The First Year From the Fall

...Rootevelt said more than one* that he desired nothing better than to see the Italian people govern themselves...

...Government —until now with hands tied—must be allowed to purge the Fascists from the administration of the country...

...Ashamed«i the Italian Government as ally of the enemy of clviliiation, they are iriore than ever proud to he Italian now...

...From 1915 te mi he was d Piofsssor ef the Hietery ad jLrt hi ^vaeatty atf Tjprfe .Whaa Fsachua Waded, the universities, which ap te then had retained their intellectual freedom, Pref Vested went lade voluntary exile after refusing to take th* fascist eat* temaaasd ef University scholars...

...Since the war Prof...

...In point of fact, the latter tried to compel them to take the Royal oath, to obtain the reintroductien of Badoglio and the ousting of Sforza...

...The fight of thousands of patriots in Naples, in Koine, and in Siena has imbued the Italians with a moral unity based on blood...

...The Garibaldi divisions in northern Italy are accomplishing miracles, and their deeds are recognized even by the American Government, as OW1 releases attest, and by part of the American press...

...Because regular armies end gronps ef patriots cannot work together, the patriots must be absorbed by the Italian regulsr srmy on condition they are allowed te pledge their oath to the nation and not to the King, who is most responsible for Italy's ruin...

...All other aspects of the picture of lajit year's events are very dark...

...The Italians, after the declaration of co-belligerency, are not an enemy people...

...In so doing the Allies hurt their friend* the antifascists far more than their enemies—the Fascists and the neo-Fascists...

...But I added that a counter attack waa to be expected, from Mr...

...From 1942 te 19*9 he lived in Park where he waa a friend of Carle Roselli, the head of the Guistisia * Libert* group who waa murdered by Mussolini's sgents...

...The Italian...

...The moral victory of ttaiian anti-fascists was assured from the very beginning of the struggle, and last year's events have brought the goal nearer^ But theirs is still a moral, not an actual, victory...

...The crushing of the anti-fascist revolution his ruined Italy more than anything else...

...The accepted co-belligerency is not working except for the Navy, a small military Air Force and a few battalions on the field...

...they are now collaborating with /the Allies in the war effort...

...it will be written and rewritten many times...

...The bitterness of this criticism of the Kuomintang bodes ill for peace in postwar China...

...And when they express their fury, they shock only those people who were born to lie eternal serfs...

...Ttie monumental strikes in northern Italy in defiance of the German Army have won the respect of world public opinion...

...Think of the loss of life, of the destruction of towns and monuments...

...But he did not succted, and his failure is the "first political victory of the new Italy against neo-Fascism...

...The Italians will revolt agsin and they will be crushed again as in August 11113...

...Thit is one of many absurdities, which hue* their-root in th* eesstrsdtcfis* *rt* en ths east-/eeeiem •/ tk* I Wham p*vpl* and the pre fer Item ?,vn to the fascists hy the Alhet a , *¦ .' TfE case of the Bonomi Government is typical As seen as it was iormed 1 wrote in this paper hailing that Government'* refusal to use the oath to the King, and Badoglio'a dismissal...

...Moscow assails Chiang Kai-shek's Government as "reactionary" and accuses it of creating disunity — whereas the Communists themselves are guilty of dissension in China by maintaining a separate government and independent army in 'the area they control, a situation no sovereign state can approve...

...Mvanwhile the patriots are being disarmed...

...These questions nre very disturbing to the Italian people as is the other matter, that of the secret ness of the armistice conditions...

...He can now seek revenge against the anti-faiciit...

...While it ia right that they should have imposed such terms on a King who had declared war against them* and on a Badoglio who had been Mussolini's most important military collaborator, the Allies began to err when they induced the Italian people to rebel against the Fascists and the Germans, and then, once Mussolini was out of the picture, imposed s despised neo-fascism after heaping instill- upon them...

...TttWBM twe articles by Prof Uoaell* Vsafari and Bon Leigi Bears* sea up and assay the politics I events is itsly stare the fall of Mussolini one yesr sge...

...What joy over the disappearance of a twenty-two years' nightmaiel What hope for a rebirth of Italy...

...Fascist mayors, fascist policemen, fascist bankers continue in command as before...

...The mistaken policies of London and Washington are based on the fear of radical reforms in the direction of socialized democracy, he says...

...Whither Itafian Democracy...

...It is natural that they should be furious...

...It in psychologically inconceivable for a people to contribute to a war as long as they are regarded as recent enemies...

...Significantly, War and ths Working Class draws a parallel between China and Yugoslavia...

...But Guerillas cannot subsist without the principal battlefront and its successes...

...The Christlsn Democratic Psrty is a center party between the Liberal and Democrats en the "right" and the ActioaisU, Socialist, snd Communists en ths "left...

...fer the Allies and for the Italians The story of the regular Allied Armies there and of the Italian Guerillas is a glorious one...

...but it is also said that they could be revised in relation ahip to the Italian contribution to the war...

...With Mussolini's rise to power, Den Stars* went into exile...

...Even the recent measures taken by the Washington and London military chiefs in forming voluntary on its of Italian war prisoners are not in line with co-belligerency because such units are only for auxiliary military work and not for combatant units...

...Finally, we Italians have not yet a free democratic government as it was promised in the Moscow snd Teheran declarations, because the policy of the Big Three is not clear, sincere or really democratic...

...Contrary to what is customary in Anglo-Saxon countries, the savings of the Italian people are largely invested in government bonds, savings bank deposits, and similar obligations, all of which are bound to lose their value during a marked inflationary cycle...

...Randolfo Pscciardi, editor of the republican Voc* Repnbblicono, assailed the Bonomi Government as being "fictitious and farcical," blaming AMG policy for its weaknesses...

...The consequences of the extraordinary increase in the price level during a year, accompanied as it is by an almost fixed level of salaries and by a slowly increasing level of wages, are particularly fearful to contemplate, in therr social and political implications...

...Den Lalgi Sturzo, a Catholic priest, was ths founder ef the Popslsr Party, reborn as the Christian Democratic Party, * participant in the Bonomi Government...

...One year later, Italian anti-fascists ponder in sadness and angi r. What has happened...

...In fact, in Siena for example, th« patriots, who were masters of the town before the arrival of the Allied soldiers, had put in prison the fascist Chief of Police and appointed a new Chief from their own group...

...Destruction would not have been wreaked by both Allies and Germans...

...Up to the present, after a year of hard experience, no measures to ameliorate this situation have been taken by the allies...

...However, this ia only a first step and many others must be taken...

...Ths \*ts Leader editorial viewpoint is expressed on psge 1...

...Italian anti-fascists continue with the ideological war, Mr...

...In spite of that, we Italians recall the date of July 25, IMS, as a first step toward our liberation, and we Italians still have faith in the Allies who, sooner or later, will correct their mistakes and will help the coming rebirth of Italy...

...In this heroic stmosphere of the war, the political and economic situation of Italy, as it has been created by the Government of the Big Three, is so confusing and so hopeless that a real change is necessary and urgent...

...If one tries to avoid passion ami to interpret events with historical objectivity, many aspects must be considered The moral advantages accruing to Italy as a reault of Mussolini's fall arc self evident...

...Thus, the Italian middle classes tend to be wiped out economically and politically...

...the armaments are all in the hands of the Allies,' not of the Italian Government...

...It would have been less extensive if the Italian people had not compelled the King to oust Mussolini...

...The moral victory of the Italian anti-fascists, that is, of the Italian people, is an actual defeat, the most terrible defeat the anti-fascists have ever suffered...

...A* soon as the Allies reached Siens, th* faicitt Chief of ih* Ftliee wet freed and restored to hi* aid job...

...Churchill...

...Pietro Nenni, Socialist leader, makes much the same criticisms in Avanti...

...It is not possible to fight with a stick instesd of a rifle...

...Profess** Venturi, as independent liberal ia polities...

...The transfer of the Govern-ment to Rome will give Americans th* illusion that we are on that rand...

...He attacked the Allies for not giving the Bonomi Government control of all liberated territory, for protecting fascists, for supporting "a monarchistic, fascistie Italy...

...So, they rebelled, and after Mussolini's fall they began the anti-fascist revolution in Turin snd Milan...

...Moscow Lathes Kuomintana . . . The renewed attack on the Kuomintang by Moscow's War and the Working Class may pressge increased trouble in China...

...Ths reality is quite di/erent...

...The coalition of the six anti-fascist parties is weakening, there are schisms developing...

...The Italian people are turning from the enthusiasm of the first months to a deep disillusion...

...i» vm of Italy's distinguished arholara...

...If rumors concerning those terms are borne out, Ihe Allies could hardly have imposed more severe terms on Mussolini himself...

...In addition, there muat be a purge of Mussolini's generals...

...Churchill notwithstanding...

...The First Year From the Fall By Luigi Sturzo THE conquest of Italy has Deen ana still is a very harel thins...

...Venturi has lived in New York He is a former president of the Mastinl Society...

...Guerilla fighting in itself is more romantic and by its very nature is full of political and social developments...

...Hut the King and Badoglio wanted to cruth the revolution and they were helped fit/ Allied bomber* a* ere// as by Herman divition...

...This belongs to the future...

...The Italian surrender would have taken place step after step, and would have been a kind of "conditional" surrender...

...It is said that they are kept secret for military reasons...

...True, the patriots are disarmed as soon as they have won, but, as everyone knows, moral integrity is not impaired by suffering or unjust treatment...

...It is the fault of the Allies if, instead of 20,000 Italian soldiers in the field, we do not have 100,000 or more soldiers...

...But the majority of the Italian people did not calculate .what waa materially expedient...

...First of all comes the unlimited monetary inflation due, in part, to the exchange fixed at 100 lire for one dollar in invasion currency and to the issue of more than twenty billions of this currency...

...Their help is not well organised and for some provinces not sufficient...

...Guerilla fighting is not really recognixed and helped by the Allies...

...By Lionello Venturi JULY 25, 1943: Mussolini falls...

...These twe men are representatives ef difereat but strong political currents in Italy today...

...If the administration remains in the hands of* the Fascists, as it ia now, the Constituent Assembly which will decide on the regime will find itself in the same plight as under Mussolini...

...and patriots, in the already occupied cities, are disarmed and treated as suspected groups...

...they hated fascism, they were ashamed of it, they heeded Allied propaganda...

...The patriots who have fought and shed their blood in the fight against Fascists snd Germans cannot be kept disarmed indefinitely...

...The Allies recognized only the neo-Fascism of the King and Badoglio and imposed on them an unconditional surrender whose still unknown terms are a cause of deep concern to both Italians and Americans...