WAR AND FREEDOM CANNOT MIX

...Most men of their own wills will devote themselves entirely to victory...

...la our effort, to silence those who advocate peace without viep-1- 1 ¦ -—-—— lory w* prevent at th* start that vigorous threshing eat ef fundamentals which might in the and •ava u* from a victory without peace...

...The Heedlessness of such laws is shown by the experience of Massachusetts...

...he may be punishable if it contains men of military age who might eventually be called to fight...

...another phantom ship was found carrying ammunition from one of our harbors to Germany...

...Newspapers do not give prominence to unfavorable items, because they know their readers will not be interested in them...

...It is a magnification of the experience of the little girl who went alone to a toy shop to purchase a dell and returned with a particularly unattractive specimen...

...Griffith's film, "America," produced with the help of soldiers lent by the Government, shows British soldiers disguised as Indians bayonetting women and children in the Wyoming massacre...

...We had in our midst n large foreign-born population, much of it unfriendly, by race at least, to the allied cause, much of it possessing radical views...

...There was no community in the country so small that it did not produce a complaint because of failure to intern or execute at lea«t one German spy...

...There is no reason to suppose that there will be less propaganda or less hysteria in another war, and, as in the past war, most men will refuse to discuss the merits of the methods and objects of the war, but will consider that a useless distraction from the fundamental purpose "win the ___a < Conscription of Thought All this warping of thought and curtailment of discussion can be largely accomplished without punitive measures on the part of the Government...

...Consequently, the I decision of the Government to dr...

...Constitution No Longer A Safeguard Such propaganda is readily believed because of the hysterical condition of those who read it, apprehensive of every sort of danger...

...The punishment by twenty, veal sentences of discussion of the legality of our invasion of Russia without any declaration of wsr agtsnat that country checked consideration of a policy which has never" boon- explained, which killed hundred* of American* without any tangible g»in, and alien*ted a nation which might hav* given valuable support to our peace aim* In Pari*, Still' mbr* serious waa th* effect upon tho discussion of war aims...

...The tradition of open discussion was still strong among us...

...prevent real harm...

...Men have been punished for criticizing the Red Cross and the Y. M. C. A., while under the Minnesota State law it was held a crime to discourage women from knitting by the remark, "No soldier ever sees those socks...

...Morgan's loans to the Allies weuld be r»»u-dieted if they were defeated...

...The punishment ef men for advocating heavier taxes instead of bond ist>ues madt it easier to finance the war by a method which produced a vast inflation ef prices...

...a new species of pigeon, thought to be German, who shot In Michigan;/mysterious aeroplane floated over Kansas at, night...

...Th* tradition of free speech in wartime ha...

...third, obstructing the recruiting or enlistment service...

...more .-.bout French clarity of thought and educational methods, and less of Parisian immorality...

...Wilson.' were too busy to discover...

...one or two newspapers, may not come to the attention of those who had power to counteract them until too late...

...Of the British propa-^ ganda during the war, he says, "It I had, therefore, the legitimate ob...

...When adult years are reached, this instinctive patriotism is easily quickened by excitement and organisation...

...Let us consider a more iasidiotis influence which operates upon the mind and not the body and which is intended to stupefy liot our enemies like gas, hut ourselves...

...It is not difficult to create in the i, i.pie of a nation a favorable attitude toward a prospective war...

...They were men who had experienced all those things in the War of the Revolution, and yet they knew too that the republic which they w«re founding could not live unless the right of free speech, of freedom of the press, was maintained at such a time...

...People are instinctively inclined to read and believe what is favorable to their country, and ignore the rest...

...We had innumerable factories for the manufacture of munitions and other war supplies...

...We can no longer cherish the delusion that this provision of tfie Constitution protects open discussion of the merits and methods ef a war...

...High-strung persona soon come to believe what „.iey wish to I be true...

...If a free canvassing of the aim* of th...

...It is a diarrtrous mistake to limit criticism to those who favor tbe'wsr...

...They are members of a profession wiUt a dtflnitt purpose and it is just an unreasonable to expect them to b> ave-se tu a war which vould give them opportunities to put leir long training into practice as to expect a la tt to object to the existence of i u ' • wh .« ' can use his legil training...

...All genuine j discussion among civilians of the j justice and wisdom of' continuing the next war will thus become perilous...

...Jects not only of concealing what it ! was useful to conceal, but of mak I ing suggestions which might de-1 ceive...

...Ono Of them had been changing an incandescent light bulb in his hotel room...

...I sometimes wonder whether Roosevelt would have so eagerly urged our ' entry into the war if he could have foreseen the tremendous setback which it would give to the liberalism which he had so much st heart...

...indeed...

...They appreciated the value of a united public opinion at such a time...

...State laws of much greater severity than the Federal statute are still enforced and will undoubtedly be used if the Federal officials are disposed to allow open discussion...

...Futile Suppression Another clause of this statute enables the post office officials to exclude from the mails any newspapers which they consider disloyal, and all sorts of absurd decisions were made in the last war which will undoubtedly be repeated in the next...

...Hut this tendency of professionalism always needs vigilant watching from outsiders lest it go too ' r Of course no people wants :o enter it n «s i j all the facts...

...The decisions hold it enough if the words may conceivably reach such men...

...And he observes, "The suspicions aroused by an admitted propaganda lessen its effeetiveness, from which it follows that much cf the work has to be furtive...

...second, causing or attempting to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty in the armed forces...

...But some men will refuse to devote their speech and writing to the cauie of victory, and for these force win be necessary — the conscription ' of thought...

...Much of the space which it givVn in "our press to the military preparations of other nations might better be devoted to interpreting to our people their art, science, higher ideals, and generous works...

...1 ge..t public opinion in this country mu.t bend our every effort to the end that there .hall be no next war...

...If a decisive victory is possible, opportunism may be more useful than exi.-titude...

...While another speaker described Tiykey as ''among the : lost enlightened of European nations, if enlightenment meant high moral principles...

...Men bitterly hostile to'it may point oat evils in its management, like the secret treaties which supporters of the war, like Mr...

...For instance, a German Army order captured in East Africa showed contempt or ignorance of Mohammedan religious customs...

...The more the emotions are excited, the more the critical faculties are ' inhibited...

...The questionable activities o' on o\ ¦ >n can ' I ; ' in the b (kgioni . For -:ample, very little attention has been paid by the press since 1015 to th ¦ occupation by armed American forces of Haiti...

...In addition to the deliberate cultivation of international good will, we ought to face frankly the possible causes of more wars, like tariff walls and...

...The history of the last war shows how the objects of a war: may change completely during its progress, and it is well, that those objects should be steadily formulate . under the influence of opep discussion not only by tho** who demand s military vie' tory, but by pacifists who take a different view of the national welfare, i Insistence on an artificial unanimity of...

...First, false reports or statements intended to interfere with military eperat'ons or promote enemy success...

...Spies caught on beaches signaling to submarines were subsequently released as honest men...

...Finally, we must deliberately set ourselves to train the young to distrust what, tin y are told in stocks and newspapers, to discount the nationalistic bias of others, and to eradicate it as far as possible from themselves...

...We should hear much less about .he Japanese navy and more about Japanese color prints...

...Men are imprisoned, but their words spread the wider for that fact...

...It punishes with imprisonment for not mere than twenty years three offences...

...The evils of an unnecessary war are so indescribable, especially one of ffec probable mag nitude of the next conflict, that wc should omit , o steps which may lead to a correct popular understanding of our relations to other countries...

...It would be ahsuid to blame military men or the members of any oth , profersio i for » ; Ing to promote purposes of their particular roup...

...During "the war to end war" anyone who prophesied that tonight we should he engaged in a discussion of the next war would certainly have been disbelieved by his hearers and, if he had been vituperative in his remarks, he would probably have landed in prison...

...Indeed, it may be that just as it is said to have'been necessary to stupefy soldiers who were about to go over the top with ether in order that they might fight better, in the same way a nation cannot conduct the modern type of war which enlists soldiers as well as civilians If minds are allowed, to operate freely...

...The mere publication in a newspaper of the statement of a leading radical —"I am for the people, and the Government...

...The natural conclusion from these observations is that such methods of waging a war should be rejected, and the expression of opinion on its aims and methods should be practically free except where they produce a clear and present danger of actual interference with military operations...

...Lincoln remarked, in support of such measures, that man could not contract so strong an appetite for emetics during temporary illness as to persist in feeding upon them during the remainder of his healthful life...

...In the same way, at the outbreak of the war with Spain, very few Americans knew that the Spanish (Jovernment had accepted our demands...

...clare war is^ almost sure to meet with popular'elpproval...

...Much of this ignorance is not due to deliberate suppression...

...It was reproduced in facsimile with a translation in every known tongue spoken by Mohammedans...

...Military training camps become schools for prej redness, and are advertised by the post-office stai...

...The real enemies of t!.l« nation are not those who speak unfavorably of some act of our Government abroad, but those who would by suppression and falsification {pad the' people to approve a war which mi^ht "be avoided...

...Wartime suppression is bound to hav* a bad effect after the war...

...arrived for it to cea.a, will bo perilou...

...been .battered...

...It is obvious that the English and French school books cannot both be right.shout the Napoleonic Wars, but this dilemma dot* not worry the si hool child in either country...

...Examples of War-Time "Crimes" The other two clauses would seem to apply to persons who urge evasion of the draft or refusal to enlist...

...reckless investments in backward ou.i'.rics...

...An important German spy, landed on our coasts by a submarine to disperse large funds and caught spying in our camps, turned out to be a plumber from Baltimore...

...No record exists of a single bomb explosion, act of sabotage, or evasion of the draft or desertion, which may be traced to such an unpunished utterance...

...on the other, one's own sido is whitened and the war becomes a struggle against an iron ring of encircling enemies...

...The attitude of "My country, right or wrong," I* instinctive in most of us and is developed by the natural tendency of the school books in each country to regard all wars undertaken by that country as righteous...

...The United States District Attorney in Massachusetts refused to Institute a single prosecution si' hough much was ssid and written which would have been punished elsewhere...

...Work of this sort was carried on by several bureaus, each with a large staff of writers and printers...

...But almost all the convictions were for expressions of opinion about the merits and conduct bf the war...

...It became criminal to advocate heavier taxation instead of bond issues, to say that the sinking of armed merchant vessels was le-gal, to urge that a referendum should have preceded our declaration of war, to say that war was contrary to the teachings of Christ...

...It will be in no wsy necessary that these expressions of opinion should be addressed to soldiers or men at the point of enlisting or being drafted...

...Once the war begins, any attempt to have its aima da-fined in public opinion, except as the Government wishes, any attempt to argue that the time ha...

...A nation which indulges in an orgy of intolerance will continue after the cessation of hostilities to suppress those whose opinions arc dista.-tefu...

...After the next war, critical thinking in this country will be practically impossible...

...take affirmative steps to alter it...

...more about the attempt of the Soviet Government to educate the masses of a country which in marked contrast to the rest of Europe was kept in ignorance and oppression during the nineteenth century, and less about its economic blunders...

...some judges have emphasised the possible presence of shipbuilders and munition makers...

...As a United States judge put it, "The framers of the First Amendment knew that the right to criticize might weaken the support of the Government in time of war...

...Steps to Preveat Another fVar Hostility to Foreifnera This situation will continue indefinitely unless we...

...A movjng picture producer was sentenced to ten years in prison for a film aboot the American Revolution which depicted British soldiers disguised ss Indlsns, bayonet-ting women and children in the Wyoming massacre, because, the Judge said, it might "make us a little bit slack in our loyalty to Great Britain...

...A phantom ship sailed into our harbors with gold from the Bol-sheviki with which to corrupt the dountry...

...We had in this State a large training camp ana naval bases...

...more about the efforts of the Germans to establish their republic, and less of the foolish sayings of the survivals of the old order...

...Yet the interpretation of this statute by the courts gave it a wide application, and these decisions will be followed in the next war Espionage Penalties Thus, the first offence, which seems to mean wilfully untrue state-men te ef facta on the adequacy «f war preparation or the etuBcieaey el food, or false reports of military operatloas, was used to punish «x-pressiens of opinion about the ori-gin of the war- for instance, that we went In because Mr...

...opinion behind the war produces a sluggishness of thought which I* hound to result in unsatisfactory terms of the treaty of peace...

...They balanced these considerations and then wrote the First Amendment...

...It will be equally dangerous to express unorthodox views on the causes of the next war...

...Intolerance produces an uncritical public -opinion and intense satisfaction with one's own views...

...Therefore, those of us who value the preservation . of an int...

...The natural aftermath of our wartime freedom from thought includes the British election of 1918, our selfish indifference to world organizations for peace, even' the World Court, our readiness to accept the- most extraordinary arguments, such as the objection to the Child Labor Amendment that it was a Bolshevist measure, whereas it naturally continues the Child Labor Bill which was introduced by that well-known radical, the late Senator Lodge...

...next- war by its opponents Is crushed by the menace of long imprisonment, such evils, even though made public in...

...We find similar attitudes in sll wars, no matter how questionable their justification...

...There is no national disarmament day, but the War Department recently proclaimed a Mobilisation Day, afterwards renamed Defense Day, which provec" an admirable occasion for military propaganda by members if the Army and Navy, and v.hirh bids fair to become an a .nual event...

...The undesirable activities and qualities f other nations can be repeatedly emphasized...

...John Lord O'Brian, assistant to the Attorney General in the late War...

...This Espionage Act, passed in June, 1817, does not seem, en its face, to make such discussion criminal...

...The first reflection that may be made on these measures is their futility to...

...is for the profiteers" —was considered so dangerous to the morale of soldiers who might read it that she was sentenced to ten years in prison, and yet her words were repeated by every important newspaper in the country during the trial...

...Truth is valuable only I so far as it is effective...

...edition of the "Encyclopedia Britapnica" written on th2 basis of considerable experience in the British Military Intelligence Office...

...We might call it the enlistment of thought...

...Before the late war, such suppression would generally have been supposed impossible...

...The extent to which this agency of war was organized is ably set forth In this article...

...shown that it will give no protection to it...

...Is thai such measures are harmful, during the war and after the wa>' They art harmful during the war because they prevent the formation of a sound public opinion on war methods and iims...

...There is no reason to suppose thai similar speeches and writings and pictures will not be punished in the next war...

...The Military Profession U is, of course, natural that members of our armed 'orces should wish the people to take an interest In their activities which are not fully appreciated in times of peace...

...Thousands of soldiers embarked frem Boston for France...

...When asked hv her mother whether she wanted that doll, she replied, "I thought 1 didn't when I first saw her, but the man behind the counter showed me that I did want her...

...Instead, high officials of the War Department aid in the distribution of an attack on our peace societies, and spread through the country a spider-web chart to ¦show that all these societies emanat...

...All countries recognize the tiiith of 1 .udi niloiIt's remark that wars are no longer won by armies in the field, but by the morale of the whole people...

...In, so far as i» has been mentioned, stress has been placed upon the previous disorders in that island, and not upon the fact that for the first century of the Haitian Republic its Constitution forbade the ! ownership of land by foreigners, and that this prohibition has been removed under the pressure of American occupation no that large traets I have since passed, Into the hands of a subsidiary of the National City Bank of New York...

...This pronlbiKon made no exception of war...

...There is no similar official recognition for essays on disarmament...

...This, at any rate, is the position of the article on propaganda in the new...

...We can predict with certainty what will happen in the next war from what happened In the last war, because exactly the fame statute is in force...

...A speaker will be unable to I address a large audience because it is liable to include a few men in uniform...

...Early in the Crimean War, an English speaker declared of the Sultan, "It would be no dishonor to Englishmen if they were to rank him with the Alfreds and Edwards...

...Palm-erston declared, "The object of the present war is the establishment of the peace and security of Europe on a solid snd permanent founds i tion...

...It will be impossible to express opposition to the next war in a newspaper of general circulation because it will be read in some training camp where it might cause insubordination...

...There Is not...

...Nevertheless, I consider it practically certain that in the next war, which will probably be a more far-reaching conflict than the last, propaganda and suppression will be used even more extensively...

...The writer frankly states that "indiffer! nice to truth is a characteristic of propaganda...

...Th* real value of freedom of speech i. not to the minority thet want* to talk, but to the majority that dee* not want to listen...

...tells some of the false stories of enemy activities vvjthin the United States...

...The officials will find ample precedents at hand for cenaorabip and prosecutions...

...The use of propaganda begins long before sny declaration of war Modern adiertising methods have shown the possibilities of highly organized endeavors to influence Thought through reiterated suggestion...

...The Supreme Court ha...

...The truth is that persecution of unpopular doctrines is no* an emetic at all, but a drug...

...ps on letters snd by essay co, 'esU in which th* prize is given by a high official or his wife...

...submarine captains landed on our coasts, went to the theatre, and spread influenza germs...

...11 om - Moscow and aim to disarm the country in order to make it an easy prey for revolution...

...The Supreme Court said that the speaker must have known this to be false because everyone knew that we went to war for different reasons...

...At the head of the Bill of Rights in our Constitution stood the words, "Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of »p„-cch or of the press...

...Indifference to Truth After a war has begun, the effectiveness of propaganda is vi stly increased...

...almost any war can be made to appear unjust...

...Our natural hostility to foreigners just because they are different from ourselves ought to be actively combat led...

...Legal proceedings prove that an opponent make* the best cross-examiner...

...That is not necessary...

...Atrocity Propaganda On the one hand, the enemy is blackened by stories of the manufacture of fat out of corpses, cutting hands off children, and nationalizing women...

...one bit of evidence that the cause of the war suffered in this State because of the adherence to liberal principles of this District Attorney, who has since been honored !>y elevation to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals, i The Felly of Persecution The second reflectio...