Justice Hughes, Capitalism's Advocate

...Of his attacks on Wilson the most vehement was his condemnation of the President for signing* the Adamson Eight Hoar Railroad LAW...

...He prepared 150 opinions as the opinions of the Court...

...As unemployment insurance is both needed and just, as it would be a blessing to the worker and in many ways tend to reduce unemployment, It is clearly something that everyone should work for as hard as possible...

...When he was five or six years bid, he placed a sheet of paper before his father with the inscription: "Charles Evans Hughc3's Plan of Study" and for the next five years he studied at home...

...In the latter case there were involved his own acts as Governor, so that Norman Thomas had to declare that Hughes has lost his right "to speak with the voice of conscience...

...He was offered the Republican nomination for mayor of New York City in 1905, but wisely declined to run where defeat was certain...

...He recommended that the State Legislature not -ratify the Income Tax Amendment on the ground that incomes derived from state and municipal bonds would be taxable...

...Samuel Untermyer has publicly stated and he has not been challenged that the up-state Commission was "generally regarded as an annex to the New York Central and New York and New Haven roads...

...Silent During Teapot Dome Steal By Louis Stanley rgj a p p o i n t m e n t by the Preai • (jeu: of C h a r l e s E v a n s H u g h e s w be Onef J u s t i c e of the U n i t ed pkxtef, gives a c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n o f MM trend of H e r b e r t H o o v e r s H u g h e s , e v e n m o r e t h an retired C h i e f J u s t i c e , William gprard Taft, is a h i g h p r i e s t of aw Business Hoover, it is p l a i n, mats to h a v e it k n o w n that he jjnhipn the s a m e g o d . fie W a s h i n g t o n c o r r e s p o n d e nt «i the N e w Y o r k H e r a l d - T r i b u n e, ajch-Bepublican o r g a n , h a s f r a n k - jy described the s i t u a t i o n: »The s e l e c t i o n o f M r . H u g h e s as <jjef Justice is v i e w e d w i t h s p e - gii satisfaction b y t h o s e w h o b e asts the head o f the A m e r i c an tajidsl s y s t em s h o u l d b e c o n s e r v - jjfje It is well k n o w n t h a t the gupresie Court in r e c e n t y e a rs Hi been to s o m e e x t e n t d i v i d ed a its tendencies...

...A s a m a t t e r o f s o c i a l e n g i n e e r i n g , the b e s t w a y to g e t r i d of u n e m p l o y m e n t is to m a k e u n e m p l o y m e n t s t i n g the e m p l o y e r s in t h e p o c k e t b o o k w h e r e t h e y f e e l it m o s t . This i3 n o t m e r e t h e o r y. E x p e r i e n c e s h o w s t h a t t h e e m p l o y e r s p a i d r e l a t i v e l y l i t r j e a t t e n t i on to t h e t a s k o f e l i m i n a t i n g i n d u s t r i a l a c c i d e n t s as l o n g as they c o u l d r e l y on t h e " f e l l o w s e r v a nt r u l e " t o a v o i d l e g a l r e s p o n s i b i l i ty f o r s u c h a c c i d e n t s . But w h e n we m a d e industrial a c c i d e n t s sting e m p l o y e r s in t h e i r p o c k e t b o o k by m e a n s o f t h e w o r k m e n ' s c o m p e n s a t i o n laws, they i m m e d i a t e ly s t a r t e d " s a f e t y f i r s t " c a m p a i g ns i n all s h o p s a n d f a c t o r i e s . The r e s u l t is t h a t d e s p i t e t h e i n c r e a s i n g s p e e d of m o d e r n m a c h i n e r y t h e e f f e c t of w o r k m e n ' s c o m p e n s a t i on l a w s h a s b e e n t o r e d u c e t h e n u m - b e r of i n d u s t r i a l a c c i d e n t s. I When an e m p l o y e r l a y s off his j h e l p he s a y s t h a t t h e r e a r e no or\ d e r s coming- in...

...Later he attended public school and college and in 1384 graduated from the Columbia L a v / School at the top of his class with a record close to perfection...

...Every member of that commission...

...Shortly afterward he was appointed referee in the Brooklyn Borough Gas Company case...

...He reformed the administration of banking and insurance in New York State...

...To a certain extent this belief is wellfounded...

...In 1921 be served ea counsel for the notorious T. K, Newberry Who was under charges arising out of the Michigan Sen* atorial Election Scandal...

...He was moving fast into the conservative stronghold...

...Conversely if they fail to reduce unemployment so that their industry has a bad unemployment experience, (he premium that they would have to pay would be a high one...

...appointees to the Public Service Commissions were unsatisfac- 1 tory...

...The enslavement of Germany by the Dawes Plan is in a large measure his work...

...As Justice Brandeis, his col league today characteri-ced Hughe* when the latter was still Governs' of New York: "His was the most enlightened mind of the eighteenth century MODEL BILL ON UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE Massachusetts Presents Proposal To Protect Life Of Workers During Periods of Normal And Abnormal Depression Alfred Baker Lewis t g E Socialist P a r t y h a s i n t r o - * duced an u n e m p l o y m t n t i n s u r - iace bill in the S t a t e L e g i s l a t u r es < Massachusetts a n d C o n n e c t i c ut ssfcfa should b e i n t r o d u c e d e l s e - sksre by the S o c i a l i s t s. The bill treats u n e m p l o y m e n t in the same way t h a t i n d u s t r i a l a c c i - tssts are treated i n o u r w o r k m e n 's usapensation l a w s . That is...

...He exposed it for the monopoly it was...

...Hughes' defense was that pieces of cloth are not wearing apparel...

...A Blessing to the Worker ^ j Unemployment i n s u r a n c e o f t h i s ! sort would be a blessing- t o the n e m p l o y e d m a n a n d his f a m i l y, i t w o u l d e n a b l e h i m t o k e e p b o dy a n d soul t o g e t h e r w i t h o u t r e c o u r se t o c h a r i t y . It w c u l d h e l p t h e f a m i l y , because r e c o r d s cf Social W o r k e r s s h o w t h a t the n u m b e r c f d e s e r t i o n s ' c f w i f e a n d c h i l d r e n by t h e h e a d o f t h e f a m i l y t e n d to i n c r e a s e d u r i n g p e r i o d s o f u n e m p l o y m e n t . It w o u l d h e l p t h e t r a de u n i o n s t r e m e n d o i i s l y as it w o u ld p r e v e n t a m a n b e i n g d r i v e n by h u n g e r t o a c t a s a s c a b. T h e idea o f p u t t i n g u p o n the j e m p l o y e r the b u r d e n o f g i v i n g a s m a l l Etna f o r a l i m i t e d n u m b e r o f w e e k s t o u n e m p l o y e d m e n is p e r f e c t l y j u s t . The d e c i s i o n s r e g a r d ing' p r o d u c t i o n s c h e d u l e s , p r i c e , or t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n c f n e w l a b o r disp l a c i n g d e v i c e s a r e all d e c i s i o ns w h i c h t h s e m p l o y e r m a k e s w i t h o u t b e i n g s u b j e c t to a n y c o n t r ol b y the w o r k o r t h e G o v e r n m e n t in m a k i n g s u c h d e c i s i o n s . When t he c o n s e q u e n c e o f h i s d e c i s i o n s is une m p l o y m e n t f o r t h e w o r k e r s , the j - e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e r e l i e f o f t h a t! • r . c m p l o y m e n t s h o u l d rest u p o n! -.im...

...York, Pittsburg and Chicago Railroad...

...In the spring of 1910, during the last year of his term of office and five days after his Income Tax recommendation, President Taft appointed him a Justice of the United States Supreme Court...

...He was a preacher tad protector of American imperialism...

...His...

...On the o t h e r h a n d . A s s o c i ate Justices H o l m e s , B r a n d e i s a n d ' jtooe are g e n e r a l l y l o o k e d o n as tie liberals of the c o u r t . Mr...

...He had the Public Service Commissions established, one for New York City, the other for the upper part of the State...

...He took office in the fall...

...whereas, at the present time, as prt have seen, unemployment is often a financial advantage to the individual employer rather than otherwise...

...At this point the learned counsel broke off his private practice and undertook the duties of Secretary of State under Harding, and later CooUdge His work as Secretary of State Is comparatively familiar...

...Y e t n o s i m i l a r c a re h a s t o b e give*1 ., c r r . o r m a ' l y w o u l d 1 ire g i v e n , b y I h e c o r p o r a t i o n t o i t s j " c l ; x v - - o . ' 2 : c r ; c m a ti t i c c a r e i t k e y w o u l d v o l u n a r i l y ta" e cf ' • : ; . • idle m r . c k ' n c r y . C ; p i o y m e n : i n s u r a n c e is p e r f e c ly v r k e r s t h e s a n e rich's iJ...

...other words, he went along with the "boys...

...His Surrender to Wall St...

...The a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e law Is placed b y o u r bill i n t h e h a n ds of an U n e m p l o y m e n t I n s u r a n ce Conunission, s i m i l a r t o t h s I n d u s trial Accidents B o a r d s w h i c h i! Most states a d m i n i s t e r t h e w o r k men's c o m p e n s a t i o n l a w s . One e~ctasive fund to h a n d l e t h e insursace is set up, n a m e l y , a n e m p l o y er's mutual u n e m p l o y m e n t i n s u r - , knee company...

...During Hughes's first term as Governor he demanded a legislative committee to look into the affairs of the New York Stock Exchange...

...I Hughes challenged the validity of the Lever Act...

...The following year he ran for Governor of the State and beat Willirm Randolph Hearst There Is a tradtlon that Hughes as Governor was a progressive...

...Justice Edward T. Sanford in five and Justice Pierce Butler in six...

...In 192$ he defended W. M. Woods of the American Woolen Company, who was accused of profiteering under the terms of the Lever Act...

...His reputation was made...

...In 1919 he represented the insurance companies at a hearing before the New York State Public Service and Assembly Judiciary Committees on the CarsonMartin Bill arguing that the State has a perfect right to interfere with contracts made by the city with the street railway companies...

...He vetoed the Coney Island Five Cent Fare Bill and the Two Cent Railroad Fare Bill, because no investigation bad been held to ascertain the facts to his satisfaction...

...Against Soviet Russia he railed for repudiating its debts, while the Allied poems were given an opportunity to repudiate a large portion of their war debts to . the United States...

...Hughes was not elected President by a small margin...

...He refused to name a representative of labor that was recommended to him or a labor man of his own choice...

...A Reactionary With Brains Hughes has brains and is, therefore, all the more dangerous...

...He had anti-race track gambling laws passed...

...N. J. pottery companies against charges of violating the Sherman anti-trust laws...

...In only nine cases was there dissent from these and in but three did more than one justice dissent...

...Incidentally he was in the Teapot Dome cabinet, hat of that his untroubled conscience has never led him to say a wordCounsel To Bag lilaTSiii— Returning to the law business in 1925, he was in great demand by the corporate interests...

...There are other features of his gubernatorial record that are worthwhile bringing to mind...

...tendency in the Supreme Court...

...About the same time be took up the cudgels for the Armour meat concern, accused of profiteering...

...In M a s c a c l r c s e t t s the r e p o r t s o f the D e p a r t m e n t c f L a b o r a n d I n d u s t r y s h o w t h a ; only seventy-3ix p e r cent, as neanv p e r p l e a r e c m - p l o y e d in m a n v f a c t u r n j n o w a3 w e r e c m p ' o y e d on an a v e r a g e in t h e five y e a r s f r o m 1919 t o 1923 i n c l u s i v e . As t h a t p e r i o d i n c l u d ed t h e s e v e r e i n d u s t r ' a l d e p r e s s i o n of 1921, it i3 p l a i n t h a t the unemp l o y m e n t s i t u a t i o n in M a s c a c h u - c e t t s p a r t i c u l a r l y is a n e x t r e m e ly o e r i o u s o n e. W o u l d Reduce U n e m p l o y m e nt A t the p r e s e n t t i m e u n e m p l o y m e n t is o f t e n a n a d v a n t a g e t o t he e m p l o y e r . F o r w h e n a l o t o f m e n a r e o u t o f w o r k , t h a t is t h e t i me w h e n the e m p l o y e r k n o w s t h a t he d o e s n o t h a v e to w o r r y a b o u t d e m a n d s for m o r e p a y or s h o r t er h o u r s . In f a c t , t h e h i s t o r y o f t he t e x t i l e and coal i n d u s t r y .shows that a p e r i o d c f u n e m p l o y m e n t w i ll b e u s e d b y t h s e m p l o y e r s t o c ut w a g e s , as the u n e m p l o y m e nt m a k e s it p o s s i b l e f o r t h e m t o g et a w a y w i t h it...

...8ugnes' r e c o r d on the c o u r t , in :ie years when He s e r v e d c n that tribunal, is that of a c o n s e r v a - jre...

...Hughes still had a few sparks of progress...

...It is, therefore, to their financial interest to reduce unemployment as far as possible in their industry...

...In 1918 he decided that the New York City Public Service Commission had no jurisdiction in the | case and thus made possible an increase in rates...

...Justices O l i v e r Wendell Mssss W i l l i s V a n D e v a n t e r and JXBI V. B r a n d e i s are a l r e a d y eljtble for r e t i r e m e n t , h a v i n g reached the age of seventy...

...Chief J u s t i ce raft headed the m a j o r i t y e l e m e nt B*acb was at all t i m e s c o n s e r v a - jie...

...The Unemployment Insurance Commission which administers the law is required to set rates of premiums for unemployment insurance, and is also required to set up different rates for each industry...

...If Hoover is rei elected only Justice Harlan F. Stone is, health permitting, certain to be on the bench at the close of the President's r:cond term The selection of Charles Evans Hughes as Chief Justice, points to the reorganization of the Supreme Court along completely conservative lines, unless protest is loud and persistent...

...Last year he distinguished himself as counsel for John D. Rockefeller, Jr., in the fight to oust CoL R. W. Stewart from the chairmanship of the Standard Oil Company and most Important of all as an indication of his point of view, undertook to win Ahe seven cents fare for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company in New York City...

...W h i l e t h i s s um is larger than w e w o u l d be l i k e ly to get from the l e g i s l a t u r e , it is Has than the p a y m e n t s a l l o w ed under most workmen's c o m p e n s a tion laws...

...His public career w a s opened to him when he w a s engaged in 1905 as counsel to the Stevens Gas Inveatigating Committee appointed by the New York State Legislature...

...He began the practice of law and coon showed his marvelous legal talent...

...He j brought into the light its various | malpractices...

...He was in the minority only thirty times and in only half a dozen cases did he write the dissenting opinion...

...the primary duty t o t a k e c a r e o f t h s j rsstsnployed is l a i d u p o n t h e e m - j payers, and t h e y a r e t h e n r e q u i r e d j to insure t h e m s e l v e s a g a i n s t t h e ir SsbOfty to p a y t h e s e o u t o f work iflowances...

...In this be also undertook to have the cans sat decree of the "Big Five" meat pecking "trust" rescinded, defended the Trenton...

...In 1927 he won a suspension of sentence for the Sanitary Potters' Association, convicted ot violating the Sherman Act, conducted the test case of the Mutual Benefit Co., winning a decision in the United States Supreme Court, which stated that mutual insurance companies need not pay excess profits tax on their reserve funds, and served as counsel for the Piedmont and Northern R. R in its fight against ths refusal of the L C. C. to permit it to build a new line...

...It is not so generally known that even in his early period, flushed with victory as a reformer, he had already begun to assert his more characteristic conservative nature...

...Consequently, if employers in any given industry are wide awake and progressive, if they use their brains to reduce unemployment and regularize their work Instead of scheming how to make money by reducing wsges or manipulating prices of the securities of their companies on the stock market, they will cut down the amount of unemployment in their industry, and thus reduce the premium that they have to pay for their unemployment insurance...

...Including the chairman, became an employee of the New York Central as soon as his term of office had expired...

...He was riding on the wave of protest of two decades ago against thi abuses of Big Business...

...So not only does each employer have a direct financial incentive to cut down unemployment in his industry, but he even has a direct incentive to reduce unemployment in his plant more than in the industry...

...W h a t he r e a l ly m e a n s is t h a t at t h e p r i c e he is c h a r g i n g f o r h i s p r o d u c t he cann o t get o r d e r s . He c o u l d , as a r u l e , g e t o r d e r s if he w o u l d red u c e t h e p r i c e s u f f i c i e n t l y , but he . i s u n w i l l i n g to d o that because I t h a t w o u l d r e d u c e his p r o f i t s . If ' w e h a d u n e m p l o y m e n t i n s u r a n ce ; t h e e m p l o y e r w o u l d figure it this w a y : — " I f I c u t p r i c e s e n o u g h to g e t o r d e r s a n d k e e p the f a c t o ry j g o i n g I w i l l l o s e m o n e y s o m e w h a t, j b u t if I k e e p u p p r i c e s and have J t o l a y o f f m y m e n I w i l l l c s e two ( d o l l a r s a . d a y o n e a c h w o r k e r . The | l e s s e r o f t h e two will c o m e from i r e d u c i n g p r i c e s , s o I w i l l p r e f e r to I d o t h a t r a t h e r than l a y off my ] h e l p . " F u r t h e r m o r e , when e m p l o y e rs ; m e e t a p e r i o d o f h a r d t i m e s due | t o l a c k o f o r d e r s , b y l a y i n g off men, that is t h e m o s t f o o l i s h t h i ng t h e y c o u l d p o s s i b l y d o f r o m the p o i n t o f v i e w of s o c i e t y . If worke r s are l a i d off t h e y c a n p a y nothi n g and w i l l cut t h e i r e x p e n s e s to t h e b o n e . This w i l l m e a n t h a t rei t a i i e r s will o r d e r still less from w h o l e s a l e r s , w h o l e s a l e r s will order ! s t i l l l e s s f r o m m a n u f a c t u r e r s , and I m a n u f a c t u r e r s w i l l h a v e to lay oft s t i l l m o r e m e n , s o t h a t we have a • v i c i o u s c i r c l e . That is t h e r e a s on w h y t h e r e is a c o n s t a n t d a n g e r that any slight industrial depression may slide down the hill of business activity and that a very serious period of hard times will follow...

...For a time he taught at the Cornell and New York Law Schools but he soon returned to business...

...The Big Business interests must have passed the word down the line for immediately after his election he changed his mind, abandoned the proposition for a legislative investigation, appointed an unofficial commission to cooperate with the Stock Exchange in conducting an inquiry and bringing in a "whitewashing' report...

...It was not until the Pujo Congressional Committee had made its investigation in 1912 that the abuses of the Money Power in Wall Street wer s brought to light Hughes got cold feet, or perhaps he learned to distinguish between gambling on ths race tracks and gambling on the Exchange...

...His term on the Bupreme Court gave him an opportunity to develop the conservative tendencies he had already shown as governor...

...Was Hughes A Reformer...

...At least to that extent, therefore, their purchases would stimulate business, and act as a brake to prevent a slight depression from becoming a serious one...

...I The ex-justice retired to private life...

...He went after the Consolidated Gas Company with hammer and sword...

...It was his job to gain exemption from the anti-trust laws for the large oil companies- In 1926 he defended the LOB Angeles snd Salt Lake Railroad in the test case involving railroad valuation...

...vtsm in him in those days...

...Brandeis who was to join the latter as a dissenter, was appointed at the beginning of 1916, shortly before Hughes jumped out of the cool, isolated, non-partisan precincts of the Supreme Court into the hot political arena of a presidential campaign...

...In 1928 he represented the Duke interests in the HaskellDuke Aluminum case and the General Electric against the Radio Board...

...At this time also he attacked as unconstitutional the provisions of the Cummins Bill, then before Congress, which provided for the distribution of the railroads' earnings in excess of the fair rate of return fixed by the Interstate Commerce Commission...

...Holmes was practically the sole liberal then...

...He became counsel for the receivers of the Chicago and St...

...Ha was an excellent exponent of dollar diplomacy...

...The o u t o f w o r k allowances a m o u n t to t w o d o l l a rs s day for adults b u t n o m o r e t h an two-thirds of t h e i r u s u a l v / e e k ly wages, snd no m o r e t h a n t h i r t e en weeks in a year...

...Big business can place more faith than ever in the highest court of the land as the guardian of property lifter erf S and the bulwark against liberal or radical legislation...

...He fell in line with the prevailing...

...JueI Uce James C. McReynolds and George Sutherland will qualify in rVo years...

...i a l t s - ; t r y -which idle h o r s e s o r idle m a c h i n e r y a l r e a d y h a v e. W e do n o t k n o w e x a c t l y h ow m a n y p e o p l e a r e o u t o f w o r k . T he G o v e r n m e n t spends m i l l i o n s to g a t h e r a n d p u b l i s h fijures cn the e x a c t a m o u n t o f o u r e x p o r t and i m p o r t t r a d e , o n t h e p r e c i s e n u m b e r of t a l e s of c o t t o n , p o u n d s of c o p p e r , or tons of steel or c c al p r o d u c e d , b u t it care3 r o l i t t l e f c r t h e u n e m p l o y e d m a n t h a t it d o es n o t seek to find out h o w m a ny p e o p l e a r e o u t o f w : r l t . But w e d o k n o w t h a t t h e n e e d f o r s o me s c h e m e t o t a k e c a r e of t h e u n e m - p l c y e d is t r e m e n d o u s , p a r t i c u l a r ly a t the p r e s e n t t i i e . The c e n s us c f m a n u f a c t u r e r s t s k e n e v e r y t wo y e a r s b y t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e nt s h o w s t h a t d e s p i t e t h s i n c r e a s e o f p o p u l a t i o n , the a v e r a g e n u m b e r cf p e r s o n s e m p l o y e d in m a n u f a c t u r i n g has d e c r e a s e d b y a b o u t c ne p e r cent, a y e e r s i n c e 1919...

...A very important assignment was his work as representative of the American Petroleum Institute before the Federal Oil Conservation Board...

...He vetoed the Women Teachers' Equal Pay (With Men) Bill...

...Talk in l e g a l c i r c l e s t h e r e - ice, is that it is a f a i r i n f e r e n ce Sat the Supreme C o u r t w i t h M r. Snrhes at its head will a d h e re josely to the lines w h i c h it has Bowed in r e c e n t y e a r s , e s p e c i a l ly rfti respect to the l a w s affectag railroads, c o r p o r a t i o n s in g e n - ssl and public u t i l i t i e s . '" J Changes are e x p e c t e d in the jsmpositio:i o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t es ajpreme C o u r t w i t h i n t h e n e x t f ew sjats...

...Immediately thereafter he became coun- j sel for the Armstrong Legislative Committee investigating the evils of the life Insurance companies...

...He vetoed the Three Platoon Police Bill giving- policemen an eight hour working day...

...The foreign investors felt quite secure during his regime...

...Not only that, but the Unemployment Insurance Co-am;c:ica ii authorized and required under out scheme to set up a system of rebates or additional charges on the unemployment insurance premium for individual employers who have succeeded in regularizing employment to a markedly greater or less extent that the average for their industry...

...Other States Might Copy Finally, our unemployment insurance bill has provisions intended to reduce unemployment which are in the unemployment insurance schemes of no other country...

...If we had unemployment insurance so that men wno era laiu off would get a part of their pay, even if only two dollars a day, at least to that extent they would still be able to purchase commodities...

...He became the darling of the reformers...

...T h i s is m o s t p l a i n in t h e c a s e s j w h e r e u n e m p l o y m e n t is c a u s e d by t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n c f l a b o r d i s p l a c i n g ; d e v i c e s . F c r s u c h d e v i c e s i n c r e a se t h e e m p l o y e r ' s p r o f i t s b y r e d u c i ng h i s l a b o r c o s t s . N o t h i n j c o u l d be q u e s t h i m t o u s e p a r t o f t h a t tom e r e j e s t , t h e r e f o r e , t h a n to reYorkers w h o are d i s p l a c e d and b e c o m e u n e m p l o y e d a s a r e s u l t. A s the l a w s t a n d s t o d a y the j w o r k e r has l e s s r i g h t s in i n d u s t ry t h a n a h o r s e . If a n e m p l o y e r in t h e t e a m i n g b u s i n e s s f o u n d w o r k j w a s s l a c k , , h e c o u l d n o t t u r n his h o r s e s o u t i n t o t h e s t r e e t s a n d let t h e m s t a r v e w i t h o u t h a v i n g the S o c i e t y f o r t h e P r c v e n t i c n o f C r u - i e l t y t o A n i m a l s p e n a l i z e h i m und e r the l a w . Y e t w h a t he c o u l d j n o t do t o hi3 h o r s e , he c a n d o to h i s t e a m s t e r s w i t h o u t a n y f u r t h e r : r e s p o n s i b i l i t y w h a t e v e r f o r their w e l f a r e . " e k e s M e e E q u a l s o f H o r s es Or if a f a c t o r y s h u t d o w n t h r o w - tag w o r k e r s c u t o f j e b s , a n d the c a r e t a k e r o f t h e f a c t o r y r e p o r t ed t h a t the r o o f was l e a k i n g and j c a u s i n g dp m a g e to the idle m a - ; c h i n c r y , t h e c o r p o r a t i o n w o u l d i m - 1 m e d i a t e l y r e p a i r t h e r o o f a n d t a ke e a r s o f t h e i d l e m a c h i n e r y . I f t h ey w o u l d n o t d o t h i s v o l u n t a r i l y , the b o n d h o l d e r s of the c o r p o r a t i o n I w c u l d m a k e t h i m d o it if t h e y i k n e w a b o u t it...

...I suggest that a bill of this sort can be introduced in the name of the Socialist Party not only la Massachusetts, Connecticut and in Wisconsin, where it has already been done, but in other states as well if the state organizations will try to do so...

...Paul, when they wanted to plead for rate increases before the I C C . and for Lores when he planned the New...

...He sided with the majority during his six years he occupied the office of justice...

...He was born in the little town of Glens Falls, New York, in 1862...