Brazil The Continental Strategy
TWO, THREE, MANY VIETNAMS "My ultimate wish is that our entire Party and people, closely joining their efforts, will build a peaceful, reunified, independent, democratic and prosperous Vietnam,...
...We wash with Lever Brothers and Palmolive soaps, shave with Williams and Gillete...
...The possibility that the generals will be able to democratically unite the majority of the population within their revolution appears increasingly remote...
...WE DECLARE: That our demand for the return of our sea coast is a popular demand and we will never give it up...
...48 Jorialdo Brasil, September 17, 1971): "The Bolivian position, following the change of governments, favors international financial investments, especially by those Brazilians who have gained the sympathy of the new Bolivian administrators...
...In La Paz, March 16...
...De Torre a Banzer (Buenos Aires: Periferia), 1972...
...Regional Projects I. The River Plate Basin The territory of the Basin is estimated at 3.5 million square kilometers and is, after the Amazon, the largest territory in South America...
...In addition: "the Uruguayan countryside had a record number of cattle which could not be slaughtered for lack of meatpacking houses...
...The precariousness of the economic situation can be readily grasped from the speech given by the Uruguayan Minister of Commerce, Jose Echeverry, to the Conference of Delegates of the European Common Market...
...These mini-devaluations (an imitation of the model, used by the Uruguayan dictatorship) were imposed despite the objections at that time of the International Monetary Fund...
...New York, NY 10026 or Is 22 Berkeley, CA 94701...
...that university autonomy be respected...
...6 0 The political "experts" who dismiss the stance of the Bolivian opposition expounded the same position as that enunciated by Pinochet during his visit to the northern provinces of Arica and Antofagasta in February 1974...
...Marxist parties were banned and others were suspended...
...These circumstances must worry international monopolies like Standard Fruit 9 4 and the petroleum companies...
...The ELN was formed from the ranks of Che Guevara's guerrilla column and has carried out the majority of military attacks directed at the reac- tionary governments of Bolivia since that of General Ren6 Barrientos (1964-1969...
...the Sao Paulo-Santos-La Paz highway...
...Only one per cent of these wage earners receive more than 200 US dollars per month M. Moreira Alves, op...
...One out of Armored cars 1 aircraft carrier 213 combat planes area...
...9 5 It is important to remember that during the Christian Democratic administration of Rafael Caldera, realations between Venezuela and Brazil assumed a "cold-war" nature...
...The latter project, which will have a full capacity of 1,620,000 kilowatts, will be financed with loans from the InterAmerican Development Bank (IDB) and with credits from the Soviet Union to Argentina for the purchase of equipment and tools...
...Furthermore, they add, Banzer attempts to continue the process of denationalizing mines and oil fields, turning them over to private U.S...
...3 0 The agreements signed with South Africa which were substantial but less ambitious proposed: Joint participation in the atomic energy project which both countries are planning with the assistance of West Germany...
...6 4 This indicates that if Pinochet is really proposing closer relations with Bolivia, he is doing it in such a way as to achieve the opposite effect...
...More than 60 million kilowatt hours could be produced for the five nations included in the region...
...The miners of Huanuni (Bolivia) attacked this measure as "a submission to the dictates of imperialism...
...I. Crisis in Portugal Spinola's book, Portugal and Its Future, crystalizes the new neo-colonialist policy of the Portuguese bourgeoisie: "What does Spinola affirm, defend and criticize in his book...
...A recent statistical study confirmed that 250,000 Uruguayans had emigrated to Canada, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, etc., between 1968 and 1973...
...Following the line which was to be most eloquently expressed in the famous Rostow Plan, the General assumed that: 1. The USA-Brazil alliance, founded on ideological agreements, common interests and historical relations, determines Brazil's decisive role in Latin America...
...6 All of these projects which explain Brazil's foreign policy in the region during the last 10 years, are located within a 700 kilometer radius, in the region between the Saltos del Guaira and Corpus...
...the opening of "free ports" for Brazil in Lorenzo Marques, Angola, Mozambique and Lisbon...
...Mexico will present 25 projects in the petrochemical field alone, two metallurgical plants (one in each country), and studies for automobile, machine-tool and other manufacturing plants...
...The first confrontation took place on March 23 when advancing Chilean troops occupied Calama...
...That is to say, it contained runaway inflation 7 6 at the expense of17 OBJ ECTIVES: 2) The real objectives of General Banzer and the military high command are the following: A. To jeopardize our control of the Mutun iron ore deposits and the national steel industry, and to completely alienate and exhaust our natural gas reserves, in favor of the expansionist policy of the Brazilian government...
...Neither has a comparable situation ever existed before: that the united armed forces of a Third World country are non-violently effecting a huge social, economic and political transformation...
...Although this view has been adjusted and its priorities alerted, by and large it is still exceptionally relevant for Brazil's Army Staff and the Brazilian War College (Esciola Superior deGuerra...
...Orlando D'Adamo, Secretary of State for Economic Programing and Coor dination, in an interview with Vision, May 18, 1974...
...Inflation in the first four months of 1974 was 15 percent greater than in the whole of 1973...
...Confronted with a crisis they responded simplistically...
...Argentina eliminated bottlenecks and red tape in trade with Paraguay and granted a $20 million loan to the Stroessner government for the purchase of capital goods22 and durable consumer goods...
...34 C L Sulrberger, New York Times, May 1S, 1974...
...It is possible, therefore, to devise organizational forms capable of maintaining and guaranteeing the participatory character, that is actually democratic, of our movement, a character without which it would lose its most profound historical significance...
...The second is the consequence of a policy which forfeits national sovereignty in exchange for industrial development and which relegates the masses of wage- laborers to only one possible form of participation: that of a silenced and enslaved work-force...
...The following article looks at the political origins of Brazilian expansionism, its point of conflict and conjuncture with U.S...
...As a result Lanusse was forced to demonstrate the possibility of an opening towards the region without giving in to the Brazilian formula of ideological frontiers...
...5, May, 1968 23 CEPAL report 74 EFE ^:ency, Rio de Janeiro, January 18, 1973...
...foreign policy...
...Thus, the attitude of the Bolivian army, in denying the validity of the Treaty of 1904, is not at all surprising...
...February 4, 1974...
...1. The Major Periods of Economic Planning in Brazil Since the fall of Goulart, economic planning in Brazil has passed through two clearly defined periods under the direction of two men (the third period would begin under Simonson as Minister of Finance...
...3 4 This situation would allow the government of Pretoria to extend the system of cooperation which exists formally with Rhodesia and secretely with France...
...6 5 The same hardening of positions can be observed among the workers...
...While certain statistical measurements of economic growth have soared over the last 10 years, the economic and social conditions of 80 percent of the population have worsened...
...chasers 112 Aeromacchis 4 submarines 4 mine sweepers 2 torpedo boats Chile $170 million Not available 60,000 men 15,000 men ,000 men The Chilean military (1973) purchased arms worth 2 cruisers 45 fighter bombers $200 million in the 4 destroyers 20 bombers first two months of 3 submarines 110 transports 1974, "while Chile was 4 destroyer P0 helicopters waiting to receive other escorts shipments...
...Arms Sales to Latin America," NACLA's Lathi America and Empre Report,Vol...
...France recognizes that the independence movement in Mozambique can, in the future, encourage the revolutionaries who have already begun agitation in the Comores from Tanzania to Kenya...
...86 Excelsior (Mexico), February 24...
...expansion of technical education...
...Our General Electric TV sets are connected to ITT satellites...
...Since the coup in Chile, the bourgeoisies of these countries, under the leadership of Brazil, have focused much of their attention on Peru...
...to support the creation of a Confederation with Portugal and its colonies...
...4 4 Three-fourths of the dynamic sector of Brazilian industry belong to U.S...
...A pro-government leader in the Brazilian Parliament, Filinto Muller, stated that "Brazil will not submit its decision to build the Sete Quedas dam on the border with Paraguay to any foreign reviews . . . when we carry out projects on our territory, which do not harm anyone-and that is a closed question...
...The Grand Accord diplomacy of General Alejandro Lanusse sought to strengthen ties with the nationalist governments of Bolivia and Peru...
...Finally, a few months after the presidential elections, it prepared to eliminate what little was left of the judiciary branch's autonomy...
...and European companies to the Venezuelan State...
...The formation of a block which could rival Brazil's influence was only a short step away...
...1. Brazil in Bolivia Brazil's continuing intervention in Bolivian affairs since 1971, in itself sufficiently explains an important part of what happens in that highlands country.* Shortly before Banzer's coup d'etat, the Brazilian War College had designed an operational plan with two possible phases: 1) logistical support for the plotters of the coup d'etat (which, in fact, was carried out in all its details) and, should the first phase fail, 2) the organization and support of a separatist government in the wealthy province of Santa Cruz...
...The reform in the meatpacking industry created cooperatives among workers and small-to-melium producers...
...The establishment of a civilian government will be the facade, behind which the military will seek to maintain the basic orientation of the regime in economic, political and military terms, inside and outside Brazil...
...The presence of Peron in the Argentine government produced, as a side-effect, a rapprochement with Paraguay after years of cool commercial and political relations...
...The workers movement has begun to recover from the brutal repression of the 1968 strikes...
...Brazil, however, transported 32.5 percent in the same year...
...In the same way, Brazil increased a loan from $S million to $17 million for the purchase of Brazilian equipment and mabhinery geared toward the construction of roads of common interest to both nations in addition to these loans, which Bolivia will have to repay, Brazil will draw up engineering studies for two important Bolivian railroad projects worth a total of i11 million...
...2 Following a much publicized campaign of liberalization, the government has reinforced certain strict repressive measures of the past, obviously concerned with the immediate demonstration of opposition that followed the lifting of certain controls...
...They include a plant to manufacture cellulose, a cement factory and an aluminum plant...
...This last possibility forcefully introduces the many political and diplomatic variables that, necessarily, would arise given the outbreak of an armed conflict in the region...
...and the signing of an agreement for the exploitation of Angolese oil by Petrobras...
...New tensions have arisen with the United States, provoked in part by the economic crisis in the capitalist world and the new protectionist U.S...
...For the last seven years, Peru, Chile, Argentina and Brazil, in particular, have acquired war materials outside of the United States...
...The corporation will build the largest dam in the world...
...Some of these joint ventures involve regional planning of energy resources, particularly hydroelectric power, and of an intricate network of roads spreading out from Brazil to the rest of the continent...
...A similar preoccupation recently pushed the Peronist government to update the plans for equiping Argentina's Merchant Marine which considerably lags behind Brazil's...
...These banks through which the largest share of private investment capital was channelled, enjoyed an average growth rate of So per cent in 1970, while the 616 largest firms in Brazil grew by 11.5 per cent and the economy as a whole by 9 per cent...
...4 8 Brazil pushed its own capitalists to invest in Bolivia and granted abundant credits to the new regime...
...4 2 The deficit in tht national budget, 4.2 per cent of the Gross National Product in 1963, descended to 0.5 per cent in 1960...
...The alliance isolated Argentina in the southern cone and constricted Brazil in its policy for developing water resources, a policy considered prejudicial to Argentine interests...
...32 Spinola's intentionally confusing formula for salvation implied granting formal independence to be overseen by the so-called "overseas provinces...
...The high command of the Peruvian Armed Forces admitted that this movement was taking place and that an Armored School was being installed in the south...
...SIVAl ". 1B ) ff rwli I I30 75...
...This episode is not surprising given that on November 28, 1971, many of Bordaberry's supporters paraded in police cars waving the Brazilian flag alongside the banner of the Colorado Party...
...Flour imports will cost more than 600 million dollars, or double the cost in former years...
...It also hurt the interests of the oligarchy and of Deltec, the multinational which holds a monopoly over the meat trade...
...The slow but inexorable denationalization of the Brazilian economy coincided with the objectives of the concentration of wealth and the lowering of real wages...
...Among these were the National 15, 1969, the return to institutionalized order was shortLiberation Movement (MLN-Tupamaros) 7 7 and several lived...
...and Jorge Gallardo Lozada...
...3. The world situation that emerged after World War II and the gradual extinction of the conditions created by the "Cold War," have displaced the centers of in- ternational tension from the Atlantic to the Pacific arena...
...23 While these events were occurring in Argentina, the Brazilian oil fleet, due to an agreement signed between PETROBRAS (the Brazilian state oil company) and the Venezuelan Petroleum Corporation, assumed respon- sibility for transporting Venezuelan oil to the United States...
...Juan Maria Bordaberry belonged to the ruralist faction of the National Party and was a Senator for this party for four years...
...Its role has been to educate an efficient and anti communist elite capable of leading the country according to the objectives of the Army Staff In addition to military studies, courses include economic and social problems The graduates are career officers, beginning with the rank of colonel, and include important civilians such as bankers, diplomats, government officials, etc...
...Punto Final, No...
...These were the "glorious" days of Dan Mitrione and Moran Charquerothe heyday of the "Death Squads" (five in all) and generalized terror...
...Luis Maria de Pablo Pardo...
...Such measures were taken in conjunction with the relinquishing of all control over profit remittances by foreign firms and the 'concession of special favors to foreign investors...
...We are again threatened with the loss of part of our national territory if we return to policies which led to the plunder of the Acre territory...
...The Justicialist government will give priority to construction projects which allow for the multiple use of our great rivers...
...This was the situation only days before the presidential elections...
...In spite of the fact that the Peruvian military played down the importance of the matter, the Chilean military junta decided to call up 15 age groups of reservists and moved reinforced troop units into Arica...
...These ties had been weak since 1966, due to the foreign policy of Ongania and his Chancellor Costa Mendez...
...7 9 While these measures were lifted on March the traditional ones...
...The President ignored the resolution and the following day, July 15, reinstituted the "state of exception...
...The country must also increase its industrial development (beginning with the Sao Paulo-Belo Horizonte triang1f) based on a dynamic exploitation of abundant energy * This article was completed before the recent liberation of Cambodia and Vietnam...
...60 Declaration of April 5, 1974, Associated Press (La Paz...
...The Naval Chief of Staff, Vice- Admiral Pedro Gnavi, and the ex-Foreign Minister Nicanor Costa Mendes were the main protagonists in !his maneuver to dismantle the Argentine Merchant ~arine.22 Also in 1%7, "world-wide payments for maritime shipping amounted to $15 billion, second only to oil exports which amounted to $19 billion and thereby making maritime shipping the most important sector in world trade after oi1...
...The Confederation of Bolivian Professionals, the Lawyers Association and the Miners' Federation expressed, in successive declarations, their opposition to the sale of natural gas to Brazil and the expected loss of control over the Mutun iron deposits...
...Brual en Bolivia leclones de un golpe mililtar (Santiago de Chile: Ediciones Letras), 1972...
...1 3 Argentina's hopes for building the Yacireta plant with its hydroelectrical potential of 3.2 million kilowatts are based upon this new relationship...
...The same point is made in the miners' declaration which notes that "this country's demand for access to the sea cannot be used to distract our attention from the serious problems of under-development and misery which oppress our people...
...The government's domestic policies appear equally ambiguous: The generals have begun to redefine the forms of property within the country...
...6 8 "The violence done to the peasants," it adds, "can be compared only to the butchery of My Lai in Vietnam...
...Furthermore, Bolivia was cut off from all access to the sea which, today, it is struggling to regain...
...Strikes and/or demonstrations by pensioners, sanitation workers, stevedores, construction workers and taxi drivers followed in 1973...
...hemispheric policy designed to consolidate and advance the conditions of dependency and a fascist security system throughout the southern cone of the continent...
...In 1972, eleven years later, this tonnage was down to 1,158,495,19 the average age of the ships was 19 years and less than 40 percent were capable of making deep sea voyages...
...In this manner Brazil reproduces, on a reduced scale, the U.S...
...As a rsult of the agreements of ~ochabamba,27 Brazil today is definitely ahead of its rival Argentina...
...The new by the expose of an explosive financial scandal, commonly centers of opposition were referred to as the "tendency...
...Brazil's weak- (Budget costs every 400 M-41 tanks 2 heavy cruisers 0 transports ness is in its air each citizen Brazilians) A-113 trans- 12 destroyers 130 helicopters force...
...Peru and Bolivia lost these riches and 420 kilometers of the coast...
...We survive on Nestle or Gloria Milk...
...Panorama (Buenos Aires), February 1974...
...cit., p. 114...
...Delfim Neto's second "innovation" was to consolidate the penetration of Brazilian firms by foreign capital...
...Venha e traga a sua indoustria...
...All this leads one to believe that such movements respond to a principle that Mercado Jarrin points out as vital: "The systems of arms and war materiel must always surpass the military power of the potential enemy in both quality and quantity...
...As the present crisis of capitalism deepens, these contradictions become increasingly apparent...
...5 2 Although both objectives seem to respond to Bolivia's concrete needs, a more thorough examination of the country's reality reveals another set of reasons for these projects...
...Subimperalism" The indications of Brazil's growing influence in Latin America, described in detail in this Report, have prompted a debate on the question of "subimperialism," the term commonly used to characterize Brazil's continental role...
...Ramiro Sanchez...
...Edil Sandoval Moron, Revolutionary Nationalist Movement of the Left...
...Paris does not want to risk its naval base in the Comores and in an Indian Ocean which is witnessing the growth of Soviet Naval power...
...The contradictions between the two countries broke out when Brasilia didn't consult Buenos Aires before initiating the construction of a hydroelectric complex on the upper Parana River...
...The average growth of import capacity, based on export revenues, will also diminish in the period 1974 1910...
...The troops opened fire on a gathering of peasants near Cochabamba...
...These three countries need Portugal's support for enlarging a security zone in the South Atlantic, similar to the one protected by NATO in the North...
...6 light cruisers 331 Mirage jets 10 sub...
...In the meantime, the MLN offensive of April 1972 was broken, thousands oF Uruguayans were brutally tortured, economic chaos set in and the economy and the government were virtually paralyzed.19 When the military left the barracks and plunged into politics they had no idea of the seriousness of the country's problems...
...The Third Army Corps, stationed in Porto Alegre (Rio Grande del Sur), carried out maneuvers from August to December 1971...
...Finally, in February 1973, after discarding all disguises, the military assumed direct control of the government...
...world strategy, in certain cases it assumes its own expression...
...We see growing conflict today among imperialist powers,29 between imperialist and third world bourgeoisies, and (in spite of the growing strength of producer cartels) among the local bourgeoisies in third world countries...
...This would prevent what Gregorio Selser sees as "a loss of between $100 and $200 million worth of energy for every year the construction of the, dam is put off...
...These dependent bourgeoisies act as intermediaries for foreign capital and do not significantly engage in an autonomous process of capital accumulation...
...While it has been difficult for the military government to deal with the situation in the mines and the countryside, it is even more difficult fort them to respond to the very strong accusations made by the Catholic Church...
...Everything we consume in our daily lives betrays a foreign presence...
...imperialism, an extension of U.S...
...Meanwhile, the stunned country .. resists confronting the fact that it can only save itself if it is willing to undergo substantial transformations, that these transformations will be difficult and painful, that whatever solution it choses, capitalism or socialism-and it is well known that we believe only in the socialist way- it will experiende hard times and acute tensions...
...Foreign dependence increased proportionately with the growth of the Brazilian economy to the point where Brazil was dependent on the level of foreign investment, the widening of markets and the rise in exports for main- taining its growth-rate...
...However, the fall of the Allende government in Chile dealt another severe blow to this policy...
...2 (February 1974...
...Unable so far to maintain order within the framework of a corporativistic democracy, the generals suspended constitutional guarantees throughout the country last February...
...The definitive solution which the ECLA economists advanced therefore, was industrialization through import-substitution...
...Associated Press (La Paz), March 5, 1974...
...middle of the 19th century, primacy over political factors ought " AN OVERVIEW Miltary Potential The major Latin American nations have been involved in a type of "arms race" which has become especially sharp in the last few years...
...At the same time, the army pointed out that: "It is the duty of the Bolivians to reconquer the sea coast which was lost in the War of 1879, and that the peace treaty of 1904 (which gave Chile large chunks of both Bolivia and Peru) must be revised...
...From this treaty, Chile gained some 150,000 square kilometers of land which included the only natural nitrate deposits in the world, in addition to important deposits of silver, sulphur and the gigantic copper mine of Chuqicamata...
...Thus the Brazilians had more than a geopolitical in- terest in the area...
...The use of the term subimperialism, in this case, would imply that a new stage of capital accumulation has developed in such countries as Brazil and Iran...
...The strength of the Brazilian Navy and merchant marine has achieved this as its first objective...
...Furthermore, it expands the function of the State in the resolution of these conflicts and places the role of bourgeois nationalism in a new light...
...The National Workers' Convention (CNT), in which the Communists held a majority, and the Parliament (dominated by opposition forces), became precarious enclaves of democracy...
...Among these were its relations with African countries (including South Africa) and the statute upon which the Atlantic policy of Brazil and Portugal was based...
...the ideological inquisition and the resurrection or application of more refined tortures...
...For some Brazilian economists, the increase in prices constitutes a revealing symptom of the exhaustion of the system and the impossibility of maintaining the present level of growth...
...imperialism...
...1974...
...investors and almost 400 per cent of the industries nationalized in the past are in the hands of foreign capital...
...in exchange for the feasibility studies previously agreed upon, the governnrent of Brazil will loan the Bolivian government up to ten million dollars at an interest late of five per cent a year, to be paid in fifteen years with a thlee year ii ace period...
...According to a study carried out by French experts upon the request of the Uruguayan government, this area offers exceptional possibilities for extracting $8 million worth of mineral concentrate annually with an investment of only $15 million...
...This government, under his personal command and through the use of new institutional forms of political power designed to eliminate the effective exercise of popular sovereignty, plans to perpetuate the dependent character of our economic development and our foreign policy in return for holding secret negotiations to obtain-in an unknown time period and an indefinite form-a sea port for Bolivia...
...More recently attention has been focused on the continental implications of Brazil's model of growth and repression...
...The dynamic of recent capitalist development in Latin America has led to changing patterns of economic and political behavior with marked consequences for relations among Latin American countries...
...It stressed "the pressing need to return the Republic to institutional normality...
...The realization of this model has necessitated a series of major reforms in the administrative apparatus of the state and an energetic modernization of the industrial complex...
...Finally, payments due on the foreign debt were equal to exports...
...execution of projects to unite Brazil with its neighbors: a highway uniting Asuncion (capital of Paraguay) with the Atlantic port of Santos, the La Paz-Santos road, the Capricorn Plan (linking Santos with Arica in Chile) and a highway network with Uruguay using six national routes...
...There are historical examples of the former...
...news service, the Associated Press', 9 6 Latin American countries "are acquiring greater and greater quantities of military equipment, purchased mostly from Europe and the USSR...
...Similarly, six other Brazilian routes link up with a number of Uruguayan routes, particularly with routes 5 and 6 which cross Uruguayan territory from South to North and from East to West...
...7 To this unfavorable balance of trade (which barely changed in 1973) one must add Brazil's peaceful penetration into the region including the Upper Parana, from the Iguazu Falls to the foothills of the Mbaracayu Cordillera, or a radius greater than 100 kilometers...
...Minister of Finance, Marion Simonsen, believes that: "The difficulties concerning Itaipu have been definitely overcome, with mutual benefits for both sides," 1 7 the construction of this plant continues to represent a serious obstacle to Argentina's plans...
...The leading Brazilian newspaper, O Estado do Sao Paulo, voiced its concern in three successive editorials, arguing that a) Brazil's economic growth has shifted the correlation of forces within the continent in its favor...
...7 0 This opinion gains even more credence in light of the Bolivian Catholic Church's statement: "We Christians know that communism is bad, but we also know that colonialism allied with fascism is infinitely worse...
...A new type of popular-based organization with less pretense of a democratic structure has recently arisen with support from the more conservative generals in the government...
...On June 13, 1968, Pacheco This shift in government policy gave rise to the formation for the first time instituted the Immediate Security of new centers of resistance to the regime distinct from Measures...
...Prensa Latina, Brasilia, December 8, 1972...
...9 0 In summation: Argentine policy was based upon a dynamic approach to the River Plate Basin and to LAFTA, firm support for the program of the Andean Group and endorsement of a policy of integration that did not create satellite countries...
...When the United States opted for the Brazilian model of dependence, it definitively ruled out an eventual return to previous systems...
...These comunidades are eventually supposed to purchase up to 50 percent of the capital stock of each enterprise...
...If this sector can break internal opposition and dominate those military sectors which favor other options, it can solidify a regional alliance and consolidate a Brazilian-style regime in Bolivia...
...2) For the reestablishment of all democratic rights, liberties and guarantees...
...The countries of the Phcific have committed themselves to an authentic program of liberation...
...c) as an isolated and surrounded country, its only recourse is arms...
...Finally, the expansion of Brazil's economic interests has been buttressed by the aggressive posture of the Brazilian military...
...4) To defend Bolivia's territory, its economy and human resources...
...While there is considerable debate as to the progressive nature of the Peruvian military regime, there is no question that the alternative model for economic development employed by the Peruvian government, its revolutionary slogans and its ties with socialist countries, is seen as a threat by Chile, Brazil, Bolivia and Uruguay...
...policies, basic to Goulbery's geopolitical framework, incorporate an element that cannot be overlooked in Brazilian expansionism-not everything can be explained by Brasilia's dependence and submission to the dictates of Washington, as Brazil retains considerable initiative...
...8. To achieve these objectives Brazil must displace Argentina as competitor, deploying a complicated gameplan of diplomacy and alliances to prevent the formation of an axis of Buenos Aires, Lima, Caracas and Mexicothe feared rivals of Itamarity...
...Besides reflecting the instability of the regime, this crisis in the military leadership revealed, according to some observers, an attempt to give the Armed Forces some form of institutional cohesion...
...Address sa correspondence to BIo 57, Cathedral Station...
...The policies of the Peruvian government toward the U.S...
...39 Information published in La Opinion and reproduced by Excelsior, Mexico, March 24, 1974...
...His government reached its high point with the convocation of a Popular Assembly, a measure demanded by the workers and peasants who supported the general's bid for power...
...More precisely, this meant creating a federation of Portuguese states which would include all of the colonies, plus Portugal and Brazil: Despite the fact that he uses the word independence (Spinola) wishes to hold a dialogue with interlocutors who really lack popular representation...
...56...
...Tanks and troops armed to the teeth were used to repress the demonstrations...
...flag to prevent the anticipated Argentine reaction...
...They point out that, "in order to hide the anti-democratic nature of this plan and weaken the level of popular protest, the government appeals to Bolivia's irreprochable demand for an outlet to the sea...
...Although Brazil accepted the principle of the Asuncion Declaration (1971) which established that those nations with continuous course could use the waters according to their needs (without harm to their neighbors 9 ), in practice, Brazil has acted in accordance with its own interests...
...Three months later, the Lanusse government's position became more precarious...
...Garrastazu Medici was visibly irritated by the prescedent set by this agreement...
...This explains the growing Brazilian influence in Paraguay (a forced partner in all projects) and the improvement in relations between the two countries ever since the first meeting of Foreign71 Ministers of the River Plate Basin in 1967...
...Of late even the bourgeois press has commented on repression, torture, the decaying social conditions of the Brazilian people and the end of the Brazilian "miracle...
...In charge of this process were Octavio Gouveia de Bulhoes, the Minister of Finance, and Roberto Campos, the Minister of Economic Planning...
...92 Argentina is considering the possibility of transporting Algerian and Lybian oil, Per u, for its par t, entered an agreement to buy 15,000 barrels of crude and refined oil daily from these countries until 1976...
...Equally clear however, is that capitalism is a competitive system which creates the conditions for intense rivalries among the bourgeoisies of Latin America...
...capital...
...Only a minor portion of the economy is to remain in the hands of private ownership...
...In 1879, Chile declared war and invaded Peru and Bolivia after refusing a proposal of arbitration formulated by the Peruvian President, Mar lane Ignaclo Prado...
...Within this context, Brazil's geopolitics for Africa and the South Atlantic have three definite objectives: -to play a hegemonic role in the South Atlantic with the support of Portugal, South Africa and the United States...
...La Opinion, Buenos Aires, April, 1974...
...88 The shifts to the left that began in 1970 with the Popular Unity government in Chile and the growth of the Broad Front in Uruguay further isolated Brazil and favored Lanusse's foreign policy...
...So far workers' strikes and peasant land invasions which they have supported have been severely repressed...
...NY3 Introduction Since the 1964 military coup in Brazil, which established one of the most brutal regimes in Latin American history, much emphasis has been put on the contradictions betweeen the so-called Brazilian "economic miracle" and the abhorent conditions under which the vast majority of the Brazilian people live...
...Caldera opposed Brazilian expansionism, as well as Nixon's statement that "As Brazil goes so will go the rest of that Latin American continent...
...Many Latin American governments took advantage of these circumstances to institute a policy of import-substitution aimed at reducing their dependency on imports of foreign manufactured goods and substituting them with local production...
...45 Trade between Brazil and the Soviet Union, cautiously initiated in 1969, rose rapidly to 42-60 million dollars, At the end of 1970, a commercial treaty was signed between the two nations, which contained a provision for Soviet importation of 15,000 tons of Brazilian coffee per year, over the next 15 years...
...Thus, the industrialization process led to the sharpening of monopolist tendencies, the in- discriminate opening of the Brazilian economy to in- ternational capital and mounting indebtedness-more than 40 per cent of the revenues from Brazilian exports are used annually to cover interest and amortization on long-term foreign loans...
...September 21, 1972 10 Gregorio Selser, La Nacion ( Santiago, Chile), September 2, 1973 11...
...2. Banzer's Policies Within this context, the national and international policy of Hugo Banzer's regime points to two objectives: 1) the creation of a "Government of National Unity," and, 2) obtaining a corridor to the sea to rectify the situation created by the 1879 War of the Pacific...
...3 5 Although the idea failed in this instance, the nations involved in the program-particularly France, whose various interests in the region put it in an especially active position--gave no sign of completely rejecting a solution of this type...
...The Brazilian model particularly affected Argentina whose foreign policy shifted considerably from political "coincidence" with Brazil to open competition for hegemony in the area...
...These plans coincide with Banzer's determination to maintain his dictatorship...
...On July 24, in a clear and criminal manner reminiscent of Guatemala, a 16-year old student at the Construction School was gunned down by snipers firing from a public building...
...Itamarityrefers to the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Relations...
...The National Workers Convention (CNT) responded by initiating a general strike and factory take-overs...
...petroleum, banana and bauxite cartels) is often cited as posing a threat to the interests of U.S...
...the Santa Cruz oligarchy was in charge of the second...
...2 aircraft carrier 73 transports 20 helicopters 50 trainer planes27 total superiority is not indispensable...
...6 9 To some analysts, this determines the axis around which Bolivian politics will revolve, and not the "open confrontation between anti- and pro-Brazilian forces in the military," as the New York Times suggests...
...And while there are reasons to be skeptical of the government of Carlos Andres Perez (Venezuela), it is true that: Within the framework of its foreign policy the new Venezuelan government has emphasized its decision to implement Venezuelan integration into the subregional Andean Group (although the business community tenaciously opposes this integrationist policy...
...8 7 The contradictions between the two countries and the breakdown of the Ideological frontiers doctrine forced Argentina to drastically shift its regional policy in 1971...
...And the latter does not require the mediation of a party, as the crux and center of power...
...He has furiously defended "the insolent thesis of Bolivia's historical lack of viability and the view that Bolivia should be divided among its neighbors, statements which led to a cooling of relations with the Peruvian people...
...CENTRALS ELtTRICAS DO PARA S.A...
...Apr i 1974...
...While it was generally agreed to attribute the rebellion to "Red extremists," some charged the followers of Juan Jose Torres with the responsibility for the peasant mobilization while others attributed this attack on the regime to the National Liberation Army (ELN).* Outside of these considerations, it is clear that the contradictions among rival factions in the army sharpened during the last few months: first, when "the government tried to sell more oil and natural gas to Argentina against the interests of Brazil," 5 3 and, later, when Itamarity pushed for the Brasilia meetings between Banzer and Pinochet...
...4, May-June 1975 Polished monthly...
...TWO, THREE, MANY VIETNAMS "My ultimate wish is that our entire Party and people, closely joining their efforts, will build a peaceful, reunified, independent, democratic and prosperous Vietnam, and make a worthy contribution to the world revolution...
...5 6 Within this strategy, the proBrazilian sector of the Bolivian army is decisive...
...El Sol de Mexico (Mexico), May 14, 1974...
...3 8 Another factor adverse to the growth of the Brazilian economy-and also originating in external events-is the substantial rise in food prices on the world market...
...At the same time, the Bolivian steel company will begin to exploit the iron deposits in Mutun with the cooper&ion of '~razilian state companies...
...Another example is Brazil's policy of economic rapprochement with France and the Soviet Union to finance the Itaipu dam...
...To this consideration must be added the extraordinary importance in prestige and other geopolitical concepts that the construction of another dam by Brazil would represent...
...While the loss of the port of Arica and an important part of its territory established the motives for present-day Bolivian demands, the Chilean occupation (of Peru), the war reparations and the stolen territory gave rise to Peruvian anger which can still be detected today...
...Also inherent to this debate is a theoretical question...
...The size of the projects undertaken with Argentina and Brazil subjected Uruguay to the will of its powerful neighbors, who would use the resources to satisfy their own energy needs...
...Most 2 light cruisers of the armaments pur- chased are of an offen- sive nature, thus the suspicion that Chile's objective lies beyond its national borders...
...According to this analysis, this is the meaning of Brazilian subimperialism...
...These coincided with the Uruguaysan electoral campaign in which a possible victory of the Broad Front leftist coalition was predicted...
...Hernan Siles Suazo, former President of the Nation...
...Within a context of growing economic problems and the continued existence of contradictory class interests, the leftists are afraid that this state structure might in the long run lead to a form of proto-fascism whose function would be to develop and protect state capitalism...
...Meanwhile a growing opposition front to the military government has responded to the official violence...
...The proposal for the creation of a "Government of National Unity," was made exactly one month after the serious events of Cochabamba, when the violent repression of the region's peasantry made the level of contradictions existing within the army evident...
...168...
...1, Winter 1972: Ruy Mauro Marini, La Dialectica de la Dependencia...
...Brazil on the Offensive Both the political and theoretical questions still need considerable study and require a much more systematic documentation of Brazil's continental expansion over the last 10 years...
...It was not envisioned as an authentic project of national liberation . . . -The Justicialist government denounces the shameful New York Agreement, which was negotiated behind the backs of the people, and which subjects our country to the needs of continental subimperialism...
...2. Bolivian Minerab and Natural Gas The works on the Parana River and the development of the Brazilian Merchant Marine are two of the three basic components in the geopolitical plans of Goulbery Couto e Silva...
...In 1973 commercial relations between Brazil and the Soviet Union rose to higher levels, and formal consideration was given to Soviet financing for the construction of the ltaipu dam which will cost more than 1.2 billion dollars...
...Antonio Delfim Neto...
...Angered by the offensive of the Tupamaros, who had observed a threemonth truce at the request of the Broad Front, the new president chose to rely upon the Army to stop it...
...3) To reestablish the purchasing power of salaries and wages and to freeze the unbearable rise in the cost of living...
...The Bolivian opposition as a whole has stated that "the previously denounced development of a WashingtonBrasila axis to further the Interests of domination in Latin America, and the imposition of a totalitarian government in Chile, opens the field for the intrigues and initiative of the war-mongers...
...8 0 The second "state of exThe MLN developed in reaction to the rigid economic and ception" was decreed as a result of a prolonged strike by police measures of the Pacheco government...
...In my opinion, the proper goal of our Revolution is incompatible with such a possibility...
...As soon as this is secured, Brazil will have assured an abundant supply of energy for Sao Paulo, its major industrial center...
...the capture of weapons from a Navy training center on May 29, 1910...
...The diplomatic offensive launched by the then Foreign Minister Gibson Barboza, and supported by some sectors of Itamarity during the months of November and December 1972, allowed Brasilia to define several still vague situations...
...Fifty per cent had been taken over by U.S., European and Japanese firms...
...Such is the nature of the planned border development program which could seriously contribute to the disintegration of our national unity and sovereignty...
...THE STRUGGLE OF TENDENCIES Argentine foreign policy (1966-1974) Brazil's constant growth since 1967 has created considerable commotion among South American nations...
...Brazil is interested in building the Santa Cruz Cochabamba section which will allow for the union of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, linking Santos ( Brazil) to Arica (Chile...
...53 New York Times...
...We are bandaged at birth by Johnson & Johnson...
...The principal buyers of Brazilian manufactured goods are members of LAFTA (33 per cent), particularly Argentina and Mexico...
...95 Oiga (Lima...
...the empire of force...
...foreign investment and military intervention...
...Clearly, left intact were the basic problems of Brazilian society: illiteracy, regional disparities, lack of communication networks, etc...
...It prohibited the use of the word "Tupamaro" in newspapers, over the radio or in books...
...This will depend on the shifts in Brazil's relations with Argentina and Peru, carried out either directly or indirectly through Chile and Bolivia, and on Argentina's success in neutralizing Brazil's influence in Paraguay and Uruguay...
...and with Peru, for agricultural development...
...The intention of the groups taking both types of positions is to eventually build a working-class based socialist movement strong enough to wrest control of the state out of the hands of the military...
...The third is the control over Bolivian minerals (particularly iron) and natural gas...
...One of the greatest points of controversy about the government is the structure and role which the generals are creating for the state...
...Two months earlier, on a visit to Brazil, the Portuguese Colonel Hernes de Araujo had defended the immediate creation of an alliance between Brazil, Portugal and South Africa for the defense of the South Atlantic...
...This nationalism does not presuppose an alliance of national sectors...
...Finally, political opposition forces won a symbolic victory in the congressional elections held in November 1974...
...The emergence of a Peruvian tendency in the Army of this country would have provoked the North American companies EFE (Tegucigalpa...
...He was succeeded by Army Minister, Malfhal Costa e Silva, who died in 1969, followed by Marshal Emilio Garrastazu Medidi, whose term ended in March, 1974, 47 Joretal do Brasil ( Rio de Janeiro), January 13,1973...
...There are 15,000 kilometers of navigation routes in this region which is inhabited by 80 million people (that is, 66.7 percent of the total population of the five countries that make it up: Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay...
...Referring to the need for an organization like NATO for the South Atlantic, the officer indicated that "the West is unaware of the dangers which the South Atlantic is undergoing, because it is only concerned with the defense of the North Atlantic...
...The anti-imperialist character of these acts has been enhanced by Peru's leadership in normalizing economic and political relations with Cuba and Cuba's expressed sympathy with the Peruvian revolution...
...43 Of the thirty investment banks operating in Brazil in 1971, ten of the 18 largest were directly controlled by international capital...
...1973...
...Rather, it resembles a form of nationalism that emerged in the Third World with the encouragement of multi-national corporations...
...The CNS dissolved the labor organization, forced workers out of the factories and jailed trade union leaders...
...In three years (1971-73) the nationalist government of Bolivia, the Uruguayan democracy and the popular government of Chile, were buried by the offensive of the Washington-Brazilian axis...
...a Trans-Amazonic highway, the basis of support for the "March toward the West," etc...
...With the outbreak of hostilities (March 1, 1879), Peru applied a principle of solidarity with Bolivia in virtue of a secret treaty and, on April 5, declared war on Chile...
...The idea of creating federations such as those advocated by Portugal, Brazil and South Africa is not totally new in the region...
...To clearly understand the Bolivian situation, the growing social unrest inside Bolivia must be considered...
...This Council would have consisted of individuals selected by General Banzer himself, to replace the legislative branch which should have emerged from the previously announced 1975 general elections...
...6 3 Similarly, the tariff increases of up to 1000 per cent at the ports of Arica and Antofagasta, in the opinion of the pro-Banzer press, "constitute evidence of Chilean aggression toward Bolivia...
...According to Goulbery, Brazil carries out an important role in the defense of the West and must through its own efforts acquire the ap- propriate elements to execute this mission...
...It also contains the largest potentially exploitable iron deposits in the world, rich land for agriculture and cattle, oil deposits, coal and a wide range of minerals including uranium, torium and vanorium...
...6. For this reason, Brazil must ensure its own access to the Pacific (through Arica in Chile, or Guayaquil, Ecuador) and develop a war fleet capable of protecting the Southern Atlantic and the Antarctic region...
...On the contrary, the indigenous origin of the miners and peasants leads one to believe that social unrest will increase as the native peoples become more conscious of their own power...
...However, the modifications proposed to alleviate the crisis arise from the very model of economic dependency that Brazil has followed since 1964 and would reinforce in moderate form the validity of some of the assumptions upon which the two earlier periods were based...
...These are based on its far-reaching geopolitical interests and on strategic considerations...
...It is evident that, before the war, there was a divorce between military and political strategy...
...However, with respect to liquid assets, foreign firms (38 per cent) surpassed both the national firms (36 per cent) and the state firms (26 per cent...
...8 4 The executive branch's offensive even penetrated public educational policy, affecting the secondary and technical school systems...
...The Justicialist government will give maximum support to this program and will submit to the countries of the Cartagena Agreement adequate means to strengthen their ties to Argentina...
...Venezuela will adopt the Caldera government's policy of continental solidarity in the defense of raw materials...
...Updated data on LAFTA...
...The presence of the head of the Chilean Military Junta on territory that previously belonged to Peru and Bolivia intensified the polemic around these issues...
...Finally, another development illustrates the error of many a priori judgements of the new government's political direction: the regimes in Brazil and Chile had high hopes of seeing eye to eye with the Andres Perez administration in many areas...
...There, the Treaty of Ancon was signed in 1883, putting an end to the conflict...
...Associated Press (Buenos Aires), March 15, 1974...
...The first Brazilian measures taken against Bolivia and Paraguay also date back to that year...
...The second major way is the revolutionary legislation concerning the labor communities which, as I have already indicated, seeks to convert the traditional capitalist enterprise into a comanagement enterprise...
...As long as Brasilia maintains its own tactical autonomy, it plays its own game, draws up its own plans and establishes its own objectives...
...Forty years of institutional life had deeply affected the character and habits of the military...
...This type of nationalism, together with the vision of a "Big Brazil" which so dazzles the military, forges the appearance of Itamarity's**"independence" in relation to the United States...
...The shift in attitude toward Uruguay brought about two significant developments: a Treaty of Limits on the River Plate and a new impetus toward forming a joint project to construct the Salto Grande dam on the Uruguay River...
...Meanwhile, the 1966 growth rate of 5 per cent rose to 9 per cent in 1971, creating appropriate conditions for "take-off...
...Banzer was forced to raise the question of a corridor to the sea as a national goal because all the important forces in the country supported it...
...Presidents Ernesto Geisel of Brazil and Alfredo Stroessner of Paraguay signed the document which puts the joint corporation of Ilaipu into operation...
...The region contains the largest potential water resources in the entire world, and justifies the massive nature of projects such as Itaipu, Acaray and Iguazu, whose hydroelectric capacity surpasses 33 million kilowatt hours...
...Car los Quiiano...
...A regime which had no future and saw a potential guerrilla fighter in every young person, could only perpetuate itself through the abuse and degradation of human rights...
...This debate raises an important political question...
...3) The high command of the Armed Forces decided to indefinitely suspend any elections and to postpone the creation of an "Advisory Council...
...The hardening of positions within the military resulted in an adjustment in the plan put forth in February 1973 and revised after the coup in June...
...The possibility of an agreement at this level, however, was postponed by Peron's presence in the Presidential Palace...
...One analysis, shaped by the theory of dependency,l developed in the early 1960's to counteract two prevailing trends of thought...
...Victors on lend and sea, the Chileans occupied Lima for three years and withdrew only after obtaining the Treaty of Ancon (1883) which annexed the Peruvian provinces of Tarapaca and Antofaaasta to Chile and took away Bolivia's access to the sea...
...La Paz, April 20...
...The creation of binational companies as a means of stabilizing the economic relations between Latin American countries played an important part in this strategy...
...In a limited local war in Latin America, military actions develop with the likelihood that the United States or the Organization of American States (through the Foreign Ministers advisory meetings) would 'soon limit the development of hostilities, by either bringing them to a halt or slowing them down...
...According to the declaration, Banzer's maneuvers will result in reliquishing control over the iron deposits and exhausting the natural gas reserves, both of which would benefit Brazilian expansionism, and "would again threaten Bolivia with the loss of parts of its territory...
...More often than not these forays take the form of joint ventures, thus binding other governments to Brazil's economic objectives...
...development of a national war industry...
...Brazil was suspicious of Lanusse's policy toward the countries in the region...
...Learned historians express what is a more or less generalized feeling that could have concrete repercussions before the 100th anniversary of the War of the Pacific in 1979...
...To face this problem we must absorb more capital from the international markets...
...This latter question is particularly important today as the formation of cartels among underdeveloped countries (i.e...
...From this point of view, the Bulhoes-Campos plan was a dramatic success...
...8. On May 17...
...A major question is what types of political organizations can the generals construct which will assure the full participation of the Peruvian people in their government...
...Bordaberry used his power in an even more brutal and direct way than did Pacheco Areco...
...A Uruguayan Argentine dam project on the Uruguay River 13 Latin (wireservice), Asuncion, April 13, 1974 14 On that occasion, notes ratifying the agreement for the construction of the ltaipu dam were exchanged, which brought about an Argentine complaint and a disagreement between the two Foreign Relations Ministries resulted 15 La Nacion (Santiago, Chite), September 3, 1973 16 On April 9, 1974...
...In other words, to what extent does a vertical collapse of the Brazilian economy imply a failure of its economic model, and by extension, call for a reestablishment of prior economic and political forms...
...At the same time it expresses the government's concern with the Itaipu project...
...Among other things the project included the construction of a hydroelectric dam at Paso Centurion on the Yaguaron River, the installation of a fertilizer plant and a cement factory to exploit the large limestone deposits in the province of Treinta y Tres, and "a development study of a stretch of 62,250 square kilometers, of which 29,250 are in Uruguayan territory...
...Our teeth are kept clean by Colgate toothpaste and Tek brushes...
...NY 10027...
...It is easy to see why Banzer proposed the establishment of a government of "national unity...
...The incident provided the Banzer regime with one of its most serious challenges.14 peasants...
...2) At the end of a clumsily rigged meeting, several civil servants and citizens, totally lacking authority to represent the public, responded by agreeing, "in the name of the people" (who are deprived of liberty and devastated by hunger), to call for "a social and political truce to last throughout this entire historical period," which would be clearly beneficial to the dictatorship...
...To many, imperialism is understood to be merely the military and economic expansion of the United States in the Third World...
...The Argentine President synthesized Justicialist thinking on the subject, stating that: -Integration must be the work of our countries, without foreign intervention of any kind, to create the most favorable conditions for the utilization of technical progress and economic growth through a broad, border- free market, and to avoid divisions wiich could be taken advantage of . . . -We seek integration which guarantees autonomy and does not create satellites...
...18 Report bythe EconomicCommissionfor LatinAmerica (CEPAL), 1971 19 Research Instituteof the Ibero American Merchant Marine, Argentina, 1972 20 Ibid...
...In a recently published document, "The Ideological Basis of the Peruvian Revolution," the military says that its purpose is to end our condition of being an under-developed capitalist, oligarchical society subject to the interests of imperialism, in order to construct a social democracy in which all Peruvians can find fulfillment through full participation in the exercise of social power in a truly sovereign national community...
...Marcio Moreira Aivez, Un grano de mostaza: El despertar de lI revolucion brasilena (La Habana Editorial Casa oe las Americas, 1972), 96...
...It will not be able to maintain the present government nor the economic structure which uses this government as an escape valve for unemployment, nor the false and demagogic pension system, nor a one-product economy subject to the whim of international prices, which produces depopulation and underutilization of the land and which cannot be substituted by another system where the expropriation of a few only benefits a few more...
...Control of the rich iron deposits of Mutun, exploitation of the natural gas fields and Bolivia's long-time desire for a corridor to the sea, have caused both internal and external conflicts in the region...
...Recently, the possibility of creating a "Portuguese-African-Brazilian" community was taken into consideration with the support of the United States, England and France...
...In only the first two months of 1974, Paraguay exported $10,514,000 worth of goods, of which $2,199,000 worth went to Argentina...
...Consequently Argentina moderated its stance in the area, a tendency which became accentuated with the approach of the 1973 presidential elections...
...For more information, see "Bolivia: The War Goes On," NACLA's Lath America and Empire Report, Vol...
...the working class and middle sectors of the population...
...These plans are being carried out at the expense of our patrimony and sovereignty...
...Santiago and Brasilia were represented at Perez's inauguration by functionaries of little or no political importance...
...Not only do the corporativist organizations seem unable to function democratically, but also opposition to these structures seems to be growing...
...Originally, Asuncion chose Plan Number 2 which would prevent the flooding of part of Yacireta island, while Buenos Aires preferred Plan B-2, which represented $60 million savings...
...Instead, most of the opposition has come from the petit-bourgeoisie, the small businessmen and landowners who see their hard-earned middle class status threatened by the reforms...
...Control over these territories is to be carried out through a combination of economic, political and military measures, without excluding "peaceful occupation...
...In this case, however, it is not seen as a conflict over demands for wealth or territory, but rather as a political dispute between a nationalistic Peru and a fascist axis formed by Chile and Brazil.26 Outside of hypotheses and conjecture, the only certainty is that in March 1974 the mutual accusations of stockpiling arms between the Chileans and the Peruvians appeared to create an extremely delicate situation...
...The example of Chile most clearly demonstrates these trends...
...Eager to rival Brazil's diplomatic leverage, Argentina signed the Act of Salta and established close ties with the countries of the Andean Group...
...Energia a vontade...
...As the Brazilian Minister of Finance, Raul Simonsen, has ad- mitted: We have a practical problem which didn't exist before: the rise in oil prices...
...b) in response its neighbors are mounting a diabolical leftist plot to encircle the western and Christian country of Brazil...
...11 Should Spinola's project, the Federation of the colonies with Portugal, go into effect, the zone would undergo important changes, one of which would be South Africa's realization of its old dream: that of "creating a white belt between its own territory and the more powerful black nations of Zambia, Zaire and Tanzania...
...The triple pressure (diplomatic, economic and military) which the government of Brazil exerts on the Paraguayan government explains Itamarity's diplomatic successes in connection with water usage...
...The estimated cost of $3 million was reduced to $1,200,000 after experts agreed to choose Itaipu as the appropriate place to begin the construction of the plant this year...
...WE DENOUNCE: 1) That the Brazilian government has begun to implement its expansionist plans...
...Source...
...These objectives were difficult to achieve in the context of a decrease in the volume of world trade and Brazil's own difficulties in widening commercial ties with other countries of the Third World and the socialist camp...
...Bolivia lost the rubber-rich Acre Territory in a war with Brazil...
...At the beginning of 1972, the Argentine Merchant Marine had 191 units, the majority of which were used in coastal traffic...
...17, Art...
...The Tupamaro manifesto demanded immediate wage hikes to "guarantee a decent standard of living, thereby putting an end to the emigration of workers...
...With respect to the20 uranium, technicians from the International Atomic Energy Agency of France, which provided Uruguay with technical assistance, wrote up a favorable report, pointing out that "the abundance of potential mineral deposits and the encouraging reports of uranium in Paso de las Piedras, suggest the need for a more complete and ambitious prospecting project for nuclear raw materials...
...On the contrary, the recent declaration of two former Bolivian presidents57 and the categoric declarations of the Bolivian Federation of Miners and other labor organizations, 5 8 suggest that the regime of Hugo Banzer will soon face serious problems...
...Ibid...
...that trade union laws be respected...
...The Miners' Federation, the most combative labor organization in Bolivia, recently demanded "greater respect for the union organizations in the country and the legalization of the (currently) outlawed Bolivian Workers' Federation (COB...
...and "Dependency and Foreign Domination in the Third World," URPE Review of Radical Political Economics, IV, No...
...The government of Jorge Pacheco Areco 7 5 followed two distinct policies: harsh repression of the labor movement and the popular movement, and the freezing of prices and wages...
...Two years later, the fall of Salvador Allende's government in Chile, 4 the coup d'etat in Uruguay, the signing of agreements with Paraguay for the construction of the Itaipu dam (ratified in April, 1974) and the negotiated sale of natural gas with Bolivia (signed on May 25, 1974 in Cochabamba) 5 left Brazil within reach of its basic objectives in the region...
...Important sectors of the Latin American left have strategically integrated Che's call to "create two, three many Vietnams" in the definition of their strategy and tactic to defeat the Latin American and U.S...
...6 2 But there is an important difference between them...
...The OPEC and Andean Group, on the other hand, sent their respective Secretary Generals and the revolutionary government of Peru sent two Cabinet members...
...legislation on direct arm sales not only did not cause a decrease in sales, but rather contributed to an increase in sales, through European instead of U.S...
...Many of these projects have been carried out or are in the process of being executed...
...Brazil is the only South Americannation which has taken advantage of the benefits from these LAFTA agreements...
...Latin (La Paz), April 12, 1974...
...However, a well-routed and coordinated uprising stretching across national borders weakens the enemy's possibilities of concentrating its forces against a single target...
...23 S. If the long term goal to which we aspire is to complete the transference of all the dimensions of power to the autonomous organization of the base which Peruvians create in order to found a social democracy of total participation, how could we carry out such an ambitious and still distant proposition by means of the power structure of a party which inevitably would be oriented toward the benefit of a small number of leaders...
...What's more, according to official estimates, few Uruguayan workers would be employed...
...Yet they already show signs of disenchantment...
...The report goes on to say that after various transfers, mergers and purchases, the Argentine Maritime Line was created in 1961, reaching its top capacity of 1.2 million tons (TRB-gross registered tonnage) in that year...
...For the moment, however, resolution of the matter in these terms does not seem possible...
...78 Among the most spectacular actions by MLN comandos are the following: a lightning occupation on October 8, 1969 of the city of Pando located 45S kilometers from Montevideo and with a population of approximately 20,000, the multimillion dollar robber y of a casino...
...One approach differed with dependency theorists in the analysis made of capitalist development in Latin America following World War II...
...GEOPOLITICS AND REVOLUTION The foreseen economic recession in the developed capitalist countries-expectid in 1974-75 and resulting from the energy and monetary crisis-has begun to manifest itself in some peripheral countries whose economies revolve around that of the dominant centers...
...3 The first effect of Brazilian influence on the continent was the policy of so-called ideological frontiers and that policy's influence in Uruguay, which had been the refuge of some prominent opponents of the military dictatorship in Brazil...
...This reality sets off a complicated set of contradictions from which two conclusions can easily be drawn: 1) once the model preferred by U.S...
...General Golbcry de Couto e Silva left his position as head of the national in telligence service (the Brazilian branch office Of the CIA) to become president of Dow Chemical of Brazil...
...A network of infrastructural works of this magnitude serves Brazil's desire for national integration and places the Amazon nation close to iron and gas deposits,and the dams over the Parana River, and only eight hours from Montevideo's port...
...ELMA is the only company which maintains world-wide traffic, while CIAMAR services the Baltic, Gotaas Larsen carries grain to the United States and CANISA unites Buenos Aires with the Far East...
...Panorama ( Buenos Aires), August 31, 1971...
...One example of both a political and organizational attempt at integrating this strategic conception has been the formation of the Revolutionary Coordinating Council of the southern cone (Junta de Coordinacion Revolucionaria) composed of the Chilean MIR (Movement of the Revolutionary Left), the Bolivian ELN-PRT (National Liberation ArmyRevolutionary Workers' Party), the ERP-PRT (People's Revolutionary Army-Revolutionary Workers' Party) of Argentina and the MLN-Tupamaros (National Liberation Movement) of Uruguay...
...44 English edition...
...From this basic design, an endless number of complementary programs emerge: -national integration, uniting the Amazon region, the Northeast and the South of Brazil with the industrial center...
...In 1971, the results were even more spectacular and many banks earned profits of over 100 per cent...
...The Socialist Party and the Anarchist Federation were among the outlawed.groups...
...The political forces opposed to the regime reminded Colonel Banzer of "the traditional Bolivian international policy of not recognizing any conquests which usurp the territory or rights of other countries...
...Under these circumstances, "the majority of military chiefs who commanded the armies from the time of independence until the middle of the 19th century, were not professionally prepared in the art and science of military strategy...
...The Movimiento Laboral Revolucionario (MLR) is a labor confederation which was first formed in the fishing industry...
...7.50 per yr...
...editorials of the weekly Marcha...
...WE CALL ON: All the democratic and popular organizations, workers and peasant unions, students, professionals, artisans, teachers, progressive church people, patriotic military forces not tied to the dictatorship, small industrialists and merchants, and all our men and women, to struggle in unity and despite all sacrifice: 1) To prevent the institutionalization of the dictatorship...
...In practice, Brazil's autonomy, maintained by international capital which controls the basic sectors of the national economy, allows this Amazon nation to'act as an aggressive power, in certain instances "outside the control"of the United States...
...25 per yearr for profit-making and government organization (548 or two years...
...The miners go on to say, "now they are trying to broaden the counteroffensive in order to smash the process of revolutionary nationalism in Peru and Argentina, and they are using the Bolivian maritime question as a starting point in these efforts...
...However, the generally optimistic calculations of the World Bank indicate that between 1974 and 1980, the growth rate of the export volume of developing coun tries will diminish and the terms of trade of the non petroleum producing developing nations will deteriorate, perhaps reaching the level of the late 1960's...
...The objective sought by Brazil is clear: Whoever controls the energy of the River Plate Basin could dominate the subregion and emerge as a great power throughout the entire hemisphere...
...It proposed the establishment of an authoritarian and efficient regime amenable to Brazil and the United States...
...They went on to nationalize the haciendas of W. R. Grace and Company, the mines of Cerro Corporation and other businesses owned by North Americans...
...As a Marxist-Leninist concept, however, imperialism denotes the expression of capitalism at its highest stage of development...
...533 of the Informatlvo ALALC (Santiago de Chile), Apr it 24...
...Today, the developments in working class militancy in one country have always been followed closely by bourgeoiesies through the area...
...For the United States, the democratic/republican form of government not only proved incapable of containing the advances of popular movements (Bolivia, Chile, Uruguay, are eloquent examples), but also was an obstacle to the easy penetration of U.S...
...a dos I intlas quo dl a Colpa do forneclmento do nmargis iquelas qu optam polo Par...
...2 (March 1975...
...CELPA will do the work...
...What are the effects of these commercial agreements...
...As not every political organization is a party, it could itself find a way of structuring a political organization of a non-party nature...
...imperialism were weakened...
...The intensity of the drive to purchase arms in South America-which motivates journalistic commentary and a rapid gathering of documents and official data in order to assess the present balance of power among Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Peru-seems to have historical roots and contemporary explanations which add to the tension in the area composed of these four countries...
...ITT, for example, used the compensation it received for the decrepit telephone system to build a modern, luxury hotel for tourists in the center of Lima...
...To better evaluate the real impact of these internal and international developments more systematic study is needed on the conditions in Brazil as well as its relations to other Latin American countries...
...Shortly after this, miners at the large tin mines of Siglo XX and Catavi walked out in a 48-hour strike in solidarity with the peasants...
...Outside Latin America, the United States and Europe are the most important buyers of Brazilian industrial goods...
...Nevertheless, the Treaty of Limits on the River Plate was successfully signed between Uruguay and Argentina and work began on the joint project of the Salto Grande dam...
...Seen from a twenty-year perspective, the geopolitics of General Couto e Silva retains its original structure: the concept that Brazil has a historic mission to fulfill-its "manifest destiny"-and that this mission is intimately linked to the future of the West and of the United States...
...cited declaration...
...The elections of November 28, 1971 were the culmination of the government's authoritarian policy...
...and Brazilian capital...
...In addition to Brazil's economic growth, these projects give the country a constant advantage over its Latin American neighbors...
...The resulting struggle for capital accumulation can therefore counteract the possibility of smooth coordination among the nation states...
...It Citing its anti inflationary policies (approved by the IMF), the government remained indifferent to the failure of hundreds of obsolete or over extended in dustries, or to their purchase by international firms at ridiculously low prices...
...Fifteen thousand of these were stored in Argentina awaiting market openings...
...This possibility makes them fear that in the future the Peruvian revolution may not be so attractive an alternative to the Brazilian regime as is now hoped...
...The two analyses offer very different perspectives of bourgeois politics in Latin America...
...The statement called for "the fall of the dictatorship and its substitution by a provisional government which represents the patriotic forces, both democratic and popular, civilian and military, and which will guarantee the immediate implementation of this program...
...Their positions range from presenting critical support, mostly to counter-balance right-wing forces both in and outside the government, to active opposition...
...and 20 per cent between 40 100 US dollars...
...In Africa, for example, Brazilian diplomacy has attempted to establish an axis with Portugal and South Africa outside (but not in contradiction to) the directives of U.S...
...Import sectors of the Latin American left have recognized the need for a regional strategy to counteract both regional coordination on the part of Latin American bourgeoisies and the regional strategy of U.S...
...The hypothesis of a military conflict in the zone, in the midst of the Southern Cone, is an eventuality which most experts in the affairs of the region have remarked upon...
...VIII, No...
...They also agreed that ". . . water resources would always be used constructively and reasonably...
...The process of Brazilian intervention in Latin America has increased since 1967-68, considered the "take-off" year for the Brazilian economy...
...The document was signed on Brazilian territory in the Hotel Cataratas...
...Some of these ships are already in operation or are in various stages of construction...
...Hector Campora, No...
...The results of this offensive can be seen in the text of the Bilateral Agreement signed in Cochabamba (Bolivia) by Banzer and Geisel...
...Integral to this plan was an acceleration in the "peaceful penetration"47 of Brazilian colonos (small-holding colonists into the areas around the Acre River, Xapuri and Abuna (in the Bolivian northeast), to consolidate a territorial incursion which began "sixty years ago...
...He has done this to generate support for the hasty and unconditional reestablishment of diplomatic relations with the Chilean military junta, whose president offended our national dignity when he put forth the insolent thesis of Bolivia's historic lack of viability, that it should be divided up more appropriately among its neighbors...
...Through fraudulent returns the officialist candidate, Juan Maria Bordaberry, an unimaginative and mediocre conservative politician,5 defeated Wilson Ferreira Aldunate, the candidate of the National Party...
...1971...
...It ties these changes to internal developments and describes in detail the impact of Brazil's offensive on the internal affairs in Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia, and on Argentine foreign policy...
...capital brought in since the coup...
...Since 1964 the execution and development of the works on the Parana River have been a major preoccupation for the officers who graduate from the so-called "Sorbonne da Praia Vermelha...
...Ruben Sanchez Valdivia...
...NACLA-East24 Peru: An Alternative to Brazil...
...After 1955, the cargo of state companies transported in Argentine ships fell into the hands of foreign shipping...
...With this strategy, according to the author of the article, it would be necessary .. to obtain and maintain, before, during and after the conflict, the support of the big powers, particularly one of them, in order to neutralize the other/others, in the case that it might intervene in favor of the adversary by sup- plying arms and equipment or by trying to stop the conflict before the protagonist has reached its main objectives...
...Between the two World Wars the ties which bound Latin American countries to British and U.S...
...The Bolivian people know that our rights will be reestablished through non-violent action...
...And nevertheless, this is what has been happening in Peru for the past five years...
...After several years of statistical growth...
...To effect this mission, the Brazilian War College has elaborated a multitude of military programs, following the lines drawn by Golbery in his work, Geopoltical Aspects of Brazil: -the construction of the Transamazonic Highway, one of whose branches (Manaos) ties Brazil with Caracas and with the Ecuadorian port of San Lorenzo by road and railway...
...These are military constructions which permit the Brazilian Armed Forces to occupy, within hours, strategic points in countries as distant as Venezuela and Paraguay, Ecuador and Uruguay, Bolivia and Chile...
...In Latin America, the rumored opening to the Pacific through Bolivia has sharpened the hostility with Peru...
...From this position, Brazil plans to remove potential Argentine competition along the South American coast and to extend its area of influence to the Antarctic region...
...We eat out of North American and Canadian made cans packed by Armour, Swift and Wilson...
...The dependent model requires two basic elements for its survival: a heavy hand against internal opposition and the maintenance at any cost of the present rate of exports...
...The War College theoretician understands that while the role of Brazil in the Southern Atlantic and in the sub-continent is an extension of U.S...
...While Goulbery has been a student of geopolitics and a careful planner of its implementation, Pinochet is only an enthusiast who blunders every time that he tries to recreate a "glorious historical moment" such as that of 1879...
...In an interview with Oiga (October 5, 1973) Carlos Delgado, one of the regime's major ideologues, summarized how these legal reforms are intended to complement each other in creating a new socialized economic and political system: . . in this revolutionary process we are presented with three major ways of achieving, as a convergent result, the removal of the traditional base of the Peruvian economy and to create in its place an economy which is neither capitalistic nor communistic...
...The actions bank employees followed by a four month mass led by the MLN became increasingly important, 7 8 causing mobilization of packinghouse workers and a mobilization continuous political tensions in the country...
...expansionism through the aegis of another country such as Iran or Brazil...
...Although the Brazilian8 0 Pard nao discrimina...
...The first consequence of this situation (which has prevailed since 1965) has been that, "almost a third of the populationparticularly those between the ages of 15-20 and 35-40-have had to emigrate due to the lack of jobs...
...Nevertheless, on July 14, 1971, the General Assembly lifted the security measures by a vote of 113 to 77...
...26 Banner was on the verge of meeting the same fate as Juan Jose Torres...
...On the basis of these assumptions, Brazil can support or refuse to support different aspects of U.S...
...These companies would be similar to those suggested by Mexico and Venezuela, and to those set up by Brazil with Peru for the exploitation of copper, and with Ecuador for the installation of an Ecuadorian petroleum industry...
...Bowing to the pressure of the opposition and an important sector of the army, Banzer had to condition any renewal of relations with Chile on the question of access to the sea, thereby disregarding Brazil's position on this matter...
...Most Latin American countries experienced such growth although it was more pronounced in those countries which had reached a higher degree of industrial development during the period of import-substitution, such as Argentina and Brazil...
...Goulbery headed the Brazilian national intelligence service and...
...The Banco Mercantil was owned by Jorge Peirano Facio...
...New forms of integration into the world capitalist system and new forms of dependency, such as technological agreements and multilateral and bilateral loans, supplemented or substituted the traditional patterns of domination, such as direct in- vestment or tied trade...
...In early February 1974 peasants protesting a doubling in the costs of basic -necessities blocked the major roads leading out of Santa Cruz and Cochabamba...
...it is enough to manage a relative and circumstantial superiority, given the right time and place...
...Rather than democratize the government, the corporativist organizations could be used to repress class solidarity and limit popular control over the government...
...Between 1968 of workers and employees of the State Electrical and and 1969 the hard-headed, authoritarian and Telephone company (UTE...
...The first of the above-mentioned projects (Itaipu), originally to be built a few kilometers south of Saltos del Guaira (Sete Quedas) in a place called Santa Maria, could produce up to 12 million kilowatts by 1981...
...This lack of unity was reflected in the imprecise nature of the charges leveled by Banzer and his closest collaborators against the rebellious * For further information, see "Bolivia: Brazil's Geopolitical Prisoner...
...He is conscious of the level of disunity within the military and of the peasants' and workers' growing resistance to the dictatorship...
...the Montevideo-Porto Alegre (southern Brazil) route, etc...
...ports (U.S...
...But they are contradictory with the calling of general elections and the restoration of democratic rights, guarantees and liberties...
...Critics of the government have charged that rather than reduce U.S...
...It is clearly in the interests of the bourgeoisies in the various Latin American countries to act in coordination to stem worker militancy in any one of these countries...
...The government has created comunidades (labor communities that include both administrators and wage laborers) in mining, fishing and industry...
...An important sector of the Portuguese bourgeoisie, and of the armed forces, saw the impossibility of forcefully containing the revolutionary movements in Guinea-Bissau, Angola and Mozambique, and leaned toward a neo-colonialist solution...
...Although this plan is more than 20 years old, it was put into effect only recently in 1972...
...Their interests seem to be represented by the once radical, but increasingly conservative, APRA party...
...imperialism...
...Panorama...
...His anger was even greater when he learned of the terms of the Act of Salta...
...In effect, the economy continues to depend on external factors for its development...
...The author of this special article refers to the political significance and the virtues and defects of "lightning" wars...
...1974...
...We dress in synthetic clothes produced by French, British or North American firms...
...Pending further study and clarification of its theoretical basis, its usage in describing concrete conditions demands clear definition...
...The first of these, imposed by the theoreticians of the War Academy, corresponds to the political conception dominant among Brazilian military and technocratic circles...
...Ho Chi Minh Last Testament, May 10, 1969 MACLAS LATIN AMErCA A EMPIE EmPORT Vol...
...The 50,000 member Brazilian Bar Association issued a ten-point memorandum urging the military dictatorship to grant basic democratic and human freedoms to the people...
...However, this occurred simultaneously with the rise of Velasco Alvarado in Peru (1968) and of Alfredo Ovando Candia in Bolivia (1969...
...The projects would require above all a large input of highly skilled labor...
...When Geisel makes reference to the policy of stability and security, he is only duplicating the intransigent policy of his predecessors, 4 6 dissipating all illusions of a lessening in censorship or police repression...
...The "good will" policy which the Brazilian Foreign Minister suggested fits in with-the change in direction of Portuguese policy...
...Initially, the suspension of rights was prompted Workers Parties (Socialist and Communist...
...Stressing the reasons why the Miners' Federation boycotted the Cochabamba Conference, the workers implied that Bolivia could be drawn into a military conflict "provoked by the merchants of death who are (only) interested in the sale of arms...
...They also demanded reemployment and job protection, and repeal of the decrees which had dissolved political parties, trade unions and student organizations...
...Under this definition of imperialism, subimperialism would denote a subsidiary expression of U.S...
...oept May-June and July-Aauist when it is pubilhd bi-monthly, at 160 Claremont ve, New York...
...7 1 Uruguay Although Uruguay is radically different from Bolivia, it shares Bolivia's position as a strategic enclave (as an outlet to the River Plate...
...On the other hand, all the political requirements of a revolution such as our own can be satisfied without the necessity of a party...
...prisoners under acrest by Uruguayan Pol i,i( in Montev.ideo, . It is prisoners like these who are "turned over to be tortured in the jails., deans of the University of Montevideo were removed after having been jailed for months on charges of subversion and condoning Marxist penetration of the institution...
...was founded in 1949 by General Cordeira de Farias...
...infrastructural development...
...29 per cent earn between 20 40 US dollars...
...74 President Pacheco Areco decreed the closure of the newspaper Epoca and the socialist weekly El Sol, and the dissolution of various political organizations...
...1974...
...Interview with the President elect of Argentina...
...7. In 1972 Paraguay sold S2 million worth of goods to Brazil and bought 51.4 million worth of goods from Brazil 8. The Brazilian magazine Veja attacked, in detail, the intensity and meaning of this "peaceful penetration " 9 Brazil's position is based on defining the rivers in two basic ways ) those ivers whose waters run continuously through the territories of more than one nation (the Parana River for example, which springs up in Brazil and, after covering a large part of its territory, serves as a Brazilian Paraguayan and Brazilian ,rgentine border, later entering into Argentina), and 2) those rivers shared by more than one nation (some parts Of the Parana are also included in this definition...
...Para maiores informaoes, recorte S enwe o cupio abaixo: A CELPA Av...
...In the original program of Goulbery Couto e Silva, this assumption is systematically put forward...
...imperialism following World War II...
...To begin with, the political instability of Uruguay, a chronic phenomenon since the banking crisis of 1965, has been a cause of permanent concern for Brazil, to the point where the latter drew up such detailed programs for military intervention as Operation Thirty Hours, 7 2 and carried out combined maneuvers on the Uruguayan border 7 3 known as Operation Green Poncho during the months preceding the Uruguayan elections of 1971...
...Banzer sent in the Seventh Division (based in Cochabamba) backed up with armored regiments from Oruro and La Paz...
...This land holds the only Uruguayan iron deposits, the unexplored black sands of Rocha and possible uranium deposits...
...known as the "betrayal...
...the Minister of Corn merce and the Chancellor ih the Pacheco Areco government 82...
...These former Bolivian leaders believe that the Brazilian government entertains, to the detriment of Bolivia, "expansionist aims that serve its own interests, within the framework of a hemispheric policy determined to consolidate and advance a regime of dependency and fascism throughout the southern cone of the continent...
...3) the expanded markets (regional or continental) do not enhance the exporting and purchasing capacity of the associated countries (as demonstrated by LAFTA), and 4) they increase the economic and financial maladjustments of the partner countries, by requiring that a considerable part ol the work be financed in Brazilian currency (cruceiro...
...57 Press conference by Juan Jose Torres and Hernan Siles Suazo, Buenos Aires, April 18, )974...
...That is, 3,000 million dollars more than in 1973...
...The combination of these projects places Brazil in an exceptionally good position to impose its leadership along the continental coasts of both Africa and South America...
...According to experts of the War College, the Brazilian Northwest is particularly vulnerable to a leftist uprising...
...6 7 At the same time, the peasants have placed the government in the difficult position of either rectifying its economic policies or totally liquidating the Military-Peasant alliance that has been operative since 1964...
...The energy resources which Brazil hopes to obtain in both these o erations, along with the beginning of the f; Itaipu dam.2 will allow a speedy development of the industrial triangle, Rio-Sao Paulo-Belo Horiwnte, the central pivot oY the national integration policy around which Brazil plans to influence the area...
...The magnitude of the crisis in Brazil (a preview of the extent of the world economic crisis) becomes especially significant considering that Brazil, through a series of agreements (eight in all), is taking almost complete control of an important part of the existing energy reserves in Latin America...
...The fall of the Torres government in Bolivia and the establishment of a right-wing regime, openly supported by Brazil, dealt a severe blow to Argentina's influence...
...These two ob* General Juan Jose Torres, a progressive nationalist military leader, came to power in 1970...
...In Uruguay, the officialist candidate, Juan Maria Bordaberry, defeated (in fraudulent elections) the Broad Front leftist coalition...
...The most glaring examples are the automobile, petrochemical, electronics and mining industries, heavily infused with foreign capital...
...The alternative, which has been approved by both sides, overcomes these difficulties by taking into consideration both positions and the differences of opinion as to the cost of the project...
...the Brazilian government promises to finance, at the request of the government of Bolivia, the local costs and services of the programs arid pioiects conceived in the basic agreement, with the amounts, rates, interest and install ments to be established...
...The stability of the Portuguese colonies is as important to France as is its military cooperation with Brazil and South Africa...
...Aqui a luz nasce para todos...
...The other, with origins in the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) struck a more nationalist note when it described the underdevelopment of Latin American nations in terms of their "peripheral" status vis-a-vis the advanced industrial "centers," to which their economies were geared as exporters or primary commodities...
...By 1968 69, a period of deepening economic crisis, the MLN had grown in a spectacular way...
...The use of the "subimperialist" concept raises numerous ambiguities...
...Officers of the Brazilian political police (DOPS) 8 3 including the sinister Fleury, head of the "Death Squad," began actively cooperating with their Uruguayan counterparts...
...A more advanced theoretical and practical understanding of Brazil's future continental role is a prerequisite to the formulation of an effective strategy to oppose it...
...The New York Times, February 4, 1974...
...This process of import-substitution, the dependency analysis states, led to a period of "autonomous" development which was cut short by the rise of U.S...
...Brazil can assume a secondary role in world politics or take an initiative in the building of alliances...
...The first sign of its existence came in December 1966 during an exchange of gunfire between the police and he Tupamaros...
...5) To defend our national independence and sovereignty...
...Bolivia's dispute with Argentina over the possession of these resources was mediated by "ideological agreements" during the government of General Juan Carlos Ongania...
...The priority given to the dams at Salto Grande and Yacireta Apipe (with Paraguay) helped to reassert the influence which Argentina had lost in these countries during the seven years of military rule...
...Argentina $730 million 140,000 men 90,000 men 30,000 men Not available Argentina has the best (projected, (One out of AMX-13 tanks 1 aircraft carrier 400 patrol & train repared air force in every 178 (French) 3 cruisers (Brook- ing planes (Budget costs Argentines) M-113 tanks (US lyn class) 140 helicopters each citizen Mountain ter- 8 destroyers (Fle- 150 combat planes $20 per year) rain artillery tcher class) including: (including Otto-2 light carriers Melara Italian 2 submarines (act- 9 Mirages howitzers) ive) 2 Canberras 2 submarines (abou 2 Aeromacchis to be put into service) Skyhawks Aeromacchis T-28 jets Peru Not available Not avail...
...Unforeseen problems will arise if the trend of economic nationalism in the area, advocated by Venezuela and Mexico, is concretized...
...d) and the first step is to reverse the situation in Uruguay...
...By 1966, the advantages granted to international capital had radically changed Brazilian industry...
...Moreover, it maintained that "both principles are essential because they are the basis of political pluralism in the international community...
...Two main axes seem to be consolidating themselves and may soon stand in open confrontation...
...industrial capital, and 2) the steady marginalization of 90 per cent of the country's population...
...The sum of the cost of only these two imported products will represent more than half of the income generated by Brazilian exports at their current level...
...In this document Lanusse had asserted that "the Republic of Argentina is prepared to base its foreign policy on a broad principle of universality which would exclude the restrictions of ideological prejudices and taboos...
...Raul Ruiz Gonzales, Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist...
...Four large companies: Volkswagen, General Motors, Ford and Chrysler, controlled almost all of this production...
...The popular resistance to the coup lasted for 15 days and totally paralyzed the country...
...In 1970, for example, Brazil produced more than 400,000 automobiles, trucks and buses and about 10,000 tractors...
...Second-cass postae paid at New York...
...with Venezuela, for the formation of joint en-28 terprises to locate and extract oil...
...Therefore, in order to satisfy foreign demands for a stable government and the formalization of international agreements, the military high command and General Banzer have decided to institutionalize their dictatorship, following the model of Brazil, which directly benefits from this decision...
...In its fight against the guerrilla movement, the regime demanded acquiescence from the Supreme Court and the Congress...
...9 3 The Mexican proposal comes at a time when Venezuela is reorganizing its economic policy on the basis of a nationalist program which intends to return the oil deposits now controlled by U.S...
...The proposal submitted by Horacio Flores de la Pena, Secretary of the Mexican Patrimonfo Nacional, laid out a series of programs for large-scale joint investments, technological cooperation and collaboration between the universities of both countries in the training of technicians...
...the creation of a regular (monthly) service of Brazilian Lloyd with the ports of Angola and Mozambique...
...Following the change in the correlation of forces, Peru was reluctant to establish a diplomatic axis with Santiago and Buenos Aires...
...Meanwhile, one financial scandal followed another: the "betrayal" of 1968, the bankruptcy and intervention of private banks in 1970, the milking of the Banco Mercantil's funds in 1971.81 "From then on came the fall of all liberties...
...They have criticized the non-democratic nature of the first organizations which the generals established in order to create political participation...
...It is a combination of things...
...the Brazilian government energetically undertook a complete overhaul of the tankers and cargo ships in national and foreign shipyards...
...71 Panorama, No 283 (September 1972...
...In 1967, the year of the birth of the integrationist alliance of the River Plate Basin, an organization was created to solve two major problems: 1) the regulation of water resources and 2) the creation of a financial institution for the Basin (a sort of miniInternational Development Bank...
...It also sparked the development of key industrial sectors without a sufficient expansion of the domestic market for these goods...
...40 General Ernesto Geisel, in a speech given before he assumed the presidency of Brazil, giving thanks for this nomination as a candidate...
...8 6 By 1974 the improvement of relations with Peron's Argentina had reactivated the resentments of the proBrazilian faction of the Uruguayan Army...
...37 In its March 1974 report, the World Bank states that Mexico, Turkey, Orazil and Malaysia are among the developing countries least affected by the oil crisis...
...More tban ten years ago...
...We can rely on Bayer aspirin for our colds, or, if trouble develops, on Squibb for anti-biotics...
...These Goulbery Couto e Silva is one of the major advisors to Brazilian President Geisel and a main architect of his regime...
...later, was president of Dow Chemical of Brazil...
...They have charged that the government intends to create a "corporativist" state which will divide the country into economic sectors (peasants, industrial workers, miners, fishers, etc...
...Similar agreements were signed with Colombia, for the exploitation of coal (the deposits of Correjon, in Guajira) and oil...
...We will not have dictatorships subject to foreign domination but rather a free people, strengthened through unity, and administered by popular and representative governments, who will assume the true defense of their national interests...
...Recent' analyses draw a much more complex picture in which local bourgeois interests are not completely subservient to the metropolis and often enter into conflict with each other and with the United States...
...This total is equal to the population growth of Uruguay over the last seven years...
...5 1 This would constitute the first step toward total Brazilian control of the rich iron deposits...
...Before assuming that post...
...Light and Power...
...It instituted a Neighborhood Registry, police control mechanisms similar to those developed and used in South Vietnam...
...Minister of Finance of Brazil, in an interview with Vision...
...In addition, those sectors of the economy which offer the greatest potential for economic development, such as oil and mining, are increasingly being financed by U.S...
...Alliance of the National Left...
...The Justicialist leader, with a deep understanding of the problems of the region, gave top priority to the construction of the Yacireta-Apipe dam, "not only as a response to Brazil, but as a complement to the Itaipu works...
...Argqentina facilitated the settlement of more than half a million Latin Amner cans dui inn the last few months of 1974 17 Statements in La Opinion (Buenos Aires...
...3 1 Mario Gibson Barboza's tour, which took place after the Lisbon agreements, was not limited only to commercial negotiations...
...2) they stabilize the internal situation of the signatory countries...
...What he refused to confirm, however, was the reason behind the call-up of reservists, troops and officers, whose number and purpose were unknown...
...ment of a "legal" dictatorship...
...The Cuban Revolution caused the bourgeoisies in all Latin American countries to tighten their ranks against popular insurgency...
...He says he wants peace but states that in Mozambique, Angola and Guinea 'the subversive movements do not represent the spirit of African emancipation.' Liberation fighters in Mozambique He refers to a wide and democratic plebiscite, but makes it clear that in case the response does not coincide with his personal opinions, it would become the mission of the Army to'insure that the national will is carried out against the extremists.' 3 3 The colonialist General conceives of a geopolitical order which fits in with the plans and aspirations of Brazil, South Africa and France...
...With the model established and the type of political spokesperson selected according to Washington's wished, the implementation of the project had more than enough elements in its favor to become a reality...
...This idea was presented by the French Commander, Gerard de Castelbaja, during joint maneuvers with the Brazilian Navy in October: "the closing of the Suez Canal transformed the South Atlantic into a vital area for the transportation of oil and therefore the Brazilian Navy is the appropriate protection of the new international route...
...It is fundamental to the formulation of any revolutionary strategy in Latin America that these new dynamics be taken into account...
...3. Stability and Security To a large extent the Brazilian development process is subordinated to the activity of international capital in the key sectors of the economy...
...1 5 The Argentine desire for a speedy initiation of this project reflects the new development and demographic policy encouraged by the government of Peron, 1 6 in which energy projects are among the top priorities...
...Echeverry pointed out, for instance: "that his country was forced to quadruple the prices it paid for fuel from the previous year while at the same time it lost markets for meat products because Europe cut back its imports...
...It will seek a new plan for the development of the River Plate Basin to turn it into another asset in the liberation struggle of its people...
...The events of the last few years have made it increasingly clear that the situation in Latin America cannot be analyzed solely on the basis of the relationships between particular Latin American countries and U.S...
...the Minister of the Interior, Benito Llambi, upon creating the National Commission of Demographic Policy, said that Argentina hopes to each the year 2000 with a population of 50 million people (double of what it has now) thanks to the new policy of demographic expansion put into effect by Peron's government...
...Political and economic conflicts which occasionally arose during this period, between certain Latin America bourgeoisies and the United States, provoked new studies and analyses of these dependency relationships...
...advisors of the advantages of supporting and sustaining regimes open to foreign investment and capable of stifling every form of dissent, while efficiently carrying out a total renovation of out-dated politicalpartisan and economic-administrative schemes...
...Nov., 1968, and El Nuevo Caracter de la Dependencia (Santiago: Cuadernos del CESO, Universidad de Chile, 1968...
...The Brasilia-Buenos Aires alliance was designed to suppress the advances of leftists and extreme nationalists...
...Here, to a large extent, the problem is inseparable from the widely held conviction that the only political organization is the party...
...Under these circumstances the growing integration of the continent raises, rather than reduces,4 the intensity of competition and conflict...
...Theotonio Don Santos, "Crisis en la Teoria del Desarrollo y las Relaciones de Dependencia en America Latina," Boletin de CESO, Oct...
...near the Paraguayan frontier...
...The formation of new economic and political units Parallel to the developments mentioned above, Venezuela and Mexico intend to form a strong diplomatic axis...
...By granting substantial credits to medium-sized producers for direct wool export through cooperatives, and large credits to small textile manufacturers, the military involuntarily infringed upon the interests of the 500 Uruguayan families who control a substantial percentage of the land, meat and wool production (the main products of the country), foreign trade, banking and some other industrial sectors...
...3 9 "The multiple and severe repercussions"40 of the international crisis on the Brazilian economy leave open the possibility of an eventual change in the direction of the dictatorship's12 economic plans...
...Santiago de Chile, August 1972...
...This policy was embodied in the broad scope of Argentina's foreign negotiations: "The negotiations with Algeria and the countries of the East, with Cuba and Ecuador, with Venezuela and Lybia, with China and the Soviet Union, are clear indications that our count 1 has reasserted its participation in world affairs...
...M. Moreira Alves, op...
...It was formalized in the Act of Santiago 8 9 which asserted as its "purpose to guarantee freedom of sea and air navigation within the21 two countries' respective jurisdictions...
...Agreements of various types were signed with Portugal, such as: The one that establishes equal rights among Brazilians and Portuguese...
...These "external factors" also serve to explain social problems under the regime...
...80 A group of economists and politicians linked to the government manipulated the devaluation of the Urujuayan peso to their advantage...
...When these three great revolutionary advances culminate, Peru will no longer be a substantively capitalist nation, although private activity in various areas of the economy will continue...
...6 6 Regarding the eventual re-establishment of relations with the Chilean military junta, the Bolivian workers have been adamant: Pinochet is the enemy of the Bolivian people...
...1670 - Beldm...
...In other words ". . . if Lanusse intends to maintain the traditional capitalist framework within the country, he will have to confront the Brazilian challenge to demonstrate to the United States that peaceful coexistence is possible without the rigidity of ideological frontiers...
...administrative reform...
...The lack of clear cut goals and methods within the different sectors of the military became apparent when the last two measures were implemented...
...The certainty that a bilateral solution to the problem would cause imbalances within the region has pushed one sector to champion the kind of tri-partite agreement that would unite Itaipu Corpus and Yacireta Apipe, considering the wishes of the three nations involved in these projects: Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil...
...the Asuncion-Santos route...
...In recruiting members and forming base organizations the government repeatedly imposed its own chosen leaders and policies...
...These calculations precede the Japanese offensive...
...to replace other countries in supplying industrial products to the bourgeoisie in Portuguese and South African colonies...
...Nome Firms Ende~ro Cidade Estado The State of Para does not discriminate...
...Recent Uruguayan history (1968-1974) is also the history of Brazilian interference...
...The limitations placed by U.S...
...Uruguay also has food reserves of meat and grain that are of particular interest to the16 TEXT OF THE MANIFESTO SIGNED BY TWO FORMER PRESIDENTS OF BOLIVIA, ONE FORMER VICE-PRESIDENT AND BY REPRESENTATIVES OF FIVE CLANDESTINE POLITICAL PARTIES We Bolivians, who have held the highest positions of authority in the nation and in its fundamental institutions, or who presently lead popular and democratic political organizations from exile, in the name of the Bolivian people-themselves suffering from a new form of "exile In the very heart of the homeland"-and in spite of our ideological differences or those differences based on the specific nature of the particular organizations we represent, take the following points into consideration: 1) On returning from his meeting with Generals Geisel and Pinochet in Brazil, General Banzer placed before the Bolivian people the pressing need for unconditional support for the proposed perpetuation and reorganization of the Government of the Armed Forces...
...The results showed that 32 per cent of the Brazilian work force less than half the total population receive less than half the minimum wage, and must survive on 20 US dollars per month...
...The constant rise in the cost of living and the meager income of the working class are a necessary result of foreign hegemony in industry and the import-export trade...
...4. In the Pacific, the United States is threatened by the presence of China and the U.S.S.R., by the industrial and commercial strength of Japan, and by the chronic instability of Southeast Asia.* 5. The possibility that local or generalized conflicts could break out in the Pacific gives Brazil a vital and strategic importance...
...Frente Brasileno de informaciones, No...
...16 per year for non-profit institutions (S30bor two ears...
...In the future the major portion of the economy is to become publically owned under another new legal form, propiedad social (self-managing, socially owned enterprises...
...On June 27 both chambers of Congress were dissolved after they refused to lift the parliamentary immunity of Senator Enrique Erro of the Broad Front...
...The "March toward the West" is based on the construction of a Trans- Amazonic highway, a route which is aimed towards the Pacific: The Trans-Amazonic highway represents much more than a highway...
...Over the last ten years this domination has increasingly been exercised through Brazil to rationalize patterns of imperialist penetration and exploitation in Latin America and to obscure the real presence of U.S...
...The tax--to be levied by five Central American countries, Colombia and Ecuador-was approved in March 1974 on the initiative of Panama, Costa Rica and Honduras...
...The Standard Fruit Company denied the accusation made by a deputy of the Costa Rican Legislative Assembly concerning preparations by the banana companies to overthrow the Honduran Chief of State...
...They envisioned the spread of working-class militancy beyond the borders of Chile to activate the volatile, although repressed, masses in their own countries...
...The Brazilian interest in obtaining a friendly or neutral corridor to the Pacific which explains their support for Bolivian movements in this direction is part of the so called "Capricorn Project," a railroad to connect the Atlantic port of Santos with the Pacific port of Arica on the Chilean coast...
...The Peace and Justice Commission, which reports back to the Vatican, emphasized in an open letter sent to the President of Bolivia, that "the government is incapable of seeing that popular protest is due simply to the fact that it is impossible for the workers and peasants to live on their current incomes...
...If we assume that due to the rise in prices of raw materials, these exports could reach 8 billion dollars in 1974, the rise in export-revenues will be entirely consumed in the purchase of oil and flour...
...Extensive agrarian reform has established many cooperative-like agricultural enterprises and redistributed large amounts of land to peasant communities...
...In this way we must create, find a new way to resolve this major problem...
...each of which will be "incorporated" into* the state separately, a structure which would split up the working class and debilitate any class-based political organizations...
...The success of this fascist conspiracy helped bring the Bolivian and Brazilian governments closer together in all arenas...
...cit., p. 251...
...Enough to provide a serious crisis in the system but nothing that would make the African patriots consider him anti-colonialist...
...meatpackming industry ot the RiO Grande region and to the metropolis of Sao Paulo in southern Brazil...
...May 17, 1974...
...Osvaldo Lopez Arellano...
...Until now, the point of confrontation has been the Parana River, but presently there are disagreements about Bolivian iron and natural gas deposits, upon which Bolivian domestic policy has depended in recent years...
...What type of organization will replace SINAMOS...
...The letter came in response to the government's accusation that the opposition was responsible for the serious incidents of Cochabamba...
...The War of the Pacific also known as the Nitrate War- was both one of the most important wars to be fought among South American nations and the most im portent naval war of the nineteenth century...
...That these democratic ideals are being realized is doubted by many Peruvians who call the regime a "gobierno de decretos," rule by decree from'the top down...
...If the calculations of specialized international organizations and economic experts are not mistaken, this will arrive sooner than expected...
...Recent history has demonstrated that an uprising in one country alone gives the local bourgeoisie a strategic advantage allowing it to isolate and crush the popular forces...
...The Peruvian revolution is often pointed to as a model for a progressive alternative to the repressive Brazilian regime...
...the cynical disregard of civil rights...
...Even the authorities admitted the existence of these forces when, on April 30, they made public a communique signed by the National Liberation Movement (MLN...
...Argentine foreign policy underwent another shift after the election of the Justicialist candidate, Hector Campora...
...Although it would be premature to predict the formation of an economic, diplomatic and military axis between the countries of the area, it is true that the conditions for such an axis are almost at hand...
...pressuqe from the Grace Line and the Inter- American Development Bank led to the progressive paralysis of ELMA...
...I am using the expression 'political organizations' to refer as much to an organizational structure in the strictest sense of the concept, as to a constellation of political institutions arising from the base, which, in their entirety constitute a new reality of the state...
...The Portuguese bourgeoisie's new tactics found its voice in General Antonio Spinola, ex-Governor of Guinea-Bissau, who led the events which culminated in the April 1974 end to 47 years of dictatorship...
...The first way is the agrarian reform which emphasizes, sets as a priority, and gives preferential treatment to associative forms of property...
...This prospect represents the summation of plans and projects which simultaneously interrelate and negate each other, in whose context every South American nation must juggle its own interests as well as those of the world power...
...Rather he was referring to the need to expand exports by diversifying markets (China, Soviet Union, etc...
...the union of Brazilian banks, which with Bradesco from the largest financial conglomerate in the country...
...Brazil on the Offensive," we think, will be a contribution towards such an understanding...
...ruling classes...
...Asked in an interview with Visao do Brasil (February 28, 1974) if the generals intended to support the revolutionary process through the creation of a broad-based political party, President Juan Velasco Alvarado replied in the negative, stating that other popular forms will have to be created.25 s led to failure...
...In addition, the present oil crisis has meant that Brazil, while not among the most severely affected countries, 3 7 will triple the cost of its fuel consumption in 1974...
...C. To deepen the misery of the people by reducing the purchasing power of salaries and wages, and by raising the cost of living...
...This was in part a reaction to attempts by anti-government political parties to take over the organization on the base level...
...87 Vision, September 23, 1971...
...interests for Latin America is defined, it is illusory to expect, in the short run, a moderation of the repressive conditions actually dominant throughout most of the continent, and 2) even supposing that the Brazilian economy were submerged in a pronounced cycle of recession, Brasilia always would have the necessary instruments to intervene in any Latin American nation, performing the function of a "regional power" in charge of maintaining "order...
...There are 28 secondary river basins in this complicated network formed by the Parana, Paraguay and Uruguay Rivers and their numerous tributaries...
...The war carried the Chilean Army to Lima, which it occupied for three years...
...ELECTRICAL HEADQUARTERS OF PARA, S.A...
...It will uphold ideological pluralism and will align Venezuela with Third World nations opposed to regional bipolarity or polarity...
...Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz, Bolivian Socialist Party...
...the discovery of secret investment funds among which was the Monty firm...
...Marshal Humberto Castelo Branco was the first military dictator of Brazil, from 1964 to 1967...
...2. International Capital in Brazilian Industry According to data corroborated by the Ministry of Planning, of the 377 major firms operating in Brazil in 1972, 254 were owned by private nationals, 116 by foreigners and 7 by the state...
...It has managed to broaden the market but only to the advantage of multinational enterprises...
...As Professor Henrique Cardoso confirms, this does not mean that "the Brazilian government expects to compete with American interests, although it has begun to take more reactionary positions than the United States itself...
...Jose Morales Guillen, Revolutionary Party of the National Left...
...Nor has the program of the River Plate Basin served the goals of national liberation...
...Although the main dispute which divides both nations is Bolivia's demand for a sovereign corridor to the sea, both countries broke off diplomatic relations twelve years ago when Chile unilaterally channelled a part of the Lauc4 River an in ternational river into Chile...
...5 5 Therefore, despite the "ideological identity" between the present governments of Santiago and La Paz, the matter of Bolivia's access to the sea both blocks an agreement along the lines desired by Brazil and produces a new source of tension in the region...
...Only when the effects of the crisis in the Brazilian model are felt more intensely and internal resistance is reactivated, will the government be forced to consider a more flexible variant...
...The executive branch sustained its anti-democratic offensive against the judiciary and the Congress...
...France's own position in Madagascar and in the Comores islands depends, in part, on the solidity of colonial law and on the strength of the segregationist regimes of Rhodesia and South Africa...
...The projected "scientific" expedition to the frozen region is to be carried out in a ship carrying the U.S...
...It is also crucial to an understanding of current developments in Uruguay...
...At the turn of the twentieth century...
...On the left none of the parties believes that the generals can be pushed into leading a socialist revolution and as a result none gives them full support...
...The middle and small properties are respected and retained, but as a priority the support of the state is oriented toward the stimulation of the cooperatives, the (peasant) communities, that is to say the non-individual forms of property...
...The rector and Political...
...Miguel Urbane Rodrigues, Ibid...
...Banzer was in charge of the first phase...
...175, Santiago de Chile...
...7. The success of the program lies in controlling the strategic region of Paraguay, Bolivia and Uruguay which provides access to the Rio de la Plata...
...M Moreira Alves, A Grain of Mustard Seed...
...General Juan Jose Torres, former President of the Nation...
...They say the only real difference will be that the state will increasingly take on the enterpreneur's role of developing the economy, a task which the national bourgeoisie failed to do in the years before the coup...
...New York, 1973...
...While Venezuela and Mexico evaluate the possibilities of economic integration, the Central American countries are considering a new banana export tax equivalent to a dollar for every 40-pound crate...
...Brazil ia the South Atlantic and in Africa Brazilian hegemony in the South Atlantic-an old design widely disseminated in the manuals of the War College-is one of the key elements in Goulbery's 10 geopolitics...
...Not even the methods of producing instant coffee are Brazilian...
...They require that Bolivia be governed by a regime maintained through force which can sustain itself in power long enough to carry out the plan's long range objectives...
...54,000 men 10,000 men 9,000 men Peru has the second largest air force after 100 AMX-13 tankE2 cruisers 15 Mirage jets largest air force after (French) 2 Fletcher-class 20 Canberra jets 200 Soviet tanks destroyers 8 bombers Its navy is comparable 4 submarines 30 hunter-inter- to Argentina's but older 2 gun ships ceptors than Chile's...
...Journalism and literature were invited to elect between silence and clandestinity...
...According to official statistics, fixed investment under foreign control amounts to 6 per cent and is localized in the most dynamic sectors of the economythe control of trade, exports and credit, 4 3 and the foodprocessing industries...
...A guerrilla movement emerged near the Araguaria River, deep in the Amazon...
...The ELN is a member of the Junta de Coordinacion...
...54 For these reasons, the meetings in Brasilia could not achieve the desired results...
...Advertisement which appeared in the Brazilian magazine Visao of February 14, 1970...
...3) in order to obscure the anti-democratic nature of this plan, to hide the sell-out economic and political objectives of these international agreements, and to weaken the strength of popular protest which has arisen throughout the country, the Banzer government has played upon our Irrevocable demand for an outlet to the sea...
...Reactivated during the past few months, this dispute placed the regime of Hugo Banzer in a difficult situation when it tried to sell its natural gas to ~r~entina.26 Argentine diplomatic action has been injurious to its own interests...
...Neither is it surprising that the military issued its declaration at the same time as the informal meeting between the presidents of Bolivia and Chile, and within a week of the celebration of the "Day of the Sea" (an anniversary of the battle in which Bolivia lost its coastal lands...
...Sergio Deus pointed out in his book Immediate Security Measures that "one of the limits faced by the Executive in the adoption of these measures is precisely that these cannot produce permanent and irreversible effects by the very nature of being provisional and exceptional...
...Within this framework Brazil has disputed Argentina's influence in Uruguay, given the fact that Uruguay remains the critical border area of Brazil...
...The so called Operation Thirty Hours considered the possibility Of a military occupation of Uruguay in case the government was unable to contain the Tupamaro offensive...
...6 The War College (Escola Superior de Guerra), also called "Sorbonne nta Praa Vermelha...
...In other countries, however, such as Chile and Argentina, the working class already had a history of self-organization and militancy, often based upon socialist conceptions and under socialist leadership...
...The second phase, directed by Minister of Finance Antonio Carlos Delfim Neto, extended from 1967 to 1973...
...4 9 The Agreement-actively opposed by vast sectors of the population50-was to become part of a more ambitious project which would include the transfer of the Mutun iron mines to the Brazilian Iron and Steel Company...
...private capital...
...The success of this higher, more sophisticated level of struggle will be determined by the left's ability to carefully consolidate a broad social and political bloc directed by the armed working class plus its allies to confront the might of its enemies...
...Conflict and Competition Developments in the late 1960's and early 1970's highlighted some of the limitations of a strict application of dependency theory...
...There is still considerable controversy, however, about the nature of these programs...
...Until now, however, only 2.2 million kilowatts have been used in Brazil, 180,000 in Paraguay, 140,000 in Uruguay and 110,000 in Argentina...
...Granting that the current crisis in the heralded Brazilian economic miracle has placed the Amazonian country "on the threshold of a dreadful collapse," according to La Ophdoa of Buenos Aires, it is necessary to analyze the extent to which this reality modifies the current situation in Latin America...
...The mobilization of the working class in Argentina under Peron's first regime, and fear that the Argentine bourgeoisie would lose control over this movement, provoked a severe reaction in Brazil...
...In the last year its leaders have tried forcibly to incorporate unions from other sectors including those of the metal workers and miners...
...Actually, it plans to incorporate the resources existing in the Amazon region into the national patrimony...
...The day of his inauguration (March 1, 1972) Bordaberry stated: "I cannot hide my affinities and sympathies for the Brazilian government...
...This faction thus began planning the removal of the "overly-flexible" Bordaberry...
...Other economists, however, interpret the current period of inflation and credit reduction as a cyclical consequence of a crisis which can be controlled...
...The influence of Itamarity in the decaying Uruguayan government apparatus grew as a result of the kidnapping of Dias Gomide (the Brazilian ambassador in Montevideo...
...Declaration of the former presidents of Bolivia...
...The COB stopped functioning in August 1971 after Banzer overthrew the govern ment of Juan Jose Torres 68...
...BRAZIL'S JUNIOR PARTNERS Bolivia For a variety of reasons, Bolivia is a permanent center of tension in the southern cone of Latin America...
...As early as 1967 the Brazilian embassy had intervened in the internal affairs of Uruguay undd the pretext of putting down a non-existent conspiracy by a handful of Brazilian exiles...
...The movement of military units to the Chilean north coincided with a parallel movement inside Peru where combat forces were sent to Arequipa...
...orth an- 4 torpedo boats other $300 million...
...The Foreign Minister implied that Brazil would be disposed toward serving as mediator between Portugal and the African nations "to find a peaceful solution to the colonial problem in Africa...
...VIII...
...88 Panorama : Buenos Aires), August 17, 1971...
...Since colonial times the limits of Uruguayan territory have constituted the goal of Brazilian expansionism, the strategic outlet to the River Plate...
...The document is signed by the Chilean Chancellor, Clodomiro Almeyda, and his Argentine colleague...
...3. The Declaration of the Former Bolivian Presidents 5 9 The declarations of Torres and Siles Suazo, printed in a joint statement, urge their compatriots to "fight for the overthrow of the dictatorship and, at the same time, against the expansionist plans of Brazil...
...The Argentine problem is even more serious if one takes into account the fact that most of the private companies (Esso, Estrella Maritima, Gotaas Larsen, Navigen, Artemis, Canumar) are foreip.21 Moreover, more than 50 percent of the private national tonnage is in the .hands of foreign interests which profit from the coastal and deepsea trade...
...In 1967...
...1974...
...The inability of the government to maintain SINAMOS as both a pro-government and a democratic organization has led to its ineffectiveness and its total reorganization...
...penetration of Peru's economy, the generals have only "modernized" the old relations of international dependency...
...An initial investment of $7 million in the black sands could provide 11 tons of iron ore (hierro metalkco) and white pigment of titanium annually, valued at $10 million...
...who was overthrown a few days after he refused to export the Mutun iron to Brazil 77 The text of the agreement elsewhere in this Report...
...3 The first conference of Foreign Ministers of the River Plate Basin took place in 1967 in Buenos Aires...
...Argentina and Paraguay have already drawn up plans for three joint enterprises...
...Amidst this social, economic and military crisis, the Commander-in-Chief of the Army, General Chiappe Posse, whose "loyalty" to Bordaberry caused tension within the military, was removed from his position...
...36 C L Sulzberger, Ibid...
...And the third, which implies a very profound, qualitative change in the nation's economy and which constitutes the most audacious, most advanced, most imaginative, most creative and most profound step of the revolution, is the creation of the sector of social property...
...Now we must use new capital resources to cover the deficit caused by this price rise...
...Osiris Troiani, La Opinion (Buenos Aires), March 1974...
...These objectives could only be threatened by the combined negotiating force of the above-mentioned four nations and the growth of social struggle and armed resistance...
...After stating that "military strategy should conform itself to the broader lines of political guidance," Mercado Jarrin recalls that in the past, the disjunction between * For more information on arms sales to Latin America, see "'Arms and Power: The Politics of U.S...
...an "airpool" between Varig and South African Airways (which has regular flights to Rio de Janeiro) to make connections between Rio-New York, where South African Airways cannot now go because of the boycott proposed by the UN, and an increase of trade between both countries now in the order of $3 million...
...Regarding the question of the corridor to the sea, an important sector of the organized miners said that the Bolivian government plans to use the issue in order to develop a "counter-offensive-most recently demonstrated by the military coup in Chile-to hold back the continental revolution...
...An Argentine engineer, Justiniano Allende Posse, defined that attitude by saying, "The advantages which Brazil has over us in hydroelectric works are particularly due to the fact that while our experts argue about diplomatic matters, their engineers are carrying out their plans...
...killing more than 100 and leaving many more wounded...
...Buenos Aires, April 1974 (signed) Dr...
...All this is "the price that the Bolivian people ought to pay to enable General Banzer to obtain a port on the Pacific...
...In stitute of Statistics...
...B. To continue the process of denationalization of our mines and petroleum, a process which began with the granting of extensive petroleum concessions to Brazilian public and U.S...
...For the complete text of the declaration, see below...
...For the Chilean Military Junta and for the strategists of the Brazilian War College, the goal of uniting Brazil and Bolivia is as important as that of widening the gap betwben the armies of Peru and Argentina...
...Banzer's "liberating crusade" in Bolivia and the activity of fascist groups in Chile and Uruguay were financed with such funds...
...Vietnam and Cambodia are the clearest recent examples of this...
...This led to a cooling of relations with the Peruvian people...
...The Catholic Bishops of the Northeast, Central and Amazon regions attacked government policies in three separate statements...
...2 (February 1974), 7-9...
...The consolidation of the Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, the disintegration of thl Portuguese empire and the victories of national liberation movements in Guinea Bissau, Mozambique and Angola will force Brazil to shift its oolicv towards Africa...
...markets.*According to data gathered by the U.S...
...The Brazilian, Uruguayan and Bolivian bourgeoisies did not actively promote the organization of reactionary forces in Chile merely out of ideological opposition to the Allende government...
...With the reinstitution of immediate security measures, the government pursued its policy of drafting telephone, electrical and bank workers into the army...
...multinationals reaped large profits, commonly referred to as superprofits...
...For the most part these strikes have been spontaneous and isolated, geared primarily to economic rather than political objectives...
...Although Peron did not oppose an agreement with Brazil in the field of hydroelectricity, he launched a policy similar to that of Itamarity: to talk once the situation is a fault accompli, thus avoiding a repetition of situations such as the one which took place in Asuncion on August 15, 1973 during the inaugural ceremonies of General Alfredo Strossner.14 The delay in the signing of the agreement between Argentina and Paraguay results from merely technical differences on the plans for the dam...
...By 1971, the relative success of the program carried out by Finance Minister Antonio Delfim Neto-decrease in the budget deficit and official expenditures, halt of inflation, etc.-had allowed Itamarity to appropriate funds to test out new ventures...
...Within days after the October 3, 1968 coup in which the Peruvian generals took power, they moved to reduce the economic base which gave North America businesses disproportionate influence within the country...
...jectives form part of a plan to destroy the centers of opposition to the Brazilian model-a prospect which pleases Pinochet and Co.-and to thereby guarantee an Atlantic-Pacific union...
...foreign policy: bipolarity, "Cold War," detente, etc...
...cit., p. 256...
...Within the framework of this new demographic policy...
...One of these trends represented the attempts of bourgeois apologists to explain underdevelopment in terms of cultural, geographical and climatic factors...
...The French report convinced them of the feasibility and desirability of investing in the Valentines iron ore, exploiting the uranium and developing the basin of the Merin Lagoon...
...l I This project is the only one, after Salto Grandel 2 capable of going into operation in 1980, producing half a million kilowatts...
...interests have not, however, been entirely one-sided...
...NACLA-East I. For further reading on this debate see: Susanne Bodenheimer, "Dependency and Imperialism The Roots of Latin American Underdevelopment," NACLA Newsletter, May June 1970...
...That this may be utopian, that this has never happened either in Peru or anywhere else is true...
...They began by nationalizing the International Petroleum Company (IPC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey...
...Consequently, Brazil has been aggressively seeking to increase its exports to other countries in Latin America as well as to new markets in Africa...
...According to the present Constitution (dating from 1966), the President, acting in concert with the respective ministries, has the auttlority to adopt security measures (No...
...offensively, the best defense is the attack...
...A report by CEPALI 8 revealed that "the naval development of Brazil has stolen Argentina's leadership in Latin America...
...While it is true that these are two of the reasons for Brazil's constant interference in the internal affairs of Uruguay, they are not the only ones...
...Brazil is an example: the increase in the price of oil has had a devastating impact, leading to a trade deficit of $1,200 million in the first trimester of 1974...
...On the other hand, it should be pointed out that in the type of war analyzed above, "the principles of offense and superiority are fully operative...
...Juan Lechin Oquendo, former Vice-President of the Nation...
...The opposition leaders accuse Banzer of in'creasing the misery of the people by reducing the pur-15 chasing power of their wages...
...Solicito informacoes bre i l ncnliven cocedidos As novas indistrias quoe * Instalam na AmazOnl...
...By that time, Peru hopes to be able to export oil and become fully integrated into the Organization of Petroleum Ex porting Countries (OPEC...
...In the same manner, they rejected any improvement in relations with the Chilean Military Junta and its head, Augusto Pinochet, whom they classify as an "enemy of Bolivia...
...There have been indications that this model encompasses numerous economic and military objectives on a regional scale...
...In regard to the financing of Bolivia's part of the gas pipe line, Brazil promises to cooperate with the government of Bolivia in negotiating for the necessary resourcesfrom international institutions such as the I DB I inter American Development Bank...
...SINAMOS (an acronym which translates roughly as "no more bosses") was the first major government organization which was supposed to integrate the masses into the Peruvian state...
...Copyriht 0 1975 by the North American Congress on Latin America...
...The Bolivian military government cannot retreat on this matter and its inability to negotiate any terms which are not prejudicial to national sovereignty makes the question of the corridor one that strengthens the opposition and not the government...
...The above mentioned declaration is contained in an article given to the press by the Army General Staff through its Public Relations Department in La Paz, March IS, 1974...
...All the energy you want...
...Some individual guarantees may be suspended and the President 's granted extraordinary powers...
...8 2 The disease and deception prevalent in Uruguayan society allowed Brazil to emerge as an aggressive and tangible presence...
...The proponents of this theory argue that the break in economic growth after the period of import-substitution did not lead to stagnation but created a structural crisis in Latin American economies...
...Panorama ( Buenos Aires...
...The 1970's have seen both the increased mobilization of popular and revolutionary forces and the heightened and more meaningful mobilization and collaboration on the part of the ruling classes...
...CIAMAR incorporated two new ships into its fleet and placed additional orders in two national shipyards...
...The document signed by both Presidents Allende and Lanusse emphasized this point...
...Fernando Enrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto, Dependencia y Desarrollo en America Latina (Mexico: Siglo XXI, 1969...
...Moreover, this situation prevailed at the beginning of the winter when the reduction in pasture lands threatened the Uruguayan countryside with disaster...
...And it is further along that Itaipu in that the three feasibility studies (technical, economic and financial) have been completed...
...Four days later, 38 Tupamaros escaped from prison through the sewer system, while at the same time another member of the MNL and a police officer were assassinated by the death squad...
...It stated that the fundamental bases of Argentine-Chilean relations have been respect for the principle of non-intervention in the internal and external affairs of each State and the desire to resolve problems in a peaceful and judicial way...
...In principle, all sectors agreed on what was the proper administrative and economic functioning of the country, although in practice this proved to be complex...
...91 The agreements with Cuba and the USSR (valued at $600 million), the closer ties to Algeria and Lybia, 9 2 the signing of the Treaty of Limits on the River Plate with Uruguay, and the close relationship with the governments of Peru and Panama are some of the main aspects of Argentine foreign policy...
...Brazilian industry, which complements that of the United States, would be ready to provide effective support in an emergency situation...
...75 Jorge Pacheco Areco succeeded President Oscar Gestido upon the latter's death 76 The consumPr price index rose 102 1 percent between 1967 and 1968...
...Finally...
...Subscriptions: $10 per year or individuals ($18 for two years...
...Luz e f6ria...
...Uruguay's economic problems undercut all national pride...
...Aside from this,, Brazilian influence has expanded to include Paraguay and Ecuador...
...The agreement points out that if the studies show the programs and projects to be technically and economically feasible, the sicgninl parties will assume the following commitments the Brazilian govennient will guarantee a market for the industrial products of the Bolivian developed region...
...interests.Thus Brazil is characterized as the agent of U.S...
...Brazil's rapid integration into the world capitalist system caused the swift monopolization of sources of capital and markets within Brazil itself...
...One of the government's stated purposes in this legal restructuring is to abolish class conflict and create a common interest among workers and managers in raising the productivity of the economy...
...Some leftist critics of the regime claim that these legalities of socialized property only hide the continuation of capitalist relations of production and class exploitation, perpetuated by the economy's dependence on a competitive world market...
...The regime clamped down on the press and at least seven leftist publications closed down entirely...
...ELMA is also the only Argentine builder which plans to bring its fleet up-to-date, hoping to add some 34 ships during the seventies...
...As if this were not enough, the Bordaberry government sealed the most important agreement to date between Uruguay and Brazil on May 20, 1974: the developmentplan for the Merin Lagoon...
...Our rubber is Pirelli, we talk on Ericson telephones, communicate through Siemens telex, type on Olivetti machines and receive IBM-processed bills...
...In 1973, Japan invested nearly 700 million dollars in Brazil...
...Vision, May 18, 1974...
...This is a big mistake...
...Trade Act...
...Andre Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin Amlerica(New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967...
...2. The division of the world into two antagonistic camps (U.S.-U.S.S.R...
...The progressive image is based on the Peruvian military's strong nationalistic stance against interests of the United States and their far-reaching domestic reforms...
...But that proves nothing...
...Meanwhile, Brazil exerts its economic and military strength in the fertile arena of the River Plate Basin, a territory which includes one-third of Latin America...
...Bolivia classified this move as an "aggressive ac tion...
...The recent February police strike, followed by the politically inspired looting in Lima, indicates that opposed class interests continue to create the kind of political conflicts which the generals hoped to do away with...
...Aside from these comments, the truth is that the studies made by the Argentine Sub-Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources allows one to conclude that if Itaipu is built with a depth of less than 125 to 128 meters, it will virtually block the Argentine-Paraguayan projects down river from the Canon del Guaira, affecting the ecology "not only in that particular region, but along the 3,000 kilometer course of the Parana River and its tributaries,"10 and will have a definite impact on the Argentine economy...
...In the last few years, the exploitation of these resources has become the focus of attention of the governments of the Plata region, and what the ideologues of the Brazilian military regime have defined as the "line of maximum tension" in the Latin American southern cone...
...On the other hand Argentina's continental strategy did improve its relations with Paraguay and Uruguay...
...Although the territory is located 100 kilometers from the Parana River, on Paraguayan soil, Portuguese is spoken, purchases and sales are made with cruceiros and Brazilian law is enforced...
...It is something more than a highway and I can assure you that its results will be ob- vious within a very short time.29 The importance which the Brazilian military regime at- taches to this work is explained by the fact that this high- way is linked to several joint highway projects of Paraguay and Bolivia...
...Ac- cording to one study, Brazil will spend 3,700 million dollars this year on oil imports...
...The declaration of the former Bolivian presidents is also signed by Juan Lechin...
...The Minister's major innovation was periodic minor devaluations of the currency...
...The second stage of the plan, the establishment of a base of operations in the polar territory, will be realized with the cooperation of the United States...
...It can even take a "critical position" vis-a-vis the United States...
...The opposition of the traditional, agriculturally based "oligarchy" was not as strong as originally expected...
...This is part of a policy of unequal distribution of national wealth which translates the extraordinary income from the high international prices of our raw materials into the increased misery of the people...
...Although Argentina was not a passive spectator in the war, in the Treaty of 1902 it did renounce any possible territorial expansion...
...The latter government signed a series of agreements with Brazil for the con- struction of an inter-oceanic route (to unite Manaos with the Ecuadorian port of San Lorenzo) and the creation of a joint enterprise to develop the rich oil deposits discovered at the end of the last decade...
...They then met in Santa Cruz de la Sierra t Bolivia) in 1968, Brasilia in 1970, Asuncion in 1972 and Punta del Este (Uruiiuay, in 1972 Ths last meeting created a Financial Group with a capital base of 100 million dollar 5 to be integrated in eight years 4. Military intelligenceand policeofficers from Brazil, Bolivia and Uruguali y look adn active role in the coup which overthrew the constitutional government of Allenrce and in the assassination of dozens of political refugees from those countries alter September 11th...
...Lying in the sun we drink Coca-Cola-and now even the larger producer of cachaca, the national white rum drink, is owned by Coca-Cola...
...monopoly capital...
...The Beatles' beat comes out of Phillips Radios and we dance to RCA records...
...From the above mentioned letter...
...On a secondary level, leftist exiles from these repressive dictatorships had found a base of revolutionary operation in Chile, a country that bordered on their own frontiers...
...pp, 164 5)S 45 Paul Simonson...
...The results of this policy can be sum- marized in the following figures: Brazil has 204 units with a TRB of 1,500,%7 and an average age of 8.2 years.20 In 1%5 Argentina transported 34.1 percent of all tonnage within LAFTA, while in 1970 this figure had decreased to 26.4 percent...
...In the concrete case of the War of the Pacific, a series of factors, when taken together, determined the Peruvian military defeat...
...37 Miguel Urbane Rodrigues, Excelsior, Mexico, March 31, 1974...
...Argentine opposition to the project, based on claims that it would affect navigation on the Parana River, ruin cities and plantations, has slowed realization of the program...
...3 6 France's concern, shared by Lisbon and Brasilia, is due to strategic as well as political and economic reasons: the Mozambique Canal can provide key access to maritime routes for the enormous oil tankers that cannot go through the Suez...
...Such control allows multi-national corporations to expand their trade under the protection of the accords and treaties of LAFTA...
...This degree of autonomy in the process of capital ac- cumulation strengthened the local bourgeoisies and created the material basis for possible conflicts with foreign monopoly capital...
...1) They increase the relations of dependency with the United States, facilitating the penetration of multinational companies through Brazil, which serves as an intermediary...
...He was over- thrown by Colonel Hugo Banzer on August 21...
...M Moreira Alves, op...
...The inflationary spiral declined from 140 per cent to 86 per cent in 1964, 45 per cent in 1965 and 26 per cent in 1967...
...Ecuador has also requested the collaboration of PETROBRAS in setting up its oil transportation net- work.% Even though Argentina's Three Year Plan contemplates "doubling the size of the Merchant Marine and guaran- teeing work for the shipping sector beyond 1980,25 the Argentine lag in this field is vital to an evaluation of the viability of Brazil's project for hegemony in the Southern Atlantic...
...The trade associations also objected to the price (for the natural pas) of 65c per 1000 cubic feet when Argentina was paying more than 12.00 for the same amount...
...Revoleuclonarla (Revolucionary Coordinating Committee) which also includes the MLN-Tupamaros of Uruguay, the ERP of Argentina and the MIR of Chile...
...Brazil now imports 70-100 per cent of its fuel needs...
...IX, No...
...Finally the author attempts to assess the military implications of the present situation, the changes in military armament and philosophy of the nations most directly affected, and the potential for military conflict in the near future...
...When the newly elected President Geisel proclaimed an end to "ideological barriers" he was not by any means implying a restoration of the dialogue with traditional power groups inside Brazil...
...Come and bring your industry...
...Carlos Quijano, idem...
...Organized opposition from the right has taken longer to coalesce...
...that the Bolivian Workers' Federation (COB) be legalized...
...Uruguay had 65,000 tons of meat in storage which it could not sell...
...At this point it seems overly simplistic to state that the current government will win the elections with unconditional support from the peasantry (which is more than sufficient reason to explain the indefinite postponement of presidential elections...
...Until 1973, 3500-4000 million dollars worth of capital flowed into the country...
...Goveinador Jose Malcher n...
...Others see political harmony under the banner of the military's "revolutionary humanism" as a utopian dream and expect that the inevitable failure of democratic institutions will lead the generals to take even stronger steps to impose order...
...The fraudulent election results thus decided Uruguay's immediate future...
...and the robbery of a safe filled with sterling pounds from the Mailler family...
...Other events in 1973 showed that the opposition spanned other sectors of the population...
...The right of assembly was restricted and opposition leaders (among them General Liber Seregni) were arrested...
...the former vice president of Bolivia and head of the COB (Bolivian Workers' Confederation), who was arrested by the Argentine federal police after the document was released...
...Military Plans A long article published by the Lima magazine, Olga, in its edition of March 15 (1974) and signed by General Edgardo Mercado Jarrin, the Peruvian Foreign Minister, considers the possibility of a military conflict in the Southern Cone in detail...
...To a lesser extent it has also begun to export capital to neighboring countries either through bilateral loans or direct investments in strategic raw materials and industries...
...trawlers...
...In this respect the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA) is not the best example of autonomous integration...
...Beginning with the decree of December 12, 1967,74 the internal political situation in Uruguay shifted sharply...
...The domestic and foreign policy of five Latin American nations depends on possession of and/or influence over this region...
...49 See box in this article...
...The relative success of the Brazilian economy, built on the super exploitation and marginalization of 90 percent of the population, accelerated the process of the "unification" of Latin America...
...2. The information on internal developments was obtained from the Brazilian In- formation Bulletin.BRAZIL 5 THE OFFENSIVE Gustavo V. Dans "(Ourgoal is) to launch a manifest destiny, as long as it does not clash with that of our brothers to the North...
...In some countries such as Brazil the working class was first organized from the top down under the state labor apparatus of Getulio Vargas...
...January 16, 1973...
...His reliance on the military was so extensive that, beginning in April, he became increasingly dependent on the decisions of the Chiefs of Staff of the Joint Forces (Army and Police...
...Within a few months Argentina became the number one purchaser of Paraguayan products and its major supplier of goods...
...The influx of foreign capital and the limited national markets in Latin America, according to this analysis, have led to economic stagnation of the local economies while European and U.S...
...imperialism, some of its most glaring characteristics (such as the search for key raw materials and the use of energy resources) and the search for new markets in Latin America and Africa...
...A logical, yet highly debated, conclusion which is drawn from this analysis is that Latin American bourgeoisies have become totally subservient to imperialist interests, particularly those of the United States...
...The mere mention of Brazilian foreign policy in a document of this nature is very significant...
...On March 23, 1975 the Partido Revoluclonario de Is Trabajadores de Bolivia (PRT-B, Revolutionary Party of the Bolivian Workers)was founded by the ELN, which remains as the military sector of that party...
...On the other hand, it is not strange that these issues are being revived precisely at a time when General Augusto Pinochet is "president" of Chile and General Goulbery da Couto e Silva is the main architect of the new Geisel regime in Brazil.61 Pinochet and Goulbery have become the most noted proponents of geopolitics in their respective armies...
...The growing consciousness and organization of workers' movements and the upsurge of groups which are revolutionary both in theory and practice, under the protection of the democracies, finally convinced U.S...
...p. 42...
...On the one hand Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay are following Brazil's leadership while Mexico, Venezuela, Peru and Argentina have closed ranks to counteract Brazil's hegemony...
...Given the latest peasant rebellions, it can be affirmed that a new period in Bolivian history has been initiated...
...The Brazilian War College has also programmed a variety of invasion plans, including a detailed program for the separation of the Northeast of Brazil from the rest of the country, in case of a triumphant peasant uprising in the region...
...Although their methods of expanding their membership include the use of "goon squads" and the physical occupation of union halls, President Velasco has welcomed them as "militants of the Peruvian Revolution...
...They also have to develop the strength to take advantage of the contradictions among the ruling classes of the hemisphere...
...April 1974 96...
...In one blow Bordaberry resurrected (as if it had ever died) the traditional pro-Brazilian party, a faction which turned the country over to the Brazilian Empire and relinquished considerable territory, in successive treaties with its northern neighbor...
...During these years, inflation was halted (at the expense of the working class) and the public debt was reduced...
...For example, he once angered both the Bolivian and Peruvian authorities when, in Arica, he referred to the imaginary "encirclement" threatening Chile from the North...
...In her book Geopolitics and Imperialism, Vivian Tries estimated that the DOPS had approximately 400 agents in Montevideo in 1968...
...with the Bank of Algarve and with the Banco Portugues de Brasil...
...The key factor in explaining the success of this plan was the extension of less credit to the public sector, more to private industry 4 1 (under foreign control) and the continuous depression of working-class income...
...The security measures were reinstituted on June 24, types of trade union groups--some with anarchist per- 1969 and maintained until the eve of the 1971 presidential spectives and others that originated from splits within the elections...
...defines Brazil's role in the international arena as Washington's ally...
...Dependency theory indicated, to the contrary, that underdevelopment was a product of the integration of countries in a world-wide capitalist system through relations of domination and exploitation...
...Once again democracy was put in the dungeon...
...There is no evidence that the statesmen considered the recommendations of the military leaders before entering into an alliance with Bolivia...
...l One must recognize the existence of a particular form of "nationalism" in Brazilian foreign policy...
...Both countries would avoid polluting lakes and rivers and would preserve the shared ecological resources under their respective jurisdictions...
...As examples, 1879 war with Chile and the 28...
...The Nationalist Liberation Movement (Tupamaros) was founded in 1964by the socialist leader Raul Sendic...
...Rogelio Garcia Lupo, published in CGT, No...
...In March 1973 a National Security Council (CNS) was set up as the de facto government following an "agreement" between the Armed Forces and the President...
...The CNS took over all political and economic decision making...
...The latest figures show that out of a population of less than three million, almost a third live in Argentina, and many live in Australia, Canada, Venezuela and other countries...
...However, economic growth did occur and benefited not just foreign companies but also indigenous capitalist interests, albeit to a lesser extent...
...24-26...
...0, r, r6 resources in the region: hydroelectric energy in the Parana and iron and natural gas in the Bolivian Altiplano...
...The Internal Situation The Brazilian economic model consists of two main features: 1) the conversion of Brazil into a privileged satellite of U.S...
...Quem faz forea 6 a CELPA...
...Nevertheless, the worsening social conditions are forcing workers to fight for their survival, demonstrating the potential for the development of an organized working-class opposition to the government...
...5 The text of the bilateral agreement establishes thecreationot an industrial development "pole" in the Bolivian Southea't which will take advantage of natural gas as well as various raw mater ials in the reqon "the sale of natural gas to Brazil, for its industrial energy needs Both lover n ments will carry out studies on works to be built in the Bol ivian ter ritory the Bolivian government will present Brazil with 240 million cubic feet a day lor the next twenty years...
...Thus, while 90 percent of Paraguayan exports leave from Argentine ports and 27 percent of them are consumed by the Argentine market, Paraguay has an unfavorable balance of trade with Brazil...
...Brazil is carrying out these plans not only for its own purposes but as a regional representative of U.S...
...policies of exporting inflation...
...a position which he recently left to become a part of President Geisel's advisory team...
...Recent Developments Since the writing of this article (mid-1974) significant events have taken place, particularly at the international level, which have a bearing on Brazil's expansionism...
...Cooperation between Santiago and Buenos Aires was fueled by a mutual interest in trade between the two nations valued at $200 million...
...NACLA POSTSCRIPT The period of industrialization and import substitution that followed World War I in Latin America not only strengthened the incipient bourgeoisies in these countries, but swelled the ranks of the industrial working classes...
...To demarcate the role of military strategy, the clear establishment of the political realm is necessary...
...but absolute, Military Forcesin the Soulhern Cone MILITARY MEN IN ARMY: MEN AND NAVY: MEN AND AIR FORCE: MEN COUNTRY BUDGET UNIFORM MATERIEL MATERIEL AND MATERIEL COMMENTS Brazil $1.2 billion 242,000 (1974 120,000 men 45,000 men 35,000 men Brazil has the best (projected, projected) prepared army in the 1974...
...Itamarity has sought (at the expense of Argentina) to direct this rapprochement at all levels...
...NACLA's Latin America and Empire Report, Vol...
...Some aspects of this contradiction were highlighted in a previous NACLA Report, "Brazil: Development for Whom...
...Goulbery Couto e Silva The Geopolitics of Goulbery Couto e Silva The geopolitics of Goulbery were conceived in 1952, following a series of studies, and remain today an invaluable guide for understanding the "doctrine" that dominates the Brazilian offensive in Latin America...
...The military regime has also faced some signs of opposition within Brazil itself...
...This will happen when a defined national strategy-worthy of the support of a people in full control of their own sovereignty-receives the international support and recognition of the Chilean people themselves that it is illegitimate to appropriate territory by force...
...April 74, 1971 30...
...The agreements within the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA) hardly modified the situation...
...the 1971 Census brought bad news to government propagandists...
...The combination of all of these factors explains Brazil's need to intervene directly in Uruguay's internal affairs...
...The possibility of a new war in the Pacific zone, would therefore place a theme that is rich in geopolitical variations before the eyes of the world...
...Peru has also led the fight to extend national territorial waters to 200 miles in order to protect its fishing industry from competition with U.S...
...The years of austerity and reform lasted from 1964 to 1967...
...According to these definitions, the Brazilian experts suggested that their country propose the following to the Plata Foreign Ministers Regarding Livers with continuous courses, each nation had the right to use those pal Is that tell under its sovereignty, according to its own development programs, as long as "the works built did not permanently damage or harm countries with sover eignty over other parts of the same river The use of adjacent rivers should be subiec t to bilateral agreements...
...To redirect the country they set only three goals: the efficient and normal administration of the state apparatus, the elimination of the old partisan political framework, particularly aimed against the Left, and more or less direct control over the small economic groups which dominated the financial, commercial and productive system...
...The world-wide situation clearly13 indicates that the rise in exports is one of the crucial points if not the most important, for Latin American growth...
...The histories of two government-sponsored political organizations illustrate the basis for these fears...
...Some Peruvians see the resorting to authoritarian measures as a temporary requirement in a time of transition to a new social order...
...In 1972, a national conference of trade union leaders demanded an end to government control of unions and attacked the government's wage policy...
...NACLA-East FOOTNOTES 1. Excelsior, Mexico, April 14, 1974 2. Brazil occupied by "peaceful" means a vast Paraguayan territory alonil the Parana river, a large sector of the Bolivian northeast and the Uruguayan north The means used are very simple: Brazilian capitalists purchase land and bi nin in Brazilian workers, creating within a short time small "islands" where e Portuquese is spoken, payment is made in cruceiros and Brazilian law prevails...
...Today, foreign interests control 100 per cent of the production of tires and other rubber products, 95 per cent of the automobile industry, 59 per cent of the production of heavy machinery and 90 per cent of pharmaceuticals...
...Some of the nationalizations have been criticized for introducing state capitalism in the nationalized businesses and encouraging North American companies to relocate in more profitable economic activities...
...unimaginative government moved toward the establish-18 Police measures were unable to contain the advances of the working class...
...Anchor Books, Garden City...
...Here there is light for everyone...
...On April 20, while swearing in the "Maritime Commission," he affirmed, "(the Commission) must end our geographic isolation because a rapid return to the sea is (now) a 'realistic aspiration.'" Fifteen days earlier the government had convened a National Assembly to ask for unified support for its moves in search of a Bolivian outlet to the Pacific...
...WE GIVE WARNING: That the Bolivian people, who have not been allowed to comment on the major problems which affect our country and its future, do not recognize the validity of any international agreement negotiated behind our backs by a government lacking legitimacy, popular representation and moral authority, and acclaimed by the Brazilian government as a "triumph of Brazilian geopolitics...
...When General Juan Carlos Ongania and Marshal Arthur da Costa e Silva ruled in Argentina and Brazil respectively, they explicitly or implicitly adopted the doctrine of ideological frontiers...
...the high costof oil could lead to a scarcity oft tr tilizers necessary for the incr ease in agricultural product ion 38...
...The document goes on to stress the "fundamental participatory" rights of the Peruvian citizens to control the state...
...The highways, designed for military use, are built to bear the weight of Hercules C-130 planes and of tanks weighing several tons...
...All this does not mean that we are opposed to the notion that the popular support of the Revolution should organize itself politically...
...This would have important implications for the development of bourgeoisies in numerous Third World countries (not just a select few such as Iran and Brazil) and the formulation of an effective revolutionary strategy to overthrow them...
...We ride Otis elevators, drive Volkswagens and Fords and ship our goods on Mercedes-Benz trucks fueled by Esso and Shell...
Vol. 9 • May 1975 • No. 4
