Russia, Finland, Bulgaria and the Anti-Nazi Front
Nichols, Burton
Russia, Finland, Bulgaria and the Anti-Nazi Front Stalin's Foreign Policy — Moscow Line Disturbs Anti-Nazis in Central Europe By Burton Nichols SrNCEthe Casablanca conference there haVe bean many...
...Through this policy of stalling for time 'she would, however, give the Nazis an opportunity to choose the most suitable moment for an attack which may "Coincide with the forthcoming German Spring offensive—if the Nazi array has still enough offensive power for this venture...
...They were poorly trained and equipped, though, and when, in September, 1918, General Franchet d'Esperey, commander-in-chief of the Allied army on the Salonika front, ordered a general attack upon the Bulgarian positions, they collapsed quickly...
...for the same reason it was harder for the Bulgarians than for the...
...These Fascists liked to call themselves "the Prussians of the North...
...She has been making war beyond the old frontiers of Finland, and her leaders have justified this in pan-Finnish terms...
...During the last war, Bulgaria had about 800,000 men under arms, a considerable force for a nation of less than six million...
...To avoid trouble at her backdoor, she continued her policy of friendship with Russia even throughout the difficult period of German-Russian "cooperation" when it seemed hard to bring it in line with her friendship with the Western Powers...
...the inspiring tales of the "hayduks," guerilla bands which pillaged and murdered Turkish merchants and officials...
...He arrived too late for the Battle of Mukden, and on the whole failed toudistinguish himself at the front Nevertheless the young aristocrat with his irreproachable manners and excellent connections was assured of a swift and easy career...
...This was distasteful to the Fascist military clique, to say the least, and they gladly joined with the Nazis...
...But Bulgarian's line-up with Germany was as unnatural as that with Turkey...
...Until the collapse of the Czarist regime, Mannerheim behaved more Russian than the Czar himself...
...On the other hand, the Bulgarian army, nay, the entire Bulgarian nation, would put up a very stiff resistance against the invaders, and the United Nations would have tl}e same trouble with the primitive patriotic peasants of the Bulgarian woods and mountains as were made by the numerically superior Italians when they vainly tried to conquer Northern Greece...
...These developments not only indicate that there is deep dissent between Soviet Russia, on one hand, ,nd the United States and England, on the other, bat also that Soviet Russia is struggling ap!nst her Allies to press her viewpoint upon tbenv Let us mention the most important facts in question...
...he was the naval expert for Admiral Wilhelm Canaris' Intelligence Bureau on Finland, Esthonia...
...An amusing detail of this story is the fact that General Wallenius had a white charger ready for his triumphal entry into the capital...
...Can Finland Make Peace?—Quislings, Nazi Agents Sabotage Anti-War Moves By Kurt D. Singer ¦ - -» [The following article is based •a materials in Mr...
...The Finnish armies are no longer fighting for recovery of their own soil...
...The British and American military attaches were personally acquainted with Mik-hailovitch, and he had worked in close contact with them...
...As a matter of fact, Bulgaria was, against her will, dragged into the war, step by step, by German-born King Ferdinand who sold her out to Germany for 25 million gold marks, an annual pension of 60,000 gold marks for life, and other "gifts...
...The well-equipped modernized Turkish army may also try to strike first, aided by Anglo-American forces...
...German and Finnish Fascists made plans to seize power and install General Martii Wallenius as Finland's Hitler...
...There exists a considerable Bulgarian minority in the European part of Turkey, to the East of the Maritza river, and they never ceased to complain about their being treated as secondclass citizens by the Turkish authorities...
...It might be much more important from another viewpoint...
...There was a complete change of the political constellation after the war...
...It must, therefore, be underscored that no attention has been paid to Mr...
...This is not only due to the influence of the Nazis...
...Turkey's position is anything but enviable...
...There have been reports also from Poland that in accordance with directions from Moscow-Communists are undermining (from within) the movement of resistance to the Germans, and from without are fiercely fighting against it...
...Her battalions are now marching in our ranks...
...This, Fascist " clique, dominated by Marshal Gustav Mannerheim, forced Finland to link her fate with that of the 'Nazi Reich...
...The Finnish Fascists volunteered their services...
...If the newly-elected president was not legally elected this can mean only that no self-respecting foreign government can negotiate with him...
...I TNDER such circumstances all those who strive for victory over Hitler cannot but hail the results of the recent Finnish election and support the efforts of those Finns who aim at getting out of the war and who favor a separate peace with Russia...
...Sulzberger's report...
...Even though none of the other countries —fearing Hitler—might be able to follow Finland's example openly, their fighting capacity would be weakened, the disintegration within Hitler's coalition would continue to grow considerably, and this could not fail to have an influence upon Germany's own home front...
...This policy has been far from unsuccessful...
...He is famed for his ardent Serbian patriotism, and is an arch-foe of the Germans...
...Of the remaining 75.000 all but 8.000 were sentenced to long terms at hard labor...
...They are made after all consequences have been thoroughly weighed and all their results calculated in advance...
...With 40,000 "Span troops stationed in the "Sptry as "Allies," Finland is ••much an Occupied country as J-Italy under Hitler and Mus-•elini...
...Threatened by the Nazi regime which regarded the Balkans peninsula its "Sudostraum" (South-Eastern living-space) and a steppingstone for a further expansion across Turkey towards the Mosul oilfields, she signed (in 1939) a pact ol mutual assistance with England and France...
...At any rate, there can be no doubt that the statement broadcast from Moscow is, as it were, a verbal note addressed to all those who have urged Finland to make a separate peace...
...He must be eliminated and replaced by a legally elected president...
...The most active of all the spies in Finland was Albrecht Joachim Gruessner...
...Even today Mother Suomi's "greatest son" speaks Finnish haltingly and with an accent...
...In all countries of the anti-Axis bloc all the press has printed reports hailing his fight against the Germans, whereas the German newspapers frequently report the capture and shooting of men belonging to General Mikhailovich's units...
...If the Soviet press had treated Finland with comparative restraint before the election, immediately afterwards the Soviet radio denounced the election as illegal and, therefore, invalid...
...With the aid of the Germans (whom the Baron had faced in war only a few months before), Mannerheim at last was able to defeat the Reds...
...A hostile Turkey could easily trap the entire Russian Black Sea fleet...
...Wirtanen was "diplomatic," but others were not...
...It is well-known that almost since the very beginning of the German occupation a guerilla war has been waged there...
...Born June 4, 1867, Mannerheim entered the military college of Fredrikshamn, at the age of fifteen, later joined the Czarist Guard...
...General Wallenius was dishonorably discharged from the Army, but this has not deterred Marshal Mannerheim from appointing him to one of the most important posts in the Finnish Army of today: Commander of the Finnish North Army...
...But in the second RussoFinnish war...
...UNTIL I visited Finland in 1940, I had scoffed at the "Greater Finland" talk...
...Nevertheless, the Finnish Government has rejected several urgent pleas by the United Nations to stop fighting against Russia...
...The Fascist army clique, who were securing ever-greater power in the country, never forgot What they owed to the Germans for helping them establish the Finnish nation...
...The country at hurt won her freedom in 1918, **¦ the help of German bayonets, -The Land of the Thousand retained a deep affection *W...
...I "The freedom of Karelia," •.Marshal Mannerheim eouChm-ed...
...DY an irony of fate, in the first World War, Turks and *¦* Bulgarians were fighting shoulder on shoulder against Russia and the Western Powers...
...Let this stone bear witness of our perpetual gratitude...
...He was promoted to Colonel in 1905 and to Major-Gen-eral in 1911...
...It is a generally-known fact that the war is highly unpopular with Hitler's unwilling allies and that anti-war feelings are growing among them...
...The courageous editor of the Social Democratic Arbetar-bladet, Artor Wirtanen, took this course...
...Of all of Hitler's satellites, Bulgaria, so far, has made the least significant contribution to his war effort...
...And in the rugged mountains I could still hear, on my visit in 1937...
...Several times since the "peaceful penetration" of the small Balkan Kingdom by Nazi hoops,-in the Spring of 1941, Hitler demanded from King Boris auxiliary troops to join the German forces in Russia— bat Boris each time turned a deaf ear on him...
...But there was nothing they could do against the pressure of the Fascist clique...
...They were immediately arretted ants executed by the Communist...
...They are fighting for "living-space", for Marshal Mannerheim's dream of a Greater Finland which would include Soviet East Karelia, the Kola Peninsula and possibly even Leningrad...
...General Mikhailovich is in command of the Chetniks...
...Were any such movement to emerge, Hitler would instantly set op a puppet Finnish Government, —ploying for this purpose the Finnish Fascist officers who want to fight for a Greater Finland...
...when Mannerheim became the ally of Hitler and tied democratic Finland to the apron-strings of the Axis, the Finns bitterly remembered...
...Turkey may have decided to wait and prepare for a stand, perhaps at the Chatalja line, only a few miles to the west of Istanbul where she would try to hold out against the invader...
...Mannerheim and his henchmen had begun a reign of terror and massacre which is without parallel in modern history before Adolf Hitler...
...We have become inured to human sufferings, and our minds are incapable of grasping the gruesome meaning of "trifling" reports about the fate Of individual men...
...i Not only Russia but all the countries which are fighting against Hitler are interested in this pesos...
...Yet it is quite another , thing to be a victim of treachery by a man masked as your friend...
...Nazi armies are being massed at the Bulgarian-Turkish border, only 100-150 miles away from Istanbul...
...For thirtyfive years (writes Joesten) Mannerheim had faitKJfully served the Russian Czars who were holding his homeland in bondage...
...During the first Russo-Finnish war Mannerheim's bloody past was forgotten and the country followed his lead for the sake of unity...
...Through Russian action, his wish came true two years later...
...In the meantime...
...Finland imperialistic' The idea appeared fantastic to me, a madman's dream...
...More than 90,000 were thrown into jail, and of these 15.000 died of starvation, ill treatment and lack of medical care...
...Such were the facts that won him the name "Bloody Baron...
...But as long as Nasi troops are stationed in Finland, a "peace movement" is simply impossible...
...It is one thing to lose one's life in battle, to be killed by a bullet of the enemy...
...Bulgarian history textbooks are filled with hair-raising stories of the misdeeds of the Pashas that governed the small country from the late Middle Ages until 1878...
...Five Finns can hold three hundred Russians...
...During the war of 1939-1940 Stalin had created his own "Labor and Peasants' Government" for Finland, headed by O. Kuis-inen...
...Sulzberger that way...
...One historian claims, that at least 15,000 people, including 4.600 women and children were executed or murdered in cold blood by Mannerheim's hordes...
...Steps are now being taken for the formation of a government which would have to negotiate a separate peace, and it is hoped that the United Ststes will take a hand in assisting in these negotiations...
...On -February 2L the Polish Premier, General Sikorski, who recently returned from the U. S. to London, made an address in which he accused the Soviet government of fostering a campaign against the government of independent Poland, of sending parachutists to Poland who organize Communist groups there...
...The native Communists will have lost no time to enlighten the masses on this point...
...The Germans wisely refrained from forcing the King to take a step which would have resulted in open revolt The Bulgarian masses would never join Hitler in his crusade against fellow-Slavs whose heroism they admire...
...1*HERE were new reports in recent weeks not * only about intensification of the Communists' struggle against the forces of General Mikhailovich but also about an official demarche of the Soviet government with accusations against him...
...One would imagine that the Soviet government would take the same attitude...
...THE reports from Yugoslavia are not less alarming...
...In the great strategy of political warfare it would mark the beginning of distinc-gratioh in the coalition Hitler has brought together in 1941 for his assault upon Russia...
...While a numerically small group of Bulgarian chauvinists were hoping to gain certain parts of Serbia, Rumania and Greece (allegedly populated "exclusively" by Bulgarians) trfrough their collaboration with the Kaiser, Turkey joined the Berlin-Vienna axis in the hope of safeguarding her tottering empire against both Tsarist Russia and England...
...On July 13...
...the course of this World JaryjlFinland tried to maintain ht»;jiniegrity against the en-JJ'VhmeoU of her neighbor to JhfcRsst The upshot of her ef-•j*»:wss occupation by Germany...
...The Russians, of course, spent t hundreds of thousands of dollar...
...Besides Friedrich Wilhelm Borg-mann and Vitalis Pantenburg, a large number of skilled spies and observers were at work in Finland, bending every effort to swing this formerly democratic nation to the side of the Germans...
...It was not personal courage that made the "Hamlet of the Balkans" mist the demands...
...Bulgaria groaned under the harsh Turkish rule for nearly five cen-taries, and as the country is situated at the very gates of Constantinople, this rule was more "efficient" than the regime of the Pashas in other, more remote parts of the empire...
...It is important not only because it would jive s number of human lives and because it would eliminate one front so that considerable forces could be freed for action elsewhere...
...These hopes have, however, been utterly shattered...
...In March, 1918, General Count Ruediger von der Goltz landed at Hangoe...
...FINLAND had declared her in-dependence on December 6, 1917...
...Dris-ing through Bulgaria, the Turkish-British-American forces would try to get in contact with the guerilla armies in Yugoslavia and thsu effectuate the best "Second Front" Stalin could get, for the time being...
...For us this war is a holy war against the enemy of our nation, and at the side of powerful Germany we are firmly to bring the crusade to a victoriou* end...
...P-'}?'re were Socialists in the" jjymnent when the alliance *2jhJIitler was concluded...
...Five of his friends in the Finnish Parliament were arrested for calling for peace and refusing to fight with Hitler...
...We will not lay down our arms until we have reconquered Karelia and obtained a longer coastline along the Are- ' tic Sea...
...In comparison with the developments in Yugoslavia the Communist activities in Poland might seem quite innocent...
...Marshal Mannerheim declared after an interview with Hitler: "We promise the Karelians that our sword will not be a heated until Karelia has been, liberated...
...Gruessner was a tall, sturdy fellow whom the Swedish and Norwegian police had been hunting down for years...
...However, we cannot treat the case reported by Mr...
...The Communist partisans reject any settlement and Moscow gives them full support...
...Almost immediately a bloody evil war broke m which the "Reds" fought against the "White Guards...
...The new Turkey of Mustapha Kemal Pasha established a policy of friendship with Soviet Russia (although Communism itself was strictly suppressed in Turkey...
...Sulzberger in the New York Time...
...The provinces of Viena and Aunus have waited twenty-three years for the fulfillment of this promise, and since the Winter Campaign of 1939 40 Karelia has waited for the dawn of the day that is to bring her freedom...
...At any rate, in June 1940 some high officers of the Finnish Army declared to me: "After Germany, we have the best army in the world...
...Before 1929 Finland had passed through a period of Fascist die* tatorship, during -which workmen's club buildings were burned down and concentration camps established...
...jhAANY of the Finns want peace and are unwilling allies of Hitler...
...Uahd is nominally independent ""lay, but she no longer can de-tojmine whether she will be at **r or at peace...
...For wpturies the Finns fought Rus-•U, fought the Czars, and fought th* successors...
...Bis no secret that, having refused to declare jjnr'npon Finland, the U. S. has concentrated jll its efforts and pressure in order to get Finland out of the war, to have her sever the alliance with Germany, and make a separate peace with Soviet Russia...
...The recent presidential election was dominated by an almost openly proclaimed slogan of bringing the war to an end...
...Finland's President K. J. Stahl-berg was kidnapped, and a march on Helsinki organized...
...Whatever decisions the Turks and our own generals may make, it is very likely that the Sudostraum will soon become the scene of the battle where the death blow might be delivered to the Axis...
...During the first World War, curioualy enough, diplomatic relations between the United States jand Bulgaria were never cut off, and Bulgaria preserved allTthrOugh the German alliance her peace with this country...
...and children...
...The Nazis had-an easy task...
...These **J*lSts*found themselves linked ^JJjithe arch-enemy of all their tWn^L they were coerced into ^ By the chauvinist sentiments of the country as a whole and by the Fascist clique in the army which was constantly giving in strength...
...The more men perish 'because their lives have to be sacrificed for the sake of victory the more we must rise in protest against laying precious human lives on the altar of selfish political strife...
...Up to the very year of 1917, this Russian - Swedish - Finnish nobleman had not even bothered to learn the language of the country which he was to become the revered "Pater Patriae...
...The reason for Bulgaria's poor show during the last war was, however, chiefly psychological: the Bulgarian soldier completely lacked enthusiasm for the cause of the Central Powers...
...Should the broadcast of the Soviet radio be interpreted as the first step toward restoration of the Kuisinen government...
...the Germans, to whom she °P«d her independence...
...It was set up at Hangoe and the inscription, in German, Finnish and Swedish read: "German troops landed here on April 3. 1918, to aid our country in its battle for freedom...
...Mannerheim, how ever, though he was grateful to German aid, preferred to keep the rule of Finland for himself...
...It is Joesten's opinion that it was not until he saw his careei in Russia was at an end that he remembered his Swedish-Finnish origin, and from a Russian warlord converted himself into the "Liberator of Finland...
...Russia, Finland, Bulgaria and the Anti-Nazi Front Stalin's Foreign Policy — Moscow Line Disturbs Anti-Nazis in Central Europe By Burton Nichols SrNCEthe Casablanca conference there haVe bean many reports about developments in Soviet Russia's foreign policy which give rise to great anxiety and concern...
...A democratic country, she has an obsessive fear of all things red and Russian...
...He knows that the Bulgarian nation would never fight against what it regards its "big brother": Russia whose guns had liberated the country from the Turkish yoke in 1878...
...This action would bring great relief to the Russian armies as it would divert large quantities of German men and material from the Eastern Front at a moment when the Nazis- could, not afford this diversion and distribution of their strength...
...The ruthlessness of this internecine war is illustrated by a recent report of Mr...
...But the plan was nipped in the bud by the alert Russian secret service who ferreted out the entire plot and warned the Finns...
...The Yugoslav government in exile, now established in London, appointed him Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief of all the armed forces of Yugoslavia...
...The Nazi literature was, for the most part, printed in Germany in the Finnish language...
...1942...
...and the Greater Finland is the goal that beckons us forward in this mighty whirl of historic events...
...At the head of the "White Guards" stood a tall middle-aged aristocrat Gustav Emil Baron von Mannerheim...
...the Finnish Fascist circles also wish the war to continue...
...Without America's sympathy and aid, Finland has little hope of ever regaining full independence: she would probably once more become a Russian province, as she was for centuries...
...The left wing—a group of moderate radicals—emigrated to Sweden- and there printed an underground newspaper urging the Finnish people to struggle for peace...
...in its underground campaign to destroy Finnish morale...
...Singer's forthcoming book, "Enemy Agtutsf' which McBride will shortly publish.] pINLAND today is one of the i most unfortunate countries on uVglobe...
...In this case the King will have to yield...
...VT was Stamati who stirred up • anti-Semitic sentiment in the country, although there were scarcely 2,000 Jews in all Finland...
...I attributed it to clever Russian propaganda for hew could little Finland hope to take territory from her great neighbor...
...Finland's dropping out of the war would doubtless increase these feelings and help turn them into action...
...Finland is no longer fighting to defend her frontiers...
...the Social Democrats then proceeded to affiliate Finland with the other Scandinavian democracies...
...Due mainly to America's influence'those who advocate the idea of a separate peace for Finland have recently scored a new important victory...
...He was one of the organizers of the rebellion iri March, 1941, that led to the overthrow of the government which favored a deal with Germany...
...T^HE Kaiser had already select-* ed a Hohenzollern to be king of Finland: Prince Karl Friedrich von Hessen...
...This is especially true of the Social Democratic Party, which is still a Government party...
...All opposition to an entente with the Central Powers was ruthlessly suppressed...
...While considerable Hungarian and Rumanian armies have been fighting with the Germans on the Eastern Front, Bulgaria was assigned the less formidable job of policing certain areas' of territory that formerly belonged to Greece and Yugoslavia and are now, for all practical purposes, incorporated'' in "Greater Bulgaria...
...At present people lose their live...
...In Helsinki, German Minister von Bluecber labored persistently to attain this goal...
...Ministers such as Karl August Fagerhohn and Vaiho Tanner are forthright anti-Naais...
...When, in 1876, the PApril rebellion" broke out in Bulgaria, the Turks ruthlessly pounced down upon the rebels, punishing not only the ring-leaders, but massacring even thousands of innocent men, wnnen...
...Today...
...For both Russia and England are at war with Finland, and the country trembles lest the United States declare war upon her...
...For Soviet Russia, on the other hand, good relations with Turkey are essential, notably since 1936, when Turkey was permitted by the Powers that had signed the Treaty of Lausannes to remilitarize the Straiits of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus...
...Latvia and Lithuania...
...The greatest work of modern Bulgarian literature, the novel Under the Yoke by Bulgaria's Poete Laureate, Ivan Mincov Vazov, deals with the heroic activities of arevolu-tionary whose patriotic group is overpowered by Turkish troops...
...Statements of this kind are never accidental in Moscow...
...Perhaps they were ma%men...
...THE new Bulgarian army, hardly smaller than that of 1915...
...He become a lieutenant of the Nikalaevsky dragons, then commanded a regiment of Uhlans in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05...
...Large-scale mutinies are bound to occur should the Bulgarian army have to face the Russians in Asia Minor or the Caucasus, and entire divisions will go over to the "enemy" rather than continue fighting under the Swastika...
...OHOULD Hitler decide to invade Turkey, endeavoring to *^ control the Eastern Part of the Mediterranean Sea and 'to attack the Russia Caucasus from the rear, he would be bound to repeat his demands on King Boris for military assistance...
...Steadily, they drove from the seats of power the moderate Social Democrats and liberals who wished an understanding with Russia and cooperation with England and America, instead of the mesalliance with Germany...
...Bulgarian atrocities" was the word that conveyed to European newspaper readers the idea of Turkish cruelty and revengefulness...
...The regime came to an end with the overwhelming triumph of the Social Democratic Party in the next elections...
...As if it were a quite routine matter...
...Joachim Joesten has described Mannerheim excellently...
...trained by Nazi instructors and equipped with German-made tanks and guns, might be of great help to the Nazis, if used solely against the Turks...
...The White Guards decided to erect a monument to their brother-in-arms...
...By this note the Soviet government openly states that it aims not at a negotiated peace with Finland but at its unconditional surrender...
...This inscription explains better than any amount of theorizing the deeply-rooted friendship be tween Finland and German militarism...
...We do not even know whether any diplomatic steps hsve been taken to clarify how it could have happened that British officers were shot by partisans who enjoy the high patronage of Soviet Russia...
...Indeed, so powerful were the Nazi spies in Helsinki that they ventured to plan a coup d'etat...
...However, they are a highly By Alfred Werner Anti-German, Anti-Turkish Bulgarians Confound Allied Balkan Strategy Fif-very likely that during the recent conferences of Prime Minister Churchill with President Ismet Inonu and other Turkish political and military leaders due attention was given to <he very delicate problem of Turkish-Bulgarian relations...
...They were flesh of one flesh, kinsmen of the same Wood who were fighting the same foe in the East...
...It was at this time thatr Gladstone clamored for "the extinction of the Turkish executive power in Bulgaria...
...As early as 1937 Gruessner and Stamati were able to employ a Finnish cruiser, the "Vainomi-nen," for their own devices...
...Stamati also sent spies to Soviet Karelia and set up the espionage group charged with guarding the Swedish iron ore district, which was so vital to German war industry...
...by the thousands on various fronts...
...It has not been reprinted by any newspaper and no articles have been written concerning the men who lost their lives...
...For Petsamo will never flourish so long as the Russians ? hold Murmansk...
...He organized the literature campaigns of various German propaganda agencies like the Fichtebund and the Weltdienst...
...H would be an entirely different affair, should Hitler de-mind BuJgarifTshelp for an invasion of Turkey...
...The attitude of the Soviet press toward Mikhailovich had been favorable until last Summer when the Yugoslav government declined Molotov's offer of a treaty on Moscow terms...
...Yet while a war against Turkey is sure to be welcomed by the large majority of the nation, regardless of class and political differences, Bulgarian enthusiasm will calm down or even turn into resentment as soon as the masses will have found out that a defeat of Tu rkey would endanger the flank of the Soviet Union...
...It was he who did most of the dirty work with his own hands, and it was he to whom was assigned the task of spying in the strategically vital Aaland Islands...
...His right-hand man was a Finnish Count, Constantin Stamati, who had fought in 1918 udder Mannerheim and who was not far behind his chief in hloodtnirstiness...
...Under the protection of this Finnish warship their men explored the strategic waters of the Gulf 1 of Bothnia, and the Esthonian Island* of Dagoe and Oesel which stand guard at the entrance to Leningrad...
...Since then all the papers, which take their cue from Moscow, started a campaign of "unmasking'' Mikhailovich as an advocate of collaboration with the Germans, as a man guilty of sabotaging the fight against them, etc., etc...
...For some time it has led Finlsnd to stop actual military operations jgsjnirt Russia...
...To be sure, nobody expected the Soviet government to state this openly...
...Yet there were many who hoped that in one way or another it would encourage the efforts of those who try to drive a wedge into Hitler's coalition...
...During the First World War, Mannerheim, now a Lieutenant-Gen&ral, commanded the Twelfth Russian cavalry division...
...All the attempts of the Yugoslav government to reach an adjustment of the existing differences for the sake of the common fight against the Germans have failed...
...Stamati was considered an authority on the Baltic countries...
...It .is the easiest thing in the world to arouse the Bulgarians against their traditional foe, to make them take up their arms against Turkey...
...Germany collapsed and the king never was crowned...
...Special units of Communist Partisans have been organized in Yugoslavia, under command of a decorative Communist "Labor and Peasants' * government This government is given support by Soviet Russia, and it wages an actual war against the people's army of General Mikhailovich...
...Their only choice would have been to resign...
...Serbs or the Greeks to revolt against the Sultan or, at least to retain a certain amount of of liberty...
...Several British officers, sent by the British military authorities as instructors for Mikhailovich's forces, by accident bailed eat in a region occupied by Communist partisans...
...The Germans then would try to establish a junction in the Caucasus of their forces rolling again through Southern Russia with the German-Bulgarian army driving eastward through Anatolia...
...it was not necessary to look for Quislings...
...Today he rules Finland, and has maneuvered her into an unenviable position...
...In spite of opposition, however, Mannerheim tightened his grip on the nation...
Vol. 26 • February 1943 • No. 9
