The Dictatorship of the Proletariat

...As soon a^s the proletariat attains a certain degree of intellectual, political and economic power it begins to exercise an increasing measure of influence upon some sections of the old middle class...

...Sister Andrada is aggressive, but her aggressiveness is stamped with intelligence and good judgment...

...In ssai I ness the man who fears, destroy* himself...

...Where an enterprise develops to the size of a share-holding undertaking the entire activity of the capitalist is transferred into the hands of hired forces, i. e., of wage earners and other employes who perform purely capitalist functions...

...But what constitutes the pre-requisite of profit is the realization of the tasks of productive capital...

...These elements emanate from circles closer socially to the capitalist, command a higher culture and education and enjoy a bourgeois standard of living...

...It must be taught that each one of its divisions draws power and sustenance not from its successes alone but also from the successes of the others, and that the defeats of one section of the proletariat are the defeats of the proletariat as a whole...

...That is why the directors and superintendents of plants and factories are so well paid...

...It must avoid, first, a zigzag course which leads it into contradictory and unsuccessful experiments . Secondly, it must seek to overcome the many differeniations of craft and local interests, of tradition and capacity for struggle responsible for the temporary or more lasting differentiations in the thinking and aspirations of the respective elements comprising the proletariat and those closest to it...

...Nevertheless, the proletariat has been acquiring the confidence of these elements in increasing measure, in proportion as these elements themselves have moved closer economically to the status of the proletariat and as the proletariat itseK has gained in power and influence...

...Only under such conditions, through free discussion, can the welfare of the proletariat be advanced...

...To be Continued...

...It invariably complicates its policy and makes its formulation and application more difficult...

...to exclude outsiders in the manner characteristic of any aristocracy...

...For this campaign we needed real soldiers...

...During the strike she often stayed for whole days without food on the picket lines, or trenches, as we call them here, and neither the threat of a jail sentence nor the hard work would daunt her...

...The more extensive the administrative and commercial apparatus of an enterprise, the more pronounced becomes its hierarchical differentiation...

...The garbled sentences immediately following this paragraph belong to the next column, as will be indicated...

...Every Friday we give instruction in unionism, which includes public speaking...

...Salaried employes, as compared with wage earners, perform functions of a mainly capitalist character...

...Only a few leading elements reach the top, i. e., the elements who rise above the mass of the commercial and administrative employes...

...Thus does the majority of the "new middle class" approach ever closer the status of the real proletariat, enlarging and augmenting its ranks...

...The element of profit does not emanate from these activities, but depend' rather upon the amount of car al, not upon the quantity of laboT, furnished by the capitalist...

...The results of this campaign have already been noticeable even in the shops where the sword of Damocles, symbolizing deportation, has hung over every machine...

...f ess ion that fear—peace-destroy, ing, death-dealing fear—is gnaw, ing his heart like a cancer...

...It was the insight of a : Marx that discerned the common ¦ interests which, in the long run, ; must animate all these elements, i But the realization of their com¦ mon tasks and interests depends, in turn, upon intensive education .and enlightenment...

...The last sentence in the paragraph stands...

...the araseat century promises to be one ef itman improvement.—Arenovid...

...The garbled portions of this sentence will be found in the adjoining column, where a correction has already been indicated...

...More than east we shall -leave our dead aaj wounded on the field...

...Confession that he cannot win by fair means, but may by fouL Cob...

...Frequently he has to work much harder in a smaller enterprise than in a big one...

...The latter move socially ever closer to the status of simple "wage earners," while those above them develop increasingly the psychology of "masters," to a degree even more pronounced than that displayed by the capitalist...

...Any person who subscribes to the ideals of such a party is to be welcomed into its ranks, but the proletariat, which can develop its potential powers only as a united force, remains the most important, the decisive element of such a party...

...They see how the immigration authorities send hundreds of families ignorant of the laws back to Mexico...

...As They Fear, So SfctJ We Hope "1| • 7 WWrnt, FT a ITT Or O •7 VERY anti-labor iujuaeJH *"* every suppression of the rirhkJ of free speech and a free prmml every foul and unjust dedf3| against labor by capitalist coarh^l every deportation of union hafl every call for militia—all are a*j| fessions...

...The necessity of such a policy makes the formation of a labor party inevitable, sooner or later, wherever a Socialist Party has not already preceded it...

...But however painful unemployment was in the past for the individual worker, it was, as a rule, a temporary affliction...

...Many are afraid to join the union because they feel they might be persecuted by the bosses and finally be deported...

...Democracy Essential But how are we to achieve this unity of the various heterogeneous differentiations that enter into the composition of the proletariat...

...Their allegiance vacillates at given moments between the two, depending upon the historic circumstances...

...The sentence in the fifth column of the article, seventeen lines from the top of the column, beginning with the words, "The war and the world economic crisis," should read: "The war and the world economic crisis have stimulated the numbers of the last two mentioned groups at the expense not only of proletarian elite but also of the artisan and small peasant elements...

...Bet like them, we shall win our San> toga and our Yorktown—and at shall dictate the terms of peace...

...The capitalist confession that u opposing Socialism he cannot all by argument but may by fores...

...Small peasants or farmers, and petty tradesmen find their immediate interests divided between the proletariat and the capitalist class...

...There are many other differentiations within the respective component parts of the proletariat, upon which we will not dwell here but examples of which may be cited by anyone familiar with the problem...

...The rest of the paragraph, following the word "aristocracy" in the garbled portion, follows immediately upon the corrected sentence...

...Such help is required as soon as any given enterprise reaches a certain advanced stage of development...

...Marx showed that chronic unemployment of part of the proletariat was an inevitable phenomenon of capitalism...

...Real unity of these various heterogeneous elements can be accomplished only by putting forward great, noble objectives and high social ideals...

...As regards the importance of democracy we cannot overemphasise the fact that higher social perceptions can be attained only through freedom and research...

...He organizes and directs enterprises, purchases and assembles the means of production and takes care of the disposal of commodities...

...Nor does this influx always imply a strengthening of the proletariat...

...The girls in these shops now loudly clamor for and proclaim the spirit of unionism...

...In adition to those already mentioned there is the category of salaried employes, the so-called white collar workers...

...More recently, however, it has become apparent that the standard of living of this new middle class has been declining in proportion as higher education has ceased to be a monopoly of a small minority...

...LOS ANGELES.—The Spanishspeaking Branch of Dressmakers, Local 96, of which I have charge, has started an intensive campaign to bring into the union, ' during the current seaason, all the unaffiliated Mexican girls...

...The sentence beginning with the seventh line from the bottom of the fourth column of the article, and ending with the words "to exclude, etc...

...Our organization committee is divided into groups of ten, as the Spanish-speaking branch...

...Higher aims than those of the moment are beyond the scope of the undeveloped proletariat...

...Mexican Girls Organized by Garment Union in Los Angeles By Rafael Trujillo Spanish Organizer, IX.G.W.U...

...The sentence in the fifteenth line from the top of the fourth column, beginning, "Only occasionally, etc...

...This carries with it the development of a psychology among many workers unfortunately akin to that of the Roman proletariat who, as we have already pointed out, constituted one of the principal roots of the dictatorship of the Caesars...

...The sentence beginning with the words, "The development of capitalist industry, etc.," in the thirteenth line from the top of the fifth column, should precede the third paragraph from the bottom of the column...

...The productive capitalist is not merely an exploiter...

...Roads to Unity The influence of proletarian policy gains in strength only in proportion as the proletariat becomes more united and presents a common front, by which we mean united in more than one sense...

...For a long time this category of employes were considered part of the middle class, enjoying the "protection" of capital as against the proletariat, and the flattery of bourgeois economists and politicians...

...The peasant and middle class elements in question cannot be characterized as dependable allies of the proletariat, to which circumstance must be ascribed the fact that political development since the French Revolution has been alternating constantly between revolution and counter-revolution, progress and reaction...

...The man who fears has baea i power for evil, but his sua tail set on the day when he meets tht man who hopes...

...This realization is not dependent, however, upon the personalities embodied in capitalism...

...Correction: The last installment of Kautsky's articles was unfortunately garbled by the printer...

...Los Angeles, like the rest of California, is bitterly opposed to • unionism...

...Classes.—In the Spanish-speaking branch we have various classes in diversified subjects, which our girls follow with enthusiasm...

...Socialists, as the capitalist ftaii so shall we hope...

...should read: "Only occasionally are they moved to outbursts of despair, which is followed immediately by dejection and surrender...

...Employed aad Unemployed Another differentiation to be mentioned is one that has acquired great significance in recent years: the differentiation between employed and unemployed proletarians...

...Our campaign is directed towards the destruction of this bugaboo erected by the bosses, and to prove to the dressmakers that they are only ttying to intimidate them by the Mexican expression, "pick up your bundle and get out of here...

...The organizing squads are composed of the most aggressive girls, though this does not mean that the other squads are inferior The squads are under the direction of one of my lieutenants, Anita Andrade, a most dynamic and energetic young lady...

...But the differentiations already mentioned are the most important and make it impossible for the . proletariat to form a solid, homog. eneous mass capable, without the intervention of any other forces, of i presenting a united mode of think• ing and action...

...If the worker received the full social value of his labor there would be no capitalist class...

...he performs an important economic function...

...The development of economic ' and political class struggles does, i indeed, facilitate a closer approach i of the various elements of the proletariat to one another, but this i process is being constantly interfered with and vitiated by the influx of ever new elements into the body of the proletariat...

...should continue as follows...

...On the other hand, the more these elements draw closer to the proletariat the more complex and varied does the composition of the proletariat itself become...

...The Dictatorship of the Proletariat Roads to Working Class Unity by K. Kaunving VI IN last week's article we discussed the composition of the working class, the differentiations that characterize the make-up of the proletariat...

...The bosses use all i imaginable tactics to stop our activities, from flattery to the workers in the form of false promises by company unions to threats of deportation...

...We a|a| lose some battles, but we xhaQ aa] lose thr ivar...

...Since the war, however, and particularly since the start of the world economic crisis in 1929, unemployment has become a permanent curse for increasing masses of workers...

...The functions of productive capital are merely transferred to the shoulders of hired help...

...But within the proletariat it -forms, again, a separate category, with its own peculiar psychology, standard of living and capacity for struggle, reflecting, in turn, a different approach and policy...

...The proletariat must be taught the significance of the great moving factors at work in society and the ultimate mutuality of interests that bind the various differentiations of the proletariat itself...

...There are two ways of accomplishing this: first, by widening the horizon of the proletariat, and second, by a proper utilization and extension of democracy...

...The more rapid the growth of1 capitalist enterprises, the wider has been the development of this new middle class, which grew more rapidly in numbers as compared with the old middle class than did the wage earning section of the proletariat...

...In the face of this situation the poor girls are often bewildered...

...The last century has been eat tf human achievements...

...What we see, in, stead, is a heterogeneous mass, . composed of variegated and uneven elements...

...As the revolutionary patriots lost their Lexington asi their Bunker Hill so may we...