'The New Nazi Man-A Neglected Subject In the Wartime Education of Youth
KALLEN, HORACE M.
'The New Nazi Man-A Neglected Subject In the Wartime Education of Youth By Horace M. Kallen IN 1933, when Germany submitted to Hilter without a fight, the educational principles laid down in the...
...They were to take part in a training scheme which included a long march to attack some mountain -strong-points...
...Inwardly, hence, Nazism was consummation rather than revolution...
...By "packing" he meant his "wartime rations, which, though as good as anyone can expect in the fourth year of a war such as this, is barely enough to renew the miner's daily contribution to the "war effort...
...and other reviews...
...The constant of Mussolinian Fascism, during these years of the rise to power (1920-'22...
...feature programs on South Wales...
...According to them, social revolution would be born from this violence to which war would accustom the world, and it would be effectuated by ex-service men who would demand the fruits of military victory...
...Weiczen escaped from Italy in 1937, served as a volunteer in Spain, and then fled to France...
...The Kaiser's Social-Democratic loyal Opposition remained 4n the Republic the minority it had been in the Empire...
...JVEN among the non-syndicaKst revolutionaries, among the political Socialists, some are strong personalities could be found who saw and denounced the catastrophe toward which Giolittism (including its great reformist socialist, Filippo Turati) was leading the country...
...On February 25, 1922, he wrote an article entitled I* What Direction Is the World Headed* some lines of which are not without acumen: "In Europe at the present time the three nations which have the greatest possibilities for development are Russia, Germany and Italy, and it is beyond doubt that, in these same three nations, the social and spiritual direction is toward the right...
...One item must serve as a symbol of the many others...
...There are meetings of miners to discuss trade union matters...
...If tree men ere to be reeducated to war for freedom, their education must concern itself in all, through all and over all other subjects, with the wisdom concerning that inhuman danger from human beings...
...for the Italian underground...
...But already in 1921 he stated with gratification that this - was no longer indispensable for, even in Bolshevik Russia, had not "Lenin,, after having established the Factory Councils, abolished them and set up dictators...
...Revolution lies in this reaction...
...from Fiume, the leader, at the head of 15.000 "deserters...
...All teachers are uniformed Nazis, all pupils passionate communicants of the Nazi cult, all curricula streamlined to develop as quickly as possible the productive, reproductive and destructive skills required by a Racial State geared for total war...
...All the houses, built of gray stone which coal-dust has coated with black, are much the same to look at...
...English Vignette A British Miner in War By JACK JONES HAVING worked underground as a miner for twenty-six years, I have known my fellow-workers, the coal miners, in good times and bad, in war and peace, and I am getting to know them better and admire them more as I grow older...
...So long as the "pure" liberals, those of the socalled historical "right," were in power, it seemed that their undeniable moral virtues, the purity of their thought and character would end by "educating" the masses to a love of the new regime...
...It likewise supported each successive effort of the industrialists to wiest from the workers the too much they had conceded in 1919-'20, and it became the defender of extreme economic freedom, according to which the state could not interfere in disputes between industrialists and workers...
...There are civil defense duties, Home Guard, service on pit production and other committees...
...192-196...
...Conversely, the great majority of these masses, alien to the revolutionary struggles against Austria and the Bourbons, was also alien to the,new state because of its extreme poverty, its Catholic superstitious traditions, etc...
...These books were brought by children, duly instructed for the fiery rite...
...the chief thing is, whatever especial liberty you want, go ahead and -take it, directly, without waiting for laws, take it by violence...
...He is a member of a famous male choir, and a sergeant-instructor in the Home Guard...
...The character of the British miner assumes great interest...
...The four decades that elapsed between 1876, the year in which the left-center so-called "transformist" movement came to power (a movement which was to become Giolittism and in which the first attempt at a revolt on the part of Italian Socialist revoulutionaries was to take place), and 1918, were four decades of hate and conflict between the state and the masses...
...See, John Dewey: German Philosophy and Politics...
...and young liberal intellectuals like Gobetti went along too...
...In our necessary haste to convert our educational plant from the uses of peace to the service of war.in our "accelerating" and our "diluting" of school time and school courses, there is no indication that this human condition of warfare is receiving-the attention that it merits...
...The reforms expressed the aspiration of an articulate minority without the strength or the will to establish that aspiration as the way of life of the majority...
...Pale faces notwithstanding, they can stick it as well as any...
...The more proletarian part of syndicalism has turned to the Communism of the Third International, founded by Lenin...
...Two months later, these I German sailors had to be re- § moved to an isolated camp in 1 the Arizona desert because I it was discovered they were i propagandizing for Nazism I among the people with whom they came in contact...
...No one believes any longer in the fatality and scientific nature of Socialism...
...His work below ground is over for the day, but his time between now and bedtime is far from being his own...
...It fought against the so-called monopoly of the socialist and catholic trade unions and wherever it could, as in the Ferrara region, it imposed at once the monopoly of its own syndicates...
...Hitler could not have accomplished in seven years what Mussolini failed to do with the Italians in seventeen...
...On this score we invite comments and discussions on the Weicsen article and that of Horace Kallen above, which discusses the role of democratic forces in the Weimar Repnblic Of incidental interest to some readers is the fact that Leo Weiczen is the original of the striking character Mario, in Arthur Koestler's book, describing Le Vernet, "Scum of the Earth...
...The Nazi order in Germany has been far less a drag than a mirror, and is far more consented to than is realized...
...even Benedetto Croce called at the editorial offices of The New Order and sought to revive Labriola's philosophy of the praxia, adapting it to the conditions of the civil war of the time, At the other extreme of Italian communism...
...So the township stands—or clings to the mountain's side—between the pits below and the slag-tip above...
...The planned New Order of the Nazis was but the vulgarians' version, with its paranoia less unchecked, of the Imperialism of the Prussians...
...Despite an active anti-fascist career, in the underground and from the outside, Weiczen has also been a close student of Socialist and labor history...
...He uses his forearms to wipe sweat clear of his eyes, for the safety-lamps do not enable him to see much through the dust...
...From November 1918 things began going from bad to worse...
...So long...
...he came to early maturity when Mussolini's swaggering blackshirts began their terroriza-tion of the people of Italy...
...This they considered a betrayal of the proletariat and refused to collaborate with it in any way...
...They leave little room to doubt that Hitler Germans, in contrast to Fascist Italians, are conditioned to live by war, for war and in war...
...Because of shift work, that is the only day that the company as a Whole can parade and train...
...Conspicuously, both reshaped education with identical purpose and methods, Mussolini having at least ten years more than Hitler to achieve his ends...
...Today coal mines are coming ander the control of the British government and coal is on the way to nationalization...
...to enunciate similar programs in 1919...
...Giolitti's state was toppling...
...Such reports as Reinhoki Schairer's, Erika Mann's, Gregor ZiemerV and many others', tell the tale...
...But the trump card held by Mussolini and the "Fasci" was that they dared say to the people: after all, programs count for . little...
...The first of these was Gaetano Salvemini, one of the outstanding contemporary historians...
...In the immediate post-war period, the Communists could attack vested power...
...But it only succeeded by such means in attracting the parliamentary representatives of the unions and the press drawn from the Socialist masses...
...In order to breathe more or less freely through his nose, he has to blow it hard and often, using forefinger and thumb...
...Songs of praises I will ever sing to Thee...
...The Fascist...
...4 Nor do the pre-Hitler ganglia of social sentiment faff reciprocally to induce favorable currents of the NasJ mood...
...It seemed the time had come not only to settle accounts for the war years, 1915-18, but for the series of preceeding wars and national struggles begun the previous century, a period known as the "Risorgimento," and only now definitely over...
...Carlo Ros-selli: Socialisme liberal—Paris, 1930—p...
...But tbi* movement had dissolved on Italy's intervention in the world war...
...His name is Shoni and he lives in a typical South Wales mining township, the houses of which are terraced on the mountain's side...
...was the correct intuition of the tie binding the fate of Italy to that of Europe...
...What struck me most was not their smart and efficient bearing and movements, but their paleness as compared with the home guardsmen of rural and other urban areas...
...In seven years, the entire school system was reshaped to this end...
...Were this not so...
...After tea, Shoni changed out of uniform into what he calls his "bit o' best clothes" and went to chapel with his wife and prayed, like thousands of other miners, for their sons fighting on land and ocean fronts...
...But upon the Italian people Fascism seems to operate like a distorting drag...
...Must be the packing...
...This type— [ swaggering, cynical, fiercely proud of its superiority { and destiny—is a product of the "education for ! death" system of Nazi Germany...
...Ibid, p. Wt...
...Shoni invited Quentin Reynolds to attend one such meeting, and told him he was the first American citizen to be present at a miners' meeting in that valley...
...At the end of the shift, Shoni ascends the pit and walks home, his feet heavier to lift than they were on the way to work that morning...
...This is the Republic's "Bonfire Days," on which, with due ceremony and speeches, books held antagonistic to the Republican idea were burned...
...arrested in 1927, he was released after a year's imprisonment...
...the old hierarchical sadistocracy of the military cast now naked and exulting in its nakedness...
...In 1919-'20 the century of democracy it dying...
...Thus, during all of 1919-*20, , Fascism supported the occupation of the fstories, meanwhile defending the workers' "freedom" not to be socialists, but whatever else they willed, for example, nationalists und D'Annunzians...
...But their eyes shone in their pale faces, on which blue coal-scars, the marks of their calling, were prominent...
...The result was the contrary...
...In this sense, it is not j only a contribution to the problem of curing the j Nazi-innoculated mentality of a new German genera- I tion, but the failures of the democratic movements j in the interwar period...
...This is where Shoni, the miner, lives...
...He is the author of Rhonda Roundabout, Unfinished Journey (autobiography) and the film Proud Valley...
...The latter, it was claimed, had obtained too much the year before and it was among the landowners that Fascism recruited its first great solid factional militia...
...We permit ourselves the luxury of being"—wrote Mussolini in March 1921—"both aristocratic and democratic, conservative and progressive, reactionary and revolutionary, legalitarian and illegalitarian according to the circumstances of the moment, place, atmosphere, in a word, of history within which we are obliged to live and act...
...The entire section on Germany is revealing.] The world-shocking Nazi holocausts were but obscene improvements on the republican example, and more surely evidential of the people's unwritten constitution, of its enduring disposition and way of life, than the written constitution which is to the unwritten always either a mirror or a drag, [The repealed Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States is an example of a drag: most of the rest is mirror.] causing superficial distortions...
...It was true, morever, that it was now not directed by reformers but by what was even worse, the so-called Maximalists...
...Instead, fascism conquered the state, demolished it and raised up in it stead its own Party State because, despite its morganatic ties with the reactionaries, it succeeded in presenting itself to mass public opinion as a party of liberty...
...What sort «f adults they become may be gathered from the reports on the'disposition and behavior of German prisoner* of war...
...But when the "pure" were succeeded, as they must logically have been, by the politicians and businessmen of so-called liberal democracy (whose symbol Gioiitti became for Italy), the break between the state and the revolutionary sector of the masses was clearly revealed...
...Salvemini," his great disciple, Carlo Roselli, wrote of him, "affirmed the urgent necessity of a program of action capable of substituting for the struggle to gain essentially economic reforms, which were of interest only to a restricted category of workers, the struggle for a series of great political reforms of general interest (electoral, fiscal, customs, communal, military) which would alone be able to create in the people that consciousness which is the indispensable basis for the birth of a modern democracy...
...But Shoni and his fellow-workers have their spiritual reserves to draw upon, and they are determined to do all they can to "stop Hitler's gallop...
...monarchico-liberal state of the Cavours and the Spaventas...
...on the record, are the Japanese different, save that the nurtural brutalizing of their natural animality is perhaps simpler, less though-out...
...With the war he was interned at Le Vernet, and final ? escaped to Mexico, where he is at present...
...But Salve-mini stood alone and intellectual youth, deluded by reformism, did not rally to revolutionary syndicalism...
...The masses of industrial and agrarian workers wet* constantly in the streets, occupied the landed properties, the factories...
...He has written and played in numerous B.B.C...
...A grand chap, Shoni...
...When working on the day shift, he leaves home at six, so as to be at the coal-face by seven...
...In 1941 he toured North America speaking on the wartime life and achievements of miners in Britain...
...These included even non-socialist workers (anarchists, republicana, 'those without party affiliations), and created, according to the syndicalist ideal, the model for the new society of productive workers on the very scene of productions An elite of communists gathered around Gramsci's review, The New Order, which included Umberto Terracini, Umberto Calosso...
...Only about a dozen buildings rise above the houses: the miners' Welfare Hall, chapels of various denominations and a little church, a couple of public houses and a school...
...The "Royal Guards" fired on them...
...I watched Shoni's platoon forming up to march off one Sunday morning...
...Togliatti, Giovanni Parodi...
...He earns his daily bread down one of the two nearby pits, at the coal-face which is half a mile below the lowest point of daylight...
...Low down in the valley are the two pits, and high above the township is a huge black slag-tip...
...On the contrary, the very backers of fascism were convinced that, were it to come to power, it must do so as a coalition government and must soon be liquidated, once it had terminated its anti-proletarian mission...
...The masses remained against the state, for, in the provinces, functional life is not democratic but bureaucratic and reactionary, patterned after the will of the prefects who are imposed from above, strangers to the workers, dear to the industrialists and to the more oppressive landholders...
...I may add...
...Anyway, we'll manage to stick it until we've stopped Mister flaming Hitler's gallop...
...set up...
...The Kaiser's political majority broke up into minorities which', joined together, were still a majority...
...Before taking a drink from his drinking-jack, he has to gargle to clear his throat and mouth of coal-dust, which also 'clogs his nostrils...
...Thus it happened that when, in September 1920, tbi revolutionary crisis reached its apex with the occupation of the factories, the communists had not sufficient influence as yet among the broad masses...
...The Liberal-democratic state of Giolitti knew itself on the brink of a precipice and, therefore, granted numerous apparently democratic concessions (freedom of the press, freedom to strike, extension of suffrage and then universal suffrage, etc...
...Amedeo Bor-diga, the intransigent critic of reformism and Maximal* ism, propounded the necessity for setting up immediately a party capable of organizing the insurrection...
...He goes on feeding the conveyor with coal, the life-blood of his country's war efforts By the end of the shift, he feels he's had about enough...
...DUT events were moving more rapidly than the develop-ments of the communist revolutionaries...
...The latter continued to loathe the state, but were in no position to confront practically the_problem of- the new state...
...Coal meant power and power ? meant mills and manufactures...
...at present he is an editor of the publication "Quaderni Italiani...
...Recently Weiczen completed a study, the "History of European Socialism," translated by Frances Keene...
...Civil war was spreading throughout the country...
...Revolution was the order of the day and it should have been the hour of revolutionary syndicalism...
...See Frederick William Roman...
...Luigi Longe, Mauro Scoccimarro...
...University study, naziftsi as it is, is discouraged and curtailed...
...I EO WEICZEN is in the front ranks of the fighters against Italian fascism...
...Born in Fiume, in 1909...
...Jack Jones worked down in the pits for 26 years, except for a break daring the First World War when he served in the British Army...
...Ernst Troelsch.] Whereas the Republic, born of defeat and existing in division, only frustrated that older drive of the national being, the Third Reich was preached as the gospel of its fulfilment and its vindication both in what the German heart denied and what it affirmed, in what it hated and what it desired...
...Education in Nazi Germany, by Reinhold Schairer, in "Educational Reconstruction Notes" U. S. Committee on Educational Re-Construction, New York, 1941...
...Its name was fascism...
...The new future fascist myth of a proletarian Italy which, unable to resolve the class war within the country, projects it outside against the richer nations, was fermenting in the student youth of this period even before 1914...
...UT, as the worker's movemejit began to expand, Fascism supported and organized armed punitive expeditions of landowners of the Po Valley against the agricultural workers...
...On all levels, bellet is imposed and inquiry banned, thinking is subordinated to marching, to the performance of party-rites and t> party and state-services...
...But a bath and a meal work wonders...
...Mussolini still declared that he wanted a socialist revolution...
...It was, in truth, revolution conceived as adventure, and this is why it conquered a country thirsting for revolution but in which the masses were not yet mature enough to effectuate consciously this very revolution they were seeking...
...Leonetti...
...No doubt "production" is indispensable to victory, and our airplanes and ships and guns and tanks and gases must be in every way superior to the enemy's...
...See Education hi Xatf, Germar ? by Two English Investigators, Kulturkampf Association, London, 1938...
...defied the government at Roma...
...A number of syndicalists, Corridoni...
...it simply drew further away from socialism and democracy and plunged into literary adventures, more often than not of an ultra-nationalistic character...
...Hitler's doctrines were but a reformulation, in the language of a Hearstpaper and a smutsheet combined, of the beliefs of the Hohenzollerns...
...In outward seeming withdrawn from power, the Junkers, the Generals and the Big Businessmen continued to hold the inwardness of power as the disloyal opposition to the Weimar principles and policies...
...Jack Jones ? DRITISH coal mining baa been the *-* basis, in part, of British prosper- . ity...
...Junkers, clerics, monarchists and men of business held back the reform of education by keeping the schools under the checkrein of the ten or more political parties, Whose rivalries secured the societal status quo ante from change-Whatever reforms were put into effect penetrated the mores, the folkways and the dominant cultural drives of the peoples of Germany as little as the whole Weimar Constitution did...
...From home and church, from shop, field and factory, from hospice and hospital the sentiment flows into and fills the schools and playing fields...
...At Turin (and then at Savona and in certain other cities), under the guidance of Antonio Gramsci, a magnificent movement of "Factory Councils" wa...
...The NazisU COMETIME before America I ^ entered the war, a group | of German Bailors landed in 1 San Francisco and were in- I terned for the duration in the | port...
...Another week crowned in the house of God...
...Under these circumstances, there was no alternative for Italian communism but to constitute itself an autonomous party and to fight for its own independent revolutionary existence until such time, perhaps decades ahead, ~~as events would determine a new proletarian revolutionary communist atmosphere...
...Elsewhere the modern national state took shape thanks to Caesars arisen from the people, Jacobin democrats, religious reformers, capable of mobilizing great masses and binding them to the new state...
...It is this kind of Kulturmensch, thus nurtured, that Americans are now called upon to fight on the productlea and the battle fronts...
...Its efficacy is a function of his fighting faith and operative knowledge of that wisdom concerning dangers which Plato called courage, the (virtue of the soldier and...
...it was the Weimar Constitution which projected revolution...
...thus they maintained their prestige and their rule over German society...
...And in his article here he examines not j only the problem of the Nazi youth but the failure j of the Weimar Republic to overhaul the traditional I German educational system...
...School for Barbarians by Erika Mann, Meiern Age Books, New York, 1938...
...The work below ground seems to beat me sooner than it used to, Jack," he said to me...
...Here's a picture of one who is typical of them all...
...We think, however, it is a contribution to that re-evaloation of Socialist theory and history in which the left wing has now been engaged for several years...
...They were all the further removed from power due to their purist attitude when confronted with the opposing current that had emerged from syndicalism, namely nationalistic-* D'Anrunzian—war-mongering...
...less streamlined...
...The New Nazi Man-A Neglected Subject In the Wartime Education of Youth By Horace M. Kallen IN 1933, when Germany submitted to Hilter without a fight, the educational principles laid down in the Weimar Constitution were still far more a formulation of faith than a record of achievement The vested interests that controlled education before the Republic was born had been little weakened and hardly restrained...
...One day...
...In Italy, the minority of the masses who rallied actively to the "Risorgimento," under the direction of Mazzini or Garibaldi, immediately felt itself betrayed in its racial ideals by the constitution of the...
...received from a caste that had lost the war but was too sly and too cowardly to build the dangerous peace of the defeated...
...Can, will, our wartime education do this...
...It must study how to understand it, how to face it, how to conquer and, destroy it, without at the same time being contaminated by its quality or suffering any decrement of freedom as both they Way of going and the goal alike of war and peace...
...V*NOWLEDGE is valued only as Wehrwissensehafa history, literature, mathematics, the physical and tat social sciences signify only as vehicles of the arts of force and fraud called for by total war...
...Paolo Orano, etc including Benito Mussolini (who had joined them fron» official socialism) had come out for war...
...The anti-state attitude of the masses was expressed in the great movement toward revolutionary syndicalism, practically speaking a far more important thing than Italian reformism, for it was present where the life of the masses took place, in the local Workers Halls...
...this article is taken from Chapter Nine of the book...
...This was not only because the program of the "Fasci" of 1919 was extremist: abolition of the Senate, a body of representatives (Constituents) to determine the aims of the state, worker's control over industry, foreign ¦ policy hostile to those powers responsible for framing the Treaty of Versailles, distribution of land to the peasants, etc...
...This short article is by Jack Jones, miner author and playwright...
...A Christian citizen of no mean country, a soldier and a miner all in the one Sabbath day...
...Yet, Horace Kallen insists, the roots are not j only in the last ten years but in the whole German j educational and moral system for the past scores j of years...
...Refl Guards" were formed and reactionary nationalistic squadrons as well...
...in short, it made reformists out of a few hundred organizers...
...It isn't that I'm too old, for I'm only fifty-five...
...So I've got something on most evenings after work," he says...
...The Italian "Risorgimento" was the single great European national revolution to have been led, in its victorious phase, by "pure" liberals...
...In the army, the ultra-nationalistic seditious movement of D'Annunzio made itself felt...
...After a most gruelling day's training, they marched back to the township in splendid order...
...The New Leader does not share many of Weiczen's views or agree with his analyses...
...It is a known fact that Mussolini and fascism were aided financially by the great industrialists and the more reactionary land-owners, who sought, by means of the "Fasci," to rout the Marxist worker's movement and who made it possible for the "Fasci" to obtain, in their armed fight against socialists and communists, the support of the army and the Giolittian police...
...Michel* Bianchi, Edmondo Rossoni, Arpmati...
...In 1920, in the midst of armed attacks on Italian communists...
...Pulling the strings behind the scenes, they were able to frustrate every program that might reconstruct folkways and mores from the grassroots...
...At one and the same time, it exalted Party dictatorship, as an instrument of government in a new period...
...Their tyrannical devices were similar if not identical, and they applied them with similar thoroughness and intensity alike to the spiritual and to the material economies of their respective countries...
...The power in the hands of this minority was power received, not power taken...
...The official socialist party, whose active membership was on the increase, became—as Sorel had foreseen 18 years before—the important party...
...The rise to power could be attempted, as a gigantic adventure, bu the other current arising from revolutionary syndicalism...
...Inwardly, Nazism is simply the traditional military imperialism without its court dress and courtly polish...
...And if you write anything about us miners for the miners of America to read," he said to me, "you can tell them from me that we miners on this side are doing our best for the cause...
...During the whole of 1919 it put up a fight for the» abolition of censorship, yet in 1921...
...His Goebbels, his Goring, hit* Streicher are so successful because, unlike Mussohafv minions, they work in a climate of faith and feeling that nourishes such successes...
...A Lesson From the Past Fascism and Anti-Fascism in Italy By LEO WEICZEN ¦THE military victory of November 4, 1918, over the * century-old national enemy, the Habsburg Empire, initiated the revolutionary crisis in Italy...
...He is on the night-shift this week, and after a bite of supper will be changing out of his "bit o' best clothes" into his pit-clothes and going down the pit before the Sabbath ends...
...Mussolini: Srritti e Ditcorti, Vol...
...Even if the vast majority of the masses allowed itself to be befuddled by the Maximalist committees, the current was flowing toward the left...
...George Santayana: Egotism in German Philosophy...
...They sang Welsh hymns, which flooded the little township from the half-dozen chapel...
...The ranks of the latter were swelled by the more backward strata which had had no part in the "Risorgimento" but which awoke, at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, in farmers' revolts...
...At once it embraced the anti-state revolutionary socialism on which Bakunin especially, and later Enrico Malatesta, exercised great influence...
...and extra-statal, illegal action, on the part of anyone who wanted to assert his rights...
...The Nazis have onljr done openly, thoroughly and with lustful sadistry whit the Republic weakly and Secretly wanted to do and the Empire did vigorously but with a certain form...
...After the' attack came the long march home again...
...And he allowed it to be understood that, in order to set up "dictators," a radical and bloody revolution Like the Russian was not needed: Fascism sufficed...
...W. W. Whitelock Ph.D...
...Then for seven and one-half hours he is at it hell-for-leather in the din and dust of coal-cutting machines and conveyors...
...Except for the few tough and smart enough to be chosen as trainees for the upper stations of the Nazi hierarchy, school time is shorter than it has beat since the turn of the century...
...11, p. 182...
...They were species } Homo Naziensis, the new German man...
...At an early age, Weiczen entered revolutionary activity: he was expelled from his school at Fiume in 1924 for anti-fascist activity...
...And in recent fiction, the British coal miner has dramatized the ills and strength of Britain and its national character, viz., A. J. Cronin's The Stars Look Down and Richard Llewellyn's How Gfeen Was My Valley...
...New Education in Europe, pp...
...These sailors, with the opportunity of fleeing j Hitler, might have expressed democratic attitudes...
...So, the Italians are driven while the Germane are let* They believe their Fuhrer because they will to believe theml Fuhrer, because he is leading them to what has so long been their Promised Land...
...Since 1936 all boys from 14 to 18 are conscripted in the Hitler Jugend, all girl* of 14 to 21 in the Bund Deutscher Madel...
...upon the Germans Nazism operates like an energizing image of the national being, the being of an unconquerable warrior, freed a last, and going about his bloody destiny of overcoming and ruling the world...
...re-arrested in 1931, he served six years in a fascist prison...
...All the Italian 'parties that wished to appeal to the masses (even the Catholic Popular Party) had...
...His active career in Italy and his studies entitle Leo Weiczen to the earnest consideration of Socialist thinkers...
...Education for Death, by Gregor Ziemer, Oxford University Press, New York, 194rM From birth clinic to battlefield German boys and girh are patterned according to an image of a predatory gun, man and his moll, by means of a sadistic doctrine sad discipline of working, stealing, fighting, breeding and dying for the Fuhrer...
...of the civilian no less...
...translator) Modem German in Relation to the Great War, by a number of German Public Men and Scholars, New York, 1915...
...They are the creations of the most ignoble features of military culture of ancient root, brought to maturity without any lag in seven years...
...when it began to ¦pel its strength, it exercised illegal censorship by the obstruction of the opposition press...
...As dissident books have been banned and burned, so brain has been laid under the lash of brawn, chastity cast out for fer-tility and military skill exalted over intellectual competency...
...Stift, it would be a mistake to believe that such aid could have been sufficient to deliver the state into the hands of fascism...
...Yes, and most Sundays as well, for the township's company of the Home Guard have to do "company traning" on Sundays...
...The National Socialists were simply the most immoral, the most aggressive and the most sadistic fraction of that unchanged majority...
...CHONI himself serves on the pit production committee, which meets weekly to discuss ways and means of increasing output...
...But in the last resort, a machine is only a tool in the hands of a man, and can give only that account of itself that a man makes it give...
...THE impulsions which Nazism at one and the same * time unleashed, mobilized and set moving against mankind had indeed sought and found acceptable outlets under the sanction of Weimar...
...He effectively swung Socialist youth, which numbered tens of thousands of enrolled members...
...In France he collaborated with "Quoi Faire...
...Consult especially the essay by Dr...
...And is not the first danger and the last of this global war the character of that homo iiazienext, which Hitlerism's nurture has bred to scourge mankind...
...After a bit of a talk outside the chapel with some friends, Shoni walked up the hilly street to his home...
Vol. 26 • January 1943 • No. 1
