Sino-Soviet Arsenal

...However, it overestimated the actual influence of Leftist elements, often described in official Soviet documents as "the Japanese people...

...Nevertheless, Russia continued its campaign against the Pact with added intensity while the Treaty awaited Diet approval and final ratification...

...Security Pact intends not only to preserve U.S...

...He vowed that the Chinese people would "support the Japanese people’s struggle for independence, peace and democracy," and looked forward to the day when Japan might become a "peace-loving" neutral nation...

...There was no reason for it to be affected by the continued presence of U.S...

...He claimed that the action taken by Japan’s "ruling class" constituted a threat to world peace...

...Following the preliminary statements by Communist China, the Soviet Union embarked on a full-dress campaign to sabotage the Security Pact...

...Undaunted, the Soviet Union sent another note on February 24 alleging that Japan itself had violated the Joint Declaration...

...a tripartite treaty between Japan, the Soviet Union and Communist China...

...It also was deceived by Japanese mass media, which exaggerated anti-Pact activities while failing to report that a majority of the Japanese people favored the new Treaty...

...On January 27, barely a week after the Treaty was signed, Gromyko, in a memorandum handed to the Japanese Ambassador in Moscow, again warned that Japan would meet a tragic end in the event of war...

...Undaunted, the Soviet Union worked out other means for attaining the same objective, specifically by attempting to create conditions in Japan which would make stationing U.S...

...forces in Japan under the revised Treaty...

...This approach has achieved some measure of success...

...This policy was contained in a 13-article Treaty amendment proposed at the Japanese Peace Conference in San Francisco on September 5, 1951, by Soviet delegate Andrei Gromyko...

...imperialism and a means of suppressing the movement for the liberation of Oriental nations...

...When the Soviet Union, which possesses a massive nuclear arsenal, calls for establishment of a nuclear no-man’s-land, it is as apparent to Japan as it is to others that this is an evasion rather than a solution of the problem, and that the neutralist policy which the Soviets recommend for Japan is incompatible with Japan’s basic interests...

...After remaining stoically silent about the Russian memoranda of April 22, May 20 and June 15, the Japanese Government handed a lengthy reply to the Soviet Ambassador in Tokyo on July 1. It pointed out that the Soviet Union had done nothing but repeat its dogmatic views and had completely failed in the meantime to note the repeated assertions by the Japanese Government of what it considered correct interpretation of the facts...

...and other Pacific countries would be invited...

...The Soviet note added that Japan’s claim to the Habomai and Shikotan Islands and other areas could only be regarded as a manifestation of a dangerous vindictive spirit...

...Tokyo did not reply to this representation either...

...The Soviets now claimed that Japan had deliberately delayed conclusion of a peace treaty with the Soviet Union by raising "an unfounded demand" concerning a territorial problem settled by international agreement...

...Thus, despite the fact that the new Security Pact has been ratified and come into force, it would be folly to assume that Soviet pressure will now be relaxed...

...or a multilateral collective security treaty to be signed by Japan...

...The most dramatic examples of this have been the "Uchinada Incident," involving a Japanese woman accidentally shot while collecting shell casings on a firing range, and opposition to the purchase of land necessary for extending the runways at the Tachikawa Air Base in the so-called "Sunakawa Case...

...He reiterated Moscow’s readiness to honor and guarantee Japan’s "permanent neutrality" and proposed negotiations for a bilateral treaty between Japan and the Soviet Union...

...Still, the exchanges between Japan and the Soviet Union continued...

...And, as I have observed, its 21-month campaign has met with a measure of success particularly because the Japanese people are still suffering from the psychological wounds inflicted upon them by their loss of the last war, which have resulted in an almost morbid fear of war...

...It does realize, however, that the problem of nuclear arms is related to the overall problem of disarmament, and that the major world powers which possess nuclear weapons are most directly responsible for solution of this problem...

...Since such an action is in violation of the Japanese Constitution, a revision of the Constitution is being attempted...

...By adding a new, drastic condition to the promised retrocession of Japanese territory, the Soviet Union unilaterally revised the Joint Declaration and thereby demonstrated, perhaps with more clarity than it had intended, just how much or how little Soviet treaty commitments are worth...

...military bases in Japan but also to drag Japan into a military bloc like SEATO, which is a tool of U.S...

...The U-2 incident in mid-May, however, prompted another Soviet memorandum...

...Fedorenko’s lecture was little less than an insult to the intelligence of Japan’s leaders, who know that international trade is the backbone of the nation’s economic well-being, but who also are aware of the nature, aims and true worth of Communist trade policies...

...Fedorenko also expressed Soviet readiness to consider a United Nations guarantee of Japan’s neutrality, should this be desired...

...Security Pact on October 4, 1950, the Soviet Union saw an entirely new opportunity to undermine the mutual defense arrangements...

...Austria inserted it at Soviet insistence as a condition for restoration of its independence...

...The note also stated that Communist China was ready to go along with the Soviet Union, but denied Japan’s claim that the Joint Declaration had left the territorial problem open to future negotiations...

...Air Force from Japanese territory, and the Japanese Government’s attempt to justify its participation in such actions, demonstrated the aggressive nature of the new Pact...

...But the plain fact is that the Japanese-U.S...

...Everyone concerned, and certainly the Russians, was aware that at the time the Japanese-Soviet Joint Declaration was signed, the old Security Pact between Japan and the United States was already in force...

...The Gromyko note was amplified by Soviet Ambassador Nikolai Fedorenko in a speech given before the Japan-Soviet Society on March 20, 1959...

...He asserted that the U.S., having suffered setbacks in the Middle East and the Taiwan Straits, had launched a program designed to make Asians fight fellow Asians...

...is trying to revive the Treaty so as to make possible the deployment of Japan’s armed forces outside Japanese territory...

...In a lengthy statement issued on November 19, 1958, he declared that the United States had agreed to revision of the Security Pact in order to compel the Japanese to be on the front lines on behalf of America in the event of a military conflict...

...On June 15, in the midst of the demonstrations against the new Security Pact, the Soviets were heard from again...

...And he concluded that American rocket and nuclear bases on Japanese soil would automatically drag Japan into any future nuclear war...

...Japan had violated the Declaration provisions which pledged both parties to cooperate in promoting peace and security in the Far East and to develop friendly and neighborly relations...

...maintains bases in Japan, not for defending Japan, but rather for launching attacks against the USSR and Communist China...

...The amendment was identical to a provision in the Austrian Constitution, enacted on October 26, 1955, which states that Austria will not join any military alliances nor lease any part of its territory for foreign military bases...

...On April 22, in the third note since the Japanese-U.S...

...In the final analysis, of course, the various Russian attempts to sabotage the Pact by diplomatic pressure proved a failure...

...The new Treaty thus embodies a scheme to drag the Japanese people into a new military adventure...

...This Soviet memorandum, for all its stereotypes and obvious propaganda, proved very effective...

...it came into force on June 23 with the exchange of the instruments of ratification...

...In its reply to the Soviet Ambassador’s message, on May 15, 1959, the Japanese Government pointed out that it could not but recall the ultimate fate of other non-aggression treaties and neutrality pacts to which the Soviet Union had been a party in the past...

...The revision of this treaty was aimed at placing U.S.-Japanese defense arrangements on somewhat the same basis as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) collective security agreements, in conformity with the international standing achieved by a resurgent Japan...

...This Soviet and other Communist leaders knew very well, and therefore they wished to force cancellation of the Treaty as a whole rather than countenance its revision...

...Thus, despite the Soviet Union’s warnings, negotiations for revision of the Security Pact progressed apace...

...He warned that arming Japanese forces with nuclear weapons and establishing American nuclear and rocket bases in Japan would force the Soviet Union to take all necessary measures for insuring the security of Russian territory in the Far East...

...Even while surrounding Japan with a vast military network which includes nuclear weapons, the Kremlin has pretended grave concern over Japan’s alleged rearmament and revival of militarism...

...Communist China, the Soviet Union, the United States and other interested powers in Asia and the Pacific region...

...mainland, are intended for aggressive purposes which have nothing to do with the security of the United States...

...Another stipulated: ". . . after the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty, no Allied or Associated Power or any other foreign power shall have its troops or military bases on the territory of Japan...

...This was a clear reference to Soviet use of tanks in answer to Hungary’s demand for neutrality, and to the fact that the USSR had for many years been less than friendly to Yugoslavia precisely because the latter had assumed a neutral stand of its own...

...As for neutrality, the Ambassador said that Japan’s security could be insured by abolition of foreign military bases and adoption of a neutralist policy...

...A neutral Japan will also contribute to the maintenance of peace in the Far East and the promotion of international cooperation...

...Chen Yi further observed that "the world today is different from the world 20 years ago...

...The Japanese-U.S...

...Japanese-American relations are thus assuming the character of an aggressive military alliance under American leadership...

...The Declaration was, in fact, signed on the premise that American forces would be in Japan indefinitely...

...Clearly, the Soviet Union has spared no pains to create fear among the Japanese people, and to portray the United States as an aggressor exposing Japan to the dangers of nuclear attack...

...It also protested that Russia’s interpreting the Japanese Constitution was a flagrant intervention in Japan’s domestic affairs and in violation of the provisions of the Russo-Japanese Joint Declaration...

...On December 2, 1958, Foreign Minister Gromyko handed to the Japanese Ambassador in Moscow a memorandum which argued as follows: "U.S...

...Security Pact is based on the "inherent right of individual or collective self-defense" provided for in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, to which the USSR is a signatory and which the Soviet Union and Japan clearly recognized in their Joint Declaration...

...THE REVISED Treaty between Japan and the United States was signed on January 19, 1960...

...It claimed instead that all territorial problems between Japan and the Soviet Union had already been decided upon by international agreement and added that the "exaggerated propaganda being carried out in Japan with a definite objective" served only to aggravate relations between the two countries...

...Moscow now charged that Japan, by concluding a military alliance with the U.S...

...One of the articles provided: "Japan undertakes not to enter into any coalitions or military alliances directed against any Power which participated with its armed forces in the war against Japan...

...He noted that the Japanese people, the only people who have experienced the tragic effects of nuclear explosions, ought to know better than anyone else what participation in a nuclear and rocket race would mean to a country like Japan...

...It also argued that by concluding a military treaty directed against the security of the Soviet Union...

...The People’s Daily, on November 7, had already asserted that the "East wind" was overwhelming the "West wind," that the days of American imperialism were numbered and that Japan would get nothing from acting as America’s pawn...

...Such a threat, the Japanese Government said, constituted unwarranted interference in the internal affairs of another country...

...The note further charged that Japan was following the policy of those intent on obstructing friendly relations between itself, the Soviet Union and other neighboring countries...

...forces there impossible...

...Much still remains to be done, both by way of understanding the psychological basis of that campaign, and by way of finding appropriate means of making it ineffective...

...More recently, when Japan and the United States started negotiations for revision of the Japanese-U.S...

...Security Pact was intended not only to perpetuate American military bases in Japan but also to increase Japan’s own armed forces...

...Such weapons, dangerous to any nation, are more so for countries with a relatively small land area, a dense population and concentrated material resources...

...These incidents assumed serious proportions because the Japanese people were naively persuaded that target practice and the expansion of air fields were hastening the drift toward war...

...It warned that the Japanese Government would be held responsible for all consequences of provocative actions launched from Japanese territory against the Soviet Union and, while repeating previous warnings of a "national catastrophe," concluded with an expression of hope that Japan would take serious note of the situation and draw the necessary conclusion...

...On May 4, 1959, the Soviet Ambassador made new representations to the Japanese Government regarding the problems of nuclear armament and neutralism...

...They asserted that "criminal" actions staged by the U.S...

...The Ambassador coupled this warning with the suggestion that if Japan were to adopt a neutralist policy, it would then be in a position to expand its economic contacts with the Socialist camp and other Asian and African nations without severing existing relationships with the "free world...

...Today, however, there exist weapons of mass destruction such as atomic and hydrogen bombs, and rockets...

...bases in Japan, located 5,000 miles from the U.S...

...The Soviet Union is ready to make a solemn pledge to honor Japan’s neutrality...

...No one can touch the powerful Soviet Union and China...

...The Japanese people have been taken in by Soviet propaganda that the U.S...

...The conclusion of the new Treaty will accentuate the danger of a military clash in the Far Eastern area...

...The old Security Pact was an unequal agreement, embodying as it did the spirit of the postwar surrender documents...

...Gromyko’s amendment was ignored at the Japanese Peace Conference without benefit of debate or vote...

...The U.S...

...Fedorenko coupled this warning with the recommendation that Japan participate in a movement to set up a non-nuclear zone in the Far East and, if possible, in the entire Pacific region...

...It won acceptance from Japan’s Leftist political and labor groups, including the Communist and Socialist parties, the General Council of Japanese Trade Unions (Sohyo), the Japanese Teachers’ Union and the National Federation of Student Self-Government Associations (Zengakuren), all of whom adopted this statement of the Soviet position as their own guiding principle...

...military-forces...

...Japan’s security can be better guaranteed by strict adherence to its Constitution than by an alliance with the U.S...

...The note expressed Tokyo’s belief that the peace and security of the world can be insured not by a policy of slander or coercion, but only by sincere efforts at mutual understanding on the part of the governments concerned...

...The Soviet claim that so long as foreign military bases exist on Japanese soil Japan’s independence is more nominal than real has also touched a sensitive nerve in a people with great national pride...

...A Communist Chinese spokesman, Foreign Minister Chen Yi, was chosen to open this new phase of the campaign...

...and leasing its territory for American air bases, was guilty of destroying the basis for peace and friendship between Japan and the Soviet Union...

...The struggle over military bases has most often taken the form of obstructionism leveled against specific practices and actions by U.S...

...Japan countered this fourth Russian move on February 5, 1960, by protesting against Soviet threats of using nuclear striking power to impose a foreign policy of its own liking upon a nation pledged against nuclear armament...

...Japan, for its part, does not wish to arm itself with nuclear weapons, nor does it wish to see American nuclear weapons on its soil...

...The Russian attempt to influence Japanese public opinion by repeated charges based on misinterpretation and prejudice was characterized as unwarranted intervention in Japan’s domestic affairs and a violation of the previous agreements between the two countries...

...Fedorenko repeated the assertion that the revision of the Security Pact was aimed at dragging Japan into an aggressive military bloc and warned that any drift in that direction would lead Japan to a far more tragic disaster than the one it had all too recently experienced...

...He concluded by saying that since the new Security Pact was aimed at Communist China and the Soviet Union, his Government would hold in abeyance the promise made in the Japanese-Soviet Joint Declaration, dated October 19, 1956, to return the Habomai and Shikotan Islands pending complete withdrawal of American forces from Japan...

...On June 29, the Soviet Union roundly denounced Japanese collaboration with the United States, calling the Pact "another ugly child of the bankrupt policy of the American ruling class," and announcing that "American and Japanese aggressors have brazen-facedly trampled underfoot all agreements and obligations regarding the demilitarization of Japan...

...Security Pact was signed, Moscow offered to reconsider the military provisions of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Alliance if Japan abandoned its proposed commitment and abolished all foreign military bases...

...No diplomatic document has more vividly embodied Russia’s diplomatic tradition of coercion and bullying...

...They are aimed at Japan’s Far Eastern neighbors, including China and the Soviet Union...

...For a full month the Japanese Government refused to answer on the assumption that any counter-argument would merely invite a new propaganda missive from the Soviet Union...

...Likewise, it would be highly unwise for foreign observers, as well as for responsible Japanese, to underestimate the clever and even cunning features of the Communist-bloc campaign...

...To all intents and purposes, it was so phrased as to be effective indefinitely, giving Japan no voice in its implementation...

...Two days later, Premier Nikita Khrushchev, in an address before the Indonesian National Assembly, argued that the new Japanese-U.S...

...He reiterated his country’s readiness to offer a "guarantee" of Japan’s neutrality and once more called for a tripartite treaty of peace and friendship between Japan, Communist China and the Soviet Union, to which the U.S...