No Hunger In Socialist Denmark
Laidler, Harry W.
No Hunger In Socialist Denmark Labor Government Reduces Jobless from 70,900 to 30,000 Despite World Depression By Harry W. Laidler tBmmmmmnjm. W? Mfc, r)R the fine daw in > my European travels,...
...you and me, 1 ¦aspect that Lucifer te a hvpoehmmac...
...While our comrades •sea to talk of peace and a decent way vrittog Finis to the last war, are other ¦tows propelling us into a new cataif...
...electricity, gas, water works—are owned by the state and the municipality...
...For the teat sixty years they have been fighting for the socialisation of the economic life of the nation...
...In the *ii*i»g» that make for a satisfying life this Socialistic peninsula, presided over by Comrade Stauning...
...Denmark also has its old age pension system, its widow pensions and other forms pi insurance, and the Socialists are striving to improve these various systems and to unify their admintetmtien...
...Students of social proMjm* visit Denmark from all over the world to study the producers' cooperative movement among the farmers...
...The city of Copenhagen is controlled by the Social Democrats...
...this is so, and my forebodings and ¦*a»of thousands of others are true, how 5*5 we Socialists here in America to »dismstating shocks of a new cata* matters much in my opinion...
...And the warder U^Despair...
...An that we know who lie ln jail Is that the wall Is strong...
...They are the-determined champions ef capitalistic private business aad the backers of anti-Marxist propaganda, "The Social Democracy has for years untiringly demanded the strengthening of the social-economic influence, the subordination of the giant capitalist enterprises to effective supervision by the state...
...We under* stood, And made our prayers and wept...
...Bacon, delegate ef the British Independent' Labor party, who asserted that,time wa* being wasted in speeches of welcome that should be devoted to this vital subject •We wUl turn to every government which signed the 'Kellogg pact" Mr...
...I But this we cannot understand . . . The fearful famine that has gripped our land, When there is neither drouth nor pestilence, When all the granaries groan deep with weight, Of hoarded grain, when all the stores of stuff That we nerve made beyond enough, Bulge the walls of warehouses and vaults, While out upon the heartless street We slump in straggly lines, bare Of cloth to wear And food to eat...
...Btmmemej Attacked "Let nationalistic reaction in Germany triumph over the ruins of the republic and civil war wfll be followed only too soon by a war of peoples and that by a world revolution...
...Seeialism I ten you this tor a wonder, that no man ahaJl • then be glad ' Of bis fellow's fad aad mishap to snatch at the work be had...
...Draining the fields of sap and nourishment...
...Upon the victory or defeat of German democracy now hangs the fate of democracy aad peace in Europe...
...There must be a thorough house-cleaning in economic affairs, regardless of the separate interests of the capitalists...
...Of this union we have reft, u you wUl remember: Audrey, a vivaIt kitten with a beguiling patch of white (par throat, aad Lucifer, whom youth was he darkened by invalidism...
...Denmark km a system of accident Insurance, It has a voluntary system of health insurance to which 1,500,000 adults— almost an of the population-*, belong...
...There are likewise great bacon cooperatives, and them are ail integrated in a farmers' cooperative federation One of the largest dairies in Copenhagen is likewise a cooperative, owned by the trade unions and the milk drivers of the city...
...Theodore Scanning, former cigar maker, has, since 1929, beaded the government of this small Scandinavian country with a ministry consisting of some seven Scoalists and three member's or toe naoacai party...
...The Social Demecrattn is the party's dally, and over sixty daily papers by that name are published through Denmark with a total circulation of 200,000...
...Not instigation of hatred among the peoples, but friendly co-operation...
...The International, he •aid, was'firmly resolved to put an end to armaments, military alliances and hostile groups of powers...
...Baker announced, "and request that it fulfill its pledge...
...War wul kill Socialism...
...1 When the other day I entered Tivoli...
...Comrade Gammelgaard,' the distinguished director of the school, gave the informal address...
...Rebuking the defamer* of policy of German Social Democrats, be writes: "Those who do so show that they do not understand the true position of Germany or know that in the daily fight which German Social Democracy must wage in Parliament or on the street nothing less is at stake than the continuance or ssmSdtatlon of German democracy...
...Perhaps our readers win be interested to observe that the German Social Democracy has not as some more or less prominent American Socialists pretend, repudiated the Marxian tradition and the principle of clam struggle...
...And we went away Jjsflfention convinced that te the keen* Mfwid...
...Even as I read througa Comrade Moses Oppenheimer's age wavering script, my eyes blur and it is so difficult to go on...
...To that end ve must have a foreign policy of mutual understanding, not vitiated by exasperating demonstrations of bate and empty considerations of prestige...
...Socialists are committed to a continuance of this fight for disarmament until tSflr efforts are crowned with success...
...With this cornea the breakdown of the lie about "Marxist Mismanagement," which was Invented to divert blame from the real culprits —namely, the capitalist system and its representatives...
...fc McKeown...
...not so universal as among the farmer...
...Beaetamsrass Warn Bigger Army Difficulty might also arise in cam of an improbable war between England and Russia, when either side might demand the right to send their battleships between the islands of Zealand and Funen, the two Danish <«'p"dt in the eastern part of Denmark, and the country should, perhaps, have some police force in case of such a contingency...
...Unfortunately while the Socialists and Radicals have a majority in the lower bouse they are still in a minority in the upper house, and it may...
...Bracke thanked him in the name of the French Socialist movement and the two chairmen shook hands amid loud applause...
...His statement was accepted as voicing the view* of Henderson...
...The taint of charity is not there, and everything is done to beautify the surroundings...
...It must continue to socialize aad democratize its life...
...Last winter about 70,000 workers were unemployed...
...The president of the labor federation is a Social Democratic member of Parliament as are a number of other prominent trade usjon officials...
...The military expenditures under the plan urged by the-party would.be about four million dollars as contrasted with a present expenditure of ten million dollars...
...Every reader of The New Sold keep nis or her eye uP°n the camCfcdetohia this fall...
...He understood why famine and despair Made visitation to our humble huts...
...Today- the government becomes guarantor for the collapsed banks and tal-es them under its care...
...State aid te justified only if the influence of the state te permanently assured in the in tat est of the- community...
...And yet the smoke stacks stand like lifeless obelisks Against the lifeless past...
...highest •chair of all, hi had evidently clambered unaided...
...Wages Go Farther Than in U. S. The Social Democratic party is primarily a party of industrial workers, although it contains thousands of small farmers as well...
...Copenhagen's attractive city-owned park, listened to an Impressive symphony concert of Wagner, Liszt and other great masters—add observed the thousands enjoying themselves ¦ amid an environment of culture, quiet, cleanliness and beauty, I could not but contrast that scene with oar own Coney Island and numerous other American resorts and feel that America's . boasted higher standards were higher standards on a cash baste only...
...But the workers* wages go further...
...In this connection an Italian Socialist delegate, Filippo Turati, who, Uke other Italian delegate*, te living In exile, said: '"Today nobody believes any longer that Fascism te a local phenomenon, a post-war sickness which will soon be heated by peace...
...But it te showing mat much can be done by unspectacular political aad economic weapons toward a workers' aad farmers republic...
...Were we Indeed, reg **jM prologue...
...The Social Democrats in Parti amen t. were urging the virtual scrapping of the navy—it has but two battle ships at the present time—and the reduction of the army to the status of a mere police force...
...Its farmers realize this increasingly with every passing year...
...The whole International realism that a great fight is being fought today in Germany, on the outcome of which depends, ln great measure, the whole future of Europe and, above all, the success or failure of the disarmament conference...
...In our alarm *t of having him X-rayed, but today be kg at me with a large and Oriental eye, only occasionally by the enticing sight of Msg bk way acrross the high white celiac expected that if nothing else happened...
...Should another war break out however, be -said, capitalistic governments would have to . realize j that it would end in civil war and revolution...
...Should he be seat to the hospital, all of has hospital expenses are taken care of, except that the sum of 15 cents or So Is deducted from ate daily benefits...
...Slums in the American sense do not exist The cities have not the ugliness of so many of the working class cities of the United States...
...The Socialists want both to scrap .the battleships and to reduce the army from a peace force of 4,000 to one of 1,600...
...E»t that is all...
...That is the need of the hour...
...And when the gram stalks fell, and oB our ioU Of plowing, sowing and the drudging chores Became unwilling tribute to a gourmand sun...
...The Danish saeeemem is far stronger in the country districts, however, than hi the cities...
...Why we are idle when there is so much to doj Why we are luckless when there is so much Of fortune surfeiting the'few...
...The consumers' c o o p e rative movement is strong and includes within its scope about one-third of the families to Denmark...
...We understood the hunger that would be • I Unjust reward...
...had attained for the workers a standard la very many ways superior to that found te our own country...
...Two IreeTfrsg Proteasm The economic situation and the fight for disarmament were the two problems moat in the public eye this summer...
...M. Vandervelde also referred to the growth of dictatorships, "under which half of Europe now lives...
...There is no comparison between the way in which the old people are taken care of in Copenhagen and in other Danish cities—we visited a "beautiful old peoples' home in the Socialist city of Etemore—and Ln the cities of the United States...
...Zpcn...
...bespectacled labor leader, with S ftstares and his fighting jaw, Phil¦*j 4 candidate who in the months to 1 i«se that city out of its political letharLjead the cause of Socialism in PhiladelSjag with arrrer tread in real proletarian ffS ,;3 goal...
...Wag* workers and employee* must be protected through unconditional guaranty of their claims for wages, salaries, or benefits (under the social insurance laws) against the disastrous effects, of the crisis, of which they are the innocent victims...
...to shout . , . In futile wonderment how it Came about...
...And that each day is like a year, A year whom days an long...
...The plain fact of the earn was •»u no direct connection...
...Unity House, t Bry* Mawr School for Women WorkteMphto, And everywhere I- went I a? on the feeling which I have had for saas, an intangible, mystical sense that ¦ of us moving through a prelude to" vast ¦taring events...
...And if I have stemmed up tears through all my adult days, they threaten quite seriously to break through or overflow the dam I have so studiously built against them...
...Uke poison weeds...
...The Communist movement te practically non-existent...
...Pale Anguish keeps the heavy gate...
...The capitalists are crying for help from abroad...
...AH the public utilities— the telephone, telegraph, milroads...
...Comrades from Germany, who are fighting the heaviest fight your chief enemies, the Hitlerites, are the cause of the financial crisis against which Germany fights* and which has overflowed into the whole world...
...Zt is an interdependent world aad its'prosperity depends to no small extent on the prosperity of other countries...
...Burdened down with plenty but a state Of grim insanity...
...lOw Per Cent Trade Unionism The trade union movement in Denmark is nearly 100 per cent organised among the industrial workers and organized labor cooperates , closely -with the Social Democratic party...
...Unsentimental as we radicals always try to appear, the strings of human feeUncs are stretched taut and violently responsive within a...
...They have achieved much in that fight...
...Says Arm* Breed New Arm* "If reaction should succeed in Germany, of what use would military defenses be to our nationalists ? Armaments breed new armaments...
...A bright benevolent sun recalls With warmth, October's promise of the yield, And in a hundred million lives, the daily needs Speak hungrily to mills and industries...
...It te only what te good la man ' That wastes and withers then...
...The party possesses two resident schools at Roskilde and Esbjerg...
...W? Mfc, r)R the fine daw in > my European travels, I have had the privilege of spending a few days in the stronghold of cooperation, the little kingdom of Denmark...
...lems...
...The present state of the army," continued Mr...
...Even if our* were powerful enough to bring us victory it would only be the safety of conquest, not the safety of peace, and it is peace that we need...
...Gam melguard, "is the result of a compromise between the Conservatives and the Liberate in 1922 after the World War...
...Baker asked: "Did the statesmen keep in mind the airplanes with fifty-four tons of bombs, each bomb of which was capable of annihilating a square mile of the city and that each airplane could carry half a ton of poison gas frightful enough to extinguish the last breath of life in London...
...Adequate aid from abroad is necessary...
...The British Labor delegate demanded the abolition of battleships of more than 10,000 tons, the destruction of aircraft carriers and the outlawing of poison gas war...
...But a good part of these capitalists financed the momentous electoral victory of the nationalistic reaction ln Sep-, tember of last year and has to this day sedulously supported its credit-destroying policies...
...The Social Democrats, therefore, see no reason for paying for a useless militarism a large sum of money that might otherwise be available for important social servThere might of course* be an occasional intruder from Germany over the southern border, and Cram Sweden, which is separated from Denmark at places by a narrow strip of water and a police force might be continued to deal with them situations, Socialists admit...
...Thank you all, dear comrades and friends This occasion of death brings with it some of the deeper joy for remaining alive...
...We see force* everywhere working cynically for war . and they are the same forces as are preparing for civil war...
...It was urged that it must be made illegal in all countries to prosecute nationals for revealing infractions of peace treaties...
...wide depression...
...Why keep it up...
...There in those countries where an enemy band from the very midst of the people themselves has seized power and where the feudalism of a former day has given way to the feudalism of banks and big industries...
...For ail these shall be ours and all men's, not shall any lack a share * Of the tofl and the gain ef living, in the day* 1 when the world grows ^^^^^S*H...
...Lbs sttmg around sew big on tiny garments, .1¦¦li ill reason which shall he omitthk sUmy family paper, no blessed event ' bs ia store for TipseL As a matter of sss dose his patriarchal duty to the comt becoming the father of four magnificent an to him in my bottom bureau drawer Jeer, the most beautiful offspring of the ¦M Isabel...
...Every other Socialist ^^eonntry wUl have to step high and ap with the surging march of Philaw the convention the spirit of militant redly...
...Senator de Brouckere of Belgium reporting on the war danger and disarmament said: "It is not enough to hate war...
...The autocracy of the banks and the great industries te leading the economic life to ruin...
...It is a toy army...
...Today, though to all ind purposes he te completely recovered, ,v rtunishs are...
...Where do we hear in the world today the most challenging words about howitzers, ma-' chine guns and submarines...
...Tens of thousands go to and from work on bicycles, instead of in Fords— a more healthful form of home going and one involving less serious traffic problems...
...S. A, deWitt...
...The times are Strangeaest of those days of 1914 before the pisC* at Sarajevo, so magnificently described I Wells in the first part of his "Mr...
...To the workers of the world, this little 000007 of three end a half million population is of peculiar interest as one of the two countries, in Western Europe which has a Socialist as Premier...
...Not dissension and division of the working clam, but firm unity and resolute struggle against all hostile forces...
...These industries have at least been taken out of the hands of profiteers, even though their operation is not so democratic as Socialists would like...
...A statement published hi the Arbeiter Zeitung by M. Van-1 dervelde revealed the anxiety of international socialism in regard to the position of Germany...
...The amusement parks present none.of the signs of crass commercialism found in most amusement parks at home...
...It must be done away with...
...Denmark hasn't solved its prob...
...then they were Mcahi and used as an excuse for the ** talked about the way the world is P the pine trees at Unity, all the while *°t my head there was a distant ttaunPajl perturbing...
...They leave greater security...
...Its equipment is old fashioned, except in the artillery...
...However, it depends largely upon Great Britain for its market for bacon, eggs and butter ¦and edepression in Bhsgiand is havserious repercussions on the agriculture and whole economic life of Denmark...
...the Socialists nominated gaest, most classrconscioua groups of **gBa0| active in important poets in the jJntof that city...
...Recalling how the statesmen assembled in London for a discussion of the world financial depression had been accidental witnesses of an air manoeuvre by hundreds of airplanes, Mr...
...Everyone admits in private that the- present army is a comedy army...
...Among .the resolutions \ addition to thorn demanding the release ' ?e immediate granting of unemployJgace...
...It has a strongly organized press...
...The country has up to the present time been one of the least affected by the work...
...fcialist thinking, intense 80jreat in them July days, ie gray uniforms appeared ian roads, that at times it is with factional bickering, semail ties and p—mmal afny play of imbeciles in an midst of a shell-torn batin Vienna there may come action which win thrill us e impetus and drive to our bis is no time for vague the form of well-meaning for courageous and forthk time for the summoning > intelligence which I know our party here and abroad, the fence-atraddlera, the have the decency to stand tets must be out on the ass district*, on the picket al tipples aad the texUle goes up into the sun from armies in the war of class Worlcf Socialist Congress Mans War on Unemployment German and French Delegates Stage Demon-j stration of Solidarity TIE delegate* meeting in the Congress of the Labor and Socialist International in Vienna number about 600 and represent 34 Labor and Socialist parties...
...May I take thte opportunity to thank all my kind friends and comrades, young and old, who have sent me their consolation over my father** passing...
...Pders...
...ih a sense," wrote Wells, "it was Hj to a sense it was so obvious that he ¦4 the whole world had not watched the •aster...
...Disarmament advocates, however, fed that the whole ^T*d ha* an eye upon them and that their success wul mean much for the cause of peace throughout the world...
...the more active participation of labor movement, was one denouncLcC0Iliry leadership of the United Mine 7 America, and encouraging the brave 0 by the West Virginia miners in organigmg union of their own...
...We don't, think disarmament problems can be solved by arming the conquered, but only by a common front against the militarists of every country...
...In no case, declare the Socialists, would the present force or would any-military force which the Danes were able to support, be in a position to defend the long coast line...
...C tattles PabHety Owned The disarmament fight, of course, is only one in which the Social .Democrats are engaged...
...The magical machines wherewith we spin and fashion out All comforts and requirements for the flesh, ! Stand still and mute and indolent as death...
...Flowers beckon at one from every window...
...Long, long ago 9$ learned our impotence Against the suns and storms...
...Its development is masked by the breakdown of social industrial and banking concerns...
...A great deal of the inside reading matter in these sixty odd papers is, of course, syndicated in the Copenhagen plant and plans are on foot for increasing centralization in the editing and the publication of this string of Socialist papers...
...The Bricks of Shame I know not whether laws be right Or whether laws be wrong...
...If a worker contributing to this state insurance system fails sick, he is entitled to free medical care at home, to a reduced charge for medicine aad to about S 1.50 a day in benefits...
...be necessary sooner or later to move for a dissolution of the upper house and a new election t • bain a victory...
...Every Socialist must see that She League promotes disarmament We must recognize the equality of all States in the disarmament question...
...Not the economic anarchy of capitalism, but a systematic economic policy for the benefit of society as a whole...
...Win the Internationa', which seventeen yean ago was torn and almost destroyed by the war, be able to withstand not only the threat ef a new world war, bat the danger of proletarian defeat in civil war, which te latent in every nation...
...The workers of Denmark do not obtain as high wages as do the workers of the United States Productivity per worker te tern There are fewer great, fortunes saw among the workers, fewer bath tubs and automobiles...
...Foreign Minister Henderson, has shown how the League of Nations can be used in the cause of peace...
...When he was really sick ecessary te lift him onto chairs, as his back sot fsseOm well...
...1 * * * (. How long, oh masters, do you dream We wUl be silent and remain inert Before this hunger we are bearing through WUl scourge us out ef patience, out of minify Nat longy wet long, we warn you now, not long, 4nd if your sleep is peaceful now, we beg You make the most of all the respite it affords, A day will come when we will understand Why famine stalks within a land like ours...
...In this hour of extreme danger we call for a decisive change...
...Rain falls, and all fields are full With life...
...evets that were hurrying her into War...
...A report j jocg overdue, and don't you write in and a case of prolonged infantilism, and ,jsj important matters as reparations, , a Spate, and the collapse of Germany, H jaake promotion for my four black re sB doing well indeed, thank yon, in m fact that Yipeel, three weeks ago SunBjwad a needle with a long white thread from all appearances, at any rate, this is raffled fate wonted calm...
...That disarmament must be the all-important theme ef the congram had already been impressed on the delegates in another fashion by Mr...
...Today the bankrupt opponents of Marxism appeal for salvation through the state...
...The strata jged Uteem, now fortunately ended, has three of Lucifer's longest whisker*, giving (tier bizarre and Whistle rian appearance, Ter-neleas iiisbtii him quite distinguished...
...There They have a joy of comradeship in great working-class movements...
...In Copenhagen there are SO cooperative societies and the movement is growing...
...There is likewise a semi-public system of unemployment insurance to which he contoribntes about 70 per cent, the state and the employers dividing the remaining contributions between them...
...On Monday there waha demonatrattea of solidarity between French aad German delegates that at the Congress following the end of the Russo-Japanese war when Sen Katayama and George Plekanhoff clasped hands on the rostrum while the delegates cheered...
...number was, however, reduced to slightly more than 30,000 this summer, as a result of the vtgorom expansion of public works by the mwatcipoiltle* aad the state, under Socialist direction...
...BritIk Through.'' You wUl remember, that in t**Ds described the sunny, careless days frehm England was playing field hockey band taking tea in complete indifference...
...Its demands have not been complied with...
...If democracy wins in Germany, as I believe and hope, what danger could Germany be to its- neighbors...
...Cats trophes ^SShaation* to Alex McKeown, Social"Sdsts tor mayor of Philadelphia, presfctafjest local of the ten thousand strik•'-orfcers in the Kensington district of ¦ essi rebel and a fine Scotchman to boot, jtsefood luck to be one of the speakers at *2m of the Philadelphia party, wb" h last Sunday...
...Modern weapons . are more terrible than ever and therefore the armament race te more dangerous...
...We know, too, that Germany's economic well-being is essential to our own...
...The Chatterbox Hunger nnHERE have been drouths and pestilential scourge...
...The, population knows how to enjoy leisure and simple, healthful, inexpensive outings la the open spaces...
...around, he win stand in chair ¦¦fllist, pathetically to be lifted up, it the fact that I have often come in upon at up snugly on the...
...Against- this point of view is that of the Conservatives and Liberals who believe that the prestige of Denmark depends on the maintenance of an army and navy, and who insist that membership in the League of Nations makes such maintenance necessary, Lord Cecil to the contrary notwithstanding...
...On the day when these forces win in Germany a permanent war danger wul have begun to exist for the - whole of Europe...
...In no place in the world te the farmer so thoroughly organized as hi this Scandinavian country...
...The bankrupt finance magnates and industrial lords are not Marxists...
...It is now attracting an increasing number of professional workers...
...My superior...
...the Sarajevo ¦te dropped for two whole weeks out •** consciousness, they went out of the *! ceased to be discussed...
...plight of those miners in the KaSrr haunts us these days, and we feel Mpc we write most somehow drag in an 1 joe to send money for food aad clothkae embattled proletarians to the Emer^ttee for Strikers' Relief, 112 E. 19th -stable a number of the comrades made mnr.es as to the welfare of my feline ^jung to mind the fact that I have used gmt and have said practically nothing . as this column recently...
...Cooperative societies handle the farmers' eggs and butter from the farm to the London market...
...Not frivolous acts of despair, but planful effort on behalf of the people and for Socialism...
...Wels referred to his appointment as a symbol of the solidarity of the French and German workers...
...When he is unemployed he receives benefits for a three months' period, after which he is entitled to public relief...
...Bloom well m prison ate...
...In opening the Cong less, President Emil Vandervelde pointed out the , sharpening of clam antagonism all over the world and said that the threefold duty of the congress was to consider disarmament unemployment and the struggle for democracy...
...This, too, I know—and wis* It wen If each could know the same ¦ That ev'ry prison that men build Is built with bricks of shame, And bound with ban test Christ Should see How men their brothers maim * The vilest deeds...
...Transportation dees not involve the criminal crowding observed any night in the New Tork subways...
...Bracks, Wete Preside The two chairmen appointed on Monday were Alexander Bracke, Socialist member of the French Chamber, and Otto Wels, chairman of the German Social Democratic Party...
...Sun it is...
...And what is all this idleness of men who cry fdP, work, To whom their toil is warp and woof of life * But just another cruel shape of death...
...Like tilings, Lucifer has a yen for the spots' wmts to be petted aad made a fuss matter what is going on at the time: Bout quite a lot last week...
...Then all mine and all thine shall be ours, and no more shall any man crave For riches that serve far nothing bat to fetter a friend for a slave...
...Ami it was fair and human-tike for us To bow before unconquerable chance, Wherein we neither shaped nor had a whit to do With fateful circumstance...
...We listened to the Socialist presentation of the case on the beautiful lawn of the Social Democratic school at Roskilde, a half hour's ride from Copenhagen...
...German Socialists Denounce Bankers And Capitalists By ALGERNON LEE The following is the manifesto issued by the German Social Democratic Party on July 14: "The crisis has become more acute...
...This...
...Its membership te estimated at about 200,000...
...On Tuesday Noel Baker, British M. P. and Parliamentary' Secretary to Arthur Henderson, British Foreign Secretary, declared that "we win proclaim every government which opposes disarmament a deadly enemy of mankind...
...I We warn you now . , . that when we ham And understand Why there is hunger in our lovely land, Your time will come to moan and groan And if you still have strength...
...Want Big Ships Banned The British Labor delegate's standpoint was that trade unions must watch the munition factories to see that international treaties were not being broken...
Vol. 13 • August 1931 • No. 5
