Reich Socialists Still Fight Nazis Underground
Reich Socialists Still Fight Nazis Underground Anti-Nazis Aided By World Network By WfLHELM SOLLMANN Former Reichsminimter of the Interior rMarch, 1933, the great German'Social...
...this hysteria made possible by the authoritarian monopoly of P w r aganda in Fascist Italy and Germany...
...All have factors of distortion...
...and S.A., and—last, lat not least—395,000 "block warders," one for every flfiy families...
...It was Sotanis who aranged for Nicaragua to get the shipment of arms and munitions which I mentioned earlier...
...TNEM0CRACY means free play for all manner of ideas, opinions, propagandas...
...Shortly after Costa Rica gave Wakabayashi permission to experiment with his cotton growing, both the Minister of Finance and the vice-president of the government bank took trips to Japan...
...In the 1936 campaign, the propaganda of the Republican Party was so violent that it brought a reaction favorable to Roosevelt...
...Reich Socialists Still Fight Nazis Underground Anti-Nazis Aided By World Network By WfLHELM SOLLMANN Former Reichsminimter of the Interior rMarch, 1933, the great German'Social Democratic part}- began to go underground...
...3. Social—Freedom from, oppression based on theories of superiority or inferiority...
...But besides this, several new organizations—under intellectual groups especially—have sprung up recently, chiefly working in their special circles...
...In addition, another network of political, cultural, and economic' organizations covers the whole country up to the last village...
...So the foreign critics are quite mistaken when they state that the illegal activity is negligible...
...In obtaining that concession he was aided by Giuseppe Sotanis, an Italian gentleman wearing the Fascist insignia in the lapel of' his coat, whom he met at the Gran Hotel in San Jose...
...nomie, and polities, then we must regard the democratic t j r 1 . human organization as being better for human beings th*s - authoritarian type...
...The junior officers 2?"*' behind at a respectful distance, and SBjlB hours later, Kubayama was escorted jj^jfdder again, this courtesy extended only r * -Is* ranking officer of the Japanese navy was gone through with, the trumpet sounding its salute as the ragged fisherman in the panga rowed away...
...The recollection of their excesses built up an anti-orthodoxy, which later in America we came to see in the spirit of the Klu Klux Klan...
...Immense losses and a horrible number of victims were the result of the first four years of oppression...
...And it is obviously impossible for them to see anything of it...
...and a Catholie cardinal, who prays that Franco will win and that Communism will be defeated in Spain and throughout the world...
...Psychologically, there is no difference between a conservative business man, who voices intense hatred for the New Deal...
...This mysterious Italian paved the way for Wakabayashi to meet Raul Gurdian, the Costa Rican Minister of Finance and Ramon Madrigal, vice-president of the government-owned National bank and a prominent Costa Rican merchant...
...About 3,000 of such special reporters are continuously giving the details to the Labor and Socialist and exiled German Social Democratic Executive Committees...
...ALL believers in democracy must be in accord with that provision of the Constitution of the United States providing for free press, free speech, free assembly...
...The home supplements the school in conditioning Germans to accept the Nasi the minds goes on too, but here many individuals and groups compete in the process...
...When a government is authoritarian, no other opinion or propaganda is permitted...
...Illegal Social Democratic activity must remain completely in the dark if it wants to continue...
...These vary with the backgrounds of the individuals and groups who determine the policies of these channels of communication...
...freedom to discuss these issues in public gatherings, in press, radio, cinema, etc...
...THE strangest of the facts in modern German illegal * activities is the necessity of doing nearly everything orally...
...And so our minds are conditioned to be susceptible or not susceptible, to different propagandas...
...Propaganda Can WinforDemocracy FREE NATIONS PERMIT SPREAD OF VARYING DOCTRINES...
...Finally he got permission from Costa Rica to establish his experimental station...
...T'HERE are doubtless several political movements, * each working separately...
...Not the numbers but the quality of illegal political activities count...
...But it may be here suddenly one day, and they want to be ready...
...it does not make for strong orthodoxy...
...The foreign reporters, who are unable to find any subversive movement, would perhaps be able to do for only one week—-under conGestapo Constant Threat to Activity tinual danger of prison and the executioner's axe— what the unknown soldiers of the Socialist movement have been doing continuously for more than five years...
...On June 7, 1934, the Japanese Foreign Office in Tokyo issued passport No...
...We see it, too, in Russia, where threat of attacks by * 33 and Japan has, with abundant justification, created a war Vsre~'ogy...
...The Nazi dictatorship, the aggression of Fascist governments in Ethiopia, Spain, and China are such events...
...He is 54 years old now and lives *<CsHe Colon, Casa No...
...The German Fascist school system is as thoroughly regimented as German labor, agriculture and industry...
...There is no inviolability of letters...
...The way we look upon life is determined by the section of the world in which we live...
...Any objective study of propaganda entails evaluation of these channels—radio, press, cinema, school, church, business organization, labor union...
...N a democracy, where there is give and take with an appreciation * of tolerance,7 excessive violence of propaganda by word or act can and does have such a boomerang effect...
...German parents are arrested when their children report them as expressing opinions not favorable to the Nazi regime...
...WfSS UAH * JOTH NO BUSINESS P attendance at these guarded meetings of the "hirbers' union and visiting fishermen is Kata*• Kubayama, a gentle - faced, soft-spoken, ^•Oe-aged man who is a business man with no 2*k business...
...Any change in life conditions involves conflict...
...2. Economic—Freedom 'o work and to participate in organizations and discussions to promote better working standards and higher living condition for the people...
...For 43 years the party and all its activities had been completely legal...
...The three months nefore the complete suppression of the party, which in J«n...
...There is no monopoly of power, hence no monopoly of propaganda, but rather constant competition...
...Democracy makes for examination of propagandas...
...Kubayama stated *** he came to Panama on May 10, 1980, which ""••MmVbut that was when he returned from ¦trip to Japan...
...Its chief purpose is to acquaint the people with methods whereby they may become proficient in making their own analyses...
...In the authoritarian organization, authority flows from the top down, and obedience from the bottom up...
...Tens of thousands of German workers are daily performing their political propaganda anti-Nazi work, unseen and unsuspected, in very small groups...
...A smooth, suave Japanese named Takahiro Wakabayashi appeared in Panama as the representative of the Federation of Japanese Importers and Exporters...
...Theologians of the Middle Ages, Catholic and Protestant alike, were afflicted by "the disease of orthodoxy...
...Only thus can we have focused upon our minds reasonably sharp pictures of the realities of life out of which propagandas flow...
...Never in human history has an illegal movement had to meet such an effective, crafty and excellently organized police and spy organization...
...One of those young fighters recently wrote: "We know that our chances may be between nothing and a hundred per cent, but we'll work on...
...After four of these aspects of democracy are fundamental to the concept that man is more important than things...
...Social Democratic convictions...
...Wakabayashi checked into the cool and spacious Hotel Tivoli, run by the United States government on Canal Zone territory and washed up and made a beeline for the Boyd Bros, office where he was closeted with the general manager for over an hour...
...On July 11, 1936, Masakazu Yokoy was handed another passport in Tokyo by the Foreign Office under the name of Shoichi Yokoi and a mess of visas which filled the whole passport and overflowed into several extra pages...
...He must always have an innocent excuse ready in case of a police inquiry into his present activity...
...Thus, there is a tendency to cancel out some of the consequences of the various authoritarian conditionings which go on within a. democracy...
...There are two types of human organization: authoritarian and democratic...
...They do the job of special political control...
...To the superficial the result in confusion of propagandas and counter-propagandas is an evil...
...Propaganda, as generally understood, is expression of opinion OT action by individuals or groups deliberately designed to influence, opinions or actions of other individuals or groups with reference to predetermined ends...
...M/AKABAYASHI'S business interests ranged ** from taking pictures of the Canal in specially chartered planes, to negotiating for manganese deposits and efforts to establish an "experimental station to grow cotton in Costa Rica...
...There are friends abroad who know how to read carefully worded letters...
...From B ^md and vegetation covered jungle shore a SrfJPj brown panga shot put, with the bareSjl fisherman rowing the flat bottomed boat ^¦the short quick strokes of the native...
...Especially active are the police, Gestapo, may, post-office, militia, S.S...
...First of these is the force of "basic conditions" which shape our lives—conditions, tending to be more or less static, ef climate and culture...
...It is the only union I ever heard of, the deliberations of whose 47 members are considered important enough for the diplomatic representaof the country to sit in on...
...Hence the violence of authoritarian propaganda is not effective in a democracy...
...we become excited, bitter...
...Besides this, they have to instruct one another on the true internal and foreign situation, to follow the different political changes which are occurring in dictatorial countries, and to try to come to a common political Social Democratic opinion...
...They had met their former comrades at friendly gatherings...
...Wsyheek in 1917 Kubayama was a barefoot J?*0** fishermen like the others now on the BP *oast...
...Nobody will give exact statistics of these activities...
...He will be in the Caribbean and Central American areas for the next two years if any of those countries are interested in picking him up...
...If democracy is to endure in America, more Americans must become concerned with the problem of propaganda...
...That task is being fulfilled by the young and unknown workers...
...Together they call upon the captains of Japanese ships whenever they come to Panama and are closeted with them for hours at a time...
...The depression which began in 1929 was such an event...
...Relatively easy, perhaps, is the task of sending news about the German situation to the Central Executive Committee abroad...
...Beat could be maintained...
...It is quite certain that all these illegal activities do not—as yet— represent a mass movement...
...All the men working in Germany for their political ideas, under such excessive dangers, should get our thanks and our admiration, even if we do not agree completely with their special political faith...
...The moral force of the underground movements is to be found in their objectivity and in their clamness...
...Besides two passports he has a suitcase full of film for his camera...
...Do not expect any revolutionary romanticism in a' suctioning totalitarian State...
...Our susceptibility is determined by life conditions, character of home, economic status, race, culture, religion, school, and all the aspirations, hatreds, fears, and needs growing out of our life conditioning...
...T« erew of the flagship lined up at attention...
...Only the dictator needs to think...
...Authoritarianism makes for strong orthodoxy and violent propaganda against all heresies...
...In Nazi Germany, pains are taken to bring up children to respond to beliefs and acts to which the dictator wants response, and to' reject others...
...T'OD^.Y Kubayama works closely with the Japanese Consul...
...freedom of press and speech...
...In the authoritarian type there is a monopoly of propaganda...
...When the Barbers' Association gathers, Tetsuo Umimoto, the Japanese Consul, sits in on the toberations of the barbers and visiting fisher...
...These freedoms are equally responsibilities...
...Such violent propaganda given a people thoroughly conditioned to accept the orthodoxy, can be highly effective as we Americans learned during the World War, when our own government waa authoritarian...
...THAT state of totalitarian control has to be considered whenever the foreigner comes to too hasty illusions about the -quick submission of the German ; J&ers to the yoke of dictatorship...
...They make devils out of individuals and groups who hold other orthodoxies...
...The second force comprises the channels through which these opinions come to us—business and labor groups, schools, churches, cinema, radio, and press...
...All avenues to the public mind must reflect that one will...
...fmy of these victims of the Nazi courts did not (MB commit any illegal acts...
...Those old and wellknown Socialists, who are unceasingly under police control, are, of course, unable to do actual illegal work...
...Everyone feels that the time for action has not yet come...
...The excessive violence in the propaganda of the Klan led to similar reaction against it...
...255875 to him under the name of Masakazu Yokoy with permission to visit all Central and South American countries...
...Whether frenzy can be extended over a long period, I do not know...
...The Association vfll not accept barbers of other nationalities but will allow Japanese fishermen to attend their ¦actings...
...t these meetings the barber Sonada, who is mtj a khed hand, sits beside the Japanese Consul * the head of the room and Umimoto remains •Ending until Sonada is seated...
...It has a special fund to set competitors up in business, whenever a Japanese arrives in Panama, the ••hers' Association opens a shop for him, buys So chairs and takes care of everything so their "apetitor in the shaving and shearing industry m* have a place to call his own while he comP*m with them for the scarce trade...
...He must keep that excuse in mind for several months...
...Leftist groups, as well as rightist reactionaries, make the same mistake...
...Out of the ways of earning a living, out of recreation, out of home and religion, and oat-of wants, prejudices, ideals, and traditions, flow opinions...
...There are no secret meetings of hundreds of conspirators in dark forests...
...11, and for the benefit ~the Panamanian immigration officials, I might ** that his alien registration card which he iff" is not quite accurate...
...One morning two Japanese Wtttle*"* appeared and anchored in the harbor...
...This, of course, was quite...
...Consequently, the whole active membership of about 1,000,000 men and women were educated and accustomed to public activity...
...The new* active Social Democrats are functioning ana are only able to work quite away from those old and well-known veterans...
...They have been sentenced only because they stood firmly by their former poJitica...
...Methods of coercion, extending even to imprisonment and death, are used to enforce that monopoly...
...But there is no doubt that the most important groups are those connected with the old Social Democratic Party, which, through its former special organization, history and tradition of more than eighty years, has remained the natural channel into which the political opposition goes...
...On the other hand, much of what we call propaganda flows from events, or proposals, or actions, which involve or imply sharp breaks with accustomed ways of thinking or acting...
...Many telephones are tapped and under constant police control...
...The vituperation of such churchmen against the Spanish loyalists, like the bombings of Barcelona by Fascist planes, has bad its part in making most Americans sympathetic to the loyalists...
...Other Japanese in the Canal Zone area just change their names periodically or come with several passports all prepared, like Shoichi Yokoi who commutes between Japan and Panama without any business reasons...
...Those abroad who say they are acquainted with an alleged large radius of illegal activities are generally either ignorant, or political swindlers, but not earnest politicians...
...With reference to them we "take sides...
...hi present-day Germany, «very illegal worker has, tat must have, an innocent job...
...In present-day Germany, an "elite" of illegal workers alone is able to perform such a task...
...In an authoritarian organization there is one will—hence one opinion, one voice, one propaganda...
...IN the authoritarian type of human organization, the conditioning ;* of the peoples' minds is a matter of first importance...
...Bismarck's special "Anti-Socialist Law," Jriuch outlawed the party once before, had been suspended in J-890...
...Still nowadays the Gestapo, from time to time, causes sudden arrests of people whose only crime is that they were legally members, more than five years ago, of the Social Democratic or the Communist party...
...There are addresses of secret and confidential allies who are always changing...
...a communist, who sees in Henry Ford only an actual or potential Fascist...
...It has one conviction: it believes in the democratic type of human organization as set forth by the Constitution of the United States...
...Actually, if there is to be any progress in humanity, there must be full freedom for all sorts of opinions and counter-opinions, • propagandas and counter-propagandas and corresponding obligation to evaluate them in terms of human welfare...
...Opinions about which we get really excited are those involving a break with the customs associated with the life conditions we have always known...
...4. Religious—Freedom of worship, with separation of church and state...
...We utter violent opinions...
...Shoichi or Masakazu is now traveling with both passports...
...SPIES INFEST PANAMA PART rv WITH so many barbers in Panama, the need for an occasional gathering without attracthg too much attention is apparent, and the little barber, A Sonada, who shaves and cuts hair at 45 Carlos A.' Mendoza Street, organized a. labor anion, the Barbers' Association...
...As Jr^Wme clambered on board the officers saluted Jl**** a great show of formality escorted him ^'Commander's quarters...
...On the one hand, much of what we call public opinion is something static which takes for granted that our accustomed way of living is the right way...
...The very persons who know about it will, of course.Vemain very silent...
...Now excessive violence in eminent prelates in their denunciation of the Spanish democratic government is leading to popular reaction against the hierarchy...
...It is only that they do not see it...
...He must be prepared with an innocent, encompassing explanation for every hour of his activities...
...To be concluded next week...
...Vituperation against the New Deal, such as the Hearst press and many newspapers indulged in, helped Roosevelt win in 40 of 48 states...
...In such a situation, which is rather incomprehensible to the citizen of a Western democratic country, every illegal worker has a me a large degree of precaution...
...Hot only Social Democrats but other opposing groups continued for a while to believe that even during » period of illegality something similar to mass move...
...The illegal worker is not allowed to visit a certain friend too often at the same place...
...Even some small hints of the internal German conditions in a harmless letter are dangerous to the writer and recipient...
...so also the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia...
...By them we are obliged to analyze the various opinions and propagandas To this task of analysis the recently organised Institute for Propaganda Analysis is committed...
...impossible...
...Much dangerous -work is still to be done to overcome fascist totalitarianism in Germany...
...It holds that democracy has four parts stated or implied in the Constitution and federal statutes: 1. Political—Freedom to vote on public issues...
...At these meetings a guard stands outside the room and another downstairs, at the entrance to the building...
...It lays no claim to infallibility...
...These reports are the basis of the famous monthly "Green Books," the so-called "SapadeBerichte" (reports of the German Social Democratic Party published in Prague in several languages), the 1 best actual publications about the inner German situation...
...omcers, including the Commander, also J**6* stiffly at attention while the ragged fisher2* t>ad his panga to the ship's ladder...
...THE third force is the nature of our own minds...
...I*33' were already full of "illegal" —tivities, because the numerous violations of the gennar Constitution by the powerful Nasi government aMckly forced the party members into secret activity...
...Children are gathered into youth organizations, so that even in leisure hours their thoughts will be conditioned to respond to the dictatorship...
...If we regard distribution as ranking in importance J2, duction, if we regard human beings as more important than if we believe that human intelligence should have free play » fend and attack orthodoxies in science, religion, education...
...On the other hand, it is equally certain that there are in present-day Germany many more groups and circles with illegal political purposes than anybody within or without Germany suspects...
...There is no possible comparison between Czarist Russia and Hitler Germany...
...German thoroughness in organizing is revealed in control activities...
...If this is true, we must agree with York Timet that, "What is truly vicious is not propaganda, •*» monopoly of it...
...Propaganda analysis, possible only under democracy, involves examination of three forces...
...1»HE really active illegal Social Democrats in Ger1 many today call those old Socialist or trade union wtersns the "tradition companies...
...Every one of these illegal comrades is only able to carry on his work because outwardly, in his job, in his work, in his civil and social life, in his normal routine behavior, he seems to be a centented and politically indifferent citizen and neighbor...
...The situation is different under an authoritarian government We had that type of government during the World War, Tsaw of us who remember the war period, remember how most of J people were kept in a frenzy of hatred and fear...
...In the democratic type of organization—whether it be business group, labor union, church, school, or government—there are many wills, hence many opinions, many propagandas...
...This is unavoidable, because meetings or even a congress, where divergent opinions could be cleared and settled, are now unthinkable...
...CONDITIONED to accept as the only true orthodoxy their own ^ views, these violent propagandists are as zealous in attacks on heretics as were the theologians in the Middle Ages...
...In the democratic type, authority flows from the top down, and obedience from the bottom up, but authority also flows from the bottom up, and obedience from the top down...
...There are no secret printing presses in lonely basements, no bomb fabricating in old cellars...
...Though he had permission for all, he applied only for a Panamanian visa on September 28, 1934, after which he settled down for a while to live with the fishermen and barbers...
...Our minds are * susceptible to some propagandas and reject others...
...He is not allowed to possess printed material or even a typewriter, or similar machine for reproducing printed material, which could mean disaster for himself and his whole group...
...It is interesting to note that many of the groups are even favored and aided today by important-'people in official Nazi positions...
...This labor union **» another extraordinary custom...
...We see it in church groups, patriotic societies, business «a» labor groups in our own country...
...These are the sensational realities out of which flow clearly defined propagandas...
...That is true and courageous...
...WITH EXCESSIVE VIOLENCE OF PROPAGANDA TENDING TO ACT AS BOOMERANG— "DISEASE OF ORTHODOXY" PERVADES DICTATORSHIPS BY CLYDE E. MILLER President of the Institute of Propaganda Analysis WE are living in one of the great transition periods of history, comparable to the fall of Rome, the breakup of medieval civilization, and the development of modern humanitarianism and democracy...
...Xbere is no doubt that all Social Democratic organisms had to overcome great difficulties in going .jnderground after loss of their legal status...
...THE chief task of the secret Social Democratic army is, of course, to maintain the continuity and the coherence of the movement...
...But there is much really effective illegal work...
...Actually he has been in the Zone area since before the World War...
Vol. 21 • May 1938 • No. 19
