After Franco and Tito

...Liberal-minded Madrid and Barcelona students all say that the Communists are indispensable to strikes and demonstrations against the regime, because they are best organized, bravest and most ingenious...

...agreements for air and naval bases in Spain...

...Tito, of course, created his own officer corps, and its top leaders depend on his regime...

...the Yugoslav press is full of accounts of such local corruption...

...Franco and Tito are fat, love flashy uniforms and former royal palaces, enjoy entertaining royalty, and come to their capitals only for unavoidable official functions...

...This movement finds its models in the Italian Christian Democracy of Don Luigi Sturzo and Alcide de Gasperi rather than in the Portugal of Antonio Salazar...

...Not only Madrid, a beautiful modern city pulsing with life, but many other cities large and small bespeak rejuvenation...

...This "Djilas underground"—consisting of those in the Party and outside it who believe Yugoslavia should move toward a democratic socialism—is a potential rather than an active force...

...So is the widespread belief that a large amount of U.S...

...Tito's receptions of foreign kings, presidents and prime ministers are especially infuriating...

...Similarly, the peasants, with their hunger for land and desire for a sweeping agrarian reform, are wary of a restoration which does not bring social change...

...A half-decade ago, on the other hand, both Franco and Tito were political allies of the United States...

...Signs of it include numerous trials of young Croats for counter-revolutionary activity...

...The appeal of the Communists is closely linked to a rising anti-Americanism very different from that of France and Italy...

...If the present tempo is maintained, in a generation or two Spain will catch up with Italy and perhaps even France...

...Since whatever gains labor has achieved under Franco have been through the Falange syndicates, it is watching the monarchists carefully for signs of their social intentions...

...The Party crisis is complicated by the recurrence of old national antagonisms, particularly the old Croat-Serb rivalry...

...Following Tito's armistice with Khrushchev and his support of Soviet intervention in Hungary, thousands lost hope and fled...

...The university students are the children of the bourgeoisie that was divided in the Civil War...

...During 1954 and 1955, many such Communists dared to tell Tito openly that Djilas was right...

...Such students regard Opus Dei members at the universities as spies for the secret police...

...The striking wage differential between Americans working in Spain and the Spaniards working beside them is another irritating factor...

...In both countries, a pauperized peasantry suffers most from totalitarian-style industrialization, yet seems to lack the opportunity and initiative to bring about fundamental change...

...Don Juan Bourbon, who is in exile, is anxious to return to the throne...

...In both countries, civil-war memories are beginning to fade, and masses and elite are actively pondering the succession...

...Although there are more goods in the stores, the purchasing power of the average worker or peasant remains pitifully small...

...As a result, the well organized front of anti-Franco students seems dominated, at least at the underground level, by Communists...

...Franco has established trade relations with East Germany and Poland, and is moving toward trade with Czechoslovakia and the USSR as well...

...The top leaders in the six constituent republics of Yugoslavia ape their chief's grandeur...

...aid has neither purchased the affections of the dictators nor won new friends among the people...

...In Spain political prisoners are often let out to visit relatives and friends, or else they are arrested and then released a short while later...

...Spanish intellectuals look to Moscow with greater hope than to Washington...

...Meanwhile, former Hapsburg and Savoy royal palaces have been remodeled for Tito's use...

...The influence of West European Christian Democracy and of such East European prelates as Poland's Cardinal Wyszynski has been considerable...

...the Korean crisis led to U.S...

...The major opposition to the restoration stems from the Falange, which favors a corporative republic...

...Nominal wages have tripled since 1939, but real wages in some sectors of the economy have not even reached twice the 1936 level...

...The extraordinary rise in prices, caused by an ever-expanding industrialization, pushes the country into a rampant inflation that cannot be stopped, largely due to the enormous flow of dollars Spain receives in loans and aid from the United States...

...Spaniards have few intellectual dialogues with Americans: "We do not know anything about America except bases and bases...

...With Spanish and Yugoslav youth growing restive, Washington may have to pay a price for its steady support of the two dictators After Franco and Tito By Bogdan Raditsa A decade ago, neither Spain nor Yugoslavia could be counted as friendly to the Western democracies...

...In Yugoslavia this is not the case for anti-Tito Communists, but is often the case for erstwhile "reactionaries...

...Considerable resentment is directed at the lush living of both dictators...

...Before the war, Yugoslavia exported wheat to Italy...

...Members of Opus Dei not associated with the government complain that the organization was founded as a religious group, dedicated to celibacy and personal sacrifice, and is being misused...

...In both countries, U.S...

...After bloody civil wars involving both Nazi and Soviet totalitarians, Fascism had triumphed in Spain under Generalissimo Francisco Franco, and Communism in Yugoslavia under Marshal Josip Broz-Tito...

...While the Hungarian events had cataclysmic effects on the Italian and even the French Communist intelligentsia, in Spain the Soviet myth lives on with the undiminished freshness of the 1920s...

...Franco's regime is indifferent to this, preferring occasional police action to ideological influence...

...Refugees from the Soviet orbit in Spain are mostly former reactionaries or fascists...

...In the countryside, however, the donkey and the oxcart are king, as in the days of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza...

...He had every chance to do so, and we all would have followed his lead...

...Even the young Spaniards who have returned from Soviet confinement in the last two years are not a force against Communism...

...The campesino is still having a hard time...

...Ideologically, Fascism is dead in Spain, while Communism lost its last chance of sinking roots in Yugoslavia During 1957, Bogdan Raditsa (cut at left) revisited Spain and also interviewed scores of recent Yugoslav refugees in Austria and Italy...

...tractors and modern farm implements are seldom seen...

...dollars underwriting the regime, and new generations seeking solutions of new problems created or old ones unsolved by the dictators...

...The regime combats such tensions by manning the Army and police in Croatia with Serbs, and the Army and police in Serbia with Croats...

...The old cities that are the eternal grandeur of Spain have burst their medieval walls...

...For a while, Yugoslavs thought U.S...

...Steep taxes prevent any thought of hard work among professional men...

...I think there is still time for a major diplomatic effort in both countries...

...Several Jesuit and Dominican fathers have already spoken out on the need for greater social democracy, and it is clear that—in striking contrast to the days of the Republic—liberal Catholicism is a force to reckon with...

...Long ago, Franco agreed in principle that a monarchy should succeed him, but he has continually sidestepped the question of when this should occur...

...In both countries, there was hope five years ago that collaboration with Washington would moderate their dictatorships...

...Its main bulwark today is the labor movement it rules, for many workers fear that a restored monarchy would bring back repressive capitalism of the 19th-century type...

...Few will risk their necks for him now...

...Opus Dei is the very opposite of the Christian Democratic movements of Western Europe, and it is increasingly opposed not only by members of the hierarchy but by Catholic liberals at large...

...And, quite beyond the two men, the nuances of internal politics in the two countries are quite different...

...First, the people must participate in parades for hours on end, rain or shine, cold or hot...

...Tito, who is not in good health, should be reminded that Yugoslavia's national interest calls for at least the disarming of pro-Soviet elements in the Party and a political decentralization as outlined by Djilas—if not for a public Tito-Djilas compromise establishing a defined program of transition to democratic socialism...

...by 1946, the Western democracies regarded Tito's Yugoslavia as the most belligerent of the new Soviet satellites...

...Nonetheless, despite the removal of such important figures as General Peko Dapchevich (a Montenegrin friend of Djilas), there is an important "Djilas underground" in the Party...

...The example of the West—and particularly the growing prosperity of northern Italy—was too magnetic...

...The students thus associate the Socialists and other democratic leftists with the fall of the Republic, while they consider the Communists to be the leading element resisting reaction...

...Most Spaniards agree that the restoration of the monarchy would bring back "normalcy...

...The policies of both, as they age, seem directed primarily to maintaining power intact in their lifetimes: "Apres moi, le deluge...

...aid is wasted by the Government, or channeled into graft...

...Spanish intellectuals and white-collar workers are as bitter as the students but must concentrate harder on making ends meet...

...In both countries, the workers resent low living standards and are attracted by labor's progress in neighboring countries (Italy, France)—but Yugoslav workers are silent and Spanish workers are only beginning to stir...

...They are poorly informed about that war, since official histories are so blandly falsified...

...Djilas should have written less and acted more," a young Communist who had just escaped from Yugoslavia told me...

...In Spain, there seems a widely-accepted alternative in constitutional monarchy...

...The only Americans we see are colonels and majors who run around as if war will start tomorrow...

...the workers' councils, Tito's pet reform, are dominated by the Communist party apparatus and do not share profits with the workers...

...Although U.S...

...Largely ignored by the regime, they have had a hard time finding work...

...It is, perhaps, an unfair criticism of a man whose temperament has always been that of the passionate rebel rather than of the crafty bureaucratic maneuverer...

...policy has conferred on Spain, through its alliance with Franco, have become sources of anti-Americanism...

...For one thing, the regime (and this is also true in Yugoslavia) publicizes the aid only when it wants to blame America for some unfavorable economic development...

...Industrial production is expected to be doubled in the foreseeable future [But there is] a constant shortage of goods on the market and higher and higher prices...

...Tito, on the contrary, understands that world Communism is in crisis but believes that his form of it can save the international movement from the consequences of Soviet malpractice...

...Its persistence explains the repeated postponements of the Party Congress, originally scheduled for last summer, now slated for this April...

...Thus even the benefits that U.S...

...and the apparent snubbing of Bakaric in the highest councils of the Party...

...On the lower echelons in both countries, however, there is dissatisfaction...

...and West European "imperialism...

...Most hold three jobs—one in the morning, one around noon, the other in the afternoon —and have little interest in any of them...

...Yet Franco has already made up his mind that the future king should be Don Juan's son Don Carlos—despite the fact that father and son have agreed that the father should reign first...

...A workers' monthly salary is exhausted in two weeks...

...Surely, without Tito a Yugoslav Communist regime would find it hard to pursue the present see-saw policy which finds Belgrade wooed by both Moscow and Washington and actively wooing all neutrals...

...Franco was never a mass ideological leader like Hitler and Mussolini...

...In the suburbs of Madrid and Barcelona and around cities like Salamanca and Avila, new homes, gardens and plazas reflect the growing industrialization...

...Spaniards mutter that all the U.S...

...Yet there is a great difference in the political temperament of the two dictators, as well as in the historical natures of their regimes...

...In the case of Franco, the old generals who originally supported him and later became dissatisfied are all dead...

...Faced with rising anti-American and pro-Communist sympathy among the intelligentsia, he is capable of bidding for new popularity by adopting a pro-Soviet orientation under the guise of "positive neutralism" or some such label...

...Low agricultural output, coupled with heavy investment in industrial construction, has brought rising prices for food and consumer goods...

...Third, the foreign visitors all go home declaring that Tito is the most beloved man in Yugoslavia...

...Because Djilas was then the regime's main spokesman, most Party members heartily welcomed his call for greater democracy in the Party and in the state...

...Meanwhile, Yugoslavs who reached Italy, Austria or Germany were writing home that they could earn enough in a few weeks to buy things they could not afford after a year's work in Yugoslavia...

...Since the press is controlled, it is mistrusted...

...There, too, are ambitious plans for heavy industry, a depressed agriculture, real wages not much better than twenty years ago, U.S...

...Among people over 30 in both countries there is the pervasive fear of another civil war which serves as the dictators' trump card, and there is the illusion that Washington is capable of deposing them...

...Since duumvirates have been notoriously unsuccessful in history, a struggle between the Slovene fox Kardelj and the Serb lion Rankovich may be expected to follow Tito's demise, with Washington and Moscow partners in the game...

...One of Tito's writers, Rade Nikolic, recently characterized "The Crisis of Franco's Regime" as follows: "There are extremely ambitious plans for the construction of heavy industry...

...At Brioni, a whole island has been relandscaped with a private zoo, to which exotic animals have been transported from all over the world...

...Tito used U.S...

...he was always a junta man, foxy and flexible...

...nor will it be a liberal" monarchy, but the "traditional monarchy of Spain...

...Yugoslav youth, while it has not demonstrated openly in the manner of the Spanish students, has stayed away from the Communist party and regards Tito with little affection...

...In both countries, especially outside the capitals, the people flaunt their contempt for the regime, while petty officials go out of their way to be civil...

...In both countries, the police can be bought for minor services...

...Continuation of these feuds remains a major obstacle to an effective Yugoslav resistance to dictatorship...

...Thus, twenty years after the Hitler-Stalin duel for Europe, youth has become antifascist in the land of national fascism, anti-Communist in the land of national Communism...

...both are sympathetic to Khrushchev...

...Franco, 66, has now ruled Spain for two decades...

...Is it too late to reverse our policy of ideological non-intervention and to attempt to assure both Spain and Yugoslavia future freedom from Moscow and peaceful progress...

...today, Italy is self-sufficient and Yugoslavia must import...

...At the end of World War II, the United Nations boycotted Franco Spain...

...Today, Spaniards and Yugoslavs largely believe that Washington's support has been primarily responsible for the survival of Franco and Tito...

...Agriculture is impoverished...

...Franco could be urged to formally establish the monarchy under young Don Carlos, with himself as temporary regent if necessary to insure a smooth transition to constitutional rule...

...A third element in the Spanish situation is Opus Dei, a Catholic lay organization which has placed five of its members in Franco's cabinet...

...Spanish anti-Americanism stems largely from American aid to Franco: "If America is a democracy and Russia is a dictatorship, why does America back Franco and Russia oppose him...

...There is a broad, though unorganized, movement among the younger clergy to modernize the social outlook of the Church...

...There are, too, many old problems still unsolved...

...At the same time, it utilizes these old hatreds to remind the non-nationalistic majority of Yugoslavia of the civil war they bred...

...grant with a Government announcement that prices will rise but that wages will be held firm...

...It would satisfy conservatives and liberals who never liked Franco, as well as anti-Franco republicans and socialists...

...In the past year, both Tito and Franco have moved farther away from Washington...

...Kardelj underestimated the popularity of Djilas's ideas—particularly among those who had served in the Partisans with him...

...military and economic aid to Belgrade...

...aid is in large measure responsible for the current economic transformation of Spain, it is not particularly appreciated...

...A Presidential Secretary, Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco, merely came out with a statement that the monarchy in Spain would not be "an absolute...

...During 1957, more than 20,000 Yugoslavs crossed the frontiers into Austria and Italy...

...In such regions, and even in Castille where the land is owned in small parcels by peasants, the hunger for land and better living standards is great...

...New generations are moving onto the political scene, generations which do not remember the civil war and whose problems are not identical with the problems that caused the civil war...

...Agricultural production is lower than in 1929...

...investment in the two dictators will be in grave peril when they leave the scene—and both Spain and Yugoslavia may well be in store for renewed civil strife...

...Second, it is plain that the Government is spending vast revenues on such displays...

...Tito, 68, has governed Yugoslavia for thirteen years...

...Its luxury, while the rest of the country struggles for survival, leads workers and peasants to embezzle and cheat whenever they can...

...Liberals consider it a Catholic masonry attempting to control Spain politically, culturally, educationally and even financially...

...Popular resentment is aggravated by the fact that American diplomacy treats the two dictators with a personal deference it extends to few of the leaders of our European democratic allies...

...One thing is sure: Without such diplomatic initiatives, the vast U.S...

...The university students, however, despise the Falange...

...It should also be noted, however, that the Party's fight against the ideas of Djilas has encouraged the rise within the hierarchy of former pro-Stalinist elements...

...Since the degradation of Djilas, the Party has been run by the triumvirate of Tito, Kardelj and Alexander Rankovich...

...The Stalin-Tito break in 1948 had brought U.S...

...In our philosophy department," one student told me, "some of our professors consider the Pope a quasi-heretic, Jacques Maritain definitely a heretic, and Graham Greene, George Bernanos, Gabriel Marcel and Frangois Mauriac arch-heretics whom one may not read or quote...

...Anyone who has not seen Spain since the Civil War will find a new country...

...He knew when fascism was dead, and managed to extricate himself with considerable deftness from the position in which the fall of the Axis left him...

...Many people seriously expected Franco to yield power last summer, but he said nothing...

...in some cases state officials give advance warnings to those about to be arrested, enabling them to flee...

...the repeated insistence by Croatia's Communist boss, Vladimir Bakaric, on the necessity of a "Croatian road to socialism" in agriculture...

...When Tito made peace with Khruschchev...

...It is worth noting that, while Kardelj was the leading opponent of the Djilas heresy, Rankovich managed to stay out of the controversy...

...They are tired of Franco and cynical about the Church-run school system...

...When Djilas was attacked by Edward Kardelj and the late Mosha Pijade, the Party began to disintegrate...

...Anti-Communist propaganda is official, therefore ineffectiv<^a familiar story to those who knew prewar East European dictatorships...

...dollars to help build Syria's Latakia harbor and the Asab harbor in Ethiopia, and has been helping the Algerian rebels as well...

...There are cafes and bookshops in Madrid, however, where writers and artists gather once a week—usually in a smoke-filled back room—to talk about the new play in Paris, the new book in London, the latest misdeed of some American in Spain, the necessity of Franco's overthrow...

...In Yugoslavia, however, since Tito rejected Milovan Djilas's program of transition to democratic socialism, chaos and/or a return to the Soviet bloc are serious future possibilities...

...Spanish intellectuals see Washington and John Foster Dulles as the main obstacles to their freedom...

...they talk as if the mere accession of a king were a solution to all Spain's troubles...

...Though Tito personally supervises the major questions of international policy, he has been steadily delegating more and more power to Kardelj and Rankovich...

...their appeal to rebellious students is nil...

...The ferment among the younger clergy is part of a broader awakening among Spanish youth...

...The press usually follows an announcement of a U.S...

...In the rich regions of Andalusia, where thousands and thousands of acres are owned by a few landlords, the peasants work for a miserable 30 pesetas (50-70 cents) a day, which does not meet their barest needs...

...Rade Nikolic's description is accurate—not only for Spain but for his own Yugoslavia...

...the tightening of cultural controls in the name of "socialism" against "bourgeois chauvinism...

...Montenegrins have been somewhat disaffected, too, since the ouster of their native son Djilas...

...Now, as a careful purge of pro-Djilas elements proceeds, the expression of such sentiments is as dangerous as pro-Stalin statements between 1948 and 1953...

...Opus Dei and the older reactionary Church leaders have tended to conceal a profound change inside Spanish Catholicism...

...As a result, police and other authorities in many Spanish and Yugoslav villages have begun to worry about wrhat will happen to them when change comes...

...And Tito, apart from his well-publicized ideological maneuvers in Eastern Europe, has been working closely with Nasser and others in the Middle East against U.S...

...When Tito is gone, the latent violence of the Croat-Serb relationship may persuade many in the Party that the only hope of their survival is with Moscow...

...aid is eaten up by Franco and his relatives...

...If this moral picture of Spain is depressing, the economic prospects are encouraging for the long run...

...Spain is a rich country," a man in a small village told me, "but we have had so many bad governments that we have never gotten much good out of it...

...Veljko Vlahovic, an old Moscow hand, and Svetozar Vukmanovic-Tempo, who has been active in courting Arab and Asian neutrals, have moved into Djilas's place...

...Almost every spring, university students have demonstrated against the regime...

...The Hungarian Revolution revived nationalist sentiment in Croatia...

...Yugoslavs believe that it is consumed by Tito and his "new class...

...As a result, many would like to return to Russia...

...aid would improve the economic picture, but the new heavy industry hasn't helped consumers much...

...Spanish fascism's mass party, the Falange, has been subordinated by Franco to more traditional right-wing formations...

...In both countries, the Army hierarchy is a principal prop of dictatorship...

...In Yugoslavia, since the Hungarian Revolution, petty officials frankly tell the population that they do not approve many of the acts they are required to perform...

...Now a professor of modern European history at Fairleigh Dickinson University, he served the League of Nations before the war and was Tito's foreign press chief till 1946...

...The majority of Spaniards, frightened by the thought of a vacuum that could lead to civil war, look upon the restoration of monarchy as the first step toward democracy...

...How can America attack Russia for what happened in Hungary at the same time it keeps Franco in power...

...Workers, peasants, students, lawyers, craftsmen, small merchants, most of them are young, and their stories are almost identical: Earning a living in Yugoslavia is just too difficult...

...That this is an exaggeration does not make the universal feeling about it any less real...

...In both countries, youth is the greatest force for change...

...For the Yugoslav Communist party and its popular front, the Socialist Alliance, have been in crisis ever since Djilas began his criticisms of Party bureaucratism in 1953...

...The life of Tito's new class has increased resentment...

...The monarchists, however, stress only the political succession...

...The present Army chiefs owe their careers to his favors, and want to keep him alive, strong and in undivided power...

...Very soon—perhaps at the Party Congress—Kardelj may be named Prime Minister and Rankovich Party Secretary, thus formalizing Tito's nomination of them as his joint heirs...

...Elsewhere in Yugoslavia, some three or four dozen buildings are kept closed for Tito's personal use when he is passing through...