The Devil and the Peace

...Those who hid as trust to a postwar alliance of the victors, evea though they may think of it as only a temporary expedient, have nothing to offer that can arrest this debacle ef the immediate postwar years...

...Alliances, moreover, are unstable...

...It is possible, if not very likely, that the alliance may remain both intact aad dominant for a generation, resisting tendencies to disunity and to realignment and suppressing encroachments on its dominance...

...Bat these premises are aeeem-peaied by threat, to ceart-martial the leaders of (he Waraaw revolt, sit hough H ie coating the Cera, so...

...Their instinct for an international organization ia wound...

...but by their policy they are helping to perpetuate it...

...They are ready enough to admit thst the victorious allies lost the last pesre but they do not serieualy face the fart that the same thing ia likely to happen again...

...If w< carry our hatreds beyond the war into the peace w« shall infallibly recreate the thing we hate...

...The other side will seek to detach one or more of them, offering a more enticing bargain...

...Everywhere, from the highest to the lowest level, the champions of particular interests become clamant again...

...It is feared that thia kind of discussion may be bad for our morale, may interfere with war aims, may give comfort to the enemy, may be premature in view of the uncertainties of the changing situation...

...We did not desire the war bwt we do not flinch from its ultimate demands...

...We cannot make effective war with a pesre lime mentality, and it la a* leas true that we cannot make elective peace with a war time mentality...

...But the peoples have grown skeptical of fine principlea eloquently delivered from high places...

...The alliance established in war will control and protect the peace...

...In the carry part of the present century there was aa epidemical rage in Europe for this species ef compacts, from which the politicians of the times fondly hoped for benefits which were never realized...

...The democratic peoples yearn for a lasting peace, but their yearning will avail them nothing anlesa they caa exercise the devil who plays en their meet righteoue emotions...

...Thia notion is very popular today...

...They are not only our enemies, they are enemies of the human race...

...Do we a age this colossal war for the mere satisfaction of triumphing over our enemiea—or to win through their defeat ¦nine great poaitive goal...

...Only so can the peace be really won...

...But peace is the opposite of war and if it is to endure it must be prepared in an opposite spirit...

...It lasers s cold sad eaVial report not in any way intended as a reply to a pitiful picture of penary presented te Congress by the big basinets Itbhitt...

...But the cause of srer is the inoututioaalisatiao of ear, and the only way to end wars m the laaUtolioaali-satioa of peace, ia other words, some esTe.titt international organization ia rested with authority to sc...

...This feeling, if carried into the peace settlement, may well defeat tie desire both for sn international authority and for a lasting peace...

...They remember what happened to these in 1919...

...The im( of war does not lie tn eoontrifs bat aefarera countries It ties in the lack of a final means ef peacefully s tiling disputes between countries...

...Grievances and jealousies are engendered through their divergent and conflicting policies for the settlement, and particularly over tha division of the spoilt of victory...

...Wherever ace mimic power is amassed, ia America, ia eeuu-asiatir Busaii, or anywhere else, military power ia at its command The balance of power, ia the old sense, no I sag or exists...

...The "Christian kings," meeting at Vienna and at Paris, planned an unusually good and lasting peace...

...But it is most improbable that, no matter what kind ef peace We set up, another great war will break out within that period...

...work only evil...

...The psychologist William McDougall once said that this way ef thinking reminded him of e middle-aged spinster who believed that all women were bom rood and all men were bora bad...

...They knew that the tendency to iiuw ' «»><•" exiitu everywhere among men and </""¦/» and that only a itrong union could pottibly enture pence...

...All they need to do is to keep together...

...And tkt tragedy it Ikot if wo devoted te fat* end one hall tf the intelligence, out titkt of tkt demotion, and m'nittti-mol portion of tkt wealth we hove dtooted to tkt meant, bp that loiter devotion wo could win tkt goal for u-hiek we here expended all Ike rett...

...And we must not make such terms of peace as will prevent the nations, enemies as well as allies, vanquished as well as victors, from living together, from accepting the new unity instead of preparing, openly or in secret, for the next war...

...For the most part, however, rulers and statesmen have shown no such prescience in the making of peace...

...Peace is the greatest single work of construction to which men can set their hands...

...Those who are most successful in war-msking may be least successful in peace-making, and it is part of this tragic cussedness of things that because they succeed in war they are in a position to determine the peace...

...fatal reo-iru this attHud* We never get to the root of war by condemning the enemy people, no matter how bestial the misdeeds that arc committed m their name and by their leaders...

...They solemnly affirm that the peace will be lasting and secure...

...In this respect they may well be ahead of their rulers...

...In tddrtian, there ia ia sight something bike S2.nM.nM.eee...

...War is the greatest work of destruction, and the spirit in which it must be waged is fatal to construction...

...Our enemies, as whole peoples, take on more and more, for the civilian population, the aspect of fiends...

...There are two particular temptations they mast, for their future well •bring, learn to reject...

...The aggressor in * sr rteage* from time to time...

...Their rivalries and competitive armaments could lead to nothing but war...

...It Is the nature ml "»r...

...A dominating alliance depends on relative power, the temporary aad quite abnormal disposition of power that rlists at the end of a war...

...The rest ef retooling for civil-ion production will not ran into aaythlag like the figarea revealed by the SBC...

...1944.—Vernon Bartlett, ia the "News Chronicle" of August 28, aader the head line "The Warsaw Crisis Ia a Threat to Allied Unity" writes: "A situation haa arisen over the Poles ia Warsaw which may have even graver consequences thaa' the massacre ef seversl thousand Polish patriots...

...That is merely the voire of power, and great power without great purpose cs...

...And here i* where the dertl liet in wait for the peace...

...Corporation Billions The Securities and Exchange Commission g nr...

...When a group of states form an alliance over against other states it is more likely to lead to war than to peace...

...The good peoples have defeated tha wicked peoples...

...The United Nations are united for the duration, and they hsve common commitments for the conduct of the war-but they have separate interests in the peace, and conflicts would immediately arise if they publicly discussed the terms of settlement...

...During war the realistic discussion of peace conditions is hampered by military considerations...

...Those who meet to make a lasting peace must do a very difficult thing—they must forget sbout war-making when they go in for peace-making...

...A good peace seems one that keeps them forever crushed and powerless...

...mm* at Ik* rates* pesple...

...In this war-end situation there is the final revelation of the tragic cussedness of human affairs...

...It it a significant fact that of our three chief enemies in the Second World War two were bur allies In the first...

...So it is clear s large pert ef present capital came from swollen war profits...

...For this wo endure all aailatest, accept nil coats...

...When the present tax taw waa enacted the lobbyists practically had American industry going round ia a barrel...

...The claque of righteous haters have theii heyday, the Vanslttarts, the FoersterS, and sll theii trine...

...The A lies have divergent power interests...

...The war chiefs sit apart, in the remoteness and the secrecy imposed by war, like the Gods on Olympus, dictating the fate of men...

...But Talleyrand and Alexander of Kuaaia had more perspective...

...If the latter, is it not incumbent on our leaders to proclaim it to the whole world ? There is no goal in "unconditional surrender...

...Our anxiety to escape the devil throws us right into his arms...

...Aad for a net her thing, unless the government retains some of its controls the whole be sines* ef production will seen he more securely in the heads of the big corporations than it ever waa...

...When war breaks out we have been habituated to , peace...

...Were he prevented from doing so, relations between • be three major AUiee would inevitably be strained...

...1*HIS lesson is confirmed by history...

...We do not look ahead to the inevitable changes in relative power, to the inevitable recombinations of power...

...In the reaction after war the former Allies become eaaily disgruntled with one another...

...Nationality groups, power groups, pressure groups, prestige groups, come out in front or work behind the scenes...

...There is aa urgency of need that drives us into deeper need, as whcn a man borrows at usurious rates...

...Qainry Wright, the country that haa h*<n most occupied ia warfare is France, followed in turn by Austria-Hungary, Prussia...

...tie t.'tt dispone* between governments...

...There it a devil of tkit tort waiting to catch us when we, or ear (coders, go about the butinelt of making peace...

...i\h'OTHEB attitude that is fostered by wartime thinking is the trust in an alliance of the victors as an adequate bulwark of the coming peace...

...The temptation te think so Is peculiarly strong in this war, because ef the atterly detestable character of Nasi doctrine and behavior...

...many things stand in the way of our making it count in the world of action...

...Our leaders are inhibited from the discussion of peace terma by our relations to our allies...

...Such s system would of course not be s genuine world orgsnization but only an old-style sllisnre with a new name...

...Hut since at the ssme time they readily believe in the essential wickedness of the enemy people, they ran be misled into accepting aparioaa proposals for a world organization, in accordance with which the victorious powers would do the regulating of world affairs...

...but they were scarcely formed before they were broken, giving an instructive but sfi'.icting lesson to mankind, how little dependence is to be placed on treaties which have no other sanction than the obligations of good faith, and which oppose general considerations of peace and justice to the impulse of any immediate interest or passion" (No...

...Liquid assets, not count ing inventories, reae from I7.soe.ooe ooe te fle.eea.eeqeee...

...We deeply desire the peace but we think it makes no demands upon us...

...But if we could make the peace at the beginning of a war instead of at the end we could make a better peace...

...We iruow that ha wswhig war half, aaeasorea spell defeat And thaw, amen M comes to tkt potto en*-ore cswnraf net* haf/ em starts—wkert mt hare been wilting to otutrifut elf we ore mow wilUmt to tmerifm notkmg...

...Secondly, the Polish distrust Of*the Soviet Union will be immeasurably deepened, for even Poke who are genuinely friendly te Russia would not easily forget thia new martyrdom ef Waraaw...

...Tha cement of a common cauae no longer bound tha victorious Allies, and they fell apart...

...The change in our attitudes is determinate and predictable...

...They were above the propaganda of the wars they had waged and they had no illusion that by crushing and multilating the aggresaor country, France, they would put an end In dictators and to wars...

...Whenever war ends it nearly slwsys ends abruptly and its end nearly always finds us unprepared...

...considerable esses It lee...

...NoW we live in an age when the democratic peoples can profoundly influence the peace to be...

...Somehow or other, sooner or later, they must find formulas for reconciling their divergent claims—they must decide about Poland and the Baltic States and Austria and the Balkans and Libya and the islands of the Pacific and a hundred other plaguy questions: and the attention they must devote to settling these issues deflects their energies and their thoughts from the yet greater problem of rebuilding the world so that peace itself shall be indeed established among the nstions...

...Oar people waat a world order...

...Great Britain, and sfatsts Te think we can pet aa end to the calamity of modem war by subjugating the wicked ether people is to ifwere owe of the simpler lessows that history can tench as...

...It takes time to recuperate' from the exhaustion of a great war...

...In the, nineteenth century tha balance of power hag a particular meaning whan the great military powers ware all European, and Great Britain, ruling tha seas, stood ready to threw its weight against any combination Oust threatened to bteams ttmlnawt Bwt military power is no longer unite a tinted in Europe...

...But aa increasing number express the view that the war guilt rests squarely not only on the enemy leaders or on the Nazis but on the whole German people...

...They are, nevertheless, sending help to the Poles ha their capital...

...There ia the shield of our republic...

...The British and Americana have recently made argent requests that aa air ahattte service between Italy and Russis which haa enabled them te give tach valaahle and timely aid to the Soviet Armies, should he developed to that they could tend supplies to Warsaw...

...They are evea more dangerous to the cause of a lasting peace than those who bid as to forget it all, to return to the old ways, to give ap...

...And we too essily think, as we listen to these pronouncements, thst the pesce as well as the war can be won by power alone...

...aa the lew-down on how the corporations arc set for the job ef reconversion...

...In some quarters there is the fear that if any peace conditions are now set out, especially such conditions aa might give enemy peoples reason to expect that as peoples they would lie incorporated into a happier world order, these conditions would qualify and compromise that policy...

...In the first place, the corporation* hardly need aay special > favors right new...

...only if they arc mislead will they accept a military alliance...

...The balance ef power la no balance at all...

...In less these differ ences caa he removed there will be three consequences, all unfortunate for the United Nations...

...There are numberless causes ef vers—any unsettled dispute between • ,> two countries asay end in warfare The dispute may be trivial at major— it makes relatively little dif-f rear* so long as there is no authoritative way of settling it...

...Under these circumstance* the Russians appear to have forgotten their own frequent appeals to the Poles to revolt, to have misinterpreted the stimulating effect a pen the hthabitante ef Waraaw of the distant sound ef Russian gaits...

...Who is foolish enough to predict, in view of the endless changes of power and of the conditions of power, that the dominating alliance of tomorrow will still dominate twenty or thirty or fifty years from now...

...Thirdly, Churchill haa te often claimed aa his ally anybody who was killiag Germkna that he could not he expected to read of the Polish revolt without experiencing s strong desire te help the men who have organized it...

...They may even be worse...

...A statistical investigation has shown that peace treaties in modern times have atayed intact for an average of two years...

...It is largely a function ef economic power...

...that is what history does to the solemn roancils and conferences of the "high contracting parties," when they meet te remake the world...

...from tax refaads sad saethor equal amount for refunds en emergency manufacturing facilities...

...Wartime alliances seem to be peculiarly unstable...

...Guided by the statesman-like Alexander they con-structed on that basis a settlement that gave Rurope her longest peace in modern history...

...o M ANY things conspire against our learning this lesson, and even if we, the ordinary people, could learn it...

...When* we make peace we must think well ahead, we must think of the time when war emotions as well as war conditions have passed away and have given place to different conditions and emotions, when the nations sgain live together in unity...

...Average Citizen can draw a couple ef intrrestiag csnrlatisna from all this...

...We have some sense of proportion, not yet distorted by the bests and fantasies of war Aa the war lengthens we become habituated to the ways and thoughts of war, and thia developing mentality unfits us for the making of a good peace...

...The tired peoples acclaim the end of war and think less and less about the necessities of the peace...

...But set it over Niagara Falls and in trying to walk it most of us would plunge below...

...With a view to establishing the equilibrium of power and the peace of that part of the world, all the resources ef negotiation were exhausted, and triple and quadruple alliances were formed...

...Thus the various European alliances and counter--alliances of tha last sixty years have kept the world in continuous ferment...

...But at every turn thai policy is blocked by tha emotions congenial to tha wai mentality...

...The advance of tirhnairigy aad the spread of modern iadutrial syitomi throughout the world have entirely changed the picture...

...Their requests have been refused by Moscow...

...The democratic peoples, in the consciousneas that the war is the act of the aggressor enemy, are easily persuaded thst if only the present enemy is reduced to impotence the danger of future wars will be removed...

...Here is something that would at the same timi strengthen the morale of our people and weaken tht morale of our enemies—the clear announcement of thf frsmcwork of s lssting peace...

...They talk only of destruction, they do not seeir to understand that when the time comes for tha peart only a great work of reconstruction ean save our civili zation from its most deadly menace, the recurrence ol world wars...

...Perhaps there is some trath in the rlsisa that the moat deadly cause of war is the preceding peace...

...The alliance will keep the peace...

...According to an authority ia this field...

...Such reasoning is both puerile and pernicious...

...For it means that the other states in turn will seek to form a countervailing alliance, and in the contest for power between the two sooner or later open conflict will arise...

...doling the past three years...

...Peace cannot be won by power alone...

...They do not realize the comprehensive strstegy thst is needed for the winning of the peace...

...Only the clear proclamation of a greater cause, the initiation of a new international order, can any longer hold differences and disputes within bounds...

...The f nmeen War look place over an obscure dispute, in* present war arose out of a grave dispute...

...The act working capital of corporate industry Is placed et Ml.sO«.see,aa...

...We fight the war for tha sane of a hotter peace, she peaee we shag make, not tha pence ear fib ami rf would impose...

...The democratic peoples are in this regard no wiser than others...

...There is no longer any "balancer," such aa Oreet Britain was in the nineteenth century...

...Thst is what conies of sll the blood and sweat and tears...

...Warsaw Betrayed — By Vernon Bartlett L ON DON, August 29...

...They were not particularly peace-loving, but they had suffered a mighty shock from the upstart Napoleon...

...One i« that thousands ef Pole*, who have gallantly resisted the Germans for five years, will be killed...

...fast at the time whoa the approach of aa armistice makes their co-operation mora desirable thaa aver...

...The thing they hate is loathsome...

...For now, besides the danger from the shortsightedness of power, there is the newer danger from the war-fed illusions of the peace loving peoples...

...Peace it never the ripe fruit of victory...

...We have some sense of what has gone wrong...

...At ( assablanrs the Allied leaders proclaimed the war policy of "unronditionsl surrender...

...ear crusades, oar excursions into world history...

...It takes time for the seeds of war to grow again to the harvest In modern history the average interval between wars has been over twei ty years,' and between great wars it has been in the neighborhood of fifty years...

...It ia to thia disposition of power that wartime mentality leads aa to entrust our future peace and well-being...

...It is part of the tragic russedness of things that we must make the peace when we are least capable, in apite of our greater desire, to make a good one...

...Bat without the ate of Russian airfields the help is much smaller and the risk to ear pilots vary mere greater than weald otherwise he the case...

...So when the Allied leaders meet they give us grandiose, vague statements like the Atlantic Charter and the Teheran declaration...

...As soon as they discuss the peace the differences between them begin to- emerge...

...They are more dangerous becaaae they divert iato blind alleys the deep desire ef oar citizens and ef sll men for a genuine aad dynamic peaee...

...One is the delusiontthat the sole ronse ef war ia the wicked enemy, and that If ho is dissrmed and manacled there will be pesce.*«• earth...

...Thia happened after the last war...

...When peace at length arrives they are openly exposed, and there is no longer any common cause to heal their disagreements...

...In short, the trust in wartime military alliance is s most dangerous illusion...

...Even the imperative of war can scarcely conceal the differences of interest and of policy between allies...

...Everywhere there is jockeying for relative advantage...

...The longer a war continues the more do people evety-whtrt long and pray for a peace that will last...

...Thia ia a jemp of some »H tee 000.000 above 19J9...

...And the grand irony ef it ia that thia alliance, if it endures at all will keep the peace only for the time that the peace needs no keeper...

...At least three-fourths of the citizens of this country may be regarded as being in favor of an international authority to iffaintain peace, as public polls show...

...Aa a resell there waa writ tea iato the law seme real Hants Claas refund features...

...There are vicious circles |a which each aril creates its successive evil...

...The Russians themselves have broadcast promises ef help...

...It takes time for men to forget the actual experience of war...

...This attitude is strengthened by the public pronouncements issued in the name of the Big Three or the Big Four after each historic conference...

...Compacts of this kind," wrote Hamilton, "exist ameag all civilised nations, subject te the usual vicissitudes of pence and war, of observance and non-observance, as the interests or passions of the contracting powers dictate...

...They feared another war, led by another dictator, would ^ne fatal to their thrones...

...W* mast nevertheless remember that in all wara the enemy becomes the very incarnation of evil...

...The unity is broken, the great cause is dissipated...

...Most of us aould walk safely over a narrow plank where.safety is ant in question, aa when it is stretched a foot above the ground...

...The first lesson taught and reiterated in the greatest work on political philosophy ever produced in America, Tkt Ftdtrmimt, ia that en mttiemet of aretes is no toevrttu ape nut srer...

...At the end of the Napoleonic Wars the same idea prevailed among the peoples of Europe with respect to France...

...A thousand times the pride and vanity of power have misled them, a thousand times they have miscalculated, a thousand times the peoples have suffered again...

...Why thould we aid (ioebbelt to ttrtngthen Ike will of Ike Herman people to fight on'' In this respect Wilson was wiser in 1ii* generstion than our present lenders are in ours...

...It is common experience that the action of our fears often begets tha thing we fear...

...Relative power is always shifting, and the possible combinations of power are numerous...

...We go all out fet war...