America takes a Quiz
BLACK, ALGERNON D.
America takes a Quiz Behind the 'N.Y.Times' Test on History By ALGERNON D. BLACK *|*HE New York Times has published a test * in American htotory which had been given to seven thousand stndeut*...
...ACTUALLY, the movement for American history teaching has a great good in it,, that we should know and prize our past, oar' heritage, and the lessons to be learned...
...He has in view a "world-state" which would have, as "ruler and ruled," some two billion citizens...
...Instead of ignoring the inter-relations between education and society, his explicit theme to that there can 'be no hope for education unless it is brought, consciously and entirely, under the control of the state...
...Even if the latter is the case, Meiklejohn would seem to have forgotten the most important and obvious of Plato's political teachings: that every member of the state to not capable of participating in the administration of all the activities of the state...
...An educator, surely, should do to others what he conceives to" be the best educationally, even if they do not do likewise to him...
...The Guild-ceaid almost be called a "front" for the League...
...Next in The New Leader series discussing this question will be W. E. Woodward, famous historian and biographer...
...Both, however, have some validity, but are insufficient and explain only in part and a minor part at that...
...From myth to fact!— Can our culture make that transition...
...According to the Time*, the teat revealed that a large majority of our college freshmen had virtually no knowledge of elementary aspects of American Watery...
...It is called "Actors' Lab...
...Bis-t orv holds a aslian age...
...We may well ask, too, why there to such aa interest in this history question ? Is it merely learning for learning's sake...
...Itj is only less obviously to keep one's mind buried- in dialectical sands to exalt the democratic state—without inquiring into the conditions which keep a state democratic...
...One could go on and on enumerating actors, ictresses, directors, art directors and even booking agents, those darling ten (and up) percenters who are nothing short of ubiquitous, but it would be repetitious...
...It is in this inability to understnni, or even lack of concern with such matter*, that the real reason lies for the flood of Stalbnet propaganda coming out of Hollywood...
...To evaluate the extent of Communist inhh-ence in the Hollywood motion picture iaahsmTT one has but to check off the individuals eccapf-ing important positions, the party-line organisations and their operations and the great numhtf of party wheel horses now flocking to Hollywood in such numbers...
...Meiklejohn's latest book has aroused apprehension In some intellectual circles'* because of his uncritical allegiance to stale control of education...
...The Lincolnian formula gives expression to an ideal end...
...On the contrary...
...And he would also agree that there is no freedom in a society which would deny these essentials to teacher and pupil...
...But in the last decade, other conflicts, -ftsfeaftlfmportaat, have been fought...
...He writes: "Rousseau's peculiar genius lies in the fact that, when contradictory ideas are being dealt with, he rushes to both extremes...
...And Meiklejohn would certainly not contend that the Nazi state is not hostile to the dignity and freedom of the individual...
...These lines, however, do not apply, in their original sense, to the situation we are confronted with...
...The term "unqualified" has an absolntistic ring...
...This organization is a transmission belt between the party-line boys and girls in Hollywood and the Office of War Information via the Writers War Board in New York...
...However, before leaving the subject of Hollywood "cultupe" it ia only fair to let the people know that Walter Huston, since his part in Mission to Moscow, has become an authority on Soviet jurisprudence...
...A wider reasonableness becomes the critic of narrower ones...
...This sounded terrible to the educators, bat if we leek closely, it to hard to deride whether it was humor, or realism of a kind thai isn't taught ia textbooks...
...As ruled, he to sabjeet to the decisions which.are made.'' • • • IS Meiklejohn talking of the modern state, with * its tens and hundreds of millions...
...At no point has it bam | clearer from history that if we deny the pea-: pie the full life, we are bound to get movements of the people • against their rulers, and, worse than that, against the institutions under which they live—even the institution of freedom 1 The French Revolution and the Russian Rev-olution are examples of peoples' movements which destroyed institutions as well as the upper class because the rulers and the upper class refused to adapt the institutions to the...
...Nearly every studio in Hollywood is falling in line...
...But so subtly does it work and particularly at this time when its acthritha are confused with honest effort to win the war that it is unrecognized by the vast matorh* of those concerned with the making of m*th*T pictures and most certainly by the prodan** themselves...
...But instead Qf castigating Rousseau as a confused, contradictory and irresponsible thinker, he interprets him sympathetically, warning the reader that "it will not do to interpret this man too simply...
...In Germany we have an example, not only of the theoretical exaltation of the state but the practical educational consequences thereof...
...Meiklejohn is not talking about Plato's village-state, and the state he has in view when engaged in his jugglery of "ruler and ruled" is not the contemporary state with its tens and hundreds of millions...
...He to both ruler and ruled...
...In his criticisms of Locke and especially Dewey he is not only captious and carping but obtuse and inexplicably prejudiced as well...
...Then there is the Hollywood Writers Mobilization for Defense, another child of the...
...So also others, atnuj tionalistic and react.onary elements, see m-tfl new stress on history a way to save America) from change...
...machine...
...Is it a fear that our young people, do not appreciate the best things in the heritage of the past...
...But as it stands now "with our culture, the real and actual question to haw even qualified freedom for teacher and pupil can be maintainedVif the state acquires authority over the educa-" tiohal institution...
...Out of this revelation has come a great battle, with everyone chiming in with his own interpretation...
...Neither is it a type of propaganda picture which has a rightful place in the cultural efforts devoted to the democratic people's ideals...
...Why ? Why does the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Louis B. Mayer, Warner Bros., E. J. Mannix, the Schencks...
...Within this structure the Communist Party ha« oot-abliebeH a hiehlv discinlippj nolitiea...
...Joseph Ratner, noted philosopher' and a staff member at the College of the City of New York, discusses Meiklejohn's ideas here...
...Black points out) really mistakes...
...it is truistic...
...It holds the an...
...The League has many ether irons in the fire beside script writing by its members...
...How many people would advocate teaching the .history of Germany, just before and through and since the last war...
...There you have it...
...those international facts that must be reek-, oned with if we are to have an enduring peace and freedom after the war...
...Virginia Wright, who devotes a large part of her column to glamorizing the comrades: "If these United States still house any prejudiced citizens who cling to their old conviction that the 1937-38 liquidation of certain high.Soviet officials was the act of a barbaric government they are in for a good many revelations when Warner Bros.' Mission to Moscow reaches the screen...
...The whole movement for progressive education has been an attempt to get away from this handing on of a body of facts apart from meaning or interest or need...
...Lion Feucht-wanger, Jay Leyda (now a fixture in Hollywood since his job with the "Mission") and many others too numerous to mention...
...It has its own private school to develop them and they call it the "Hollywood School for Writers" (Hollywood School for Indoctrination of Writers would be better...
...As our culture now stands, no other institution can equal the state as the representative* of those purposes and beliefs which are the fruits of human reasonableness...
...Vfl Let us not fear to let youth know the facts* and face realities and think creatively...
...Philosopher William James was "a Wild West bandit" Reformer Carl Schurz was "a Nazi spy...
...Hew 'MSgAeryjfcadeis will remember Sidney nffisi's .striking polemics against the Hutchins-Adler n«o-Catholic ideas, i^shscdsltly a new controversy started with the publication of Alexander Meiklejohn's "Education Between Two Worlds...
...It is not something plastered on...
...Mission to Moscow...
...It ia highly selective in taking in pupils...
...Separate groups are capable of combining, by voluntary agreement, into larger, more inclusive societies...
...we weae taught them without any relationship to life...
...What to the meaning of the Opes Doer ha China...
...Though it is often necessary and sometimes salutary to give a person a dose of his own medicine, it is also, of ten equally if not more beneficial to follow the Golden Rule...
...Meiklejohn is not an advocate of fascism in education, althougn his book will no doubt be used by fascists and authoritarians to promote their cause...
...Sam Goldwyn is producing "North Star" (originally titied "Score*** Earth") and none other, than the7 little "fox" Lillian Hellman to writing the script...
...And the League does not intend to see that the studios run out of party-liners either...
...It is a cleverly devised attempt to whitewash totalitarianism...
...So, also, the blind stupidity of King George and those who shaped the policy of England m the 1770's resulted in the rebellion in America which was so intense that even when the British were ready to make terms, the Amercans had already gone beyond any peace-making and were for Independence...
...When Meiklejohn says: "Government by the consent of the governed is not hostile to the governed," one can agree with him, taking this statement abstractly and theoretically...
...it has no magical powers for actualizing that end...
...Still ethers showed more realism and understanding than the examiners For example, eat ape question, "What is the Bill of Rights...
...It fat true that some of the students took the test as a joke and wrote facetious answers...
...Meiklejohn is a liberal who has lost his way (temporarily, we hope) in search of a solution that will solve all problems at once...
...But what are the practical conditions which must be fulfilled to keep a government that has the form of ruling with the consent of the governed from becoming hostile to the governed...
...And when there is a conflict of interest between larger and smaller—the welfare of the village or city or state as against the welfare of the whole nation—the interest of the larger is authoritative critic and judge...
...Is it an attempt on the part of conservative and often reactionary groups to turn our eyes backward, to divert us, to weigh us down with what has been in order to slow up our thinking and moving in terms of the present and the future ? Certainly the news last year that the National Association of Manufacturers was fighting progressive textbooks and teaching in the schools of America was disturbing news...
...The power of the newsreel feature alone to bribe or intimidate, to cannon-ize or anathematize is tremendous...
...The actors too have their little school of infection...
...Is it not true that some of the great historians, the authorities, are the most foolish people when it comes to an analysis of contemporary events...
...Youth I today are the makers of history...
...We need to know the past, to build upon it...
...Ia answer to the question...
...his liberal ideas caused his ouster...
...but actually it is part of our lives, part of ourselves, and we never forget it...
...If we lose this struggle, the liberal world—the world of freedom, dignity and intelligence—will die in its early infancy...
...The interests of "a village government are narrower than those of a town, a town of a city, a city of a state, a state of a (federated) nation, a nation of the world...
...Ia it a fear that this generation will attempt to change things drastically or quickly, and so lose the traditions and values of our .civilization...
...IF one used the method of criticism Meiklejohn employs against those he doesn't like, it would be easy to prove that Education Between Two Worlds is against everything liberals stand for in education and is for totalitarianism or fascism...
...Robert Rossen is commissar of this effort...
...Meiklejohn's facility in substituting dialectical bandying with ideas for intellectual analysis and social evaluation is the one outstanding and unambiguous feature of his k book...
...The title of Meiklejohn's book derives from Matthew Arnold's lines: Wandering between two worlds, one dead, The other powerless to be born...
...The meaning of the "History" propaganda is pointed up here by Algernon D. Black, news commentator and lecturer...
...There are states and states as there are individuals and individuals...
...Already Twentieth * Century-Fox has announced that it will soon produce a picture rivalling "Mission to Moscow...
...The real reasoi| lies elsewhere...
...The psychologists who put down the rule that repetition is one of the laws of learning have since had to modify their psychological principles...
...Tracer,' of the United States Office of Education' (who promoted this test unofficially with the help of his Committee on American History), may have had home good ideas...
...Whan we see such names as Robert Ross en, Lillian Hellman, Anna Louise Strong, Guy Endore ("Let's Skip the Neat War"), John Wexley, Delton Trumbo 1 "Johnny Doesn't Want His Gun"), Paul Jax-rico, Brskirie- .Caldwell, Clifford Odats, John Howard Lawsoii fine list is" too long- for this article) the meaning is clear...
...whose interests most certainly do not coincide with a buildup of Communist influence in America, fall in line with such a program when pictures dealing with Russia's part in the war might very well be made without such propaganda...
...Its members' control over the Screen Waters Guild, the official bargaining agency of the Hollywood^ screen writers is notorious...
...Who, howevej, with any consciousness of social fact, would say that a wider or larger group is ipso facto possessed of a wider reasonableness...
...Has the teacher any freedom under the state-controlled educational system of Germany...
...Box-Office, and second, political expediency as an aid to the war effort...
...The motion picture is the perfect instrument to serve all three...
...The later Bukharin trial, which revealed that his Trotskyist faction and the Tukhachevsky military clique were not only planning a coup d'etat with the vice mar-shall at its head, but making deals with Germanv and JaDan as well, was really held in the House of Trade Unions...
...They still think in terms of giving youth the facts—dead facts, facta that hare a* dynamic relationship to the present and the tremendous tasks of the present...
...Oh yes, Theodore Dreiser lumbers in and out occasionally...
...too—who • have thought that the best way to keep the' people in place was to pass laws and strengthen the police force...
...By what social and institutional instrumentalities can...
...What we make a part of ourselves, what we use in our daily living, what helps us meet our problems—this we know and retain...
...By JOSEPH RATHER pVERY liberal educationist would agree that *** unless the teacher is free to teach what he believe* and understands, and the pupil to free to learn what he can, there is no freedom in education...
...the intention of a government that is of, for and by the people be realized...
...Frazer and his groups are not just interested in more history frachJaf, but ia the teaching of history as a separate subject, and the chronological «—*tii»g of dates and names and events...
...League...
...The discussions of these problems are not idle fnlminations in a vacuum but vital aspects of post-war re-education...
...It is these tee groups which determine picture content...
...Some of the people involved are really eat for the outmoded kind of approach to history, i Some are using thii movement as a cloak mC an attack on progressive education and thafj kind of social studies which really relates learning to life's needs...
...Someaof those who "teach" and "lecture": John Howard Lawson, Viola Brothers Shore, Donald Ogden Stewart, Guy Endore, Gordon Kahn, W. L. River, Meyer Levin, Frank Davis, Toss Slesinger, Norah Hellgren...
...not something that helps us pass as cultured gerr--tlemen...
...Ia eighty per cent of the schools of America they are still teaching American history as a aeparate subject, and still teaching it in the old way of memorizing PDUCATORS for years have been finding out that this old method of teaching is wasteful and ineffective...
...One can similarly agree that "Government of the people, for the people,~by^the people is not intended to destroy the ¦ dignity "and freedom of the people...
...The reasonableness of that institution includes and criticizes all the lesser reasonablenesses of our experience . . ,: the control of education, its planning and basic administration should be in the hands of the world-state...
...IT is obviously to bury one's mind in dialectical *; sands to argue for the exaltation of the state over education and everything else without specifying the qualities of the state one is exalting., In the Nazi state we have an institution no other can equal as a representative of those purposes and beliefs which are the fruits not of "human reasonableness" but of human irrationality, bestiality and degradation...
...Not only is this true...
...writing...
...Beyond any doubt, when such a government is achieved in fact (not merely asserted in formula), the dignity and freedom of the people will be attained...
...We hare all neglected our history...
...Meiklejohn Writes: "The charge that the exaltation of the stare is hostile to the dignity and freedom of the individual attacks directly the interpretation of teaching for which, from beginning to end, this book.has been fighting...
...On the face of things this would seem to h» gross exaggeration...
...The whole drive of hiSjargument is in the opposite direction...
...Aad for some unexplained reason (a coincides** ?)• the Hollywood producers almost invariably select a writer or director for those pictures dealing with the war, and particularly those whereto Russia is involved, whose patriotism and devotion to the cause of the Allies became notie*able only after June 22nd...
...how grasp...
...These people have neglected to aay that the very ignorance which they criticize to the product, for the most part, of these old methods of history teaching...
...But not all of the "errors" listed by the Times were (as Dr...
...They teach history as a neat story...
...For this picture which will be seen by untold millions in America and throtighout the world will be the most powerful piece of Stalinist propaganda ever produced outside the boundaries of the Soviet Union, and is so considered in the inner circles of the motion picture industry...
...pHIS to only the beginning...
...It to not so certain, however, that every liberal educationist would agree with Alexander Meikle-john's affirmation of ultimate devotion to the principle of freedom in education: "I would fight to the bitter end for unqualified freedom for both teacher and pupil...
...1941...
...Consider the following sample: "In a a<Mii*sssnl which to carried en fey Urn consent of the governed, every citizen is both governor and governed...
...one student wrote: It means taking rice from the Chin—e...
...The school has recently expanded and now occupies quarters, a stone's throw from Hollywood and Vine, the.center of all things—some say the universe...
...in the* earn activities, have neglected it The practical men, dm people at the top - hi business and religion, and even in education, do not make it their business to try to learn from history, to avoid the mistakes of the past, or to help youth understand as that it can go beyond its fathers...
...Finally, the people's peat, i up unhappiness flowed out in hate and violence...
...It would seem to imply that-the educational enterprise is self-enclosed and completely autonomous, without social origins khd without social obligations There is hardly any danger, however, that any reader of Meiklejohn's Education Between Two Worlds could possibly come to the conclusion that Meiklejohn conceives of education as an absolutely autonomous activity...
...We are between two worlds, one in process of being killed and one already bom...
...The obvious answers would be, first...
...He has no doubts, however, about Germany...
...Erskine Caldwell, staunch Stalinist, wrote the script and what br more amazing, the well-known Amkino eJeggerj Jay Leyda, was brought to Hollywood" to' act as '"Technical Advisor...
...Instead of studying^ history as a kind of memory task, barton* of learnin g to arrange events in order of their occurrence, progressive education is interested in having a* learn those facia whjch will help as understand what happened ia the past and why, so aa to illuminate the problems that we have to face today, in the present...
...Meiklejohn would like a world in which there is harmony, cooperation, understanding, reasonableness, brotherhood, love, dignity, freedom, plenty everywhere...
...Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer is making "Russia" and those two party-line boys Paul Jarrico and Richard Collins are hammeeing (and sickling) out that one...
...He is just extremely unwise in the means he would use to realize those ends...
...Italics mine) There to no point in asking how Meiklejohn (or any one else) can reconcile advocacy of unqualified freedom for teacher and pupil and also advocate complete state control of education...
...Some of the very people who are stressing history have been the ones who in their own lives...
...Abstractly, it is true a wider reasonableness is the critic of a narrower one...
...There is strife, division, confusion, irrationality, oppression, fear and hate and want in the world...
...Here is a mind which can think two different thoughts at once...
...the state is the best of us, trying to control and to elevate the worst of us .. . education by the government is radically sound in principle...
...For a short while the Mobilization issued a bulletin "Communique'., the contents of which might well have been cribbed from the Daily Worker, or In Fact...
...one midwestern student said it was the bill which gave the white people of the South the right to lynch Negroes...
...ll/HAT few people realize is that the motion " picture industry is one of the most powerful political institutions in America...
...They must know the lessons of the past in terms that wSB-make clear what makes a democratic society...
...This is the age of publicity, exhibitionism and propaganda...
...And look who we have here conditioning the budding mummers: J. Edward Bromberg, Morris Carnovsky, Roman Boh-nen, Irving Reis, Frank Tuttle, Orson Welles, Irving Pichel...
...Who doesn't remember the story of how-Abe Lincoln was born in a Kentucky log-cabin he helped his father build...
...to know our community and how it got the way it is...
...The Nazi state) to paraphrase Meiklejohn, is the worst of us, trying toA control and to degrade the best of us...
...Fundamentally, education belongs to the world-state...
...But how is such a government made a fact...
...Very few...
...And we will lose, if we embellish the state with virtues it does not have and, substituting our embellishments for the reality, place our educational institutions under -state control.___ Conflict WOST people have "* just become aware of the conflicts wracking the educational world through the flurry over the New York Times' insistence that students have ele-'eemwrto* minds...
...There to nothing illiberal in the ends Meiklejohn wants...
...Meiklejohn is not quite sure whether the . Soviet Union is an authoritarian state...
...Perhaps In some other worldly Paradise the two can be realized together...
...History to safe...
...But the facts are that even those who have studied history most have not come up with any great insight into the present...
...This is not just another Hollywood picture dealing with Current events in the ordinary sense...
...Above" all...
...THROUGHOUT the cultural front in Hollywood can be seen the influence of that out-and-out Communist front organization the League «?-American Writers...
...Or to be talking about Plato's village-state, with a population of five to ten thousand...
...Youth knows this, as also do many of the history teachers themselves...
...Same method, same object...
...what is fascism and- how can we prevent it...
...Why not study these periods of history and the lessons they have for us today ? How many of the people who advocate more history in the schools would advocate teaching" the history of the 30's and its lessons...
...and how to avoid the mistakes of the past The New #York Times and Dr...
...Ob-no...
...Meiklejohn's statement that "the reasonableness" of the world-state "includes and criticizes all the lesser reasonablenesses of our experience" (and hence should be the supreme educational authority and power) is another example of his purblind dialecticism...
...Somewhere in the background there is a guiding hand...
...That Meiklejohn is capable of better is obvious in his treatment of Rousseau...
...As ruler, he shares in the making and administering of political decisions...
...BETWEEN CHURCH AND STATE Education for What New Order...
...It is this machne which extends ah* r.ea'rly even,' branch of motion picture prodae-tion, and outward into the political field, forsv ing an interlocking whole, which is determiailf the perspective of this industry toward national and international politics...
...JPatkirjohn has a long record in liberal -Tgaases...
...It will no doubt also be used to further the argument for church control of education, even though he is explicitly against it ". . . In a secular era . . . belief in unity must find expression, if it is to be maintained at all, in some institution other than the church—an institution to which it belongs, not in myth, but in sober fact.'" "From church to state...
...But it is sheer vicious intellectualism to transform .hierarchical order of size into a hierarchy of "reasonablenesses...
...The list would remind one of the "Who's Who" of the American Peace Mobilization...
...The argument of (Ids book has centered around the contention suggested by Rousseau that education to, and must be, carried on under the authority of some group...
...Clearly, the "state" has no inherent, inalienable virtues any more than "individuals" have...
...how make revolution unnecessary...
...The Boner" COR a long time now *^ America's contribution to historical thought has been — "the boner...
...It is no exaggeration to say that its political influence locally and nationally is such that under a given set of conditions it could almost completely sway emotionally the political reactions of the entire American people...
...America takes a Quiz Behind the 'N.Y.Times' Test on History By ALGERNON D. BLACK *|*HE New York Times has published a test * in American htotory which had been given to seven thousand stndeut* in thirty-six colleges...
...One of the problems of the schools has been to keep out individuals and groups who have some special axe to grind, who want to sell something to the children, whether if be material things like toothpaste, or a particular gadget, or political or economic ideologies...
...It advertises cheap courses in screen, radio, short story, etc...
...swers...
...The lessons of Russia and Germany have given many people pause...
...and its lessons to prevent fascism here now...
...IT is the fond hope of some that history will teach lessons, the wisdom of life...
...But this movement also has its evil side...
...At no point is this clearer than among thai men at the top—often learned men...
...It covers the story of the aattoa with a romantic cloak of national pride • and national righteousness...
...As a sample the following is by a Hollywood columnist on one of the Los Angeles dailies...
...the study of what has gone before means • a sense of continuity for us in the story of the generations...
...it is a picture which can only serve to promote the interests of a political sect which has been working for years by deception, trickery' and subterfuge to betray those democratic ideals...
...and if we were good children and learned them and handed them back correctly on examinations, we were considered to be bright, and excellent products of the educational system...
...When, however, Meiklejohn finds two different thoughts in Dewey's writings, he is splenetically horrified and his animadversions border not merely on the too simple but on the too simple-minded...
...Perhaps these two ideas are not necessarily mutually contradictory...
...The American's characteristic lack of awareness, of the past, its patterns and traditions, has been immortalized ia the national story by a host of silly, thoughtless errors...
...Hollywood Letter New Movie Fronts Push Kremlin Line By PAUL GILBERT HOLLYWOOD, CaL—The "incredible revolution" of the Red Decade which Eugene Lyons thought came to an end with the signing of the Hitler-Stalin was merely a comic opera rehearsal compared with the period about to be ushered in with the release of Warner Bros...
...Obviously the main source of Communist propaganda in a picture would stem from th* writing and directing groups...
...By means of the political instrument of representative government, every individual in our democratic state can share, in a highly derivative and largely symbolic way, in making very general political decisions...
...The recent New York Times survey of exactly how many facts of the American history taught in the schools are retained by yonng Americans has done the spade-work for a new file of "boners...
...We older people were taught many things which were not important...
...And wherever this happens, the 'reasoning' which is set up by the larger group is, in some sense, authoritative over the reasoning of its constituents...
...Certainly, it is possible that larger groups should be more reasonable than smaller groups...
...For the sake of brevity and clarity, the screenwriters have presented the two trials, which actually took place a year apart, as one...
...How many would advocate teaching the history of the French and the Russian Revolutions, in terms of their lessons for today's citizens here in America...
...Because it ' is taught so as to stake understanding in-possible...
...not something culturally decorative...
...His argument about "ruler and ruled" to his basic "social principle" which be has only to apply in the field of education to get the result that the world-state is fundamentally the only planner and administrator ot education...
...We remember things when we learn them in order to use them...
...Not only do our college students today forget most of the facta they learn, but so do the teachers and the general adult population...
...If our argument is valid, one principle emerges from it which is of primary importance...
...needs of the people...
...When President of Amherst Col-i*jsa*»he broke new ground in educational ^practice with his ideas on experimental education...
...And not all of the conclusions that are being drawn from this demonstration of ignorance are as valid as they superficially -appear to be...
...But that a voter, by virtue of his being a voter, shares in '•administering of political decisions'' is a statement that could be made only by one who is self-blinded by the fancied brilliance of his dialectical exercises...
...When we learn merely to pass a test, we forget as soon as the test is ever...
...The struggle of the liberal world today is not against the absolutisms and oppressions of a dead world but the tyrannies and brutalities of a new world .that is very much alive...
Vol. 26 • April 1943 • No. 17
