China and America -Towards a Ten-Year Plan for the Orient
SHAW, KINN WEI
China and America —Towards a Ten-Year Plan for the Orient Chinese Leaders Outline Two-NationCooperation By Dr. KINN WEI SHAW *??) many Americana, China is still a myth. They still cling- to the ?...
...There was nothing optimistic jB that article...
...If the Third Republic was incapable of inspiring in the common people a sense of fneir duty to serve in the professional army and fleet,(whose fault is it...
...But the Bank of Indo-China, as its name indicates, has absolutely nothing to do with North Africa or with any of the men who cooperated with the Allies in the occupation...
...Soviet GPU coolly knew what it was doing when it I* shot Henrich Ehrlich and Victor Alter...
...On February 22nd, 1939, Washington's 207th birthday anniversary, the Chinese-American Institute of Cultural Relations was inaugurated with its headquarters at Chungking...
...The Soviet Embassy itself announced their execution last week...
...It appears unbelievable when we bear in mind that it was only thirty-two years ago she destroyed a monarchy that had lasted through more than two thousand years, with twenty-five successive dynasties...
...Murphy is a Fascist...
...After the victory of Bolshevism and the defeat of Russian democracy Ehrlich decided to return to his homeland in Poland...
...This fact alone would be enough to upeet his beautiful arguments...
...The nomination of de Gaulle as the Under Secretary of State for War, however, was vigorously applauded by VAction ????????, a monarchist newspaper...
...The time has come for ut to be done -wish equivocations...
...Pearson based half his facts on a scandal-mongering article in the Nation (The Men Behind Darlan, December 26) signed by a former Paris representative of the Hearst press...
...An excellent writer, a logical and convincing speaker, with a strong character which held fast to moral principles and convictions, Ehrlich was at the same time possessed of humor and with a strong feeling for human beings and human psychology...
...Alter incorporated his in a number of books on theoretical and economic problems of Socialism in Yiddish, Polish and French which made him a name in the International Socialist world...
...radio programs on current affairs of mutual interest...
...Banking reforms were successfully carried out...
...Mowrer seems to ignore the fact that General Giraud has never ceased inviting General de GauUe, General Catroux, and the other French chief* to cooperate with him in driving the Germans first out of Africa and then France—in the same spirit that he urged Edward Herriot to come to Algiers...
...Corrupt scribblers who write one day against Hitler and another day for Hitler, one day against Roosevelt and another day for him, one day against the "Imperialist" war and the next day for it—these miserable and conscienceless individuals seek to convince the Labor and Jewish world that Ehrlich and Alter were "Hitler's agents" and "Polish spies...
...that the Bolshevisers who infest the Gaul list ranks are organising desertions of sailors from the "Richelieu" by paying them a substantial premium...
...Morgenthau, although he does not name them) have devalued the American dollar in North Africa from 75 francs to 50 francs as a favor to French bankers who stood to gain $175,000,000 by this move...
...As to the political aspects of the problem, Mr...
...Sun devoted much time in elaborating various projects concerned with these aspect* of the general welfare...
...H. Kung, President of the Institute, a work program has been gradually carried out despite the vicissitudes of war, which include popular lectures by American and Chinese scholars...
...It never functioned as a savings bank nor as an ordinary commercial institution...
...This is the political essence of Stalin's crime committed « December 23 in Moscow and in Kiubeshev where our frieids were "tried" and sbot By now the civilized world »lready knows the fraud of the highest Soviet tribunal, the meaning of Soviet political trials- and the type of widence that is brought forward at such trials...
...Zealous, temperamental with an enormous energy, Alter was a creative and constructive force...
...The heads of the Jewish trade unions of Poland (Bund), internationally known and beloved Socialists, Ehrlich and Alter were murdered because they were the leaders of international Labor movement...
...President Roosevelt and General Eisenhower must defeat the Axis with arms and armies, however...
...Moreover, Mr...
...Liberal and democratic abstractions would be-of little avail against a powerful enemy, armed to the teeth, and may mean trouble and misfortune to Europe...
...And who can blame them for having lived up to the pledge given to their French allies...
...It ia necessary to call things and people by their proper names: They aim at President Roosevelt for al lthese happenings...
...Sun Yat-Sen will be faithfully carried out under the leadership of the Kuomingtang with the full support of other major political parties...
...They still cling- to the ? idea of an old Cathay buried in legendary tales and bound by incredible superstitutions—China, the reservoir of Oriental culture which has had a continuous history of Ave thousand years...
...To bolster up his position he adduces an unbelievable assemblage of inaccuracies which prove his ignorance of political economy in general and his lack of knowledge of French conditions in particular...
...He was a frequent participant in the International Congresses of Socialist trade movements as a representative of the organized labor movement of Poland and particularly of the Jewish workers...
...during its ill-famed Moscow trials to convince the civilized world that the builders and creators of Russian Bolshevism and the Red Army were Japanese and Polish spies and...
...In that event China's industrialisation program as advocated by Dr...
...Drew Pearson, Hons Kohn Three Answers on the North African Puzzle By ANDRE RAYNAL IS a letter to The New Leader, Mr...
...When Weygand was named Commander-in-Chief by Reynaud, Leon Blum greeted the mo/re warmly in le Populaire without worrying himself over the reactionary political ideas of the General...
...He has also called our attention to the fact that "during the last years of his life, Dr...
...The scientific development of agriculture...
...As an acid test of true friendship, we should beware of our shortcomings and appreciate frank and constructive criticisms of each other...
...He further forgets the small detail that the only person who enjoys the political confidence of both Washington and London is General Giraud, a man who never compromised with Vichy because at that time be was imprisoned in Germany—from which he escaped only to get into the war again...
...And in the-case of Ehrlich and Alter the Soviet communiques cannot cite a single confession, not a single self-flagellation, It is obvious that these two proud Socialistjleaders wre not broken and demoralized by the Stalinist corruption...
...Furthermore, an American sergeant would be able to spend some 10,000 francs a month, three times the amount received by a French captain...
...In denouncing regional blocs and "Fuehrer principle," Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek has made it absolutely plain that "China has no desire to replace Western imperialism in Asia with an Oriental imperialism or isolationism of its own or of any one else...
...In reality, the rate of exchange for North Africa was decided in the interest of the people, not of the bankers...
...Thus, Mr...
...When I returned to Russia in May 1917, after the Revolution, I found Ehrlich as one of the most important and respected leaders of the Menshevik Party, of the Bund and of the first St...
...A system of world economy must be based an the principles of international economic harmony as embodied in the Atlantic Charter, aiming at full collaboration between all nations in the enjoyment of access, on equal terms, to trade and raw materials...
...Thus he involves the Bank of Indo-China, the Worms Bank, the Bank of Paris and the Low Countries, the Comitc des Forges and Mr...
...If it is proof of misplaced optimism to expect a German retreat out of Africa, then all hope of beating the Nazis jn Europe must be forsaken...
...Today she stands as a firm ally of America and of the other United Nations in the war against the Axis...
...But Ehrlich and Alter and the heroic Anna Rosenthal whom he also murdered— Nazi spies...
...Hans Kohn is strangely deceived if he believes himself able to deal with thenrsjn abstractions which lead to conflicting conclusions...
...It is a bank of issue controlled by the French government...
...The delegation visited all the important countries of Europe—-England, Italy, France, Sweden—and everywhere they were met with acclaim and ovations...
...Both of us were arrested by the Bolsheviks at the same time in the summer of 1918 during the Red terror...
...What Mr...
...Promoting democratic citizenship training, social service administration, and other wholesome ways of American life in China and, at the same tme, popularizing Chinese language study...
...It does not even have an office in Algeria...
...But he considers as Fascists all the French leaders in North Africa, without any distinction whatsoever, and he clarifies bis attitude with this comment: "Then you think we should have refused the aid of North African Vichymen even at the cost of American lives...
...Also begun were specific research studies on Chinese-American cultural and economic relations with the collaboration of universities, and educational and business institutions in China and America, and the publication of pamphlets and monographs...
...When it was decided in August 1917 that the St...
...According to him, there are only Vichymen and fascists among the authorities at Algiers...
...the 75 franc rate was established later at Algiers in the absence of Giraud by Admiral Darlan who was not informed of the pourparlers and agreements of Giraud...
...The Intel-national Development of China, published in English in 1922...
...To Edgar Ansel Mowrer...
...All the newspapers have announced that known Gaullists such as M. Capitant, M. Joxe, M. Brunei, etc, are working with General Giraud...
...Rich in ideas...
...The last world war found him in London and it was there that he became an "Internationalist" Zimmerwaldist together with Chicherin, Rothstein and Litvinov...
...Sun Yet-sen devoted much of his forward thinking to the economic reconstruction of China, and nothing, I believe, so marked his greatness as his insistence that the coming tremendous economic reconstruction of China should benefit, not the privileged few, bot the entire nation...
...WOW they are both dead...
...moralized Ehrlich and Alter, and no amount of Com-humst propaganda^ will succeed in besmirching and deserting the names ^of our two great martyrs...
...In this speech, he declared: "From personal acquaintance with most, if not all, the higher officials of the State Department, I think I know that they are not Fascists . . ." Of Robert Murphy, he said: "This does not mean that Mr...
...President Roosevelt and his advisers were right in returning to it, despite the late arrangement with Darlan...
...The comparison is striking and illuminates the entire question...
...FROM the economic aspect, the writer endeavors to discuss the * problem of China's post-war economic reconstruction as objectively as possible...
...Mowrer speaks as if he had never read this...
...At the time when many of the Central Committee of the Bund were forced to emigrate abroad, Ehrlich as a person who had a legal status, occupied an important place in the leadership of the General Jewish workers movement...
...A MAN of a similar moral character although of an * ? entirely different personality was Victor Alter...
...Since the armistice of 1940, the Bank of France advance* every day 400,000,000 francs required by the Germans under the heading of payment of the costs of occupation...
...The 50 franc rate, heavy enough for France's feeble economy, wai therefore hardly fixed arbitrarily...
...A clear thinker and tactician, with a noble and proud character, Ehrlich was created for the role of leader of a large political movement...
...They also want this hangman, and hirelings of hangmen, to besmirch the corpses, to desecrate their memory- But in this they will not succeed, despite the strength of the Red Army which they now seek cynically to exploit for their own political purposes...
...Together with Lieber, Tseretelli, Cheheidze, Dan and others he was one of the leaders of the Russian working class...
...That the working-class will never believe...
...also the improvement of the existing canals, and construction of more telegraph, telephone, and wireless systems all over the country...
...Lemaigre-Dubreuil had no material interest in its affairs...
...Although this may be taken as a bit excessive, it nevertheless dealt with the military phase...
...IN conclusion, it is necessary to point out, once and ' for all, that the current political campaigns directed against the White House and the State Department, inspired and nursed by reactionaries and Communists -(and their fellow travelers), are attempting to picture the President of the United States as a sort of King of England who reigns but does not govern...
...The Comite des Forges, dissolved in 1940, was neither a bank nor a business firm...
...VIII...
...Historic justice may march on slowly but it marches...
...The former president of the Chamber of Deputies did not want to go...
...His article holds, without a shadow of proof, that the authorities in Washington (which means President Roosevelt, Cordell Hull, Admiral Leahy, and Mr...
...AS the mutual interests of our countries are twofold, vis., cul-^* tural and economic, we may attack the problem of Chinese-American cooperation from these main aspects...
...and various harmful trade barriers as wetl as imperialistic economic exploitation schemes will be done away with by all means when the war for international democracy has been won by the United Nations...
...Drew Pearson does a beantiful job of analyzing the French situation without resorting to a single word of truth...
...It should be pointed out that Mr...
...IXi Re-forestation and conservation...
...Pearson, it possessed no property— neither "in Austria and the A<is couitries" nor in France...
...and I am also quite hopeful that from the treasures of China's historical development along the lines of philosophy, religion, literature, fine arts, and social solidarity, the American people may, perhaps, find some interesting and valuable material which might expectedly or unexpectedly enrich their progressive civilization...
...They fell vfctims in the struggle for democratic Socialism in the frue sense of!~the word, in the struggle for freedom of *Pe«h—the Socialism which for them and for all of us j««ns the greatest ideal of freedom, fraternity and haman decency...
...Under the compulsory rate of exchange of 20 francs, they can spend 1,200 francs a month, a third of the American soldiers' nominal purchasing power in North Africa...
...V. The erection of iron, steel, and cement works on the largest scale in order to supply the above needs...
...No, I do not...
...After the German Revolution of 1918 and the liberation of Poland he returned home to the Jewish and Polish workers of hi* homeland...
...So a developed China, with her four hundred millions of population, will be another New World in the economic sensa>" In pursuance of the foregoing principles as enunciated in the preamble of his work, he formulated a comprehensive'program fer China's economic reconstruction which may be summarized as follows: I. The development of communication systems, consisting of railways, roads, canals, river conservancy...
...The Bank of Paris and of the Low Countries is an investment concern...
...Jf Mr...
...The alleged peril of "Red Star over China"—the menace of the so-called "East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" of Japan—as well as the fear for China's "Complete Capitulation tooAnglo-American Capitalistic Imperialism"—will turn out to be but an unhappy dream of the statu» quo strategists for the peace of the post-war world...
...The promotion of irrigation on a nation-wide scale...
...And how does Mr...
...He is a producer of salad oil and a "Regent" of the Bank of France...
...Slawek introduced me to Ehrlich somewhere around 1906-1907 in St...
...Yesj-they were people of a different moral fibre than the Bolshevik leaders who were "broken" and confessed •D sorts of crimes...
...Unless real world cooperation replaces both isolationism and imperialism of whatever form in the interdependent world of free nations, there will be no lasting security for you or for us...
...TN his immortal work...
...It becomes obvious that under these inflationary conditions, the purchasing power of the civil population was reduced to practically nothing, with everything going to the soldiers...
...Although educated in Russia, Ehrlich always regarded himself as a Polish Jew and he was intimately tied to Polish culture...
...The Jean Jaures group, which represents French socialist refugees in England, recently expressed its concern over de Gaulle and the French National Committee in terms which bear a singular resemblance to those'which are applied to Giraud by Mr...
...Those who even disagreed with Ehrlich on principle were captivated with his moral and spiritual power— a» power which one respects even when one is not completely in agreement with it...
...WRITING in the Daily Mirror (February 6, 1943), " Mr...
...He seems to forget that Roosevelt and Admiral Leahy are the teal movers in the diplomatic and military political maneuvering which has surrounded the North African operations...
...that three fourths of Lenin's co-workers and friends were essentially moral degenerates...
...It accuses him of covering . up for Andre Meyer of the Banque Lazard, protector of those arch collaborationists de Brinon and Georges Bonnet And finally, it accuses him of stubborn opposition to the governments in London and Washington, of playing off Russia against the Anglo-American bloc...
...This institution is not an ordinary bank...
...Wong Wen-hao, Minister of Economic Affairs, China should adopt a ten-year plan big enough to be of real value to the country, but not so ambitious as to place it beyond the means of the people...
...It is not enough for them that two innocent, noble and idealistic leaders of labor who had devoted all their lives and strength to Socialism were murdered...
...It would be interesting to find out by what mathematics the sum of $175,000,000 is gotten...
...The French question is being used today as a battering ram against the President...
...What was wrong was leaving them and putting them in political control at the price of their aid—in considering them not as our instruments, but our Allies...
...Hans Kohn's gentiments had guided us during the first World War, Marshal Foch would never have become Generalissimo...
...Nor are the others...
...And if it was necessary to destroy the Jewish and Polish Social Demo-tnttic movement then the two logical men to have fallen Tktim of Stalin's designs were Ehrlich and Alter...
...From all this, one conclusion must be drawn, that all military effort must be concentrated to defeat the Axis and that political accounts must wait until another dav for their reckoning...
...Mowrer explain the categorical approval of Joseph Stalin...
...In Poland Alter at once became a leading personality in the Jewish and Polish Socialist movements, particularly in the cooperative and trade union movements...
...With $60 a month (plus overseas pay) in his pockets, the American soldier would be getting over 3,760 francs (at the 75 franc rate)—double or triple the average workers salary...
...Mowrer explains everything by the influence which "salons" and "society'* wield over American diplomats...
...He held that "we must advance from the narrow idea of exclusive alliance and regional blocs, which in the end make for bigger and bitter wars, to effective organization of world unity...
...This amounts to 12 billions a month...
...It is no accident that a representative of the Hearst press writing in The Nation is involved in auch attacks...
...Sun warned the world that "unless the Chinese question can be settled peacefully, another world war—greater and more terrible than the one just passed— will be inevitable...
...Still more recently her American friends have been astounded to And that, after fighting almost barehanded against a powerfully armed aggressive Japan, China not only has outwitted her neighbor, but has grown in strength...
...There are these mixed feelings...
...The financiers concerned with the North African campaign have no connection with the Bank of Worms, the Bank of Indo-China nor the Bank of Paris and the Low Countries...
...For instinctively the masses of people trust them...
...I think nothing of the sort...
...It is in Poland that a new chapter begins in Ehrlich's life, a chapter which lasted two decades and which saw him grow into the most popular leader in the Jewish movement in the new Poland...
...Not even the methods of the G.P.U...
...But where are the statesmen in whose hands such authority might be placed ? They have refused to leave France...
...On the other hand, Mr...
...Tremendous strides were made by our enterprising business leaders in industrial development as well as in export trade...
...Water power development...
...The decision to return to the 50 franc rate was simply the application of a prior arrangement...
...Chinese mus^, and Chinese-made educational films in America, has also been of prime importance...
...It accuses him of violating French law in the colonies he controls and points to his criticism of the Third Republic as well as to parliamentarism in general...
...Therefore, the more popular, the more beloved ind convinced in his ideas a Socialist leader is, the stronger U the need to destroy him...
...1\J|R...
...Men of this type become leaders even if they do not aspire to leadership...
...Petersburg Soviet should send a special delegation abroad to organize the International Congress in Stockholm, which was to work for a peace upon a democratic basis of national self determination and equality, Henrich Ehrlich and the old and respected leader of the Social Democratic Party, Axelrod, was chosen as its members...
...It was set up as a means of coordinating the activities of various participating concerns, and its areasury was sustained by the proportionate contributions of the various companies involved...
...An electricai engineer, ten years younger than Ehrlich, he received his Socialist education in London, Brussels and Paris...
...A quiet, sedate and retiring man, Ehrlich was at first uncertain of his steps but later he became more active in the organization...
...Under the stewardship of Dr...
...This was a crime that Itaiin could not forgive, because world Communism, to farther its aims, requires a disorganized and leaderless Writing class which would submit easily to Communist innogogy...
...Modern cities and public utilities to be constructed in all railway centers, termini, and alongside harbors...
...He , 1 was born in 1882 and his 60th birthday was celebrated hft year when, as we now find out, he was no longer *"ye...
...But these - very charges are made against General de Gaulle by Gaullists and socialists in London...
...Many mechanical inventions and innovations were introduced in the Adds of agriculture and industry...
...It accuses him of having designs on the republican legal system and of having suppressed the motto "Liberte, Egalite, Franternite"—the battlecry of French democracy...
...It had nothing to do with Murphy and the value of the dollar in Africa...
...Edgar Ansel Mowrer resigned from the OWI and delivered an accusing speech against the White House and the State Department...
...have nothing against using the men of Vichy...
...He returned to Russia in 1917 and entered the Left Wing, the Zimmerwaldist section of the Bund, together with me...
...This shows the respect with which the young Ehrlich was already regarded then by the greatest Russian Socialist movement...
...Furthermore, as food, clothing, shelter, means of locomotion, and the printed page, are essentials to modem life...
...Be entered the Socialist movement, the Jewish t Bund organization, as a young student together with his younger but even more famous friend, Slavek Grosser...
...It was hardly possible for the Soviet G.P.U...
...Mowrer simply reproaches President Roosevelt for having been faithful to his pledges to General Giraud, of not having acted like a Hitler...
...The Murder of Erlich and Alter By RAPHAEL ABRAMOVITCH (Chairman of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party...
...According to the post-war program for economic reconstruction, formulated by Dr...
...But he, too, entered early the Polish Socialist movement...
...This monstrous statement is easy enough to refute since its author is unaware of this essential point: the 50-francs-to-the-dollar rate of exchange was fixed beforehand by the French and the Americans, that is to say by representatives of Giraud and American official...
...From the cultural aspect, there is much that we Chinese can learn from America's steady progress in modern science and culture...
...The real liberals who permit themselves to be deceived by the beautiful phrases of an abstract democracy should beware of this...
...On this first trip of his to Europe Ehrlich became a famous and popular figure in the international Socialist movement...
...Under these conditions French finances have been reduced to a fantastic mess upon which the course of the dollar in Africa can have no effect...
...As a substitute for Ehrlich he would frequently come to the meetings and Congresses of the Labor^ and Socialist International and with Ehrlich he was the spokesman for the Left Revolutionary Socialist wing, demanding a revolutionary struggle against Fascism and also a united front with world Communism...
...They are tied up with the Bank of France and with the National Bank of Commerce and Industry, also controlled by the government...
...144 billions a year...
...III...
...and financial facilities provided for various cooperative and private enterprises...
...German soldiers in occupied France receive 2 marks, a day...
...Petersburg Soviet...
...The new China in the making is destined to demonstrate to the whole world, the successful realization of the final goal of progressive economic democracy, with (a) free enterprise, (b) cooperative organizations, and (c) necessary state control or public ownership as the guiding principles of her balanced economic structure...
...Pearson seems not to know that dollar we are using in North Africa is a special one, called the "occupation dollar," whose future conversion is still a mystery to all...
...Then came the Japanese invasion m 1937, which inflicted untold sufferings upon my people and caused heavy damage to China's industrial pursuits...
...It requires an exceptional proportion of naivete to imagine that the money which enters or leaves the treasury of the Bank of France (the point where all the foreign moneys of the legal French market are finally liquidated) enters or leaves the pockets of the directors...
...The officers corps in France is completely opposed to the ideas of the Popular Front-^a fact which, however unfortunate, must be faced...
...Certainly, it is to be regretted that civil rule must be turned over to military men...
...Lemaigre-Dubreuil in this melodrama of his which finally leads up to the $175,-000,000 climax...
...He then continued: · "The world has been greatly benefited by the development of America as an industrial and commercial nation...
...But since Casablanca, who can overlook Churchill's full agreement with American statesmen on a pro-Giraud policy...
...The Worms Bank is a financial institution concerned with coal, with maritime transport, with naval construction, and which formerly earried on business with England and the Scandinavian countries...
...With the progress of the Nationalist Revolution in 1927, China had set in motion the gigantic projects of building highways and other means of communication—thus linking together all important trade centers and provincial capitals in a closely-woven network...
...General Giraud begged Edward Herriot to leave for North Africa...
...At the same time, China's resistance to Japanese invasion has been considered a remarkable miracle...
...The charges made against General Giraud by liberals, and fellow travelers are well known to us...
...The Jean Jaures group accuses de Gaulle of authoritarianism, of surrounding himself with reactionaries among whom can be found fascist elements, Caggmlards, and anti-Semites...
...In Btalin's dictatorship nothing is done unless calculated beforehand, and the calculation in this case was clear Wough: in order to dominate the Polish working class it wts first necessary to destroy the leadership of the Labor ind Socialist movement in that country...
...Development of commercial harbors...
...lIENRICH ERLICH was the older of the two...
...The final words, dealing exclusively •Witn"the military situation, pointed to a future ^plutot favorable"—which the translator saw fit to render as "bright...
...The development of mineral resources...
...The guilt of the bloody frameup will fall on the hands of the murderers...
...However, both the Government and the people, refusing to be discouraged, have found a new hope for national regeneration in our southwestern and northwestern provinces...
...It became necessary to do something towards equalizing these enormous disproportions...
...Contrary to the statements of Mr...
...forums and panel discussions for Sino-American groups with special emphasis en the specific problems of post-war educational and economic reconstruction...
...Petersburg where they both studied at the University while working at the same time for the Bund organization...
...Is the Prime Minister also under the influence of "salons" and "society...
...Hans Kohn...
...Or to learn how the same franc of the same Bank of France is "weak" under Giraud and "strong" under deGaulle's...
...They fell not on the barri-*~ cades, not against world Fascism or to Polish anti-semitic reaction, which both combatted throughout their lives, but by the murderous hand that they had thought to uphold as the hand of a fellow-fighter for a Socialist ideal...
...Hans Kohn, Professor of History at Smith College, is bitterly ironic over the so-called "optimism" of my article on the North African operations...
...Under these circumstances, Roosevelt was right in acting as he did when he sent Admiral Leahy to Vichy, Robert Murphy to Algiers, and finally, General Eisenhower and an expeditionary force to North Africa where they might fight the Axis at the side of General Giraud and the French army...
...Pearson is trying to do, then, is to set up as untouchable one of the most questionable improvi-zations of Admiral Darlan...
...X. A systematic distribution of population for frontier development...
...His first but extremely important work was in the Central Committee of the Party, when he was delegated by the Bund to work with the Social Democratic group of the Czarist Duma...
Vol. 26 • March 1943 • No. 10
