then its tactical aims were different at that time...

...Hopefully the sense of community will be extended to the lecture hall and seminar room, encouraging the faculty to take a new interest in teaching...

...I took them to be students...

...Fortunately for the exchange of ideas, the student body is less frightened of non-students than is Professor Feuer...

...In this research-directed Brave New World of the knowledge industry, "the less a person teaches . . . the higher is his status...

...True, it was worse 15 years ago when Abe Kaplan, then head of the philosophy department at UCLA, was not allowed to conduct a debate with me on campus because a dean made an administrative decision that I was "controversial" and therefore not acceptable as a campus speaker...

...No less disturbing than Feuer's omissions are some of the "facts" he presents to document his contention concerning the nature of the student movement...

...By ignoring the free speech issues and by underestimating the impact of the civil rights movement upon both an already alienated student body and upon the managerial Multiversity, Professor Feuer creates a serious problem for himself...

...These Regents, among the largest employers in the state, are committed to their own management of the university and ideologically predisposed to favor the rights of management generally...

...Still the Regents have not transferred to the courts the power of the administration to punish lawful speech and thus hamper civil rights activity...

...Then we tried the peace issue...

...It is characteristic of Feuer's article, too, that he does not identify the "veteran Socialist writer" who "repeatedly addressed" the students as Hal Draper, or the "well-known labor journalist and 'inside dopester'" who "imparted his blessing" as me...

...Big business, too, buys researched knowledge, as well as the two batches a year of technicians and "intellectual servicemen" needed to manage and operate the economic establishment...

...Mario Savio spoke with candor about his "alienations" as the basic cause for his involvement...

...also they were thinking of having the teaching assistants misplace the final grades, and so on...

...Administrative officers and chairmen cooperated by suggesting that professors temporarily suspend classes...

...Feuer's analysis explains little about the particular forms...

...Only once does Feuer ascribe any specific fault to the administration for bringing about the present situation: when he describes the action in pressing charges against four students as "ill-advised," But what of the original administration ruling prohibiting the students from carrying on sidewalk activities which have been permitted for years...

...Even under Clark Kerr, who has done a great deal to liberalize the rules, the administration still retained the right to veto speakers on controversial or partisan questions, and student political groups were still required to conduct certain kinds of meetings or fund solicitations off campus...

...The Berkeley faculty, over opposition led by Professor Feuer, saw the FSM position differently, and voted 824-115 to support the students in asking, among other things, that jurisdiction over the content of speech be left to the courts...

...The university several months ago indicated that it was prepared to cede a disputed strip of land to the city or campus student organizations...

...The FSM is, according to Feuer, a "Soviet-style coalition of 14 student groups ranging from Khrushchevite to Goldwaterite...

...Why then do the students demand that any alleged misuse of freedom of speech be tried in a court of law...

...If the student activists had their way, they would deprive the university of its :autonomous power, for instance, to -discipline a student Ku Klux chapter which was planning direct forays against Jewish synagogues or Catholic and Negro churches...

...This legal distinction between advocacy and the act advocated provides protection for the First Amendment rights of speech, assembly and petition, the political rights upon which rest the possibility of any democratic dialogue...

...Traditionally, "off campus" had come to include the use of tables on the sidewalk entrance to the campus...

...The present student spokesman avoids this word and this sort of analysis...

...He knows that the students who participated in the demonstrations are among the best on the campus, with high grade-point averages and a high percentage of Phi Beta Kappas among them...

...In effect, the student activists were calling for their Student Soviet to supersede the democratically elected student organization...

...On numerous occasions, for instance, student activist speakers have denounced the official, democratically elected student organization, the asuc, What was needed, they said, was a new type of union, a union of student activist organizations, to supersede the asuc...

...According to Feuer, "The student activists, veterans of civil disobedience actions from San Francisco to Mississippi, resolved precipitously to use their well-practiced tactic on the university itself...

...Because of its prior responsibilities to research, and only certain types of research at that, the Multiversity must suppress the teaching function...

...This "liberalization" granted many of the traditional forms of student political activity, but gave the administration the right to regulate the content of speech by imposing penalties upon students and their sponsoring organizations if on-campus speech were to lead to an unlawful act off-campus...

...Berkeley's continuing student rebellion has focused widespread attention on some very ugly wounds in American university education...

...The substantive points raised by Paul Jacobs have been set forth with even greater cogency by Stephan Weissman...

...There are so many misstatements, inaccurate characterizations and omissions in the article that I hardly know where to begin answering him...

...His argument seems to me a patchwork which makes no sense...

...The percentage of non-students was thus notably high for a student sit-in...

...The singing of Joan Baez tended to suggest that Sproul Hall was somehow the State Capitol of Mississippi...

...He says, for example, that the campus is "probably the freest of any major university in the United States...

...How could there not be...

...Nor is there profit in humanizing the application of those technological advances which have a tendency to make the University inhuman...

...Two of these realities are especially significant: the nature of the restrictions protested by the Free Speech Movement and the profound impact of the civil rights movement upon both the administration and the student body of California's Multiversity...

...After much administrative in-fighting, university President Clark Kerr defended the students-though not their rights-by stating that the student action had been organized and executed off-campus and thus out of university jurisdiction...

...Inevitability aside, the transition from university to Multiversity or knowledge factory has its source-the huge postwar research expenditures of the Federal government...

...3) that the university should not restrict the content of speech, advocacy, nor off-campus student political activities...

...What I heard were attacks on the System, the Bureaucracy, Paternalism, IBM Machines, the Administration, University Education, the Faculty...

...How could he write about the student strike and not even cite the five-point position adopted by the Senate when it was that statement which caused the students to call off the strike...

...What is the basic aim of the student movement in Berkeley...

...The present student spokesman is indeed under the curious delusion that he has been promoting a new "sense of community" in the lecture hall and seminar room...

...Apart from his misleading statistics, the present spokesman tends to suppress the important role which the non-students performed as the always available full-time militants and functionaries of their movement...

...numbering as many as 6,000, stood and sat for 32 hours around a police car, preventing the arrest of a former mathematics graduate student, Jack Weinberg...

...Moreover, it seems inconceivable that Feuer could write of the Berkeley events and not state that such eminent professors as Philip Selznick, Herbert McCloskey, Leo Lowenthal, Carl Schorske, Joseph Tussman, Owen Chamberlain, Henry Nash Smith, and Jacobus ten Broek, to name only a very few, believe as Selznick has stated that the Senate's action "upholds the highest ideals of university education and political life...

...the restriction on Communist speakers...

...Now he exhorted the students to occupy Sproul Hall because otherwise the faculty would laugh at them...

...The Multiversity of California has, some 35 years prior to the 21st century, an interlocking directorate with the most powerful economic interests in the state, and even in the nation...

...That Khrushchevite-Gold-waterite, Soviet-styled coalition which to Feuer is the FSM, has on its 50-man executive committee only four "revolutionary Socialists" out of 50 members...

...The student activists were likewise adamantly opposed to the proposal I made to the Academic Senate-a proposal, incidentally, made after my article was written...

...The Regents have so far refused to yield to the courts jurisdiction over the content of speech, and further demonstrations are a distinct possibility...

...Shortly before the vacation, at a public meeting, he outlined some of his post-Christmas ideas as to what was to be done if the university remained recalcitrant...

...As more and more students involve themselves in the Negro Revolution, one may expect to see the appearance of ever-increasing contradictions in the Multiversity system...

...In the first, he makes an excellent historical analysis of the internal relations that create conflict in a Multiversity...

...They had railed against the intrusion of policemen and Federal investigators on the campus...

...It began with a dispute over a few square feet of land and it ended with issues over "double jeopardy" and "prior restraint" by the university...

...But all we could do was sit vigils out-side prisons, and nobody paid much attention...

...Since the arrested students were overwhelmingly undergraduates, relatively few wives were involved...

...This suggests that the on-campus struggle will, without neglecting the problems of society at large, increasingly express itself in terms of the educational and personal problems faced by the student...

...To explain what is qualitatively a new phenomenon he must trivialize much that has other significance by dependence on a theory of "sexual protest against the forbidding university administrator who ruled in loco parentis...

...But when, during the Republican convention, Goldwater supporters complained that Scranton followers were being solicited from these tables, and when complaints came that students were being recruited by a civil rights organization to picket William Knowland's newspaper, the administration discovered that the sidewalk was campus property...

...Feuer's description of the "Graduate Co-ordinating Committee" as a "Soviet" is typical of the way in which he uses loaded terms to describe the student leadership...

...we sat outside the Atomic Commission building, and went on peace walks, but again nobody paid much attention...

...The proper comparison for these meetings is not "the center of the Columbia campus," as Feuer puts it, but the street outside it: Broadway...

...How important were the goals of civil rights in the consciousness of the Berkeley student uprising...

...Their "Soviet," the Graduate Co-ordinating Committee, was the first effective representative body for graduate students since 1959 when the administration deprived them of their right to vote in the student elections...

...In place of a board of regents selected from and responsive to the economic establishment, the university community should be governed by persons selected by and responsible to the faculty, and, where appropriate, to the student body...

...Only with structural changes of this type can the Multiversity be resisted...

...left his studies to work in campus CORE...

...As it was, the most effective period of the strike was Monday afternoon, after a full amnesty had been granted by President Kerr...

...At each step of the way direct action made operational additional support not only from students but also from faculty...

...The latter, they declared, were "sandbox" politicians, creatures of the administration...

...The pamphlet The Mind of Clark Kerr, which student activists took as their official manifesto, is an attack on Bureaucracy, without mention of the racial problem...

...am certain that among the leadership there can be found a small handful of people with some political empathy towards Russian Communists, Castro and Mao...

...Feuer also fails to provide even a hint of all the other pressures at work in this situation: why, for example, the Governor called in the police despite the administration's willingness to allow the students to remain in Sproul Hall overnight, or how the Regents have consistently mishandled the situation...

...Now they insisted they preferred these "civil authorities" to the autonomous responsibility of the university...

...There is, however, a less optimistic note...

...He tries to connect the "contradictions" of the Multiversity with those of the racial problem...

...This was true even without any police or administration discipline...

...He seems ready to overlook the role of leadership...

...Above all, it should be borne in mind that such opinion polls among the Berkeley student body as have been taken show that a decisive majority opposes the Free Speech Movement, and reports from teaching assistants on students' opinions indicate the continuance of such a majority...

...My intention is to convince you that you do nothing less than begin an open, fierce, and thoroughgoing rebellion on this campus...

...Most important, the linkage of the issue of civil rights demonstrations with the attack on the Multiversity tended to tie the hands of the university...

...Anything which it did in its defense, any rule which it tried to enforce, would be interpreted by student leaders as directed against the civil rights movement...

...He could use it, for example, to show that the Bolsheviks had little to do with the October Revolution because there were so few among them in the groups that stormed the Winter Palace...

...In all fairness to Professor Feuer, such a regulation might permit the use of university facilities "to organize illegal acts in the community at large...

...But he does try to gloss discreetly over some of the events, and then with the help of "statistics"-some inaccurate, others used misleadingly -tries to substantiate a picture of his movement at variance with my own...

...Students and faculty will not be easily dissuaded from participating in making those decisions which affect them...

...One can scarcely criticize the Regents for investing university funds in their own businesses: they could find no safer investments...

...Is this because to have identified Draper and Jacobs as also believing that there are real issues involved would have done violence to his thesis that the free speech question is being raised only by beatniks, Maoists, Stalinists, limpniks, drug addicts and non-students engaged in a "prolonged adolescence...

...How extensive has been the role of non-students in the Berkeley student movement...

...At any rate, the sanctity of the civil disobedience and civil rights philosophy was cast over quite different issues, and used as a mantle for some student groups which mock privately at Martin Luther King and all he stands for...

...Accompanied by the appearance of a police car on campus, this outside pressure and the student response to it erupted into the first major headline of the struggle...

...The parallel between the normal educational suppression of self and the political suppression of speech was more quickly perceived just because restriction of civil rights advocacy is viewed on campus as more personally significant than, for example...

...To Feuer, the problem does not exist and, instead, he suggests that a group of "beatniks," "limpniks," drug addicts and folksingers somehow managed to convert the campus into an armed fortress only because they were able to trade upon the "generational animus" of the youthful student body...

...According to him they "harangue" the crowds at "feverish" meetings attended by "sweating unbathed students...

...If the student activists had their way, and deprived the university of its autonomous powers, then the university, having abdicated its constitutional responsibility, would have no basis for telling policemen and Federal agents not to enter the university grounds, halls and meetings...

...Only a few months before they had been denouncing the San Francisco courts for finding them guilty by the hundreds for their violation of law...

...If this obstacle can be hurdled, there is still the problem of weakening the structural ties between university and industry...

...As with other public property, such use would be proscribed only if the courts were to decide that the organization or advocacy of an off-campus act was in itself a crime...

...On the other side of the ideological coin is Kerr's insistence on the inevitability of the university reorienting itself to meet the needs of society...

...According to the Free Speech Movement this constitutes "double jeopardy...

...The demands of the Free Speech Movement have at times become so outlandish that one wonders if the activists really believe what they are saying...

...They call for the end of "paternalism" and the obliteration of the distinction between student and citizen...

...Even those in political groups find the categorizations humorously anachronistic and out of touch...

...Now the remarkable fact is that although everyone of the purely legalistic demands of the student activists was met by the university administration, the students still remained unsatisfied, and raised what they acknowledge was a "political demand...

...How was it possible for Feuer to write his article without saying one single word about the Academic Senate's passage of a resolution supporting the students by a vote of 824-115...

...On the campus students were to be prohibited from political activity, off the campus they were to be citizens...

...Moreover, the huge collection of student leaflets issued during these last months is singularly devoid of mention of civil rights aims...

...Non-students are equated with "forlorn crackpot and rejected revolutionist," and their deeds are both quantitatively and qualitatively magnified...

...the obviousness of the business community in the suppression of civil rights advocacy, makes more evident the role of these same interests in so greatly deforming the academic community...

...At his speech in the Greek Theater, however, President Clark Kerr promised that the future rules to be negotiated would involve neither "double jeopardy" nor "prior restraint" of speech...

...Clearly the existence of the Free Speech Movement flies in the teeth of any of these self-fulfilling prophecies of inevitability...

...To meet the needs of the status quo power in society, the Multiversity has emphasized the physical and natural sciences at the expense of the humanities and social sciences, has emphasized the "new" sciences at the expense of those less in demand, has emphasized saleable research at the expense of teaching, training at the expense of education...

...Had the liberal President Kerr defended in the spring the on-campus right of students to engage in political action, autumn and its elections would not have witnessed such powerful outside pressure to deprive students of their on-campus citizenship...

...These sit-ins, protesting discriminatory hiring, brought great pressure upon the university administration...

...Nonsense...

...It was from the student refusal to allow this elementary right to be taken away from them that the controversy developed, The freedom of speech issues around which the Berkeley controversy grew are difficult to resolve, but one searches in vain for a discussion of them in Feuer's article...

...4) that future disciplinary measures growing from political activity be determined by an academic committee, as it had been for many years in the past...

...If the destruction of the university as it has traditionally been known is "inevitable," one would guess that political freedom within the confines of the university is also "inevitably" to be destroyed...

...But Feuer knows better...

...On the other hand, if the courts were to find on-campus speech to be an incitement to riot, conspiracy or solicitation to commit a crime, then certainly the courts would be justified in imposing penalties, But, where speech and organization cannot be proved unlawful in the courts, the university would be given no greater powers of restriction than are granted civil authorities...

...This statement clearly indicates that an overwhelming majority of the faculty did not share either Feuer's belief that the Berkeley campus is "probably one of the freest in the world," or that the issues raised by the student actions are, as he put it contemptuously, "a pathetic reminder of how this student generation looks for its Guadalcanal and Iwo Jima and perceives the enemies' visage in the chiefs of the Multiversity...

...At that time, before the semester's work began, he wrote: "From this point on, do not misunderstand me...

...Renewed attempts at discipline were thwarted by the organized involvement of the teaching assistants and graduate students, many of whom had, as individuals, participated in the protest from the beginning...

...Without the civil rights struggle, there is little likelihood that open conflict would have appeared on the Berkeley campus...

...But I am equally certain that they exercise no more control over the movement than does Feuer...

...But whatever happens, Feuer has done a grave disservice to all of us by writing the history as he did...

...I have seen the same problems of the Multiversity-Nulliversity at Moscow State University where the surrounding society is racially homogeneous...

...By this time, though, the student activists had become great enthusiasts for the courts and civil authorities...