Tories Use 'Legitimacy' Cloak to Propose King as Duce Successor
SALVEMINI, GAETANO
Tories Use 'Legitimacy' Cloak to Propose King as Duce Successor Salvemini Scores Lippmann Notions, Exposes Historical Fallacies By GAETANO SALVEMINI WALTER LIPPMANN is one of the most...
...Thau they can be our friends and not our clients, our self-respecting allies and not our wards...
...We are no longer faced with the problem of stating the political results of types of economic arrangements...
...Therefore one should not underestimate the importance of his comments in the New York Herald Tribune ef November 21...
...America and England—no less than Russia and Japan and Germany and France—have a heavy and terrible debt to pay to China...
...The "Army...
...Under Moscow's influence the Kuomintang—the "National People's Party," the leading organization in the Republican revolution—was "reorganized" into the disciplined party on the Communist pattern, aiming at a party dictatorship in which the Communist Party was also to participate...
...Economic power may be in Washington to stay} but Washington is full of business men who aim to stay...
...So, again, the problem of freedom lies less directly in the economic sphere than in the political sphere and "its" control of the economic...
...3) Why is it "arrogant pessimism" and "irresponsible" to hold that the "human race" is incapable of learning that governmental spending in peacetime, as in war, could keep up employment...
...would be under collectivism planning...
...Big-Business 'TODAY, in the world's greatest historical 1 crisis, liberal and socialist thinkers sre desperately concerned with the ways and means by whieh a democratic social order csn avoid twin-evils of modern times, totalitarianism and exploitation...
...And that U the terrible doubt which if...
...This argument represents a petty bourgeois conception of liberty and freedom...
...Otto of Hapsburg is today the legitimate successor of Ferdinand...
...He asks: Can a political economy be mixed and yet efficient...
...Given the size and power of business today, a mixed economy would most probably'result in the governmental side subsidizing the rise and the defaults of the private enterprise side, running around with a net to catch the daring young risk-taker's enterprises everytime he is about to fall, break his neck and mash the whole damned audience...
...T is a matter of indifference whether or not * the present King of Italy is or is not an old poltroon, in his dotage and incapable of in-dependent initiative, or whether or net bis son and heir is a dissolute bigot, imbued with feudal and clerical prejudices, who alas during the night, confesses during the day, and te termed the "smiling fool" or the "national cretin" by the Italians...
...Only this assumption makes intelligible *hte second question,and answer: He wants to know what is to be left private (for...
...A political regime, according to him, was legitimate if it was freely supported by such a large body of opinion that no attempt to overthrow it by force would have any chance of success, and therefore it needed very little force to carry on against its opponents...
...It is under these conditions that we must speak of freedom, that "we", must plan the conditions of such freedoms as we may enjoy...
...PROM the very beginning, therefore, it was * clear that the democratic forces in China would not be subservient to foreign capital— American or other...
...Emperor Ferdinand I, at the time of Metteniajk (1835-1848), was the legitimate sovereign of the Austrian Empire, though he spent his UUBU catching flies and counting the poachas whieh passed under the windows of his palace...
...When he speaks of "vestiges of legitimate and historic authority," Mr...
...The result was a second revolution...
...That is what would be Involved in a thorough analysis of the problems of freedoms and securities...
...It might hold where free enterprise and private property were closely linked and made up the dominant snd widely diffused) conditions of labor...
...The House of Ssvoy should rule — the Pope is the legitimate power — the Army is the force with historic tradition behind it—etc...
...The pattern begins to emerge...
...Here is a real plan about a mixture of economics with some politics thrown in...
...That is an unreal statement of alternatives...
...In the following article, Dr...
...For half a century 1 have studied Italian history...
...If we can gut Italy out of the war by negotiating with that lawfully constituted authority, that is to our advantage...
...But their opinion would spring from Ferrero's popular doctrine and not from Mr...
...The only realistic question is: to what use will that power be putt" They, too, therefore propose a "mixed economy, " but unlike Lerner and Chamberlain, they give a concrete answer to just who is to have what parts of this mixture...
...Within the enlarging areas controlled by large scale Business, there are fewer and fewer institutional channels open for such control...
...A new Consortium—America, Japan, England, and France —was henceforth to monopolize all Chinese borrowings and all investments in China...
...More than a century ago, in the days of Prince Metternich, the word "legitimate" had a clear-cut ai sin ilia, A political regime was legitimate If there was behind it an historical tradition...
...But who or what decides about this...
...If the House of Savoy is still legitimate, then Mussolini is also legitimate...
...2) Why should he assume that the failure ef a mixed economy fully to use its resources "would inevitably result" in its replacement by collectivism...
...Given the parallel distribution of property and income, this means not only that a narrow business oligarchy is in a strategic place for influencing bureaucratic government decisions, it means that they may infiltrate into the bureaucratic cells of the government...
...Ferrero's legitimacy was "popular" and not "historic," though in his opinion the perfection of legitimacy would exist where tradition and popular consent were associated...
...And as for the Pope, well, if President RoosereH and Mr...
...They sink or swim together in Metternich'* sea of legitimacy...
...As fsr as the Holy See is concerned, the Pope was the (Metternichian) legitimate sovereign of vast territories in Central Italy up until 1858...
...So the Sojra» Repahlfr fit China, pxo-ateting tbe s&cemn jeeelntkui and all the democratic reforms of taxation, education, etc., which have been she proper tasks of the democratic revolution everywhere—and which we should have supported instead of crushing in China—extended their power among the Chinese -masses...
...in view of the fact that many newspapers throughout the country publish entirely successfully without the use of the AP service...
...Only if the bulk of men lived by such operations, that is, were independent entrepreneurs, or could become such, might this economic arrangement safeguard freedom for the bulk of men in other spheres (such as the political...
...They ware desperately •«*loited, tbayhad heap jfncajfr/awaited m ti...
...The Consortium extended enormous loans to the militarist Yuan Shih-kai, despite the protests and appeals of the Chinese parliament...
...So Allied powers financed ambitious Chinese militarist who dispersed Parti lament, brought China into the war, and with foreign funds fought down the rebellion which followed...
...Yuan made the attempt—despite warnings from other powers...
...The Tidings, official organ of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, Nov...
...The pattern of the War, including the distribution of war contracts, is estimated to decrease this minority to 4.7 million self-employed by December, J843—and this despite an estimated total labor force of around 62.3 million, which includes the decrease of the "independent" unemployed down to 2 million...
...Given its scale and concentration, private forms of business enterprise possess the power and "freedom" that rests on "free" enterprise...
...Freedom for China Past 'Foreign' Interventions Make Chinese Ask , Concrete Assurance for End of Imperial Privileges By HARRY PAXTON HOWARD II /"VCTOBER 10 was the anniversary of the Chinese Republic...
...But for those familiar with Chinese history the date brings bitter and painful memories...
...Fortune has accepted a bastard version of the Marxian theory of the state: it should become the political committee for the ruling stratum of big business...
...Tbe American Government offered "recognition" to Moscow, and Stalin eagerly accepted—and reached an agreement to cooperate with Washington and Chiang Kai-shek...
...And that when Congress does enter the power fights it is in terms of these inter-bureaucratic battles...
...Lippmann, "When Mussolini ami his henchmen are disposed of, there will still remain in Italy the vestiges of legitimate and historic authority by means of which the hiawsiMli » the New Italy can be made...
...It may be that some Italians here and there still think that royalty might perform some useful tack In Italy...
...It is therefore, in my judgment, an effort to be fought «s vigorously as possible in behalf of the retention on that freedom of speech mentioned in our Constitution...
...To insure "freedom...
...Why respect historical legitimacy when it works hi favor of the House of Savoy and invent nonexistent historical legitimacy in order to bestow it upon the army and the Pope, while depriving Mutes lini of his rightful share of legitimacy...
...The Germans and the Italians are not men tioned...
...For the aims of our intervention then were the same aims of all imperialist powers in China—the privileges which a "superior" handful of our nationals have possessed in China, and which Imperialist elements even today are not prepared to relinquish...
...That is, subsidize the defaults of private enterprise as an element of an economy or as an economic system...
...And not in abstractions nor the nostalgic, wish for the dominance of petty bourgeoisie, for today "the political freedom of free enterprise" means the power of Corporations OVer and within the State...
...For twenty years the hhsghAs been his most indispensable henchman...
...The Chinese Staple Wanted freedom, not Bolshevism...
...Perhaps it is merely a more cogent name for the non-existent dominance of a free-market...
...According to Metternich, the rteMs of, a legitimate sovereign are above dieeasnjjju and his subjects have but to carry out his orders...
...They cannot be fruitfully stated as blanket abstractions...
...In 1943 tbe Chinese Communists formed an alliance with anti-Imperialist elements in Fukien province—centered around the 19th Route Army which had so courageously fouaht back the Japanese at Shanghai in 1932 —for the re-establishment of the Chinese Republic, on a democratic basis and with far more organized peasant support than ever before...
...The Japanese aggressions, year after year, bad aroused the bitterness and hostility of all patriotic Chinese, and the encouragement given by Moscow auu Washington to a Chinese war against Japan (ell on fertile soil...
...A P- LERNER'S argument for a Mixed Econ-*¦>• omy rests directly upon the theory of freedom I have just examined...
...Those who disagree will be sent to concentration camps or the next world, waving flags emblazoned with President Roosevelt's famous Four Freedoms...
...For we too played a dishonorable part in the struggle against the Republic in China...
...And the terrible sufferings and sacrifices of the Chinese people, in battles and famines and epidemics which have cost the lives of millions of humble and inoffensive people, were a price which had to be-paid for freedom...
...r The spheres and strata of which we are asking and answering questions about freedom and security must be precisely determined...
...The "freedom" which private enterprise today safeguards is, in the first place, freedom for...
...On Chomberlain, A. P. Lerner and Fortune Collectivism and the 'Mixed-up' Economy By C. WRIGHT MILLS *f*HE relations between freedom and security ¦ • cannot be stated until these terms are broken up and connected to given conditions...
...Far nine msr^m^mi^pmtfi^m *t»»gijBteavened forejSy6» ajrisx tbe rama\mrit,ts faam Ch.hiniA^fr The Ch*aeae masses knew noting *f Bajihaajem...
...Here I shall only analyse sn imputed relation between one kind ef economic freedom for a restricted number and other types of freedom for the bulk of the American population: 1 John Chamberlain's argument is that the only, or at least a major, guarantee of political freedom and personal independence for the bulk of men is the existence of private economic enterprise, or more specifically, private ownership of the means of production...
...On the contrary...
...And it was the attempt of the Manchu Government to realize this program on our behalf that led directly to the uprising in Szechwan—centering around the representative provincial government already in existence—which spread into the vast upheaval of the Chinese Revolution and the collapse of the Manchu Empire, the "puppets" of foreign Imperialism and foreign capital in China...
...When he deals with the Nazi army, Mr...
...Then these delimited and specific kinds of freedom and security would be related to one another in quite various ways...
...And a statement of the respective weights of the state and the private entrepreneurs in the distribution of power...
...the Chinese Government could not sign the Versailles Treaty...
...C. Wright Mills of the...
...The "condition of private industry must be one of (the state's) primary concerns...
...But numbers of eager and impressionable Chinese— by 1827 it was becoming clear that China was facing e crisis of a new kind—a dictatorship by her Russian "friends" with Borodin as Viceroy and the Chinese Communists at his disciplined » * ,. » "THERE was still — a? there js today — the * democratic alternative...
...The American Government financed and encouraged the Chinese but also supplied the Japanese...
...Post Editor Says AP Suit Free Press Threat From TED O. THACKREY Editor, New York Post To the Editor: Thank you very much for your letter of November 14th and its enclosure...
...Parliament refused—both groups of warring Powers who considered Imperial exploiters of China...
...University of Maryland indicates his sharp disagreement with Messers...
...Moreover, 4) Why should government "guarantee an adequate money demand for the products of private enterprise...
...The issue of freedom and security is, of course, an alternative statement of the problem of democracy and socialism...
...In the following article Gaetsno Sal-vemini, the noted historian and anti-fascist spokesman, subjects these notions to s withering analysis...
...Supplement .to Fortune, December, 1942: "The Domestic Economy,") They unmix the mixed-up economy of Lerner and Chamberlin, and point out- in effect the realistic implications of ideal, abstract systems...
...We must aaaagahw she sajnt af Chiasm da hjrrnae citizens ant only of she Aawrjpaa ?a-public, but also of a Chineae Bcanhhr...
...But no Westerr Power would tolerate or co-operate with a democratic program in China, Instead...
...But Yuan as dictator was "not enough...
...They "propose to restore the creative, risk-taking, profit-seeking competitive individual to the legitimate throne of a sovereign market...
...But, step by step, all the other sovereigns of Europe acknowledged the accomplished fact...
...According to Mr...
...It is unreal because it is not informed by the existing reality of collective, dependent work nor by the consequence of this economic reality for political power, as will be indicated below...
...Lippmann's historic doctrine...
...Between 1859 and 1870 he was dispossessed of all these territories except what is new called Vatican City...
...HerjB are the latest figures: In December, 1940, 'the self-employed numbered 6 million out of a total labor force of 54.5 million...
...The Constitutional Government at Canton, headed by Sun Yat-sen...
...despite their increasing hostility and distrust of us as they saw Japanese planes fueled with American or Soviet oil bombing their cities and villages...
...What kind of fats is in store for the Germans we do not know...
...It means that "business" can and^well may become "government...
...But if this is the probable mixture of a mixed economy and its political condition and consequences, then- it is obvious that the argument that freedom rests upon a mixed economy is false and dangerous...
...Now these conditions are gone and no nostalgic wish nor reference to Jefferson by John Chamberlain will ever make shopkeepers out of employees unless we throw away the efficiency of our productive forces...
...Thus, we would speak of economic freedom/or laborers, political freedom for small Persian retailers, economic security for English bankers, or for negro sharecroppers, religious freedom for .Hebrews or for Irish Catholics, and so on...
...Queen Victoria looked upon the first King of United Italy...
...It seems to me ab--surd, upon its face, to regard the AP as a monopoly, particularly when there do exist in the field adequate competing services ane...
...Whatever the secret intrigues and conspiracies between Western and Chinese political and military leaders, patriotic Chinese saw in the nation-wide war against Japan a real struggle for liberation against a ruthless enemy...
...But it seems he is not so very daring...
...Therefore it has to be left in Italy to prevent the Italians from winning their freedom for themselves...
...Lippmann's articles in the New York Herald Tribune of May 2 and May 5. 1942...
...But the Italian army has become "legitimate...
...Parliament re-established itself st Peking—though militarism and war had greatly crippled its strength in the provinces...
...the New Deal...
...Masked in the guise of "little entrepreneurs," its functional outcome would most likely be the further 'rule of bureaucratic-ally managed corporations...
...All his laws and degress king's signature...
...Under modern conditions, this view is unrealistic and inapplicable...
...Such a smooth mobility of labor can only be assumed in the abstractions of the classical economists...
...Parliament was forcibly crushed, the Republic destroyed...
...Only as this is approached can the "entrepreneur" become the "darling of the economy" and be given America and the century...
...A governmental "monopoly" of jobs would not make less secure my chance to yelp than would a set of corporation's monopoly of jobs, especially if the latter's monopoly were guaranteed by their corporate business state...
...But an upheaval at Peking itself, rejected and repudiated such a settlement, and the most notorious figures in the Government had to flee for their lives...
...And that is precisely what they have been and are doing...
...This fact is not "out of place" today...
...More importantly, it has danger-ens consequences not set forth by Chamberlain...
...For no longer can training in "independent" work gear men into freedom in their, -work as in other spheres...
...The counter revolution" (when was the revolution...
...The American Government, calling the Washington Conference, did nothing for the Republic in China...
...But it means dependence upon this handful for the mass of working men, and constant fear of being engulfed by them for the smaller business men...
...I will not call this arrangement "fascism," for the word has become a loose label for anything somebody doesn't like...
...Lippmann obviously thinks of legitimacy in the Metternichian sense...
...They should be enabled to win their freedom for themselves...
...This is, of course, not sr...
...This paramount fact of dependent, collective work is firmly anchored in large scale technology...
...Churchill and President Roosevelt as the legitimate authorities entitled to speak for Italy, Assistant Secretary Berle has summoned the Italian people to make a revolution, but Mr...
...efficiency...
...Sheer, economic efficiency might well call for the kilting oft* the old and lame and troublesome, rather than guaranteeing them an income...
...It was Moscow which betrayed this last hopeful movement...
...The most, dangerous aspect of the WAP suit, in my judgment, is the effort on the part of the Government to have the AP and—by extension of the same principle— newspapers declared common carriers...
...The American Government "supported" and bis American adviser counselled Yuan's re-establishment of the Empire, with himself as Emperor...
...A truly unified and representative Government in China, with its vast areas and population, would take orders from no one...
...he abdicated and died...
...We can only guess...
...As government and business become increasingly interlocked, economic questions will more and more become: who is to staff the points of political decision in the governmental hierachies and pinnacles...
...The Communists, deserted and betrayed by Moscow, went off "on their own," and started the organization of a real ajgrarian revojutwn ia China iwhjrh Mawna, attar 4a*i-ay to »¦ ittahHth ra\aH wjft tfuang •bjfe, wap fosppd %o aypart "aa^havisat.inplly...
...It was to commemorate that tremendous event that our State Department issued its pleasant but innocuous statement about our being "prepared to negotiate" with the Chinese Government for the relinquishment of extraterritoriality and perhaps some other privileges in China...
...Throughout the country, the slogans of freedom for the Chinese people and the destruction of Western (particularly British) Imperialism rallied great shrewdly financed and directed by Moscow...
...For (a) government must place him upon Ids trapeze and (b) government must spread a soft net under his antics...
...So when tbe Jansneee in July 1937 struck at Peking to consolidate their power there, the Chinese fought beak .despite their manifest unpreparedness for such a conflict...
...Efficiency cannot be socially pointed or educated by the norm of...
...To this "uncommon individual," rather than Wallace's vagaries of the "common man," they would give America and the world: "We aim to make him feel that this country and century are peculiarly his...
...But Ferrero did not think that in Europe today, historical tradition could suffice as a basis for legitimacy without spontaneous, popular consent...
...This is why, in Ferrero's opinion, the British constitution, enjoying both advantages, embodies the most satisfactory form of legitimacy...
...these are the con- . sequences and conditions which Fortune's plan seem to me to mask...
...For by now everybody, definitely including Big Business, knows that we must speak of the political and the economic in one breath, of a political economy...
...Victor Emmanuel II, as the secretary of an American trade-union would look upon a strikebreaker or a scab...
...Die political condition and consequence oi this would probably be a corporate-business State...
...V/LJHOEVER accepts the historical doctrine of " legitimacy ought to swallow-.Bttosmlgrm* king but also his henchmen...
...Having a monopoly on the legitimate use of force, government can control and set conditions of differential "efficiency...
...It is less a question of the diffusion of knowledge than of power relations and economic stakes...
...freedom) and what is to be collective (for security...
...Under them it is possible to speak of private property and independent work as a basis for political freedom, and for at least a chance at equality...
...Thus they have not to win their freedom for themselves...
...Recently, Gugliebno Ferrero, the historian, gave the word "legitimate" quite a different meaning...
...Millions of them have believed that with the defeat of Japan, they would be free...
...In the New Leader recently, Professor A. P. Lerner, the distinguished economist, offered his comments on the problem of Collectivism and Freedom as outlined by John Chamberlain...
...That their "conflict" has been institutionalized within "government" and that it increasingly goes on without benefit of Congress...
...The economic conditions of historical democracy cannot be .the economic conditions of any future democracy...
...The Soviet Government did precisely the same thing...
...tfffi condition under which private economic enterprise led to independence and freedom in ether spheres- for the bulk of men was the dominance of an economic system of small proprietorships each based upon "self-owned and operated property...
...MUtnUttul Snjis chosen prime minister by the legitimate King of Italy...
...This "daring individual, the risk-taking entrepreneur, should .. . become the darling of America's future economy...
...All the British foreign ministers—Sir Austen Chamberlain, Arthur Henderson, Sir John Simon, Sir Samuel Hoare, Anthony Eden, Leal Halifax— negotiated with him and signed agreements with him as the legitimate head of the Italian government...
...I'WQ, issues are left over after A. L. Lerner finished mixing up the economy: A more precise and realistic, a less formal, criterion of what is to be left in private hands and what is to be collectivized...
...Yuan was utterly defeated...
...Lepp-mann wanes to have it wholly deslieyud ejsff#s officers and men captured "to constitute a saS!-tary defeat such as no nation, not even Frsass* in 1940, has ever suffered in modern times" (New York Herald Tribune, Nov...
...aaruggles for freed nea, and thefoaaniuiitU were ih* #nly sftgsy gcqup «hjh> «OW affered them aajftbing...
...it finds a parallel and a further anchorage in ah ixtremely narrow distribution of property...
...or, in other words, the political conditions and consequences of a mixed economy...
...But if private enterprise needs this governmental guarantee it is too weak an economic anchorage for anybody's "freedom,"—even the freedom for the little private enterprisers who are being gobbled daily by the freedom of the big enterprizers in the W.P.B.' 5) Lerner speaks of the norm of efficiency governing whether something is to be collectivized or private...
...argument at all, but a circle which by-passes the question by setting up a formal criterion which simply swallows the point to be proved...
...Churchill has told them that they must overthrow "one man and one man alone," Mussolini...
...They refused to recognize the Republic...
...Moscow vetoed the Communist-Fukien alliance, and the Kuoniintang forces crushed the isolated 19th Ronte Army while the Communists remained neutral...
...A new republican rebellion failed...
...seeping in te the con seiousness of the Chinese asapji, and daily being strengthened by tile "peace" nropat«rids of Wang Ching-wei «nd bis associate*., and the refusal of the Amencar and British Csraramyajp to abandon any of oar Imperial privilege* im China...
...It was this joint foreign intervention against the_ Chinese Republic which prepared the way for the present crisis...
...And then, in 1917, the Allied powers determined to bring China into the war against Germany...
...And yet the Chinese have carried on...
...John Chamberlain half admits this when he tries to locate freedom in the "interstices" of private and collective economies^ When he speaks of "state-chained jobs" vs...
...Columnist Walter Lippmann, for one, recently went along with thst strsnge crowd whieh manages to find political possibilities in every Italian element — except the democratic people...
...For if we are our friends we must show jX iw deads, and abandon all the latasni "inaeri ority" of our extraterritorial and other Imperial privileges, .of our contemptuous •racialism*' which excludes Chinese as pariahs end will not even permit them a quota of two hundred immigrants yearly, which denies even to tbe educated and cultured handful who enter our country the right of neutralisation as American citizens And we must go further than this...
...Lerner and Chamberlain, whose notions, he claims, have been carried to their logical conclusion in the, recent Fortune Magszine program...
...He justifies the existence of a section of private enterprise because he believes that this would be an anchorage for freedom for all men in all spheres...
...Peking was given nominal sovereignty-over Shantung, but the Japanese were left in control of the Shantung railway and the Chinese paid tribute ("repayment") to them...
...that "Laissez-faire" is no longer a guarantee of economic security [nor] s guarantee of freedom.'* More crucially, they think that TflMy the state can stop the drift to collectivism...
...E—nomic power," they write, "is in Washington and will probably stay there...
...private enterprisers, to sell and buy and make profit...
...we gather that they are "the King and the House of Savoy," the "Army" and "The Holy See...
...A MIXED economy would not be a mixed economy for long, nor would it lead to a mixed and competitive political regime...
...As I have said before, in 1929 he explicitly renounced any claims to his old territories outside Vatican City...
...And be answers: Surely, because "well" decide what is to be collectivized and what is to be left private in terms of which is the more efficient...
...In a bitter jibe which has been heard in China, we have been prepared to fight for these privileges "to the last Chinese...
...This would subject the content as well as the distribution of newspapers .to unlimited federal-regulation and would be a long step toward complete government control of news, thought and opinion...
...The new means, the democratically planned utilization of collectivized means of production, are urged upon us by the new conditions which separate us from the early 18th century^ The most important of these...
...20, 1942...
...But »here was a "popular" appeal in this...
...The Washington Conference confirmed the Japanese in their privileged position in Manchuria, and for the first time formally proclaimed the "right" of foreign Powers to maintain or land troop* in China even without treaty right—"for the protection of life or property...
...It is a question of yiho or what men are dependent upon, and of the institutional means they have available for control •of this dependency...
...I was brought up in Italy...
...I am not here concerned to impute motives...
...But in modern industrial society the mass of men are, and must be, dependent workers...
...The American Government, indeed, was decisive in the crisis which provoked the Chinese Revolution in 1911...
...Cinank Kai-shek and some of his military rriTrijtef were brought into the camp of the anti-Soviet Powers with their Kuotnintang as a Party dictatorship...
...The last of them was Pope Pius XI, in 1929...
...It is the means of attaining these ends which now must differ...
...The House of Savoy is no doubt legitimate in the Metternichian sense, though, between 1869 and 1870, it made use of the illegitimate means of revolution to unseat all the other legitimate dynasties in Italy...
...As a cents, quence Metternich would concede him no "«Us tige" of legitimate authority outside the ens hundred acres of Vatican City...
...These conditions formed the cradle for classic democracy...
...Moscow for the fust time sent a "military adviser" to the Chinese Red Army, who insisted upon "revolutionary" tactics which brought -terrible defeats and the forced evacuation of the major Soviet forces to the Fax Northwest of China—suffering frightful losses en route...
...While the royal House of Ssvoy, the army and the Pope are being kept on ice by Mr...
...I read the *rticle by Mr...
...This opened the way for Moscow in China...
...3ien are not much less dependent in their economic lives, under corporate capitalism than perhaps thev...
...From the other side of Europe -and the Atlantic, in Britain and America, all kinds of strange noises are being heard as the crisis in Italy deepens...
...The editors have asked various students and authorities to comment on the ideas and issues involved...
...fish from Russian waters was at all times an urgent and vital necessity for the Japanese people and army, and Soviet oil contributed its part to Japan's supplies of fuel...
...according to the Metternichian doctrine, is not an independent legitimate authority...
...And when the Nazi army has been utterly crushed, Mr...
...There ip the Northwest, reduced in power and influence, the Chinese Communists under Moscow's pressure reached the agreement with General Chiang Kai-shek (kidnapped at Sian) which prepared tbe way for the war against Japan— which Moscow saw as its next great step towards dominating -the Far East...
...If the steady advance of Japanese Imperialism and its collaborating Chinese Fascism and peace propaganda in China is to be checked, it can only be done by appealing successfully to the Chinese people in their generation-old struggle for lib-arty—by giving full equality to the Chinese now, hy making "Free China" a truth instead of a propaganda slogan, by working with the liberty-loving people of China for a free and democratic Republic of China—a Republic which will gladly co-operate with other free peoples of the world, everywhere, for the end of Ija-perialist and Fascist oppression forever...
...Copyright, 1842, O.N.A.] Small-Fry MUSSOLINI isn't the only one who is wheezing...
...The sophisticated Tories, who wrote Fortune's plan know: that total freedom (Laissez-faire) for business men would wreck even business ss a system...
...For such explicit delimitations must always accompany the terms if they are to be realistically used...
...The industrialist must enlist the aid of . . . the power of government...
...There, hi the Northwest bordering Moscow-dominated areas, the Chinese Red Army could be a part of Moscow's own defense, leaving the betrayed and stricken peasants of the evacuated areas to the White Terror which followed...
...The government is to "underwrite the whole economy," that is, the doom-laden consequences of the daring entrepreneur whom government has placed upon the throne...
...There are several auxiliary remarks of Lerner's which it is fruitful to disassemble: 1) Why should the- mere erection of the norm of "efficiency" "automatically" provide "substantial guarantees such as a minimum inalienable income for everybody...
...It seems to me that he who believes that political and personal freedom can only be anchored in an independent economic life had better give up the ideal of freedom...
...THAT is the struggle which has carried great numbers of them on...
...And I do not see why the aims of socialism, need not be quite identical with the aims of classic democracy...
...For as Fortune knows (Chamberlain and Lerner pay no real attention to it) the only way to secure economic "Freedom" for the enterpriser is for the state to subsidize him...
...Unless this private enterprise is to be coequal in power with government, I presume that the government is...
...And if this were so, how could private enterprisers be free enough to live by our risks in order to safeguard their "freedom...
...It isn't a question for the "human race," nor a matter for the "19th century economists" to learn...
...It is the servant of the king and must obey the king unless it revolts against the king, thus sending to the devil Metternich and his historical legitimacy...
...If they were told that they had to bow before the king and his heir on account of their Metternichian legitimacy, they also would become republican at one stroke...
...Two British prime ssi|l»asrtL went to Rome to psy homage to him: rBfaayslatPea aid and Neville Chamberlain...
...The Western Powers, however, donah crossed even their Chinese militarist allies,"and at Versailles in 1919 cynically ignored their previous promises leaving the Japanese in control of Shantung province...
...If there is in Europe an authority which is legitimate according to Metternich, it is Mussolini's...
...This means, in another set of terms, that "business" and "government" are more and more becoming one...
...Today there is crisis in China—a crisis which involves us, and which may determine the whole future of Asia and even of the world...
...Villard with interest and agreement...
...This would only be the case if the people in charge of the collectivist side of the mixture had power of life and death over the private enterprisers' side...
...they propose "is a return to the higher values Of individualism...
...It is not freedom'to "shift" jobs as much as guarantee of a job and collective control over the already collective conditions and results of any job that seems important in safeguarding both security and freedom in all spheres for all working men...
...For it was the insistence of our Government that American financiers have a share in the - exploitation of Chinese railways that brought about the Consortium of 1911, which forced the Manchu Government at Peking to "nationalize" Chinese railways so we could force in our investments and force out Chinese capital...
...The common man will be taken care of by governmental spending, social security, and public works judiciously chosen so as not to challenge private competition...
...the freedom to shift jobs he is merely restating the employer's point of view of freedom: "If you don't like working for me under these terms, then you are free to go work somewhere else...
...Our own government encouraged the counter-revolutionary militarist Yuan Shih-kai to re-establish the Empire—a stupid attempt which brought about his downfall and prepared the way for new militarists, now foreign interventions, and ever-widening anarchy and chaos in that vast country of more than 400,000,000 people...
...24, 1942...
...But it was not, worth while if it would not mean freedom—if they were again to be betrayed by foreign "friends" and by Chinese militarists financed by such "friends...
...On this score, those American Catholics are right who teach that "We must remember that the government of Mussolini is still the lawfully constituted authority in Italy...
...When the American and British armies invade Italy, the legitimate Italian army will join hands with them to teach the Italians how to behave...
...P"REE enterprise" today may mean freedom for a handful in the economic sphere of action...
...For the pre-World War I Republic of China, aiming at democratic government, was destroyed by Chinese militarists financed by foreign powers...
...It is not a question of having political freedom and economic insecurity under a regime of business or lack of political freedom and economic security under a collectivized ownership and operation of the means of production...
...the large scale industrial bases, results in the decrease >ol "self-employed," or independent, workers...
...Churchill ever bestowed upon him the least share of political authority in Italy, the first victim of such a blunder would be the Pope himself...
...was completely ignored...
...So the powers intervened...
...For security and freedom may live together under conditions where both of them mean a chance to control what you are dependent upon...
...The editors of Fortune face both these problems in no uncertain terms...
...Lippmann hopes thst French, Norwegians, Dutch, Belgians, Poles, Greeks, Yugoslavs Czechoslovakians and Austrians win rise to liberate themselves...
...For example, we would speak of security in an equal education for every youth as safeguarding security in the equality of occupational and intermarriage chances...
...For if there is net, it will be difficult in the chaos of Italian defeat to find Italian authority able to speak for Italy," What is a "legitimate and historic UWhority...
...The duke of Guise is today the legitimate heir of Henry IV and Chares X in France...
...Who knows that those in power will inevitably know John Mayn-ard Keynes so well and want to practice him...
...If Mussolini ha* become illegitimate, the House of Savoy has also become illegitimate...
...Chinese statesmen and people, desperate and embittered, eagerly accepted Moscow's aid against the "Imperialist Powers" in China...
...Tories Use 'Legitimacy' Cloak to Propose King as Duce Successor Salvemini Scores Lippmann Notions, Exposes Historical Fallacies By GAETANO SALVEMINI WALTER LIPPMANN is one of the most in-iJaLffRmtitk leaders of public opinion in this country...
...The new questions of freedoms and securities must be put in the fore of these decisions...
...Thus I state thst no thinking Italian within or without Italy is prepared to swallow Metternich's doctrine of legitimacy...
...Weaeaat make it dear aad naeasiseeal that see asm asrear again intervene against the establishment af a democratic Chinese Republic, that wa sympathize with and support every endeavor te asanas this, that we have the deepest respect aad friendship for our Chinese allies and deatse.te co-operate with them as equals in a free wosid of equals, with colonialism and Imperialism aad dictatorship forever ended...
...What are those "vestiges" in Italy today ? From Mr...
...I can, therefore claim that I know something of Italian mentality...
Vol. 25 • December 1942 • No. 51
