Special Supplement
Special Supplement The Baltic States Europe Cannot Be Free and Democratic If the Baltic Peoples Are Enslaved ESTONIA, Latvia, and Lithuania have become a battleground-not only ef aimed forces,...
...enslaving of swepea* *a the ether...
...Moreover, they have developed along the lines of Western European civilisation whan Russia evolved under composite Byzantine-Mongol influence...
...Even the oldest parliamentary republic in Europe—France—went through much the same constitutional shocks as Estonia...
...The resolution of th* Committee of the National Council, of January 23, 1918, states that "th* Estonian people ia their entirety art opposed...
...After having occupied all of Latvia and Estonia, the Germans dissolved the national councils, sent the head of the Estonian Provisional Government, Konstantin Puts, to a Polish concentration camp and executed the Deputy Premier Juri Wilms...
...remained the ".olid t?su" of the reciprocal relatione and obligation...
...In Germany and Austria," writes J. Hampden Jackson, "parliamentary government gave way to rule by decree by the Catholic Chancellors Bruening snd Dollfuss...
...Lenin, Collected Works, Vol...
...The truth ia that the members of the national government* of Latvia, Lithuania and Eatania wer* deported to the Russian concentration camps even before the "admission" of the three countries into the USSR, and so were the presidents of the Bsltic republics, except the Lithuanian President Antsnaa Nmetona, who escaped abroad, came to the United States in 1941, and died in Cleveland In January, 1944...
...to the occupation of Estonia by German troops and would see in that occupation a violation of the right* of th* nation" (see The Soviet Union and th* Balti* State...
...hsltfc patriate contend that the kadtptadenc* of L»»*»»i...
...The deportee* were piled into locked cattle tracks without water or any sanitary arrangements whatever, in .which condition they traveled for weak* to Siberia and Asiatic Russia...
...Bratt-Utevtl and ear/in Tr.otiet ThK Brest treaties of March S, 1918, were concluded after the three Battle nation* had declared themselves independent (the Red Army had left Estonia by January 21...
...Though the slogsn of Versailles seemed to be the self-determination of peoples, the deliberations of a Special Commission on Baltic Affair* at the Paris Peace Conference did not reach any conclusion and the treaty itself fsiled to recognize the three Baltic states...
...the struggle between western individualism and Russisn collectivism, the struggle between free association and the totalitarian herd-"ysfem...
...Speech at th* Tannesy Congress, October 8,1920...
...Wviea* peo^ te^ftoTurinUgrity of the three ara* ? Baltic re pobiw* Katoni...
...They formed their own autonomous institutions for promotion of their national culture, which had their representatives in the government...
...an authoritarian regime in 1934 brought with it the suspension of...
...And this on Latvis: "As Fascism developed in Latvia, relations with Soviet Russisn cooled noticeably (by 1936...
...The result was that unemployment disappeared and the cooperative dairies snd export unions established a well-known market of Baltic "ax, butter and bacon oh the British and Germsn markets...
...Revenue csught up with expenditure, exports caught op with imports, wages kept pace" with prices...
...Latvia and Litbaania sig—d aanuar pacta on Oeteber 5 and (K-tober 10, The Soviet Government repudiated any »urrpiei?n that Russia desired to interfere in th* affair, of the Baltic Statot...
...On October 21-22, 1914, Lithuanian leaders abroad met st the Chicago Congress which de-mended the union of Prussian (Memel) and Russian Lithuania, declared for Latvian-Lithuanian federation, and affirmed the international character of the Lithuanian questian...
...Mothers were often separated from children who were put in training camp* for young Communists (komeomolt...
...The Church was ridiculed in the press and at mass meetings...
...The great majority of the Estonian and Latvian peoples sre Lutherans, the Lithuanians are 80 percent Catholics...
...Their apex were two Stats Councils and joint sessions, which were to pave th* way for a new parliamentary system...
...6 of the pact affirmed that the reejixatton of tai» fact ahoald not affect the sov**a*g» riga*n of the centeactiag aar-tiaa, in particular their toa?aaaia eysteat* and atate orgenixetien...
...All this did not prevent the Moscow-appointed governments from reporting that 92.9 percent of th* Estonian voters, 97.6 in Latvis, and 99.2 in Lithuania had east their ballots for th* Moscow candidate...
...And those who survived the terror are now menaced by starvation...
...During the first years of independence the large estates were nesrly sll split up into smsll holdings...
...Naval Intelligence officer, Commsnder John A. Gad*, asserts in his book All My Horn Days (p...
...The peace trentlos of Tartu, Moscow and Rigs paved the way for democratic countries to enter into relations with th* Soviet Government Soviet foreign Commissar Chkhorin held the Russian-Estonian Pence as an im portent proof ef the possibility OS* peaceful relations between Soviet Russia and capitalist powers...
...This assembly declared that Lithuania must become an independent democratically organized state within its ethnographic boundaries...
...Bitter battles were waged between th* partisans and Russian* when the Red "destruction-battalions" began to burn Villages snd destroy the cattle and horse...
...The name Lithuania disappeared from the map* of th* Ruaaian Empire...
...Aa to the continuing war with Poland, its aggressiv* purpose wss admitted by Lenin himself: "By attacking Poland, we are attacking also the Allies...
...Conven-tleiui sihJ recommendations adopted by the Internate...
...that a new Lithuanian Government be immediately formed...
...In 1940, according to tab Soviet version, ••Battle people*, after bitter experience with their •¦sekt" governments and under apprehension of a h*g...
...have seen rapidly ·r·* ing te their rtar?nahm .. The peep** *i the Uadted States are seeeeed te predatory act if Mat* BO matt** whether they are carried ea by the a** af terce er Ivy th* threat af force...
...All suffered from lack of vitamins, which caused scurvy, and they generally lost their teeth...
...By 1928 the currency of the three countries wsi virtually stabilised...
...The United State* wilt ceatinn* to stead by the** priaciplss " • · * sevier asie im roe maiTic 3rare* DuRING one year land, industry, commerce and banking, were nationalized, all economic life disrupted, people pauperised and terrorized...
...to carry out emergency measures for relief...
...It also assured national minorities of equal rights and autonomy...
...Tuition was free, and books, clothes and meals were provided for the needy...
...In October, 1939, a new Estonian Government was appointed with Professor Juri Uluots, Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies, as Prime Minister, and Prof...
...How the Baltic States Wore "Incorporated" Into the ussr ACCORDING to Guide to the Peace, the miracle of the three Baltic nations, who, after centuries of oppression, enjoyed during- twenty y*ar* a very high-civilization and prosperity, and then wilfully committed national suicide by renouncing their independent existence, occurred very simply: "In September, 1939, after the German invasion of Poland, the USSR demanded of Latvia certain facilities for defense, which'were granted...
...A deaperate attempt was mad* te confront the Invading German* with a national Government Few...
...A vigorous cooperative and educational movement sprang up in the three countries...
...Th* political current* crystallized and took farm in three parties, el...
...Special -schedules arranged for the resumption of commercial and economie relations on the most-fayored-natlon basis...
...On February 2, 1920, the Treaty of Tartu was signed...
...In social questions the revised constitution of Lithuania granted to the" State the role of mediator and not that of a dictorial power...
...Daily food consisted of one piste of watery soup and fourteen ounces of bread...
...in Britain and the United States it was saved by the establishment of strong executives with emergency _ powers...
...Th* United etat**, which recognised the Baltic republic* de fur* on July 28, 1922, mad* it dear ea July tS, 1140, that the Russian msneuver in the Baltic waa in contradiction with the principles w Inch govern tli« Triette*»* between nation...
...comprising Kurland, part of Livonia, and Lat gab-Early fn January, 1918, Estonian leader* rejected th* German offer to proclaim independence under German occupation...
...Herbert Hoover and Hugh Gibson stated in their book, The Problem» of Loiting Peace, that the outstanding immediate result of the first World War was the advance Of personal liberty and representative government in the liberated countries of Eastern end Central Europe as the foundation of their national life...
...W»ge* increased by ? te 80 percent, bat, ea the other hand, prices of all staple ftmmeditlo* w era raited by Ste te 890 percent " From Estonia alone 60,910 people of all classes wer* deported to Russia, 7,129 of whom had first bejsn sentenced to ten to twenty-five years' hard labor...
...In 1934, there wat one university student for...
...As for the "m*rti«l l*w," or more exactly emergency state in Estonia, one must not'forget that it occurred in September, 1938, after * the German conquest of Austria, the Munich pact, and during the tension between Germany and Lithuania— at a moment when Germany became as great a potential menace as the USSR...
...of May ft, 1941, under th* headline "Political Mind in Estonia," which accuses the Estonian Intelligentsia of "preaching loyalty to England" and hatred against Germany and anything German...
...Had Poland become aovietlsed...
...Soviet soldiers and political agents participated in the campaign and the counting of votes—if there wa* any—was made by imported Bolshevik officials...
...reduced the Baltic standard* of living to Russian tevets...
...the use of the Lithuanian language in the schools and even the printing of Lithuanian in Latin character* were forbidden in 18*6...
...121...
...To quote a recent publication, An Intelligent American's Guide to the Peace, edited by Sumner Welles, we read about Estonia: "Bitterly resentful of the loss of their great estates, they [the German 'Baits'] played a large part in the transformation in 1934 of the Estonian Republic to a dictatorship...
...The policy of the Baltic States was not dictated by hatred against any single state...
...Often the Versailles Peace Treaty ia cited as tot sole reason for the temporary independence of Jjo* nations...
...Their very rich folk-lore, literature, architecture, art and music, are not influenced by Russians, but rather by Scandinavian!, Germans, Italians, French, and English...
...Pence Treaties With Russia Til ? first Soviet peace proposal was received by Estonia on August 31, 1919...
...The Dumbarton <h»lu> proposal* eon-ken no reference to general principles...
...Thia note dealt with the alleged kidnapping aad torturing of Russian soldiers ia Lithuania, in order to learn "military aecrets...
...The border states dared to settle the whole Russia* question without reference to the Allied Powers, which first menaced thorn with repressions nad had finally te' abandon their entire policy of intervention in Russian affairs...
...Ia 1936-18 th* three countries, with a p*palati«« of hardly »,000, s*«, Isspsrtod British manufactured goods t* aaacUf th* hub* value <H,j(M),(MiOt *s did the Soviet Union—with a population of 170,000.oou According to the aUtkttiea of the League *f N» tions...
...In conformity with this phraseology and almost immediately after the German withdrawal, on November 27, the Soviet army invaded Estonia...
...The foreign trade turnover of Pinlsnd, B*tenia, Latvia, and Lithuania (about l.?W.eH people) in 1938 amounted to 3586,474,·»·, while that of the Soviet Union waa 3512.5o8.0v0...
...This treaty, as far as the Baltic countries were concerned, only invalidated th* Brest-Litovsk Treaty and specified that German troops should evacuate the Baltic lends...
...n~ffietanTe^?hlrig, ffi* SmWostKfa, a" Ruwian-?sn-tniage newspaper at Riga, issued a telegram from the latvian Telegraph Agency, affirming that Lithuania is not a Signatory to the defensive military agreement concluded between Estonia and Latvia On November 1, 1923, ea recorded at the League of Nations...
...At the beginning, there was no President The functions of the President wer* csrried out by the Prime Minister...
...Lithuania reached the peak of ita power before becoming a member of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and shared, aince the partitions of Poland (1772-1795), the fate of the latter...
...no decisions concerning their fundsmental rights csn be taken in the absense of thsir legal governments by sny single power or international conference...
...The Tarta University is characterised as the hearth of "pro-British propaganda" snd Estonian businessmen are scolded for having preferred British to German goods...
...Scores of thousand* of people of all classes fled the country by crossing the Baltic Sea in small open boats, whereby thousands perished...
...In the independent Baltic States, compulsory education up to the age of 16 was introduced...
...The Estonian delegates in London (A...
...An armistice was signsd four days sfter the speech of Lenin, and the treaty of peace on March 18, 1921, st Rigs...
...cl.red that a "lasting, worthy, snd just peace" is therei by concluded...
...It must also be remembered that the Republics of Estonia, Latvi», and Lithuanis are fall-titled members of the League of Nations, "The Baltie countries have always been a battleground for fundamental political ideas," said a Russian governor^reneral in 1870...
...In May, 1944, soma 700 Estonian intellectual* had been arrested by the Germans under the pretext that they were pro-British, pro-American or pro-Finnish...
...The Baltic peoples belong to ths Russian "sphere", only by subjugation...
...Tha awT...
...In the case of Estonia, however, the Guide admits that "a plebiscite followed under Soviet auspices, and "the exiled Pats government protested both the sponsorship and implications of the plebiscite" (p...
...o o Versailles Treaty The treaty of Vereaille* was signed on June 28,1919, when the struggle of th* Baltic nations against Soviet aggression snd the Landeswebr 'was st its highest point...
...A radiogram received in London August 20, 1944, reports that on July 12 and August 6 they kilted almost the entire population of Kalsnava and Landone, in Latvia, no consideration being given to children, old age or sei...
...p. IS...
...They have enjoyed independence, prosperity, and lively relations with other nstions, even military "glory...
...v*a t* ********** and the establishment of *n independent »tat...
...in August a Soviet press delegation visited the three capitals...
...In all three countries the devastation ami chaos caused by the first World War was great, and it was made worse by the Russian Revolution and civil war, the collapse of the Russian monetary system, and the German occupation...
...A Lithuanian National Council (Taryba) assembled at Vilnius -Vilno on September 18-22, 1917...
...The Baltic deportees have been dispersed throughout the Soviet empire from the Kola peninsula in the far north to Vladivostok, and among them were the presidents snd members of the nation*) governments of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania...
...We And them expressed again in the Atlantic Charter, but these principle* were not incor-pstated in the proposal* for the establishment of ? genaral international organization to be called The Sauted Natieaa...
...Soviet apologist* further ¦rgne that the Baltic people* declared themselves in for a union with Soviet Russia...
...1,700 people were killed...
...This system definitely subordinated the executive to the legislature and proved in the long run to be impracticable...
...In retaliation, the Soviet Government demanded: that tha Lithuanian Minister of the Interior be immediately tried...
...The Lithuanian Government proposed at once that a joint Knssian-Llthuanian commission be appointed for investigation ef this story...
...by destroying the Polish Army, we sre destroying the Versailles Peace, upon which rests the whole system of present international relations...
...Sworn statement* of th* few Baltic citizena who had managed to escape, tell of vermin-infected hut* or barracks without bed* in the Russian labor csmps, of a 14 hours workday under the surveillance of Russian convicts and armed soldiers...
...The equality sad Mvetaigaty ef the pi*pl** of Itimaia...
...No world security organization, no machinery for the prtrention of future aggression, no peace settlement, cs* *n*ar* enduring peace if its purpose is to freeze the ftttut f*e poet heltttm, to make permanent the inka)*** that have been and are being perpetrated, to pastbftsh in perpetuity the domination of the entire **rM by The Three...
...The total population of the three stetes wax about 6,000,000 in 1939...
...Yet, when the Estonian National Council declared itself the depository of th* supreme power in the country and resolved to summon an Estonian Con...
...During the chaotic conditions just prior tha Germane' retreat from Tallinn these prisoners were liberated by the Estonian partisans...
...It is true that the establishment In Latvia of...
...The German noble* did not "flee" with th* Latvian government...
...social welfare, these countries had I?Vi...
...The Ruaaian broad-east from Riga on June 2d, aad the declaration of the Russian General Safronov of June 28, confirmed the fact of revolt...
...Since June 21, pro-Soviet mani testations were organized in the three capitals, with participation of armed Soviet aoldiers end Bailor* and a display of tanks...
...unless Europe is free, there cannot he a lasting peace for the other continents...
...have any right to American land...
...Estonia and Latvia were administered, under Tzarist Russia, by the German-Bait nobility (descendants of the Teutonic Knights) which exercised self-government through its "Landtags" and "Landrate...
...The Right to Independence Of the Bolfic People* The Baltics and the Russians differ greatly...
...They or* likewise *pp***d te sny fam *f intervention on the pert of oaf atate, however powerful, hi the domestic concerns of any other sovereign atate...
...In January, 1920, the Latvian troops, aided by Poles, succeeded in clearing also their Latgale province...
...Oer mom Intmilmdm mad AH* The Bahk- racasW attitude toward the German wrra-pation ha* found expression in the foftowing tetirh ,i rhyme: The people sing In full eVIirM A robber has saved us from a robber** might...
...By the termu of the peace treaties, Rueeia renounced voluntarily and forever all her rights of sovereignty over the Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian people* and territorial, Thea* peoples and lands were entirely * freed from sny obligation arising from their having been a part of the former Russian domain...
...The main pur-P*S* of the new organisation, if the proposals are not amended, will be to create for the "peace-loving" victor jptiiist en instrument for maintaining the statut qua...
...The Landtag of the nobility was abolished and an Estonian National Council' (Maandukogu), elected on the basis of universal, direct and secret suffrage, without distinction of aex, became the legislative authority, entrusted with the tank of elaborating a permanent atatue for Estonia...
...At the end of April, 1936, the Chiefs-of-Staff of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania paid a courtesy visit to Moscow as the guests of Marshal Jegorov, and in June, 1937, V. Munters, I^tvia's Foreign Minister, went to Moscow...
...The number of Baltic refugee* in Sweden solne is at present about 36,500 (70 percent of theater* worker*) aad great pm*are is exercised by the Soviet* upon the Swedish Government to consider these refugees as Soviet subjects...
...they only confirmed accomplished facts...
...When the Russian military operations against th* border states had come to an impasse, the, Allied governments lifted the blockade and began commercial negotiations with Russia, which waa exhausted economically by war and famine...
...The treaties further permitted persons dwelling in their respective domains to choose either Russian, Estonian, or Latvian, or Lithuanian citizenship...
...In Latvia, more than 60,000 people disappeared, including 20,000 women and 9,000 children (the International Red Cross at Geneva listed: in 1943 the names of 35,000 who have been braced...
...Parallel with the secondary schools were technical, commercial and naval colleges...
...The Baltic agricultural republics did not subscribe to that purpose and fiercely resisted the invasion , of the Red armies...
...Moscow ssdnsed, aad ea Jane 15 a new Soviet nota added teat the Lithuanian Government was preparing an attack, upon th* Soviet garrison stationed ia Lithuania...
...Security" ¦yetenu governed by the power-political schemes of yesterday, seem obsolete today when the most distant Use* ef the earth csn be reached by air transport in ai*ty honri and security csn be threatened from sny...
...This Cabinet had the support of about seven-eighths of the Chamber of Deputies...
...On September 20, two days before the arrival of the Soviet troops, Tallinn was liberated by the Estonian armed units...
...Less than one percent of the people deported to Russia in 1940-41 had returned to Estonia, 65 percent of the rest *re estimated to have perished...
...Lithuania followed suit with the Treaty of Moscow on July 12, 1920, Latvia on August 11, 1920, with the Treaty of Riga, and the peace treaty between Finland and Russia waa signed at Tartu on October 14, 1920...
...Alt poll* were destroyed upon completion of the "count...
...The third will be on Cirte...
...Religious instruction was banned from schools and universities, and th* clergy was pieced under ? ? VI) (OGPtT) surveillance...
...It is clear thst concerning the Baltic States (which ere still recognized by the USA as sovereign independent nation*) this program can b* fully achieved only after the return of those citizena who have been forcibly mobilized or deported from their country...
...They hsd to fight hard sgain in October, 1919, when a certain Avalov-Bermondt led a new German and "white" Russian army against the Latvian capital...
...Thia declaration, aa publiahed ia PremUs, November 3, 1917, read* in part: "hi the epoch of 'Pearls**, the p«spits of Ku«ua w*re ariassd ******t each other...
...Ia the treaties themselves it is d...
...Vyshinaky, Vice Commissar af Foreign Affairs, of that in'Latvia, see* The BeHU Nabhcit* "If a small or weak nation hi act accorded the right ia decide th* farm of Re political existence by a free vote—implying the complete withdrawal ef, the troop* of th* incorporating or merely strong nation—then the incorporation ia an annexation, i. e. an arbitrary appropriation of a foreign coun try', an act of violence...
...The Provisional Latvian Government beaded by* K. Ulmanis called a Constituent Assembly on May 1,1920, which adopted a democratic constitution and agrarian reforma...
...No facts ars given to support th* contrary thesis of the critics of ths Baltic Statos...
...This victory, they wrote, came before the peacemakers could meet...
...In 1938 a new corporative Fascist constitution came into effect, the dictator Paets naming himself president...
...There are few mineral deposits of any commercial importance except the rich phosphorus deposits snd the oil-shale strata of Estonis...
...Thsir evolution is an essentisl psrt of the Europesn history, their freedom an inseparable part of the freedom of Europe where about 260,000,000 people belong to the smaller nations...
...Agrarian reform in the three countries laid the foundations of social equality and averted the spread of Bolshevism across the border of Soviet Russia...
...Dek* not or, Assistant Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR, arrived at the airport of Kaanaa and proceeded to constitute, a new "honest" government of Lithuania...
...Coerrov.rtres Over foHic History I HE Russian version of history is that Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have belonged, since the eighteenth emtury, to the Ruaaian Empire and that they were forcibly separated from Russia by Germany in 1918, ¦f the Brest I.itovsk Treaty...
...Following the dispersion of the Ruaaian Constituent Assembly by Soviet forces, this Council reaffirmed on January 18, 1918, that Latvis should become an independent democratic republic...
...One should ssy that ths foreign policy of these countries was based on ths League of Nations and the closest possible cooperation between the Baltic nations themselves...
...This declaretion also says that the USA, ths United Kingdom, and the USSR will "jointly" assist the peoples in any European liberated state to establish conditions of interns...
...Commissar Zhdanov, member of the Supreme Soviet (now in Finland), was entrusted with the appointing of the "government" in Estonia...
...At the vTsr Lottery organized in Tallinn on Nov...
...On the contrary, Baron von Neurath, the Reich's Foreign Minister, expressed in January, 1936, some misgivings about the liquidation of the German Guilds in Riga...
...etituent Aesemhly, Red soldiers garrisoned in Tallinn dissolved by force the National Council and, in January,, 1918, forcibly terminated th* elections to the Constituent Assembly...
...the Versailles Peace would have been terminated and the system built on vietoiry over Germany would have been destroyed likewise...
...The real purpose of the Soviet Russia's attack on the Baltic countries ia explained by Irvenia on December 26, 1918, in th* following statement: "Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are directly en the road from Rumia to Western Europe and are therefore a hindrance to our revolution, because they separate Soviet Russia from revolutionary Germany...
...In March 1917, th* greater pert of Latvian land* were unfler ¦ German domination (Estonia was oece> pied in February 1918...
...The density ia greatest in Lithuania: 118 inhabitants per square mile...
...The combined Latvian and Estonian forces, however) after having cleared Livonia of Russian troops, defeated the Landeswehr on June 23, 1919, at Cesls (Vonno...
...Several hundred* of thousand* of th* Baltic people went to Germany, because the only alternative was extermination by the Rossisfu...
...Their frantic terror of the Bolsheviks ara* a* great that one part of...
...During the interim period, an International Commission with an effective participation of the United States, should be set up for the temporary administration of these countries and the safety of their inhabitants...
...Ah* forceful ^corporation of th* Balti* nations into ft* Soviet Union mean* their enslavement and the arbitrary control of one single power over the Baltic sea, which washes the shores of ten...
...The Estonian Government replied affirmatively, despite the warnings of the Allied Powers (England and France) that measures of blockade would be applied to "defeatist" Estonia...
...President Konstantin P?ts did not name himself...
...Zigfrida Meierovics, the first and most popular Latvian Foreign Minister, had a Jewish father, and there were Jews in the Lithuanian diplomatic service...
...There was an open fight between Germans and Latvians before Jelgava (Mitau) when the Russian* wers driven from this city...
...On September 10, 1938, the country again came under martial law, with suspension of civil rights" (PP...
...1944...
...Tne main principle of the Atlantic Charter, the right of sll free nation* to choose their own governments, ami the rmtttaUea af sovereign righto aad self-government to those people* who have basa forcibly departed af tavam, km* been resoatfy wetRrnitd in the declaration af th* Crista* Cattfarenc...
...As early as the Pea.« Conference in Paris, in 1918-19, a project for a Baltic Union including the Scandinavian states, Finland and Poland, had been drawn up...
...by Kaarel Robert Pusta, pag* 10...
...New universities were established in Riga and Kaunas...
...In Denmark, Helsing?r would bs fortified by th* Germans so that it might become a Gibraltar of th* North and th* Baltic entirely locked up...
...123...
...The truth is that there was virtually no illiteracy in Estonia and Latvia in 1940...
...Th* head of th* family waa invariably separated from the rest...
...NO staged elections or unilateral decisions should be allowed to frustrate the right of the Baltic people to choose the constitutional governments and institutions under which they are to live...
...Gormen invasion,- voluntarily incorporated them-¦***> hy numns of a plebiscite, with the USSR...
...The Provisional Government of K. P?ts ordered the holding of elections for the Estonian Constituent A*> sembly during the Liberation War, on April 6-7/1919, on the basis of universal, equal, direct, secret and proportia) suffrage...
...In July Latvia ' held a plebiscite which ratified her new status as a Soviet republic...
...About the same is said of Lithuania, wh«r* "a popular plebiscite declared Lithuania a Soviet republic...
...But, on August 14, 1920, a counter-offensive was launched by Pi?sudski and the Red forces were driven back...
...Th* outcome of this conflict may decide th* outcome of other more important conflicts throughout Europo—and th* world...
...inhabit ante...
...resistance against th* German occupation...
...At least 126,000 men took an active partinit The revolt co*t Iithuanla over 12,000 casual -ties (more than 4,000 killed...
...Th* Acting g*t**tary of State, Suarner Well**, offered in his pre., r*l*a»* the following comment on th* Soviet annexation: "During tho...
...that they were educed to fight Russia only by th* Germans, and en-e**oged by the anti-Soviet policy of other European rtwers...
...Special Supplement The Baltic States Europe Cannot Be Free and Democratic If the Baltic Peoples Are Enslaved ESTONIA, Latvia, and Lithuania have become a battleground-not only ef aimed forces, but of ideological forces...
...In Estonia, a National Committee of the Estonian Republic representing all the democratic parties and organizations, was formed in June, 1944, and a provisional government was appointed whose main task was to organiz...
...or change the natural hue of their strong individuality...
...What Next...
...Article ? of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk stipulated that Estonia and Livonia should be "occupied by the German police force until security [sicJ is guaranteed by their own national institutions and until governmental order is reestablished...
...then invasion and subjugation, and then again periods of peace and inlight-merit...
...With regard to the Baltic democracies, this is only partly true: their National Councils and Provisional Governments were recognized de facto by th* principal Allied Powers in 1918, but the final recognition de jure came in January, 1921, almost a year after the conclusion of the Peace Treaties between Soviet Russia and the Baltic States...
...1800 Estonian* were killed...
...They were in contact with different cultures: German, Scandinavian, Polish, Russian, but none of these foreign influences could amalgamate these people...
...The new Estonian Constitution, as adopted by the National Constituent Assembly in August, 1937, and entered into force in January, 1938, is not a "Fascist" constitution...
...In 1938 Lithuania had a coalition government...
...The object of this union was to safeguard the freedom of the Baltic Boa and to establish a common system of defense and economic cooperation...
...According to a table published in Colin Clark's book, Conditions of Economic Progress (London, 1930), th* best-fed peoples in northeastern Europe in 1938 were Finland and the Bsltic state*, •nd the best-clothed lived in Finland, Estonia and Latvia...
...The former province of Estonia waa anlsjMjLby the inclusion of the outlying Estonian-speskiTAythetricts In northern Livonia and the Narva area of the Petrograd province (gubernia) within its boundaries...
...A Svarre*** Committee for Liberation ef Littm -ani* was framed in February...
...however weak...
...the former Constitution snd caused the form of popular representation to be altered...
...Tie Bevief Bill of Right 1 AfTER the Bolshevik coup d'etat in Petrograd, the new Soviet Government Issued a Declaration of the right* of the Peoples of Kassie, on November 2, 1917, signed "in the name of the Russian Republic'' by Joseph Djugaahvili (Stalin) end V. Uliaaov (Lenin...
...Thus Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have been incorporated into the feviet Union, and Poland, Czechoslovakia, and all of th* Balkans are handed over to the Russian sphere and hp system of security, without regard to the desires Jf the 120,000,000 inhabitants of that area...
...their percent age aha re of world trade waa in f»J« «beut 6,5 percent and that of the huge Soviet l/nwn 1.1 percent...
...The Latvians, Letts and Lithuanians belong to the Litho-Baltic race of the Indo-European stock...
...Latvia aad Katen» ceassitated tarhber th* essne of the pr***nt wsrld war a*r may kss-draac* whatever te the peaeeful dsnlepmaat at their power fal BSSghket-, Kaaaia...
...In return, Germany would be permitted, after Norway bad been conquered, to establish a flying and submarine base at Stavanger and a naval base and repair yard st Narwik...
...They reject the idee that ? nasta which already aptead* ever * sixth of the earth'* surface aad ha* ****rea on seven seas, really needa the 65,000 square mUes of the Baltic Stetes with 6,·0...
...fsfecefl«« SoVIET RUSSIA claims to have brought literacy to the Baltic countries...
...Agam roan were ankawfally mobilized and warnen sent to forced labor—tSri* tha* to Germany Agam thousand* of men lay his dm to tha forest, and marshes awaiting a eignel to revolt against the •pprtMSIs...
...This separating well hss to be de-troy ed...
...In accordance with this false realism Europe ia being divided into spheres of influence, and the age-old game of power politic- is continued without change...
...Toward the end of 1919, the von der Goltz-Bermondt army, in turn, invaded the country...
...He was elected in April, 1938, by an electoral college consisting of the two chambers of the Parliament and the representative assemblies of local self-government bodies by 219 vote* to 19...
...To the Lithuanians, whose country was at the time of the Russian Revolution entirely under German occupation, the Russian Provisional Government gave solemn assurances that their national aspirations would be respected...
...15, 1944, prizes were set up: chesp trousers valued at 700 rubles (142 dollsrs) snd poor shoes at 500 rubles...
...Th* fourth win be ea the...
...32,187 men were mobilized into the Red Army...
...On September 28 also s "Pact of Mutual Assistance" was imposed by ths USSR on Estonis, under pretence of security against aggression "arising on the pert of any great European power...
...According to a statement made by the Lithuanian American Council, aye-witness refugees from Lithuania reported in September, 1944, mass execution* and deportation* ia Lithuania...
...The'security'of the self-determined nations wa* te be guaranteed against con-•nerers fey Oat combined force* of all' free nations...
...The Baltic Bute* wer* no obstacle to the devel-aaaeiat of CO****"* w th* world...
...By th* aunple fact ef ctaenitt in 171· and 179», they argue, Renata did not establish any perennial right to possess the Baltic lands, sny mor* than the Tartar* who ruled over Russia during 240 year* er Lithuania which in days of old ruled over Ukranla can claim Russian land and Ukranis, er Great Britain, France, end Spai...
...3t),l>00 Workers from Russia were dispatched to Estonie...
...On September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland, and on September 28, before Wars*w fall, Ribbcntrop and Molotov signed a Treaty of Friendship, partitioning Poland...
...a* the aecend ef a tartee ef awatlol »appkt Barop* and Asia...
...The fate of these email Baltic States has assumed na importance out Of all proportion t* ta*» geographic or economic weight...
...323) thst, in accordance with this agreement, Germany waa to move the German-Baits out of Latvia and Estonia and give Russia a free hand in the two countries when she deemed the time ripe...
...But a Lettish congress, meeting at Valmiera, urged the creation by the Russiea Provisional Government of "an autonomen* administrative unit to be called Latvia, out of portion* of th* gubernii of Livonia, Vitebsk and Kurland inhabited by Latvians," By an act of the Ruaaian Provisional Government on July 5, 1917, Latvia waa granted autonomy...
...Thea« principles, although badly applied during the Period separating th* two wars, have ice* nothing of «Wir value...
...On June 23,1941, the number ef the Latvian partama* waa estimated at 60,000...
...Some •M-Botthevik Ruaaian* assert bluntly that the Russian Wriotie war ahne include "the regaining of territories *»d frontier* lost through the Breat-Mtbvak peace, ****ity of then* frontiers from new atacka and acquis i -***** Russia of a place among th* nations rommen-5** w»th her peat, her life intereata anrl relative JJJ*t in the world" (Alexander Kerenaky in ?. Y. Tvm*»r January lg, 19...
...Ants Piip, former Estonian Minister to Washington, member of the Labor Party, as Foreign Minister...
...the Sah Francisco conference on Dumbarton Oaks, Kb previous conferences st Moscow, Teheran, Yalta, and Cairo, gives the stamp of approval to fait* aeeomplis outing multilateral the unilateral action of Russian isjperialism in the Baltics, the Balkans, and Poland, and erects the machinery to enforce all these decisions, it will not be a step toward permanent peace, but toward World War...
...of moderate political hue: Democrat*, Progressives, and Social Democrats...
...The "governments" acted in concert, issued identicsl declarations, and held fresh "elections" on the same day, on July 14 and 15, 1940...
...Clumsily enough, these results were officially announced by the Soviet news agency in a ' London newspaper fully twenty-four hours before the closing of th* "polls...
...Their clothes were never, changed nor washed, and these ha dto be worn until they fell off their bodies in rags...
...to form interim governmental authorities broadly representative of all democratic elements in the population and pledged to the earliest possible establishment through free elections of governments responsive to the will of the people, snd to facilitate where necessary the holding of free and unfettered elections...
...The ahmt w— devoted to * sea-vey Of event, aad trend, ia Pataad...
...Some weeks later, foreign cor-xespondsnts invited - by the Soviet authorities to 'liberated' Estonia were shown hug* pyres with burned corpse* st ? looga, near Tallin, and they were told that among the thousands of murdered people were included the arrested intellectuals...
...These elections marked a trend in the direction of constitutional Socialism or at least far-reaching and permanent economic snd political democracy...
...past few days th...
...for heavy workers and privileged officials, food is scarce...
...Th* Nazi* called them "Communists," as the Bolsheviks called them "Fasci.U" in 1941 and "bandits" today...
...The Ruasiftcation policy, which started in Lithuania in 1863 and in Latvia and Estonia in the 1880's had only fused the industrial and marine population of th* towns into a common bloc with the peasantry, which wa* determined to aeeert it* national and cultural right...
...This area is for the most part flat There sre numerous marshes, heaths, bogs, and lakes...
...A former U.S...
...They will certainly hail th* idea of a democratic federated Europ* within the frame of a general organization of free nations...
...These peoples have dwelt in their lands over two thousand years...
...Except for bread, the dally ration of which has been fixed at 300 grams (ten ounces), and 500 gr...
...On that day the national c*r?*Bckt* in the BoKk ttaatiits were abolished sad th* Ituaaian rable iatrodured ma leg...
...Contrary to a general impression created by the pro-Soviet publications, th*** elections were not treated at that time a* plebiscite* determining the incorporation of th* Baltic republic...
...and that immediete free passage on Lithuanian territory be granted to Soviet troops...
...Thus the asser-tion that th* Baltic States , were created by Germany is mil ? lie • · * Whof Bolshevik "Self-Defermination Mease FuRTHER events showed that the self-determination proclaimed by the Soviet regime in 1917 and later even inserted in the USSR Constitution, simply mesns the verbal concession of a certain degree of autonomy, provided the nationalities in question adopt the Soviet form of government...
...The Knssisn Red Proletsrist should And an opportunity to influence the revolution in Germany...
...The proportion of th* population dependent on agriculture in Lithuania was nearly 77 percent, in Latvia 66, and in Estonia 60 percent...
...While the three countries were occupied by strong Soviet fore**, th* puppet governments established by the Soviet emissaries had no other task than the liquidation of the constitutional institution* and th* setting up of th* Bolshevik order...
...A general revolt broke out in Lithuania on June 22-24...
...Worker* were free to organize themselvea w trade unions...
...The Latvian National Council sent on July 8, 1918, nn extensive protest to foreign Powers concerning the activities of Germany snd the territorial arrangementa of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty...
...dependence are to be allowed the right to decide by means of a referendom whether they elect to be united to other nations or to acquire independence...
...The Russian, German, Polish, Swedish and Jewish minorities were assured education in their mother tongue...
...As for Soviet "literacy," it is noteworthy that the first book published in Estonia after her reoccupation in 1944 was the report of Stalin to the Communist Party Congress, snd the first hand-books obligatorily introduced in all Estonian schools were Principlet of Leninism and Stalinism snd History of the Soviet Union, . . . • * * Politico/'Life It is significant, indeed, that just at the present time, when th...
...However, the situation became more complicated through the Armistice conditions imposed upon Germany through the Allied Powers, The German forces were asked to do their, utmost to stem the Russian advance...
...peace...
...Baacattog the wtB of the Soviet*, th* Comma •f th* People'* C?**¦>*¦*ihm lata r—erred te he xuxterl i* th* geestiea of aati***HH— by the fol¦WW"IT*y*Jf pTim)C ft|Vw»M i "1...
...Th« Estonians belong to the Finno-Ugric family and *r« closely related to the Finns...
...I at vian President, K?rlis Ulmanis, has been known as pro-British and not pro-German...
...Thia army was defeated by Lithuanians at Radviliskis, on November 21-22, 1919...
...The population of the Baltic countries started to organise themselves long before th* Germsn-Russian clash, in order to shske off the hated Soviet regime at the first opportunity...
...They are a pttieaeJd 01 fundamental ides...
...Much of the country snd even of th* Estonian islands is covered with forest (in Estonis 20 percent, in Latvia 29 percent and in Lithuania 16 percent of the total'area...
...If our experience between the Jfcft and second world wars taught us anything, it aught us that justice between nations is of paramount iaporUnc...
...Nevertheless, Soviet ultimatums which were handed to the Estonian and Latvian Governments on June 16, referred to toe alleged induction of Lithuania into the Baltic Military Entente, and complained about the innocuous Been* Baltique, which waa published in Tallinn in English, French and German...
...Russia guaranteed to respect the neutrality of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, should it b* internat?otislly recognized, and to take part in guaranteeing it...
...Later, at th* Baltic conferences, a Cue-, toms Union was drafted and a Treaty of Goodwill snd Cooperation between Estonis, Latvia and Lithuania was signed and registered in September, 1934, st Geneva...
...The average span of life in those camp* dost not exceed five years...
...They also marked a complete detachment from Bolshevism* of the great masses of the nation," wrote MaJbone W. Graham (New Govern menu of Eastern Europe, pp...
...Peasants were forced into collect?vised farming after the Soviet pattern...
...Although the growth of peasant ownership had proceeded rather more quickly in th* former Baltic Provinces than in the rest of Russisn Empire, a very large proportion of the land was still owned by a few large owners before World War I. The large holders in Estonis snd Latvia were chiefly the so-called Baltic Barons, descendants of the German Knights, the Russian Crown, some Russisn landlords, end the Church...
...The national resurgence in the Baltic countries, since the nineteenth century, has been gradual, going through successive stages which ended logically in aa independence movement in 1917...
...In Lituania it waa estimated that at least 50,000 civilians were deported- to Russia (30,000 name* have been obtainni from list which th* Russian* left behind) and 3,000 person* killed by NKVD...
...Baltic countries are under the domination of th* most ruthless dictatorship of the Soviets, th* story of the former Baltic "dictatorships" is diffused zealously in many pro-Soviet books end articles dealing with peace problems...
...On the Armistice day, November 11, 1918, th* Lithuanian Government of Professor Valdem?ra* was formed...
...Yet, on May 28,1940, Mololuy aent a violently worded note to the Lithuanian envoy la Moscow...
...Moreover, th* note claimed that Lithuania had adhered to th* Etonian lat vian military alliance, thus completing a tripartite alliance directed against th* USSR...
...English and French became the first foreign languages in the secondary schools and the language of many courses at the universities...
...Th* Eatonian Provisional Administration akt* obtained permission from Petrograd, in th* autumn of 1917, to organize Estonian contingents ander their own Sanratt, for defense of the country against th* German invasion...
...Several citi** already are entirely devoid of any Lithuanian...
...The Baltic peoples have always had a strong feeling for priv?ta property and individual rights, since they have never lived under the Russisn system of the land commune <mu) · the kernel of the modern communistic labor camps ("sovkhoxes" and "kolkhozes") in Soviet Russis...
...The referendum is to be so arranged as to ensure complete freedom of voting...
...123...
...Th* exiled government denounced this action as an election under dure**" (p...
...There was not a democracy in the world that was not shaken by the effects of the crisis of 1930-34...
...Th* lesaite *f thi* policy »re known: ¦ statt— and psgrsts* •w Mat aide...
...The so-called realistic school pretends that peace can ? ensured by building the power of the great nations and maintaining an alliance between them, at the expense of the small and weak nations...
...And in April, 1936, Fascist totalitarian organizations for spreading propaganda in Latvia were suppressed...
...e''· · Autonomy and Liberation Wave AfTER the collapsei.iff th* Tzariat regime, in February 1917, the liussian Provisional Govermaent of Prince Lvov issued a special law on Estonian Autonomy tin March 30, 1917...
...The theory il thai the interests of the lesser nations must be sub-ardlnated to the interests of the greater powers as a part of a wider plan for world security.' ? One of the essential principles advanced In 191U waa the self-determination of peoples...
...Th* improvised Estonian partisan fotce* numbered around 50,000 men and th* losses inflicted open th* Red troops and NKVD battalions were reported to be 4JB00 killed and 14,000 prisoners...
...Russians, however, continued to kill people in the "liberated" area...
...national consciousness was further developed by the press, and modem literature became permeated by the democratic idea* of Western Europe...
...The occupied countries have to supply food for the Red srrrfies (about 800,000 men in Latvia) and the city of Leningrad...
...Latvia ami LHiaaala ware te be detmeratety amrhYBated by one of their ***** pawerfol n«ighhor...
...Piip, ? R. Pusta and Ed...
...The Ruaaian Minister of Justice, Alexander Kereneky, went to Tallinn and declared to the Estonians, on April 10, that henceforth they were free either to join the new democratic Roaeia or pursue their own independent wsy...
...The Baltic peoples hav* participated, indeed, in many struggles for msny centuries: the thrust of Germans toward the East and the thrust of Russians towsrd th* West, the contest between the Russian-Orthodox snd Roman Cstholic Churches snd the Reformstion...
...They left the Baltic countrie* with their furniture, tools, materials, and jewelry in the autumn of 19.19, according to the German-Russian agreement of August, 1939...
...only the number of victims is greater, in proportion to the population...
...The Latvian Underground Central Committee issued a declarst ion Si February, 1*44, rapreaeatiag a coarse of action for the reestablishment of the democratic Latvian Republic...
...Labor Organization were carefully observed and far the greater part incorporated in national labor legis!sti<N...
...Who managed this, ina?s-BMNphier* ??"'' Four large Concentration camps for Estonians wer* established immediately after the "liberation", Ten* Ot thousands of Estonians, and among them Estonian workers, were driven en foot to Rossi*, white...
...Decisions, relating to th* independence of Latvia, were token by the Latvian National Council, which met In Walka on November 17-18, 1917...
...Contrary to the assertion* made today in pro-Soviet publications, there wem no word about relatione with Germany in theme ultimatum: In spite ef the weakness of the indictment against Estonie and Latvia, Moscow demanded that new governments he appointed and the free entry of Russisn troops "in sufficient numbers'* granted...
...Wirgo) wrote, on May 1,1918, to Maxim Utvinov, at that time the Soviet plenipotenairy delegate at London, requesting the Soviet Government to recognise, as the sole supreme power in Estonia, its Provisional Government, instituted by the National Council before the arrival of the German...
...Thereupon the Latvian Government (together with many German nobles) fled to the Reich...
...Th* Soviet Decree of Peace made public by the Russian delegation In Brett-Lftovsk provided that: • "NatleneHthw net hitherto enjoying political In...
...The participation of ths nation in affairs of Stat*, bow-ever, was assured in s system of "Chambers": two chambers uniting liberal professions snd the cultural life, snd four chambers representing economic interests snd labor...
...Europe cannot be a free continent anlas* ths principle of freedom holds good for sll her nations...
...In their official speech** at the signing of the peace treaties the Soviet delegates «?tolled these tresvtio* as satisfy, ing the highest possible demands with regard to justies and uprightness...
...On th* whole the situation to Latvia and Lithuania is very similar to that in occupied Estonia, say the Baltic refugee* who escaped to Sweden after the arrival of the Russians...
...On Jun* 18, 1941 the Moscow radi» announced that 9,000 Latvian children were to be transferred to the "pioneer campe" and scattered all ever the USSR...
...the population wanted to (tea to Germany voluntarily," writes Felix Cielena, Iatvtan Socialist and former Minister ef Foreign Affairs...
...Participation in the elections woe compulsory, but *R lietu of the opposition had hewn eliminated and people were compelled to "vote" only the single Communist ticket...
...As for th* situation of workers, w* read in an appeal sent to the International Federation of Trade Unions by th* representatives of the trade unions of the Baltic States the following passage: : "fhi Noveaxher 25, 194·, all the illu.ion* aad hep** which some workers might h*ve entertained were destroyed by ea* single mrok...
...In December, 1918, Soviet Russia (RSFSR) "recognised" Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania as independent "Soviet Republics" and offered their Communist "Governments," appointed by and residing in Russia, all necessary aid and support in their "struggle for liberation from the yoke of the bourgeoisie...
...At the same time Rigs, capital of Latvia, became more and more a city of Lett* who arose as atrong competitors of the Germans for leadership in the country...
...The following June, however, the Soviets charged Latvia with acting in the intereats of Germany...
...To avoid grave* which afterwards could bear witness of these crimes, as in 1940-41, the NKVD men poured naphtha on murdered victim* and burned the bodies...
...The conquest of the Baltic Sea would make it possible for Soviet Russia to agitate in favor of the Soviet Revolution in the Scandinavian countries so that th* Baltic Sea would be transformed into the sea of the Soviet Revolution...
...In reality, the German-Baits, only 1.6 percent of the population in Estonia snd 4 percent in Latvia, while enjoying the very liberal rights of national minorities in these countries, had lost all their former power and any decisive influence in domestic or foreign policy in Estonia and Latvia, and in 1989 they evacuated to Germany...
...The first Estonian Constituent Assembly endeavored to organize the Estonian State approximately on the lines of Switzerland...
...schools of agriculture and specialized institutes were created...
...Prag riant women gave birth te children ander such coadttions without any medical supplies...
...Th* principle behind the redistribution of land was to allow each individual as much Isnd ss'could be worked by his fsmily snd two horses...
...The small minority of German aristocrats gained in influence, and Latvia's orientation became unmistakably pro-German (p...
...On November 13, 1918, sfter the defeat of Imperial Germany by the Allied Powers, Soviet Russia cancelled the Brest-Litovsk Treaty and claimed that "the right of self determination muat be fully recognised is inherent in the working peoples of all nations...
...This psct, however, made clesr that the Treaty of Peace of February 2, 1920, and the Tresty of Non-Aggression snd Peacerei Settlement ef Conflicts dated May 4, luf* (and renewed upon the suggestion of the Soviet Government until December SI, IMS...
...tender...
...Another WaS the idea of the League of Nations...
...countries and feres th* shortest rente connecting north and east with weitern Europe...
...On th* eve of Riga's capture by the Russians panic reigned among the Latvian population of the capital...
...Only when, on July 21 and 22, the newly elected "parliament*" convened, their proceeding* began with a resolution to join the USSR, which was p*as*d "unani measly", by a simple show of hands...
...And again Pusta in Psris snd Piip in London protested to United States Ambssssdors against the German-Soviet treaties and declared them null and void for the Estonian Republic and people...
...Russia was given free access to the Bsltic ports by free transit, and by the creation of free ports...
...weeks later, however, thi* Government wss euptMrneti by the Oatmsas, son** ef Rs reeaaber* were arrested and departed to.Germany...
...Their Freedom Is Conducive fo Prosperity ond Peace The Republics of Estonia, Latvis snd Luthuani* rover an area of 65,560 square miles...
...In the Treaty of Berlin, August 27, 1918, Germany and the Soviet Republic amplified the stipulations of Brest-Litovsk...
...Clothes snd other commodities are practically non-existent...
...Enslavement of any single nstlon-msy endanger tl* whole structure of the postwsr pesce, if this is only on the principi* of might...
...V...
...The famous "Baltische Landeswehr," composed of the remnants of the German occupation army and the Baltic Germans, was commanded by General Ruediger von der Goltx, who turned against the Estonians and Latvians...
...For secondary education, hundreds of schools were set up and private schools received a State subsidy...
...288-268...
...These states bad a higher standard of living during the inter-war period than they had ever reached before World War I. With regard to public health, labor policy end...
...The Council demanded the creation of an independent Latvian State "under international guarantees...
...Sovietization of agriculture anff economic life is again in full swing...
...A great percentage of Baltics spoke German and Russian as well as their own language, and knowledge of English and French was on a fairly high level...
...Estonia remained a democratic republic, where the supreme power rests with the people and the country is directed by an elected President, who s needs for his decisions the counter-signature of the Government, and the latter must have the confidence of the Parliament, which is a two-Chamber representative body...
...Unln XVII, 334...
...There waa virtually no "Jewish question" in the free Baltic States...
...There is nothing which might justify the assertion that the Latvian relations with Soviet Russia "cooled noticeably" by 1986 and Latvia's orientation became "unmistakably" pro-German...
...Religious freedom disappeared With other civil liber-tie...
...The right of the peepi** ef RaaoU to dap*** of their own fat...
...Thereupon, the Russians occupied the greater part of Lithuania...
...The Russian imperial statistics of 1886 prove that 98 percent of Estonian recruits in the army were able to read and write...
...Bat in 1904 the Estonians (Esths) succeeded in wresting the municipal administration of their capital city, Tallinn Keval, from tho Germans, who had controlled it by means of a conservative electoral law...
...120-121...
...every 832 tnkatSil?ntt'in Estonia^—the highett percentage in the world...
...It is therefore impossible to exclude fa* problem of th* Baltic State* from any discus*ion of the future political and economic system of the world...
...BaBmaa The /Vet* Leader editor*, with the *»istance aad advice ef a grasp mi expert* aa Bstaait, Latvia, and Lithuania, have sought te premat aeearately the feet* and th* problema abopt these three small nation*, now «baarbed into the Soviet Union a* "autonomous" republice...
...The countries were covered with a close network of public libraries...
...Landownership is not regsrded ss s source of profit but as s way of life" noted J. Hampden Jackson in his book Estonia...
...a plac* beside the Scandinavian states...
...Any allu»ion to the incorporation before or during the *tectiera waa flatly refuted by the puppet government* and Moscow emissaries aa being "an invention of th* ansaai** of th* pec/plt...
...They were directed, of course, by the Kremlin...
...Sumner Wellea declared in July, 1940, as Acting Secretary of State, in an official statement: "From the dsy when (he peoples of these (Balfir) republics first gsined their independence snd democratic form of government th* people of the United States hsve watched their admirable progresa in self-government with deep and sympathetic interest . . ." The truth is (Alt none c( the Baltie peoples want either Bolshevism of Fascism, ? · * . - ·' ? · * Forelcjn Policy THERE wee an article in Trawi...
...Th* underground movement, which began with the .Soviet conquest in June, 1940, embraced all social strato...
Vol. 28 • April 1945 • No. 15
