That Polish Frontier-The full Story of the Quarrel With Stalin
LEDNICKI, WAC LAW
That Polish Frontier—The full Story of the Quarrel With Stalin By WAC LAW LEDNICKI .Professor, University of Cracow, University of ¦j,',. BrulteU, Now at Harvard POLAND'S most important problem...
...The but dot was marked by an occasional stone marker half covered by creeping vines...
...One only lives once, and few there are who know how to lire that once," says Armando, the half-wit of the community, as he strums his guitar...
...The Polish Government asked for an investigation by the International Red Cross, at the same- time giving eloquent reminder to Germany that th* atrocities of German occupation have not and will not be forgotten...
...From the historical point of view these territories belong to the Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth for several centuries, and in such cities as Wilno and Lwow every church, Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox, every synagogue, every museum, not to mention the two famous Polish universities founded by the Polish kings Stefan Batory and Jan Kazimierz, every building, was put there by Polish hands...
...Certainly I am not moved by any will to greatness, because, aa all can see, I am no writer, eres if for years I have lead the most disparate books and ham sometimes found hi them old friends...
...1...
...Polish Govemment-in-exile is a legal one * Its organisation conform* te the Polish Constitution and this Government waa established in an ague men t with the last Prestdest ef the Polish Republic...
...Here again the Polish Government gaVe proof of...
...Indeed, in the . Eolish-Soviet Agreement we find the following: • "The government of the Union of SovietSocialist ..Republics recognizes the Soviet-German , treaties of 1039 as to territorial changes in Poland as haying lost their validity...
...Despite territory offers in western Russia which Hitler promised to Poland, she never accepted his proposals...
...Without his knapsack, it is an admitted fact that t smuggler is unfindable: every tree, eve...
...In Wartime England c The People Speak on Post-War Living . ty TOM HABB15SON Special te The New Lead ?? f ONDON, England.—During the last couple of months, war news has again occupied the most prominent place in topics of conversation of the British people...
...Ukrainians...
...From an ethnographical point of view these territories are mixed, with Poles being the numerically largest group—Poles 5,274,000...
...artisan etaaa...
...Poland was the first country to defy Hitler at the risk of war...
...impossible...
...Even in large Bouses there Is a prejudBh against central heating, aRhsugh its advantages, aa wall as the** ef gas and iilaLU tolt|*a| are appreciated...
...I spoke of the months of "work...
...He Was suspicious and immediately replied vaguely, but my suggestion had fined his heart with joy...
...75% of smokers said they would reduce their smoking...
...Only 1·% of those interviewed knew on the Monday that the Budget speech was due on that day...
...cause they feel they have finally streck et s sure thing with a "pension...
...This poverty created an acute social problem in connection with the proletarianization of the peasants...
...The Soviet Government raised all sort of obstacles as*'to the liberation of the deported Polish Citizens.' This went...
...men who had failed aad ? were younger, more or tons-, od tjss onJhY~^T adventurers, had come from the cities hsf...
...The mountain and ha men hefve^their own laws which experience has taught others to respect...
...middle class...
...A higher proportion than usual thought Churchill's speech bad, aaeVtbe mala reason for disapproval ware firstly that this was not the time for making speeches about reconstruction, aad secondly that it was mere words: "Rather disappointing...
...More talk...
...Goebbels...
...First of all the Russian government speaks continually of strategic necessity...
...Only one sefSS» in seven actively dislikes the place thaf "?* in, bet this does not mean they h*vt setae* to complain about They have built up *HJr mosphere inside their houses wi rh bijjB* satisfaction despite inconveniences of ?*??*|" ture and design, which transcend* eos| w» adequate plumbing, bad lighting, snd dttsee fort...
...Yet I expect little from our friend the doctor...
...This is the chief reason why even the most dogged ex-militants, border gatrrds, have given up for some years now the use of fire arms against the mountaineers...
...for a greater measure of safety, had periods of complete inactivity in order to prevent the precipitation of circumstances leading to a discovery of the entire organisation...
...des«aad, m . ia installed Only in large blocks of asm or ia the hawses ef the weB-te-do...
...Instead, he has praetieaBy made Russian-Polish ssBsbnrstion...
...Son of a distinguished Polish si atesmen who collaborated in the February democratic revolution in Russia, Prof...
...The Federation of Central European nations which would create a state of one hundred million people, could be a powerful factor for peace in Central'Europe...
...working-class hemes, pessesi the as as* , hold appliances aad lahar-asviag ******1 which are widely taken for granted is thr United States...
...O Mounfoineer" .1 ansaaewseehsssaaoa^ss^ __ ^4 A Tale of the Italian Underground A Short Story . „ ty STEFANO...
...and plays...
...Is it for the United Nstione to confirm such a gift, as Staun would like them to do now...
...These, ashamed of ?«?3' . tossftfealMft ?* be heat to areas tar tmm ?? Other men...
...The fir wood was wide and I began to study it yard by yard...
...The she- ( wolf prowled and the mountain goats reared on their hind legs, their heads trembling, waiting...
...The means of communication are difficult and hence poiiocal arm good work but was obliged, after a long hard winter to leave his post because he contracted severe rheumatism during the many white nights he haul spent to the open air...
...Very few British homes, aad etipsrhmT...
...A press offensive was started in which Poland was represented as a trouble-maker who raised territorial issues...
...A clever awe of political phrases —m* in f nothing ia particular...
...Sixty-two of these newspapers declare thenisefves for the Polish Government of General Sikorski without reservation, thirty-eeven give their full support till the end of "the war...
...Soon after articles, pictures, books, official and popular ;publications appeared, in which Polish cities such as Wilno and Lwow were mentioned as "essentially Russian...
...OPKORSKPS task was enormous...
...How could a Pole feel in this situation...
...Sometimes dawn found me With my eyes wide while my mind had taken refuge in indistinct recollections which vied with sleep to bring me rest...
...then everything settled into calm again and the series ended with the strident cry of a solitary bird...
...m ade Foreign Legion...
...It was the most "expected" budget of the war...
...During these months I lived my one and only life, as A IBs ¦ ndo, truly calls it to the deep aecom-panisahnttogSthe guitar's baas strings...
...What happened before meant little to anyone, and even tome it seems...
...Long months were spent in futile and painful discussions...
...I am Writing only because so many things someone should know may slip from my memory...
...j. ' Favorable remarks were most** of s eggte kind...
...Every so often, tat smugglers carry out certain traditional vafc...
...In fact, a conflict exists between the need for early reconstruction plans, and the need for getting on with the war...
...For Russia, on the other hand, Eastern Galicia can have no real economic importance...
...The main reaction of the public was more apathetic than to previous war budgets...
...From these Eastern borderlands had come to the majority of the great Poles of history—the Jagellonien dynasty, Rey, Mickiewicz, Slowacki, Sienkiewicz,vXosci-uszko, Pulaski, Pilsudski, Paderewski...
...Before he left, Pietro had warned the innieae.il ? n he trusted of my presents...
...Germans 89,000...
...The Soviets, and that part of the press in this country which supports them, constantly stress the fact that the Polish territories taken by Stalin in 1939 are "esentially Russian...
...In desperate easa) of encirclement, the contrabandeor elaspt hh knees, rolls himself into a kind of ball ssd hurtles down the slope...
...If Polaad should lose one of her two sou roe* of raw materials the situation would become even more dangerous...
...ittstrve in this directkn...
...There is another point: from 1933 to 1939 Hitler made several proposals to Poland for a joint invasion of Russia...
...Before long his task in Russia became very difficult...
...ALL the males of the area are <™ -erien Never within the memory of ma- has ? happened that a youth of the region wis sah) to take a bride without first having mads ? goodly number of trips, carrying en hit haft the traditional "bricolla," a kind ef knapssak shaped like a duffle bag filled with sugar asj coffee...
...The fact that luxuries, spirits and entertainment were further taxed did not produce any criticism, and nearly everyone was glad to see the income tax unchanged...
...In some houses, partieulaaly the laiwesttpsipji aal I they woo** like e second living ???**, "for best," whieh the could keep nice and furnish'wrth their beat furniture, where they could sit in the evenings away from the children and where they could entertain their friends...
...LcwJjal parts were his reference to the durstiea...
...They leaped the stream and went to nibble the tender grass at some tree trunk...
...Is Poland to fight against Germany in order to confirm a Nazi bargain...
...Concerted msnitestations, sabotage, everything is organised aad correlated by (he Director of aVsistanee, a usuiiws* of the Polish Government, • · · RUSSIAN-POLISH relation* are not only their problem, it is a general European problem, a problem of worldwide significance for the future peace...
...Finally, the Soviet Government began a year ago a diplomatic campaign to obtain the recognition of its annexations in Poland...
...something insipid and far away...
...But working men knew their tobacco and their beer would be taxed...
...It is pertinent to remark that for about twenty years, since the Treaty of Riga to the very outbreak of the war, Russia never contested her Eastern frontiers...
...And that is why Sikorski took the inWaclaw Lednicki is a distinguished Polish ¦democrat aad historian now on the faculty of Harvard University...
...I watched through the night...
...It was felt to be one more reatiae war inconvenience, making life a little more difficult, bat not radical enough to excite people to extreme of feeling...
...items where the people expected an increase...
...I followed them in their rotation hour by hour...
...Czechs 36,000...
...FStalin had had a real desire to collaborate with toe -United Nations to establish in Europe and throughout the world a democratically conceived' organisation et collective security, he would have helped Sikorski in his difficult tasks ?? the field of Russian-Polish relations and ia his projects for a Central European Federation...
...1 thank aahfisrs win want...
...After the end -of the campaign in Poland, when the Soviet and German armies pinched off opposition, the Polish nation continued the fight...
...Men have another manner of speaking down here, other faces, perhaps even other thoughts...
...When, again?' tradition, the guards stop him with a fus.aoe...
...And I may truly say that time no longer kept for me its normal subdivision into hours and minutes...
...When I came, Pietro received hat affably...
...bineers, are detailed to local affairs...
...But it should be remembered that the difficulties were in great measure caused by the unhealthy political climate that prevailed all over Europe between the two wars...
...White Ruthenians 1,123,-000...
...I have felt and am keenly aware that soon not even brandy will sharpen the dulling edge of my brain...
...I wonder how American public opinion would have reacted if a large number of imprisoned American officers had disappeared without trace...
...Man...
...It was the beginning of the summer, the season least favorable to our work whieh...
...Poland is a very poor country in raw materials...
...It was quite justifiable to believe, after the conclusion 1...
...Many fritrhen* were considered a»iilsir das» 1 esene» and aw*proper- ami...
...And ? may say, having lived under both German and Russian occupation during this war, that people needed very little of such experience te begin longing for th* Polish rule so bitterly criticised by both Nasis and ¦ Bolsheviks...
...sagt 55, ? aper class...
...Quite the contrary, in many treaties, pacts, declarations she confirmed Polish rights to this territories...
...la BtoMsg, -to»^er»atataBi' Bi ?? their cheerfel aad f riendlj sppsswaaes, m confirmed again...
...Thus it was that I approximated what may be called "sleeping with open eyes...
...The woods- on the preserve went right down to the water's edge, and the torrent rtsehf was covered over during many months of the year with ice and snow...
...Often the patrols of tr>u Bsyaj Militia sleep the deep sleep of th* ? ?*?» « their straw ticking just when they should ? out pounding their beats...
...I didn't think he'd come on future policy...
...From the...
...This would give them a stsahats «^rteaew** in which they could est and awe without the smell aad dirt ef cooking...
...Pietro rested and regained his straaghh, An intermittent fever worried him...
...Suggestions.put forward were mostly for an, increase of E. P. tax, and taxes on bicycles, dancing and radio were .also suggested...
...These two cities at an early date became great Polish cultural centers...
...These lands were under Russian rote while Russia was cofhtborating with Germany...
...These territories have coexisted with Poland for several centuries, and only a part of them, after the third partition of Poland, ever paased under Russian rule...
...For the majority of English...
...During the moonlit nights, the noises augmented in intensity and were punctuated by sudden unexpected silences...
...Refrigerators, elect* ; cookers aad vaesram cleaners are luxury in most working-clash as...
...He liked to talk in a low voice as he sat by the fire...
...The Russian annexations of 1939 no longer exist, even on paper, because the territories taeasaelves are now occupied by German troop*, and the treaties that announced then, have been dtoasacd invalid by the Bastiane...
...Unfavorable reactions came saoauy...
...IN the kind of work Pfetro and I had to do, * cahn and the ability to wait were prime requisites...
...In order to prsservi R, it is necessary to create an atmosphere of understanding...
...rebuild the Polish army in Russia and lastly to locate several thousands of officers scattered in groups all over Russia...
...the international thinking...
...The Polish Government in London has complete direction and authority over the Polish resistance irr occupied Poland...
...Maa...
...It was courageous because it was not easy to shake hands with Siblin after his move into Poland ia 1939 during the collaboration with, Hillen .and what he had done in Poland in 1940-and '41-r-the deportation of two million Polish citizens to Siberia, the joint proclamation ¦with Germany announcing the annihilation of the Polish State, conscription in the Red Army of Polish citizens residing on Polish territory occupied by /the USSR, executions, arrests, religious persecutions, forced plebiscites, ill-treatment of Polish-prisoners of war...
...The Four-Year Plan was outlined st ? thw when post-war reeonstactioa was neavlf <?> lis bed and in moat people's minds...
...The underground movement in Poland is directed and coordinated by the delegate ef the Polish Government...
...With the passage of time, the hard sal solitary life had alienated certain of thjm men who had been a-bsliUiteu by ------riisse snotfttaitfhtra...
...When I reached the hunting preserve up above the town, I knew clearly what the nature -of my work would be...
...His reference to the length offt» war accelerated a growing tendency at Hp that the war would go on for a long una...
...Woman,J15...
...I don't think you can plan now as* so much depends on the way the war ends...
...It wasn't very convincing...
...It is to be further remarked that the only country among the United Nations to advance territorial claims is Russia, and that her claims are against one of her own allies, and that she is the most territorially saturated country in the world, possessing a sixth of the earth's surface and being at the same time the least populated one...
...In this manner the Russian Government .advanced the conception that all the deported Polish, citizens must now be} considered . Russian...
...T*HE enemy consisted in the triple cordon of * border patrol, customs guards and carabineers...
...The stone lodge we Bved in was at the highest point of the preserve which followed the ridge of a hill- at about 2.600 metres, then it dropped sharply and followed along the incline of ? deep ravine...
...House* are usually heated by coal iraK ? central heating is not in an...
...at <to nap I Ml While houses Wut since the last amy had labor-saving devise built into the kitchen, and were easy to dean, older kitchen* lacked those Coal rtrTpe* for cooking were widely disliked...
...He had that patient, stolid look of the Venetian worker who can be found on every construction job...
...Certainly he will want to visit his home town for a bit," I thought...
...That is why the area had to be patrolled by two men whose job it was, aside from acting as guardians of the place, to supervise -the preservation and raising of the pheasants, the wild grouse, and some rare specimens of mountain goat...
...The most striking characteristic is that Sir Kingsley Wood increased the taxes on all the...
...Aad then, how does one manage to lire in tins plains...
...She has only two sources: Silesia and Eastern Ga-licia...
...Perhaps the most popular feature was that the tax was removed from utility clothing...
...On the other hand, the Bug river where Russia would like to establish new frontier is in no sense a military barrier, for it is a very narrow river which rups through vast fields and areas of sand...
...In speeches and interviews he expressed his admiration for the resistance of ttavRussian army, and preached a full cooperation with Russia...
...I followed all the trails and all the markers, the false trails and the paths marked with a light stone for night work...
...When the hunting season came, however, these fine people preferred, at the last moment, to go to more populous resorts, where there were huge hotels in which the head of the family could, in a certain sense, continue his business deals, while the daughters ©f>the house could find husbands and the wife ceaid send postcards to Her city friends...
...tbey waft about two by two and look askance ai Mussolini's militia...
...Every so often a series of sounds would reach me, beginning with the fall of a rock, with a rush of wings, and it set off a train of thought in my half-sleep which made this weird reality presage fantastic images of unexpected forays...
...Although the minds at BHahdi swap* . are at Skia- time occupied first with the war and ate neresstty far whanhag rt hr the shortest possible Um«, ther* ia every they will have formulated their own demands for better living condition* aad social security far themselves sad thetr children...
...He explained and described at length the terrain on which we were to work together, the men with wheea we would have to deal and the nature of the enemy we must face...
...Russian 150,000...
...CROM the economic point of view, these lands * jR*re poor, with the exception of Eastern Ga-licia, Which has oil fields and some raw materials of use in chemical industries...
...These newly rich wanted to come and hunt here at certain times of year...
...I, ENRICO BARD, write on these pages of the things that happened to me during these last months of "work...
...The greatest difficulties were experienced in tracing the libraries snd collections evacuated from Poland...
...Now the proponents of the Soviet thesis in-' sinuated that Russia's demands were justified and Poland was acting in bad faith by resisting Russia's claims...
...CjAlhDse who have never read the pathetic letters of ^Polish citizens deported to Siberia, all of ?> in abject poverty—and seeing in this ment the first hope of life and liberty, v.-ho have net seen thousands of Poles, ragged and barefoot, who walked from the Arctic zone to Kuibyshev to enroll in the fighting units, cannot realize the tragic paradox of ttfis enthusiasm...
...Ukrainians and Ruthenians 4,529,000...
...therefore ideal, especially aa the preserve ended, along one side, a few yards from the border...
...Of what importance can it be for Russia to extend her length of seven ¦ thousand miles by a minute hundred ? The frontier of 1939 went through the Pinsk marshes, which, proved to be a very serious strategic obstacle in the German-Russian campaign...
...The tax on beer was not so keenly felt, and went down rather indifferently...
...That is why General Wladislsw Sikorski's initiati ve in reestablishing normal relations with Russia immediately after Hitler's attack was so significant a move...
...Lucetti had come to Rome from France, after having crossed the mountains clandestinely over the French border...
...The upper valley is sparsely populated and even less widely known...
...But before reaving his district, the smuggler who comes out of prison takes his levenge...
...This praetorian guard was actually established after Lucetti's attempt on Mussolini's life...
...TfceBedget »THE fourth War Budget estimated the cost ¦'.cut the war at ?15 million a day...
...No one expected an increase on income'tax, through which over half of each taxable pound is already paid back to the Exchequer...
...During the early years, this militia was made up in large part of ex-squadron members who, finding themselves a few years after the March on Rome without bribery from those big business men who had formerly paid them, had enrolled in this special corps, attracted to it by a certain absence of military discipline and, 11*above «?* by the high pay they received ft comparison with the other mercenary irrgasJI rations of the Black Shirts...
...The cold and ·» hardships of nature often cause them to shah on the job...
...They were given to Stalin by Hitler...
...Once I happened to read in a book by a Spanish author: The poplar does not die because it has been attacked by dry rot but dry rot attacks it because the poplar wants to die...
...It was natural to believ, after the German 'attack on Russia, that the Soviet-German Treaties of 1939, dividing Poland between Germany and Russia, had lost their validity...
...As a matter of fact who was it that raised these questions...
...At the bottom, a torrent rushed along whose source was in a foreign land...
...t The other soldiers of the King, tnt eari...
...AT the same time Sikoski made another step i ? a different direction—toward preliminary agreements for-a Central European federation...
...stem-is so well known that in a few leapt up th* mountain side the mountaineer has throws aft pursuers off the track...
...But, besides these considerations, the problem has an important moral aspect...
...To this must be aided fat losses caused by some chance meeting with th) border patrol or with the customs guards, ft these cases, the only thing to do is to tbaanst the booty, and let the "bricolla" slip from aasH shoulders in order to be free to run...
...More space for hanging the washing, more airing cunthssraV bathrooms with a separate lavasunry...
...He has had many opportunities to do so...
...But the first condition *W«s peaceful collaboration with Russia...
...Further, when the German military power has been liquidated, there will be no real danger for Russia from the West, as none of her small neighbors would be able to commit an act of agression against her...
...Jews 1,109,000...
...He had to...
...Built-in cupboards are almost non-eaistsat, and must be one of the first coaeein* of post-war architects...
...war, td...
...They are not and they never have been...
...Had she opened our heavy oaken door one day, I should have known her: dark she was, with a broad smiling face, and a breast that by now had suckled move titan one child...
...BrulteU, Now at Harvard POLAND'S most important problem is still, * . as it has been for centuries, that of Russia ?-Polish relations...
...Seated at the foot of a tree, my logs wrapped in a lamb skin...
...It consisted in organizing, together with a few smugglers of the district, the passage into Italy of anti-Fascist propaganda material and of other things, heavier by far than the simple printed page...
...Thus even under favorable conditions Poland had no desire to invade Russia...
...ing thee to find in the border patrol ¦ ssam...
...But it is also Russia's most important problem...
...Lednicki, Spent his childhood and adolescence in the ? at ? ? forest, the place where the alleged Polish Officers' graves were found by Dr...
...the continually recurrent problem of tlte Russian-Polish frontier, desnjte the Russian-Polish Treaty, which de facto and de 'jure, restored the Polish frentier of 1938...
...parallel to...
...This war has shown that a separate, small Poland cannot play the peaceful role that was for Centuries the glory of the Polish-Liihuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth...
...A hundred odd yard*'above, on tile opposite bank of the ravine, ran the boundary line...
...Each Wind with its fresh haul of scents made them start with fear...
...About a quarter were generally critical, compared with half who criticized the tobacco tax increase...
...Lithuanians 84,000...
...At such a point came the tragic Katyn episode of the graves near Smolensk...
...Poles were and still are fighting in every land, en every sea, in every sky...
...the .Potish^So^t,Agreement (July 30, 1941) that these treaties had lapsed...
...Then, as if by enchantment, came the distant quiet murmur of waterfalls, and tumbling stones, echoed from who knows how many miles away...
...This latter brought out quite bitter class feelings, working men complaining that sack increases hit them much harder than people of higher income grades...
...The feer-yaw plan gives it a sice Kassian law...
...He hah taught at the universities of Wilno, Cracow and Brussels in Europe...
...be continued heat week...
...wires ¦» kitchen is the key point of the house- IK housewife spends much of her day thers^Jh**;-the kitchen is where the family eat...
...It was a proof of great political realism, as well as great civic courage, «? aakorski preserved harmony among the United ? Nations and-facilitated the approach to Russia...
...Lednicki has been a close student of Russian culture and Russian-Polish relations for the past twenty years...
...As usual women knew much less about it than men...
...The bullet is so heavy that soon I will no longer be able to Stand...
...The break of diplomatic relations remains a great European LataetTOpna The British and American Governments are making every effort to adjust this disBllSsanail...
...war, and his remarks about the zWvendjsjjfe port- Only jost ever half of those muuilift...
...I understood this from the very fact that he began to talk to me at length of his wife, as happens between lonely men, so that I relived with htm each of his encounters with his beloved, discovered her early graces, the lines of her face aad her body- I could conjure her up before my eyes...
...Finally Pietro decided to leave, after having asked from the owners m the city and having informed by messenger the leaders ef our movement who worked inside the country...
...dettas and tie up the customs guana***} whom they have found asleep, like ? mazy dead soldiers to the nearest tree, of roars* taking with them their muskets and cartridaf belts...
...spells ruin: a few years of prison a- thai flight to a foreign country without any chance of wiieapunaluf with his family...
...In comparison with her rich oil fields, the Galicia ? fields are extremely difficult and expensive to eaploit...
...For healthly men who after the prohibiten) of summer migration for work had gone hgs effect could no longer work abroad, cortrahta remained no longer an act of daring bet ? one means of earning a livelihood tor wift hm children...
...If be was killed, his brother or any male relative awaits the patrol behind a rock and coldly fires on the first couple...
...I spent long- boors just observing the little torrent, not to follow the play of light and shadow on the cascades and the pools of water, but learn by heart the %ay the stones were set, so that in the dark I Would know where to put my feet...
...On the whole this Budget excited considerably less interest than usual...
...electric cooker* as a post-war improvement...
...these who thought it empty wards, sad some who thought R needed tebe earrhd set mere speedily: "Sounds ah* right ia theory...
...Among those, who knew about it, opinions were distributed as follows: Men Women Total Thought speech good 42%* 64% 53% Thought speech bad 35 15 25 No opinion 23 21 22 This shows the usual sex pattern on political pronouncements, with men more critical, women more accepting...
...were euampatad...
...Man, M, artisan eiaas...
...At the same time, some persons wanted to keep their coal range as a means ef heating the kitchen, far boiling an oetosionat battle, aad for its generally (iheming effect...
...Housewives would like, bet water instajUrions to replace the gaa copper, more facilities for washing clothes—the laun-dr yday still plays a- major part ia th* Uses of working-class people...
...This collaboration would assure to Russia a better 'Warantee'of security on her Western borders ihari any changes in geographical frontiers could give...
...Thus their chief job is to fire oh sight at any suspicious element discovered within the range of a few hundred yards of the border...
...One might just as well try to compare a brook to the ocean...
...some Armenians, Karaites and Tartars...
...WHAT are Russia's arguments...
...I know that Poland was not particularly successful during the last twenty yean is handling the minority question...
...Only slightly over half the ldukawi were considered satisfactory, and a large number of i sap ? ever* tnt...
...These figures eonform to the findings of the American Peace Commission of 1919 and to the investigations of Professor Robert H. Lord...
...those who had nothing else wattled a BIB stove, while several with gas- Steves...
...The first are the most dangerous because they are a sort of elite guard of Mussolini detailed to the outposts...
...The most powerful underground movement was started in Poland...
...The customs guards are in chargt of tat customs and are detailed principally to ask,' trolling the activities of the smugglers' Tht men of this corps certainly do not love tit mountains because they largely are f row S South and hare entered the service only...
...Sometimes, on certain nights a little before dawn, and dainty chamois came down from the higher reaches...
...Thus for the first weeks I did nothing but my work as a game warden...
...The extensive carried oc: by ?? Observation covered many hundreds of bttjp, in London and some of our provincial in garden cities and housing estates, ia <y fashioned houses and blocks of flat* The nfjr ority of persons in the areas studied art ?? satisfied with their home...
...It was all a world of dreams to come " (Woman, 45, artisan class...
...DURING these nights I smoked, keeping the glow of my cigarette hidden instinctively within the cup of my hand...
...to' organize a Polish Relief for the two million de'ported, to find and liberate all prison-erf...
...It represents all Polish political parties existing in present times ra modern Poland, and is ted by men who batosagsd to the opposition of the "Colonel's Regime" m Phtand...
...CnarcnWi Aeeeaifreefion Speech "THE great majority of a London sample * questioned on their attitudes to Churchill's now celebrated speech on March 21st, had either heard or read something of the speech when interviewd the following day...
...The moat appreciated parts of the spans were the Four-Year Plan aad ChurdWl's ss-vice to get on with the war first...
...Lithuanians, White Ruthenians and Jews found themselves excluded from this "accorded" privilege...
...T*HE hunting preserve, which had served us as a cover for some time and permitted us to live disguised as, game wardens,, belonged to a group of big business men and industrialists from C. who had taken, over the territory to indemnify themselves in part for the losses they had suffered due to the bankruptcy of a great noble family which, in time gone by, had owned the entire valley...
...At rrigot, ? listened* to the noises to learn how to identify them...
...at the same time, public reactions to the Churchill speech on post-war reconstruction and the Four-Year Plan, and a fourth War Budget, suggest that the great majority have their personal problems and the future world very much in mind...
...Bach announcement or appeal of the Government ? carried out by the Underground press, comprising no newspapers,, regularly published in Poland at the present moment...
...quicker...
...IS, artisan class...
...I told him that if he wished to go away Tor a while, he could trust me...
...I bare felt for some time as if "it were all too Bate...
...Man, 40, artisan class...
...thought Churchill largely in favor of tie Beveridge Plan, and some of these want jp very sure...
...Increase in tax on spirits, luxuries* and entertainments Were also expected...
...Finally the Russian Government proposed a "concession" which also was unacceptable, namely that only those Poles who were of Polish race might be given back their Polish citizenship...
...MahMfah room » another problem—storage for ?? hind* off things from food and coat to gaaim and bicycles...
...Sikorski'* work in both Russian and Central European policy baa- been so constructive that it must be preserved...
...Moat working-Has* people have come to dislike ooeking and eatta* Rt oWsnaue room, ??' there is new a wide: deaaaa^ t)u> ia separat»*' ScaMety, containing the gas stove and slat with two draining bis ash .aaal a mill ling tabts...
...The Polish Government simply tried to put an end to the question of what bad happened to th* Polish officers who had disappeared after the · Russian occupation...
...twelve are in opposition to tike Sikorski Government...
...point of view of our "work," the place was...
...The damp tobacco had a savour I never found again...
...Instead of giving Silsorski some eontrete results of the SovietPolish agreement, he has turned ? into the complete bankruptcy, and the agreement has turned out to be a mere screen used to conceal a terrible reality...
...Many other snggcations were made to improve the post-war home, moat of them net ambitious or dUfwatt of reeJinttion by poet-war planners...
...AT a time when a spate of surveys ahftft construction plans are being predaeafflr experts in every field, it may be intaraftftt to look at Maas Observation's survey of **# ing people's ideas of their needs, aad tia* present housing standards...
...He became an advocate of Rdssian military proposals in connection with the necessity of establishing a • ^second front...
...I know that for us mountaineers the plain is little more than a flat prison with the air heavy over it...
...Drastic sabotage surrounded the organization of Polish military units and the .Polish Government could never obtain a satisfactory answer with regard to the fate of about ten thousand officers whose whereabouts were unknown...
...What of the desires of the non-Polish minor*-' ties in these lands...
...General Sikorski jn an enthusiastic mood caused by the successful outcome of his efforts - went .to Russia to meet Stalin...
...The pay is wretched aad the ?? great: exploiters from the plains earae up naf> ularly to collect the smuggled coffee and sugtt af very low prices...
...Although most homes have a bath, ther* ia not always a bathroom, and bath water lata frequently to be heated on the gas stove...
Vol. 26 • July 1943 • No. 27
