'Sacred Cow of Nat'l Sovereignty'Is Big Obstacle to Post-War Order
'Sacred Cow of Nat'l Sovereignty'Is Big Obstacle to Post-War Order [This is the first article of a short series HI Prof- Salvemeni on "The Sacred Cow of typtfonal Sovereignty.") , : 'mifA% % :....
...Through the centuries mankind has been cursed by war, always as a result of the fact that each country had to take care of itself, and there was no police force to teach the transgressor that war would not pay...
...It is the social significance of this purge which is of interest at this moment...
...the peace occurred, but solely to discuss, case by case, whether an assault had really occurred, and even if the unanimous decision had been to the effect that an attack had really occurred, they remained free to go or not to go to the rescue of the one attacked...
...There are some ten million children, for whose care women are responsible...
...her "elite...
...The corporate spirit and prolonged working in common made this group the most integrated and the strongest...
...In one capacity or another, the great machine is taking them all in...
...Looking back it becomes clear that he persistently pushed the centre of gravity ever closer to the party...
...He had never given up the idea of the new "elite," but he made headway cautiously and with measured steps...
...1—TE can say something more...
...State-power is shifting more into the hands of "politicians par excellence...
...mifA% % :. »Y GAETANO SALVEMENI ?LL thoughtful persons in' America are ask-i*ing whether, having been dragged into a first world war and again into a second world lift, America has to be dragged again into a third *orW war...
...They came to the conclusion that the economy must be brought under the direction of the state, that, It was necessary to create a system of "closed economy...
...And in international relations unarmed feelings are idle...
...This covers agriculture, canteen and hostels staff, the civil defense services, coal, cotton spinning and weaving, dentistry, hospital services, teaching, transport and public utility services...
...They are employed on an immense range of jobs, ever becoming more skilled, and are being rapidly up-graded...
...There can be no doubt that this narrowing of the base is forced upon him by necessity...
...This does not mean that they are no$ gifted men...
...The Ministry of Labor does all in its power to help them by insisting on adequate welfare arrangements, canteens, good midday meals and careful health supervision in all factories, and its efforts are splendidly backed up by the aid given by the home-keeping older women and by the voluntary organizations...
...The League of Nations was created in 1919...
...They were barred from participation in political power, they were in opposition to the democratic republic...
...Now, although the Ministry of Labor can compel as well as direct, compulsory powers hardly need to be used—so meager has been and is the desire to help in the common effort...
...They derived this ideal from the.Prussia of Frederick the Great with only ope qualification...
...Hours are loflgr—the normal week ranges from 48 to 54 hours...
...But on one thing all agreed—the work of our women...
...He had to adopt the course of the Reichswehr and this automatically weakened the influence of Russia's arch-foes, with Alfred Rosenberg at their head...
...They were able to address-plebeians, to impress and to lead them...
...Very few escape, unless they are disqualified by age, bad health, or responsibility for the care of young children...
...As a politician, Hitler was born in 1918—a time-of military collapse and social upheaval...
...There are no idlers...
...In the words of Professor Edward Hans, old Prussia was symbolized by the erection of-a* military guard-room close to tfte Berlin University...
...they have done so of their own accord...
...It is only with regard to economic life that Hitler continues his policy of caution...
...Behind the sails of his movement for revenge he managed to gather together the inarticulate feelings of social protest rampant among the lower strata of the urban and rural population, and to build up a mass party under his banner...
...Recently we learned of the gruesome murders of Jews on Hitler's orders...
...One fact, however, cannot be questioned even now...
...By the autumn of 1942, in addition to women in the uniformed services, auxiliary civil defense, nursing and police, there were nearly seven million women working full-time in industry, and another quarter million part-time...
...If each of the United Nations, as soon as the present war is over, or as soon as the war wounds have begun to heal, again goes its owt, way independently of the others, we will have again, jwtbin twenty years, a third world ww, and so on every twenty years another world war unless the strongest people subdues, and keeps subdued forever, all the other peoples...
...No group of women are rendering more selfless or splendid service now than the women in the homes...
...On lots of things they differed...
...The obligation to register for war service now covers women up to forty-five, and later age groups will follow...
...Their moral feelings had no teeth...
...Women are taking the place of men, and thereby releasing men for the armed forces, over the whole range of pre-war employment...
...Strain and hardship remain...
...Were the men and women ia America, in 1935 and 1938, prepared to do their part in enforcing even military sanctions against Mussolini in order to show him that war with Ethiopia would not pay, and in threatening war to prevent Hitler from raping Austria and C zee ho-Slovakia ? This was net the case...
...On the one hand, there was a movement among the upper social strata — bankers and professors, engineers and philosophers, the "wild barons" of«the East-Elbian provinces and the industrial magnates from Westphalia—all the men who held commanding positions in the Germany of that time, the rulers of her economic Ufe...
...and if we are sincere with ourselves, we have to admit that we are not an exception...
...The Minister of Labor can and does schedule essential lines of work from which workers may not move or be taken...
...It is by no means pure Coincidence that the news about the massacring of Jews reach us at the same time as the political shifts mentioned above - are happening...
...Even *ose who have university degrees are usually ttw who failed to find adequate positions under the "old regime...
...In Decenrber, 1941...
...Horse sense, with no help from social scientists, tells us that war arises from the desire to bully one's neighbor, and that as soon as the bully can persuade Innwelf that war will pay, he goes to war...
...This had actually happened earlier...
...But in the long run his acts always prove to be thoroughly weighed and meditated upon...
...The social base of Germany's state power is narrowing...
...DEFORE the war, Hitler was compelled to grant key concessions to the old "elite...
...By means of state-power the party would gain control over the economy...
...So far, only single women and widows up to thirty are being thus called up...
...In short, the working of "collective security" in the League of Nations depended wholly on the unlimited "national sovereignty" of the members of the League...
...If any one of them disregarded that pledge, all the other members pledged themselves to enact either economic or even, if necessary, military sanctions, against him, in order to force him to his knees...
...In 1934-1937 the situation was such that Hitler had either to adopt the international policy advocated by the "social aristocrats" or to forego the idea of revenge at all...
...The mothers of most of them—indeed of most—are working...
...Through the state, it would consolidate its power over the masses of the population and bring them within the framework of compulsory state organization...
...20 years since its first attempt to overthrow the political regime in Germany (the "Munich putsch...
...to prove the great variety of their capacities...
...10 years since Hitler's seizure of power, and' nie years since the Third Reich's fist aggressidh against a foreign country (the march into Austria...
...for it becomes peremptorily necessary to create a new social top-layer which shall absorb the "professional revolutionists" of Nazism, all these would-be "marshals...
...Basically, however, he pursued a policy of conserving and exploiting the old "elite...
...Conditions are difficult: rationing, the black-out, long distances to and from work, separation of families—these things press heavily both on the industrial workers and the housekeeper...
...We must, though, understand the meaning of these events...
...or, if already in an essential occupation, declared to be reserved therein...
...Work is hard—but no bus conductor, no shell filler, no welder, no machine toolmaker, no ambulance driver, no cook complains of that...
...True it would have introduced a fundamental element of totalitarianism, an organized economy, but it would have failed to create another development of equal fundamental significance—a new form of organized rule over the masses of people...
...i.There is something of the bully in the soul of every man and woman...
...But the plebeians of the twentieth century do not like this attitude...
...To be sure, he did not fight shy of "operational" measures against individuals and even groups...
...the past pursued quite a different policy of welding together the old and the new "elites...
...And when I aay "no one" I mean not only the diplomats and politicians who were running the show, but also the peoples in the different countries of Europe...
...So far as the army was concerned, he acknowledged this plainly in his address on November 8, 1936...
...They are borne with cheerful fortitude because they are shared, and because women are proud of being full partners in a great struggle in which they believe...
...The shape of their thoughts is giving, not taking...
...They never were isolationist from a moral 4>int of view, and therefore they were always heady to pass moral condemnations...
...This has been achieved by the incorporation of the armed partyTmlfitia into the army as an independent unit under a separate party command...
...His method of action, quite different from theirs, was the method exclusively of political action, of political violence alone...
...Hitler and his future "marshals" were men of this kind...
...They could be deceived by demagogy, only when they regarded the demagogue as a "man of their own...
...In addition, by virtue of their de classe past, they had a Gargantuan lust for power and did not shrink from using any means to get it...
...Will not this far greater trial see them emerge emancipated in an even wider sense and fuller measure ? I think so...
...Without a blow from without, Hitler's horse will not fall, to be sure...
...There are many such "halfs" •mong the upper ranks of the Nazi party...
...Hitler, on the contrary, wanted an agreement with England and an invasion of Russia...
...They had not, however, any men capable of conquering the people's souls...
...Not only in the field of war policy has this become manifest, but the domestic policy is no less significant, particularly since the beginning of the war against Russia...
...a policy of welding it together with the new "elite" which was being recruited from the party's top-layer...
...These different roads to totalitarian rule also mark the fundamental difference between Hitler's "state of the future" and the totalitarian state of the "social aristocracy...
...Under war conditions, the children's need of care is greater than ever...
...Through these sets of violence, Hitler aims at tying the German people closer to himself by common responsibility for the crimes which the world cannot and dare not forgive...
...A FTER Hitler's ascendancy to power, the problem of the relations between these two groups underwent a decisive change...
...Confronted with this question, ggyhre led to ask another question: Why war grises...
...those in the second group are given work, either on a full-time or a part-time basis, near their homes...
...Many of them had—as airmen, sailors, soldiers or as government officials—been cooperating in the all-out effort to which Britain is wholly given over: and they talked about it...
...A large proportion of these women, of course, are married and are therefore doing two jobs...
...Yet another development is of no less importance, the continuing purge of the army command staff...
...The United Nations must remain united after the war, and lay the foundations of a new world order enforcing peace among all peoples of the earth...
...Violence plays a far greater role in human history than those imagined who have been living in the "effeminating" atmosphere of "bourgeois democracy...
...Each country was its own untrameled judge in its relations with every other country...
...One of the basic problems on which the "social aristocracy" differed with Hitler was that of international policy...
...As long as we remain tied to this "every man for himself" mentality, "collective security" will be an empty word and "freedom from fear," one of Roosevelt's famous four freedoms and the foundation of all other freedoms, will be out of our reach...
...Having registered, women are called for interview and, on that basis, assigned to whatever form of work best fits their capacities and their domestic circuim?\ances, and the needs of the nation...
...The failures of the League of Nations did not depend on this or that other proviso of the Covenant of !a» League...
...Work from all is going to be the rule in Britain after the war...
...From these ranks Hiller formed the skeleton of his party, recruiting the "professional revolutionists" of Nazism...
...If the members of the League had prevented Mussolini from attacking Ethiopia in 1935 and had kept Hitler down in 1938 and 1939, they would have made impossible the outbreak of the present war, even though the United States was not a partner in the League...
...Under this they could be called upon to register, in age groups, and then posted where most needed...
...However, have Lhey not become mere "specialists" of their trades .without any influence in political policy...
...It was just as if the men and women of a city infested by gangsters, pledged themselvese not to come to the rescue of their neighbors as soon as a breach of...
...fortunately, there is in the mind of each one of us also the persuasion that it is*folly to break one's neck...
...Even a prancing horse can hold out on its hind-legs for a long time...
...The "social aristocracy" could not create their own party...
...THEY are working because everyone wants, and that passionately, to be sharing in the war effort...
...Often we are told that the League of Nations failed because the United States of America was not a member of it...
...Let us not exaggerate...
...1JITLER too aimed at a totalitarian regime— * * and one much more comprehensive than the totalitarian state of the "social aristocracy...
...Not compulsion, but the eagerness of women to serve, on the one hand, and the power of direction of the Minister of Labor on the other, has assembled the vast army of women now working and assigned to the vast range of tasks it is now performing with such success...
...Ten Years of Hitler — Nazism Seeks to Create New Social System by Crushing Old Aristocracy By Boris Nicolaevsky mt*M$ is a year marking many anniversaries W1...
...Gradually, influential persons of the old "elite"—who until recently had ruled in all areas of life, except politics—are in ever greater numbers leaving this base...
...Are they going, when victory is won...
...Hitler could not honor them...
...Add at one end the uniformed women and at the other the women doing full-time unpaid work in the Women's Voluntary Services and other organizations, and the number left out becomes, obviously, very small...
...We have here a paraphrase of the Russian terra "revolutionary conscience...
...What women may gain for themselves is not, at the moment, much in their thoughts...
...LT the other pole of those heading the move-¦ ment for revenge were men molded from quite a different stuff...
...And we know that we will break our necks if we attack our neighbors, not only because they will take care of themselves, but above all because there is at the next corner a ppliceman ready to bring us back to our senses...
...On the very first days after his victory, Hitler had to face the problem of creating the ruling "elite" of the Third Reich...
...One of Hitler's biographers characterized him as a not fully trained architect and an abortive artist, as "a man with half a-profession...
...third, women workers on about the land...
...It is a diabolic device, however, one that serves his purposes,in a striking way...
...However, the judicial system and other administrative branches have been submitted to party control...
...Our indignation should not be mitigated...
...Generally it is the army and the men at its head whose influence becomes stronger in times of war...
...It was not the United States who told them to make a sham of the League of Nations...
...The present developments in Germany have so...
...Most men and women of America were deeply shocked by what was happening in Europe during those tragic years...
...However, this addition to the events of June 30 by no means changed fundamental significance of the mov...
...In times of war such measures are taken only in case of pressing need...
...T170MEN in industry—using that word in its widest sense—of ** course form by far the most important group numerically...
...But they do want to go on giving and they have learned how much they have to give...
...It could, only have been the dictatorship of an obsolescent social upper strata...
...Broadly speaking, they are divided into the mobile and immobile...
...True he did not miss the opportunity of striking a heavy blow also at the old "elite" by executing some of its most dangerous leaders—the generals who had pulled the strings of political intrigue, on the one hand, and of international espionage, on the other (Schleicher, Bredow and others...
...Hitler has obviously been compelled to go along on this road because the people who are now thrown out of power are ever more driven by the very logic developments into opposition to the policy of the rulers...
...Then the current year with all its anniversaries of Hitler's triumphs will be marked in -history as the date of the beginning of mankind's salvation, as the starting point for the triumph of man's rights...
...Those in the first group (generally speaking, single women, and widows without young children depending on their care) may be moved from their houses...
...This unrestrained right to bully one's neighbor iq...
...However, yet another thing is true...
...This alone did not turn the "man with half a profession" into the Hitler with a place in history...
...Fully realizing the importance of the impending struggle and evaluating the experience of the last war, they concentrated on full mobilization of all the country's economic resources...
...on highly responsible operations, requiring special and delicate skill...
...But we must take care that, in falling down," the horse shall crush the mad man on its back, and the whole'system of totalitarianism which by its very essence threatens the whole world with bloodshed and misery...
...From a scrutiny of Hitler's words and deeds one conies to the conclusion that he deliberately chose to solve the problem of the new "elite" by quite different means...
...As yet, we are unable to establish the exact losses they sustained in the political struggle of the last year...
...There were two social strata in this camp...
...As a result of this policy there was in Germany, in the second half of the SO's...
...And it was Himmler, the chief of the political police—one of the strongest men of undisputed authority at the top of the ruling machine—who was entrusted with this command...
...All the measures of the German government during the last year invariably go jn this direction...
...The great majority though are men without definite specialties, men capable only of the so-called general political leadership...
...moreover, being given a chance such as many have never had before to show what they can do— above all...
...He wanted to dovetail the top-layer of his party into the old "elite" because he realized that there were a great many men in the latter who could be assimilated and who were necessary for the direction of the country's economic life, for the command of the army, etc...
...The party machine would be welded with the state authorities—the party and the state would • merge...
...IT is c.ily the "businessmen" among the old * "elite" who still remain at the helm...
...Moreover, the decision as to the kind of sanctions to, be enacted against the defaulter must be taken by unanimous vote...
...This is why Hitler has succeeded in the maneuver which marked his first achievement...
...There is a growing body of women...
...With the present military developments in the background the above mentioned social shifts become extremely significant...
...Women of Britain — The War Work They Do By MARY AGNES HAMILTON TT*HE ship which, in the first week of November, brought me * from England to Nejv York, carried men from almost every country in the brotherhood of the United Nations...
...It is, therefore, the more significant that at the very beginning of the war, Hitler took drastic measures to strengthen the positions of the party...
...When free and unanimous agreement was absent, "collective security" vanished into thin air and war or the threat of war remained as the last resort ia a dispute...
...All the would-be marshals at once presented Hitler with hie promissory notes...
...Hitler had taken his party into his grip by showing what those who tried to rush forward would have to face...
...What she is going to ask and, I believe, be accorded is a far greater freedom of choice and a far wider responsibility...
...fourth, women in industry...
...On June 30...
...The "elite" had an abundance of men who could be in military command, build factories and write books...
...And Hitler had in...
...This is more than a third of the entire number of women between the ages of 14 and 65 (of whom there are a total of 17,250,000) and nearly^half the whole number between 18 and 65 (of which there are 15,750,000...
...Hitler's' gift as organizer was first proved when he realized the importance of gathering these reckless -adventurers on his side and instilling them with the conviction that they had not one but a dozen marshals betans in their knapsacks if only Hitler's party would triumph...
...The biggest task that confronts a country with a population of working age of some thirty-five million is the right distribution of its workers, their most effective and economical use...
...The difference was now that Hitler kept a close eye on the relationship between the two groups and that all decisions were his alone...
...The men at the head of the army were the strongest and most influential group among the ': 'social aristocracy...
...Sixty per cent of the personnel of the Royal Ordnance factories are women...
...This could have meant the immediate start of a struggle against the old "elite," against the "social aristocracy " Such a struggle, would very soon have led to Hitler's downfall...
...It belonged to the time when women wanted to serve and felt they were not being given the chance to do so...
...There is not enough space to enumerate even the most important milestones of party's use to power...
...What can be done to prevent war from arising...
...That form of service demands as much recognition as the infinitely varied service women are rendering in industry and the professions...
...And since then it has been possible to understand him only as a member of his camp of revenge-seekers...
...However, in 1939, Germany was already reined back so much that Hitler could undertake a maneuver in the opposite direction, i.e., to strengthen the party's control over the army...
...Each bully was a law unto himself...
...Early in 1941, the Ministry of Labor was given power of direction, covering all women...
...It is easier to strike at a prancing horse because it is less stable than a horse on four legs...
...This is the verbatim expression of the official decree...
...Those who know the experiences of the Russian revolution can estimate the significance of this measure...
...Women are the backbone of the munition supply as of a growing proportion of the productive and transport services...
...On this there was no dissentient voice...
...His methods of action concerning the other groups of the old "elite" were just the same...
...They regarded the "plebs" and "rabble" with the condescension of haughty masters...
...But they were isolationist from the political and military point of view, and therefore they were never wiling to go beyond moral condemnations...
...Nor is this all...
...The most influential members of the "social aristocracy" (first of all the men in command of the Reichswehr) held that Germany should come to terms with Soviet Russia and fight against the Anglo-Saxon world (this view was most ardently advocated by the gee-politicians, with Karl Haushofer at their head...
...He could not do the latter, both parts of his "elite"—the old as well as the new—would not have acquiesced in such a course...
...It had become even more vital ft>r the fate of Germany...
...The first World War gave women political emancipation...
...of the Hitlerian era: 25 years since the formation of the nucleus of the Nazi Party...
...They represented anything but the "elite," and, certainly, not a "social aristocracy...
...much in csmrnon with some events of the Russian revolution that the question is posed whether the men who used to rule over Germany's economy have not already become "specialists" in their professions only...
...I think not...
...Married women are not liable under the National Service Acts, and the , Minister of Labor has given a pledge not to take the wives of' inen serving in the armed forces...
...The members of the League pledged them-selves to settle their disputes- by the peaceful mans of conciliation and arbitration rather than by war...
...They pursued a policy of preparing revenge from above...
...His-first words as a platform-speaker were a cry for...
...Hitler is a hysterical individual...
...a dual distribution of power...
...Their ideal was the organization of the country on the basis of hierarchic subordination from top to bottom with a military dictatorship at the helm and the nation's "elite" (or "social aristocracy" according to the term which was coined in this group) supporting it...
...The direction of the economic life, the command of the army, some special administrative branches (the judiciary, for instance") remained almost exclusively in the hands of the old "elite," of the "social aristocracy...
...He spoke for everybody...
...second, those in nursing and its allied services...
...We have witnessed so much during the last few decades, we have had such a tremendous, stock-of experience .to draw from that we can make bold to draw -'certain conclusions...
...Women are rapidly taking over the machine, iron and steel, shipbuilding, repair and aircraft production industries...
...The direction of political affairs, the police and administration was under the full control of the party, the new "elite...
...The 25-year history of the movement for revenge is the history of the struggle for hegemony between the two mentioned groups...
...to relinquish this new and wider service...
...Apparently, this process is becoming very acute...
...revenge...
...The army has already ceased to be an independent political force...
...Ofienthey came very close to each other, however, they never fully merged...
...a regime of international anarchy was sol-emnly termed "national sovereignty" by politicians, diplomats and social scientists...
...This is why many people abstain from bullying even if, by nature, they are so inclined...
...As a matter of fact it was not the United States who started the Ethiopian War in 1935, or raped Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938...
...she had iiscrrad the right to abide or net abide by the moral principle that war to a crime, that such a crime most, in all cases, be punished and that each country most have ¦ hand in the punishment...
...There is a war on," and the hardships are shared...
...On this power of direction the whole thing pivots...
...The root of the evil lay in the fact that no one was prepared to make the necessary sacrifices to enforce peace...
...It was the Reichswehr which had to bring about salvation...
...The overwhelming majority are still volunteers...
...In the ideal Germany of the future, a guard-room should also be built close to each bank and each factory...
...A rough picture of women's war effort would divide them into four main groups: first, those in the uniformed services, including civil defense and police...
...On this point there seems to be agreement among the overwhelming majority of men and women in this country...
...Last but not least no penalties, were contemplated against the member of the League who was lukewarm or disloyal in regard to the enactment of the sanctions...
...This was the very distribution of forces, of the two basic groups of the revenge movement, which assured its success at the beginning...
...jJOWEVER, the members of the League were * * not bound by an unconditional or automatic pledge...
...On some they were, in friendly fashion, critical...
...Social scientists have devised many theories ts explain the causes of war...
...The political head of the army has already been crushed...
...the policy of revenge had made this necessary...
...Their struggle went on behind the scenes with anv-abated intensity...
...Although today nine-tenths of the available women are actually at work, service has been given by women there has been no need to take...
...Matters have gone so far that judges are ordered in their decisions not to care whether the acts in question are provided for in the statute-books but to bear in mind only the interests of the "National Socialist state...
...There would hav* been no use in the United States being a partner in the League in 1985 or 1988, if the' American State Department had bean in accord with the Brtish and French Foreign Offices to the effect that Hitler should, have been allowed * free hand in Austria and Czechoslovakia...
...Freedom of choice and equality of opportunity for women as for men are the foundations on which their common effort is going to rebuild a society of common service...
...But no one complains...
...They have not been compelled to come forward...
...these powers were extended and women can, as and when needed, be conscripted for national service...
...An Australian pilot put it quite simply: "The women are doing an amazing job, all of them— in the homes, in the factories, in the offices and in the services...
...Today women—young and old—are in war work, as fully as men, without distinction of class...
...That cannot be said now...
...Mankind has always lived under a regime of international anarchy...
...jtJihe end of the First World War, on the assumption that it should prevent war by the so-called method of "collective security...
...They gathered about the Reichswehr, they supported it and fostered its glorification...
...They are...
...Sanctions against the transgressor would be enforced only if all the members, by unanimous vote, had agreed that the covenant had-been violated...
...This is the case in industry, and in the women's auxiliary services...
...Once there was complaining...
...Recourse to this procedure may give the most striking evidence how acute the process of changing the ruling "elite" has become...
...After its seizure of power his party must the become the ruling one of the country, the only political organization at all...
...of work, no woman is afraid...
...1934, he crushed the too pretentious "marshals...
...When one states that American isolationism is dead and buried, one states that the United States wttl not withdraw from such a momentous task...
...Socially, however, they were at the top...
...Constantly unrestricted violence becomes its sole support Hitler is persistently tightening his reins and making Ger-' many prance...
...Even if the ** United States had been a partner in the League of Nations, things would have gone no differently as long as the United States herself shared the mentality of all the other countries, that is if...
...They are unavoidable...
Vol. 26 • February 1943 • No. 6
