U.S. Counter-Revolutionary Apparatus: The Chilean Offensive
NACLA
Introduction "We revolutionaries draw our own conclusions from these events. Imperalism is on the move, and it is waging a strategic offensive in Latin America with the backing of Brazil: first...
...ruling class created at home to insure its continued domination are replicated abroad and housed in the embassy complex...
...This study was done to try and delineate some of the strategies and tactics of U.S...
...Patria y Libertad was that army in Chile...
...government...
...But before the counterinsurgency specialists could move in, the intelligence apparatus had to go to work...
...imerialism have been well coordinated under the able hand of Henry Kissinger to insure the maintenance of U.S...
...Both lines had merged into one, and this trend could be seen as early as the 1969 National Security Council meetings on Latin America...
...Project Camelot is a reflection of the change in the mode of warfare internationally and the best example of the methodology and objectives of the U.S...
...The Santiago Coup d'Etat...
...But, despite his efforts, most countries in Europe have either broken off diplomatic relations, or aid to the Junta or have otherwise reduced their presence in Chile...
...This could, of course, be done on many levels...
...Approaches continue to be made to select members of the Armed Forces," he wrote, "in an attempt to have them lead some sort of uprising-no success to date...
...More specifically, the Chilean Air Force, formed at the time when the United States was supplanting European power in Latin America, was traditionally the service most closely aligned to the United States...
...He was known to trek endlessly through the Chilean countryside, drumming up support for Frei's meager agrarian reform program...
...An organization that could infiltrate, influence and organize large sectors of the armed forces had to be created...
...As endless columns of workers filed past their President, pledging to defend him and the government from right-wing aggression, Nathaniel Davis and his staff were busy, putting in a late night at the nearby U.S...
...CIA through such Chilean civilians as Miranda Carrington.' 4 They were thus able to devise a strategy based on an analysis of the situation within each branch of the armed services...
...DEEP COVER: THE RESIDENT STRUCTURE Although the embassy structure is effective and played an important role in Chile, it is in many ways a lightning rod for the more covert CIA structure which exists...
...The Banco Agustin Edwards, controlled by the Edwards family, had always been close to the Chase Manhattan Bank, the Rockefeller family bank...
...New York Time, September 12...
...The necessity for clandestinity has led to inflexibility and intense compartmentalization...
...In reality, however, the plan had been withdrawn weeks before, but this was not reported in the papers...
...labor strategy for Chile as carried out through the American Institute for Free Labor Development [AIFLD] and the International Trade Secretariats [ITS...
...The response phase was the second part of Project Camelot...
...Judith Hydes introduced Rodriguez at the press conference...
...1973...
...Thus, the question of whether the dominant sector of the U.S...
...Los Angels Times...
...Plotting within the military had to be coordinated with the political and economic sabotage of the country by the Chilean bourgeoisie and U.S...
...Under Ruiz in the Air Force was General Gustavo Leigh Guzman...
...Embassy abroad is an apparatus of class war...
...It was not necessary to have many agents in the Peace Corps-just in the right places and with access to all the information which was generated...
...In Chile, the result was the death of two U.S...
...Much of this propaganda was used during Frei's campaign in 1964...
...The Navy, as in most Latin American countries, was the traditional stronghold of an extremely reactionary provincial oligarchy...
...In addition to contacts on an official level with the United States and with the Chilean community here, Patria y Libertad also began to set up an apparatus of support throughout Latin America-in the strongholds of U.S...
...Air Force, to "return a visit" Ryan had made to Chile in March of the same year...
...imperialism could not rely on direct military intervention to thwart the revolutionary movement of the Chilean people...
...But it must be understood that the U.S...
...CIA men bring an important expertise to each new experience...
...armed forces and their Chilean counterparts...
...September 24, 1972 17 Washington Post...
...Economic blockade, for example, is discussed...
...military involvement in Chile on the basis of one day in the long history of U.S...
...and, a possible inroad into the major parties of the Chilean Left, given the official contacts which existed between the parties of the Left and foreign revolutionary organizations...
...to defeat it we must begin to understand both better...
...plan in favor of a reformist alliance represented suicide for the left...
...Chile Propaganda, disseminated through what is called a media apparatus, is an important front in the ideological struggle...
...money...
...No sooner had Warren hung up his cloak and stuck his dagger in the closet than his crew began to arrive...
...Korry was more a businessman than a career foreign service officer...
...foreign policy makers, it issued a myriad of statements claiming State Department "impartiality" in regard to Chile and "respect" for Chile's sovereign rights-even while major counter-revolutionary steps against the Chilean people were being elaborated in the NSC, and CIA and other government agencies...
...Recruited when he was in the Peace Corps in Chile, Townley returned as an advisor for the CIA to work with Patria y Libertad...
...ruling class learned an important lesson from their failures in Cuba...
...The FSEs, manufactured by the Northrop Corporation, were not the only gifts the United States extended to the Chilean military during the years of the UP government...
...strategy and to the actual situation of Chile...
...While maintenance of those ties was important, the U.S...
...The response on the part of the Chilean people was immediate...
...Kessler suggests that the United States should use such "instruments" as the OAS and the IDB (Inter-American Development Bank) to apply pressure on Allende...
...p, 273...
...They wanted to get rid of Allende but held on to the mistaken notion that this was possible without a dramatic breakdown of the "democratic system...
...In other words, to what extent could reforms go before they set in motion changes of consciousness which could not be controlled...
...Throughout much of 1972," according to a former foreign service officer, "there was a notable vacuum of ambassadorial power...
...corporations were blocking export contracts for spare parts, and the ITT scandal had blown wide open...
...Popper's close ties with the European community were a major factor in favor of his appointment...
...In April of this year, fiftyseven Air Force officers went on trial for "Treason...
...Rogers is one of Nixon's oldest friends, the one person who provided him with access to the Eastern financial groups which are crucial to any aspiring national politician.' His low-keyed, non-forceful approach provided a perfect foil for Henry Kissinger and, in the process, left OFFICIAL Henry A. Kissinger Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs23 the State Department dangling...
...Thus, at a time when the Chilean economy was being strangled by the seditious bosses' strike, Kennecott placed an embargo on the sale of its copper in European markets and deprived the UPof much-needed foreign exchange...
...It said that the military would only intervene if the country's stability were sufficiently threatened and that "the threat must be provided one way or another through provocation...
...The objectives of the plan are stated most concisely in Marplan's own description: "It is necessary to destroy the image of the State as patron...
...Miami Herald, June 4. 1972...
...Because each agency in the intelligence network has vested interests and is therefore concerned with the size of its budget, every agency tries to expand, or at least maintain, its budget...
...corporations faced the UP victory with their options severely limited...
...Mark Chadwin, "Foreign Policy Report: Nixon Administration Debates New Position Paper on Latin Americ.," NationalJournal, Vol...
...Wyant, who has a reputation for being both extremely intelligent and dangerous, had previously worked with the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency before joining the Foreign Service where he was "discovered" by Gordon...
...Although the Under Secretary of State is chairman of the committee, the Department of Defense can appeal his decision to the president...
...In December of 1973, with the help of Walter Rauff, a former Gestapo chief and the creator of Hitler's gas chambers, the Department of National Intelligence (DINA) was set up...
...B. Aid and the Economic Section The two sections in charge of economic and commercial relations between Chile and the United States also underwent major changes after Allende's election...
...Budgets were worked out...
...U.S...
...However, it was during the visit of Pablo Rodriguez in the Spring of 1972 that the ice began to melt...
...TECHNIQUES OF COVERT WARFARE 'lIe formulation of the tactics to be used within this overall strategy was the work of the "Forty Committee", a subcommittee of the National Security Council which approves all major clandestine operations abroad...
...Telecommunications experts, who lend their services to the surveillance of local natiotials and serve as a vital link to Washington...
...The object of Project Camelot was to further the capacity of U.S...
...Foreign Service Officer alleged that Purdy was, in fact, a CIA agent who only used the Foreign Service as his cover...
...Investigators found that Sessa, along with two others, had a checking account in the First National City Bank branch office in Hato Rey, Puerto Rim...
...Chile was to become the example for the rest of Latin America that socialism does not work - that it is not a viable alternative to capitalism...
...advertising agencies also played an important role, particularly the agency which was crucial during the coup in Brazil in 1964...
...Rodriguez was discredited within the Right and forced to flee the country...
...There was no question of direct U.S...
...The CIA's Embassy structure played a crucial role during the 60's in overseeing the gathering and analysis of8 information collected by the extensive network of the CIA...
...The August coup attempt by the Air Force served its purpose...
...Who's Who in the CIA lists 182 agents who use the USIA as a cover...
...They "left the generals out of the plotting"" and tried to convince middlelevel officers that "the liberal democratic system died the 4th of March [date of Parliamentary elections in which the UP increased its support]," "that military power and the acendancy of the.Armed Forces are the only forces capable to oppose the Marxist offensive...
...no.4 (April 1972...
...The case of Orlando Saenz is illustrative...
...1973...
...7. SOUTHCOM's influence on MILGROUPS is described in "Reports of the Special Study Mission to Latin America on Military Assistance Training and Developmental Television...
...Unknowingly, thousands of U.S...
...Especially when it was in the interest of one of its vice presidents...
...One of the obstacles to this "success" was Army Commander in Chief, General Rene Schneider...
...imperialist offensive in Chile: intelligence, military and the U.S...
...Embassy personnel could no longer overtly appear to favor either the National Party or the Christian Democrats...
...Contingency plans were made for bombing the factories...
...They are never so primary as to undercut the common strategic political view held by all branches of the bourgeoisie: the promotion of the U.S...
...corporations...
...They were assessing consciousness, evaluating reactions to reforms...
...3. Hunt...
...IDF headed for the countryside...
...A native of Florida, Edward's career seems to run parallel to many of the Agency's operations...
...Carrington was later decorated by the Junta following the bombing of the Moneda and some industrial zones in Santiago...
...4 (January 22...
...They have also been used to create confusion about the real class nature of these agencies...
...It is the duty of an ambassador to keep the [State] Department fully informed at all times...
...and as a logical method of placing individuals with specific training qualities into posts which are in need of those qualities...
...Embassy in Santiago played a major role in the implementation of the counter-revolution in Chile...
...It was set up directly by the bourgeoisie to carry out its interests and is staffed at the upper echelons by members of the bourgeoise who have been trained in the elite institutions ofthe United States...
...The fascist military Junta is now struggling to clean up its image by making repression more selective and less public...
...In the words of the same diplomat, "Even among persons very much opposed to Allende, Shlaudeman was seen as a hard-liner...
...At present more than 70 percent of the Chilean Air Force planes and helicopters are manufactured in the United States...
...The foreign nationals recruited by the CIA form the base of the resident structure and the key to successful intelligence operations in the country...
...It was, in other13 words, fascist...
...7 (Summer 1972...
...During the period of the Alliance for Progress there had been some attempt by civilians to at least publicly link Military Assistance to the support of democratically elected regimes...
...16 per year for non-profit institutions ($30 #or two years...
...is not willing to intervene and change these governments into ones that it likes, then we must deal with the implications of that decision, and I think that we are not so unimaginative as to conclude that isolation [Cuba, e.g.] is the only way-even if it means considering the overhaul of the OAS, IDB, etc...
...But, despite the precautions which he took...
...The Santiago Coup d'Etat...
...Between January and July 1973, Orlando Saenz made three different trips here...
...A fellow named Nixon back in the late '50's, after being spat upon in Venezuela, urged that we extend a handshake to dictators, and an abrazo to democrats That, I think, was pretty good advice, except that we've learned that it may not be such a good idea to give too strong an abrazo...
...IeUd Ahd d sddeh...
...September 16...
...The Project was allocated $5.5 million to complete an intensive four-year study using Chile as the workshop...
...Exile communities are always highly penetrable and, for that reason, they are consistently a major target for the CIA...
...Identification was passed out...
...government arranged a series of trips for representatives of the right-wing to visit the States during the three years of the UP government...
...If this is true, we should attempt good solid relations-within the obvious existing constraints...
...The range of conduits open to the bourgeoisie is also multitudinous-there are bank account transfers, corporation payrolls and expense accounts, covert conduits and many more...
...Furthermore, Chilean Naval Intelligence was virtually run by U.S...
...This is easily seen in the strikes of the truck and taxi owners who protested a lack of spare parts and tires...
...The U.S...
...The Chilean people's struggle to establish socialism on the South American continent was the greatest threat to U.S...
...It is unclear whether or not Patria y Libertad really expected to overthrow the UP in June of 1973...
...For that reason, Davis flew to Washington on September 8th to confer with Kissinger...
...In the first place, direct U.S...
...Each of these agencies specializes in a particular kind of intelligence input...
...He had developed a close personal relationship with General Castello Branco while serving as interpreter for the U.S...
...Conversely, of course, the vanguard's role is to clarify for the masses the identity of the enemy and to unite the people to engage the enemy...
...September 21...
...While certain bourgeois institutions were threatened with immediate expropriation, the UP was determined to avoid provoking the bourgeoisie's military arm, the Chilean Armed Forces...
...The Christian Democrats played on the institutional fears of the armed forces that the UP's ultimate aim was subversion of the military hierarchy, hoping to unseat the Popular Unity without losing their own power to military rule...
...King Features Syndicate is one of the three largest distributors of comic strips -an important arm of cultural imperialism and ideological deformation...
...policy goals...
...If the emphasis within a Latin American officer's "professional" training in the United States is on economic analysis of the conditions of his country, modernization through "saving and investment" and an understanding of the "importance of foreign assistance", not on "income transfers and expropriation,"" he must be in a position of not only military but political power to put this knowledge into effect...
...Some were called back to Langley for briefings by the Area Specialists...
...is not willing to intervene and change this government into one that it likes," the memo continues, than it must develop an alternative route for exerting pressure on the Allende government...
...By 1970, however, the situation had changed and called for different skills...
...In 1965 Abt signed a contract (#ARO-RFQ-19) to do a study entitled "The US Involvement in the Emerging Nations", which Abt himself directed for a fee of $100,000...
...Embassy headquarters...
...Totheten t*r% - Adm...
...Another aspect of the U.S...
...Naval intelligence Officer on every major Chilean Navy ship...
...The Christian Democratic Party called the act unconstitutional...
...The situation in Chile was particularly suited to this kind of activity...
...The role of the United States would have to be invisible...
...Living next door to each other ORLANDO SAENZ ROJAS in a Santiago suburb, they were able to meet and converse on many occasions...
...Its elaborate "people-to-people" programs fomented class collaboration and actively combatted the growth of revolutionary class consciousness among rural and urban workers...
...These strengths had to include a familiarity with, and ability to operate under crisis situations (thus the high number of staffers with prior service in Southeast Asia or countries which had undergone coups...
...When asked what they were unloading, SAT crew members answered "meat", not a well-known Chilean import from the United States at that time...
...In these attempts, the Embassy would be allocated an important role, and thus its presence could not be jeopardized...
...1967...
...But, still, $7 million is a lot of money to collect door-to-door...
...Certain right-wing sectors advocated the overthrow of Frei before Allende came to power and a short period of military rule to allow Frei to succeed himself...
...Foreign Policy Formulation: Who's Got The Soft Line...
...A great deal has been written about the training of Latin American officers and enlisted men in counter-insurgency operations...
...Walters, now deputy director of the CIA, was a perfect choice for the U.S...
...Because the class struggle was creating this revolutionary consciousness, the bourgeoisie was forced to defend its power militarily by carrying out the military coup of September 11 and the counterrevolution of the succeeding months...
...Six Crises...
...The importance of achieving this political goal would mean that, at least in the short run, certain economic and military interests would have to be set aside...
...Previously these reports were done by the CIA's Board of National Estimate, but it was felt that this gave too much political power to one agency...
...Now, revolutionary possibilities also exist, and they exist for one simple reason: became men and women don't invent revolutions, revolutions are determined by events...
...Canales, former head of instruction for the Chilean Army, and chief of the Chilean War Academy," was well versed in the military ideology put forth in U.S...
...Many U.S...
...During the last month of the UP Saenz was also used as a go-between by General Carlos Prats, head of the Chilean Army, and the U.S...
...Of the 16 people comprising the section as a whole, only three were there before Allende's election, and one of these was a secretary...
...military strategy for Latin America and a product of the long term and close relationship between the U.S...
...Following on the heels of the August demonstration was a visit to the bed-ridden Prats by Frei's man in the Army, General Bonilla, whose wife had participated in the demonstration...
...Consulate and the Embassies of Brazil, Bolivia and Uruguay resulted in a rapid round-up of literally thousands of foreigners which would have been impossible given the destruction of the Chilean intelligence files during the coup...
...60615...
...In Mendoza Thieme met with other leaders of Patria y Libertad...
...Specialists in the field of counter-revolution, U.S...
...Sessa left Concepcion after having participated in the terrorist action there with Michael Townley...
...EITannazo...
...This side of the organization was run similarly to early Nazi groups in Germany...
...Beneath the Resident are a team of case officers who are also U.S...
...military advisory programs and the training by the U.S...
...Some consciously worked for the Agency, but even those who had no ties to the Agency would find their doctoral theses and research work integrated into the CIA's computer files at a later date...
...35 The subversive activities of the Chilean Air Force in th months before the coup are described in detail in "Fuerza Area: El Golpe esta Vivo," Chile Hoy, ( 4(August September 1973...
...Abt associates works on contract for the US Army Research Office and employs 200 social scientists to carry out this work...
...Given the fact that the world copper market is extremely sensitive to supply and demand, news of the existence of a new source of copper would have sent copper prices plummeting...
...ITT's strategy lost out because the National Security Council in general, and Kissinger in particular, represent the most powerful interests of the U.S...
...Was the U.S...
...Relations may be downgraded, but the physical presence of an embassy is crucially important...
...intelligence apparatus is like a large multinational corporation...
...policy, however, where the Brazilian model has shown that the Latin American armed forces can be used effectively not only to protect U.S...
...The question posed by the Pentagon from the beginning was not whether or not the new government could be accommodated but how and how soon it could be gotten rid of...
...participation in counter-revolutionary movements in the future would have to be less visible, more camouflaged, and highly coordinated...
...oe Or wasy .he...
...The class alliance forged many years before with the U.S...
...Besides the advice given out in the Embassy in Santiago...
...The Special Operations Division (SOD) of the CIA oversees these activities...
...government ultimately flow out of this group which, obviously, makes it somewhat of a battle zone between sectors of the bourgeoisie...
...Patria y Libertad included in its membership a large number of retired military officers who while they knew the ins and outs of the military hierarchy, were not subject to the institutional discipline imposed by strong constitutionalists in the high command and an officer corps that at least had to pay lip service to the support of the democratically elected government...
...Victor Marchetti states quite simply that President Nixon "lied" when he said that the United States did not intervene in the Chilean elections of 1970...
...Not only did the United States and the Chilean ruling class show no regard for their prized democratic institutions, they showed little regard for the "sanctity" of the military hierarchy...
...Perhaps the situation was not as bad as it appeared...
...bourgeoisie (represented by ITT) advocated a hasty, necessarily sloppy and visible intervention to prevent the government from ever reaching office, the dominant branch of U.S...
...Countless meetings were scheduled between key right-wing leaders and Embassy staff personnel...
...This was only part of the acknowledged $20 million that the United States spent to support Frei...
...Once there, he was in charge of arranging financing for the paper...
...The function and composition of the Embassy network changes depending on the political situation in the country...
...The United States Information Agency (USIA), founded in 1953 at the height of the Cold War, is one of these overt mechanisms...
...It was Imperialism that created the Organization of American States, the Inter-American Defense Board, and the joint naval maneuvers...
...the rest-a significant portion-comes from private arms companies, in particular, the International Armament Corporation in Alexandria, Virginia...
...It was Prats' position as head of the Army that allowed the Left to organize within the military...
...recognition and help would be forthcoming.32 Knowledge of the internal functioning of a local military is invaluable to both the U.S...
...General Leigh was to become the hard- liner in the military Junta and the most fervent advocate of "the very best relations with the government of the United States...
...Those arms not donated by the United States and Brazil had to be purchased and radio stations had to be funded, all of which was expensive...
...government...
...And it is not surprising that he accepted the post...
...Winding Up for the Coup On September 4, 1973, one million Chilean workers surrounded La Moneda [Presidential Palace] in downtown Santiago in celebration of the third anniversary of the UP government...
...His trip to Argentina was carried out under the cover of a plane crash in which he was supposedly killed...
...Imperialism is an economic, social, political and cultural system directed at oppressing the people...
...Trying to ;race covert funding is never simple...
...The June coup attempt failed...
...The Chamber of Commerce in Brazil, for example, has always maintained close relations with U.S...
...Furthermore, the terror squad had hastily bound and gagged the night watchman at the center and he suffocated to death, creating tremendous public indignation against the attackers...
...For example, right-wing radios contacted networks of reactionary women over the air to advise them where they could obtain scarce goods so that they could supply themselves and help create further shortages...
...Working out of the U.S...
...Unless an invasion by the U.S...
...And therein lies the strength, and danger, of the U.S...
...The stage was set...
...According to UP supporters in the Chilean Army, Patria y Libertad planned three days of increased terrorist activity beginning on June 26th and hoped that the coup attempt by the Second Armored Regiment, proclaimed as the definitive overthrow of the UP by Radio Agricultura, would quickly gain the support of the armed forces as a whole...
...1972 27...
...However, this quantity represented far more copper than, in reality, Chile could produce...
...Berrellez must have seen in General Schneider what seemed to be the perfect opportunity for a "provocation...
...The embassy collected, evaluated and transmitted all local information...
...The United States had an equally important role in the final stages of coup planning...
...And each drop of one cent in the price of copper over a year costs Chile approximately $10 million in lost revenues...
...When the coup occurred, the intelligence coordination between the U.S...
...its control of civilian institutions than in its control of the armed forces...
...These same receivers were used' during the coup to facilitate coordination of the Junta's bloody activities...
...Popper's broad international experience offers a positive contribution to the Junta's major, but unsuccessful, effort to clean up its image...
...Throughout the country, workers mobilized within the industrial cordones, the poblaclones and the mines...
...To do this the intelligence apparatus would have to penetrate all groups, or have access to highly reliable information through a network of informers in every sector of Chilean society...
...The Alliance for Progress, carried out in large measure through the State Department, accentuated many of the social democratic sectors of State...
...On June 25th, a part of the plot was discovered by that sector of the armed forces loyal to the Allende government...
...1969...
...The myths have been created to make people feel weak and paralyzed...
...In 1964 the Cuban Revolution had succeeded, based, to a large extent, on rural guerrilla warfare...
...policy makers and to important sectors of the Chilean ruling class that bourgeois democracy would neither placate nor hold back a highly conscious and well organized working class movement...
...Committee on Foreign Affairs...
...Since the coup Wyant has visited Chile at least once...
...It is a crucial center of subversion in those areas where such interests have been challenged...
...A full account of this can be found in "Report of the Chicago Commission of Inquiry into the Status of Human Rights in Chile...
...Ruiz himself insisted that he could not negotiate with the truckers for the UP, and on August 17th Allende was forced to relieve him not only of his cabinet post but of his military command...
...interests abroad and, often, serve as cover for FBI agents...
...The simplest strategy was that attempted in the Schneider assassination...
...After the Cuban revolution they fanned out over Latin America and now provide a ready-made network of counter-revolutionaries...
...interests...
...During the Johnson administration, a congressional ceiling on arms sales to Latin America31 represented some attempts by liberals in Congress to keep the U.S...
...intelligence, infiltration and coordination with the gremlo movement to organize strikes, sabotage and terrorist acts...
...2. For example, see Ibid...
...Most importantly, the U.S...
...imperialism...
...September 23...
...Air Force planes in the Santiago area were flown to more distant bases to avoid being grounded...
...M. Klare, War Without End...
...The American Institute for Free Labor Development (AIFLD) and the International Trade Secretariats (ITS) provided information on the Chilean working class...
...Dominant sectors of the U.S...
...Senate...
...Agustin Edwards is a member of the Council's Steering Committee...
...41 Mario Diaz...
...And yet, such an action ultimately harmed the U.S...
...forces in Latin America and indeed for the whole Western Hemisphere...
...The Army, he said, wasn't ready...
...He had parroted Frei's position to Allende, insisting that the UP program was weakening the national security of Chile in view of the "hostility" of her Latin American neighbors...
...Traditional fascist sectors of the military, allied with civilian right-wing terrorists and agents of the U.S...
...The first is the often-employed "State Department approach": "Our stance before Allende and the rest of Latin America is that we are willing to begin by taking him at his word...
...He was too closely identified with the Frei government...
...Pentagon officials were immediately dispatched to Santiago to report on the reaction of the Chilean military to the situation...
...On the contrary, embassy operatives saw in the CDP a tactical ally whose desire to topple the Unidad Popular made for a distinct overlapping of interests...
...In this way, State played something of a cover role-claiming that it was not involved in covert operations in Chile while knowing full-well that such operations were being carried out...
...Ideological warfare is one of the battle fronts with imperialism...
...The stated purpose of the Council is to "further understanding and acceptance of the role of private enterprise as a positive force for the development of the Americas...
...By 1969 King Features Service comics were translated into more than 30 languages, in over 100 countries and used in more than 5,000 daily newspapers...
...The man in question, Art Nixon, was closely tied to the Christian Democrats which, in Davis's book, made him an undesirable addition to the staff...
...The Alliance for Progress was in full swing when the CDP mapped out its "Revolution in Liberty" program which27 coincided programmatically with U.S...
...proposals for curtailing the growth of popular discontent...
...Miami Herald...
...La Resistencia Va!21 The Embassy: Imperial Outpost The U.S...
...Juan Luis Bulnes, later proved to be among those responsible for Schneider's death, headed immediately for the airport...
...An important element in U.S...
...TV bmadcasts to the city were only disrupted for a short time...
...strategy of overthrowing Allende and crushing the mass movement of workers, peasants and poor...
...Caritas, was distributing four times as much food and clothing to the Chilean people (voters) as it had during the previous, non- election year...
...They were not however, as relaxed as he...
...4, For analysis of U.S...
...He was replaced by Rene Silva Espejo, president of El Mercurlo...
...universities, foundations or CIA-sponsored training courses for foreign officers at the International Police Academy...
...Despite the fact that Broe and the CIA deny that the plan was ever put into action, this is exactly what happened during the next year...
...In the final analysis, though, it is a computerplanned coup d'etat...
...D. The Media If you want my opinion, the success or failure of this unusual process will depend on the ideological battle and the mass struggle...
...Outraged by Frei's policy of reforms and terrified by their possible loss of political and economic power because of the reforms, Conservative Party leaders spoke out against the U.S...
...A good example of the connection which tied the two bourgeoisies together can be seen in the relationship between the Edwards group of Chile and the Rockefeller financial group in the United States...
...October 5. 1971 18...
...If the overthrow of Allende were to appear as an internal failure, the methods used by the United States to promote this failure would have to be covert...
...Bonilla advised Prats to resign as Commander in Chief...
...Fresh out of Swarthmore, Bennington and Berkeley, the volunteers invaded the poblaciones, lived with the people and came to know them--politically and socially...
...Give Us This Day (New Rochelle...
...In situations of intense armed struggle, such as in Vietnam, the enemy is clear...
...state power abroad...
...balance of payments and deprived the United States "of the opportunity for the kinds of relationships that can be established and maintained through cooperation in training and maintenance of equipment provided...
...Hearings before the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations...
...Davis kept in mind the pressures that had come to bear on his predecessors...
...It was with this understanding that United States forces plotted with the Chilean reactionaries to overthrow the Unidad Popular government of President Salvador Allende...
...It was undoubtedly this period of his career which ripened him for the Chilean appointment...
...6 July-August 1974 Published monthly, except May-June and July-August when it is published bi-monthly, at 160 Claremont Ave, New York, NY 10027...
...But once an ambassador becomes too compromised politically with one party, he can no longer remain on top of the situation, especially if that situation is changing rapidly...
...The vice-consul, James E. Anderson, appointed in early 1971, was also an intelligence agent...
...28 New York Ilmes, December 9. 1973...
...reveal some of the important uses to which the media apparatus can be put in a situation of intense class struggle...
...By focusing attention on these particular incidents...
...military intelligence...
...June 10...
...For example, it commanded an extensive social base of support which could be mobilized and transformed into a strident force clamoring for Allende's downfall...
...foreign policy...
...Shortly after Allende's election, thousands of political exiles, primarily from the right-wing dictatorships of Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay and Argentina, sought a haven from repression in Chile...
...National Journal...
...If the U.S...
...On the contrary, most of it comes from an elaborate surveillance of public sources and the use of numerous "casual" friendships, both of which are also facilitated through the Embassy...
...To the extent that the Right maintained a solid economic base within the society and received the support otf the United States they were able to continue these activities...
...Before the coup d'etat in Chile] some newspapers said that the UPwould only last for a few more months, and as they said this a whole series of events started to occur...
...He had participated in organizing air support for the attempted coup of June 29th...
...Through these retired officers Patria y Libertad was able to coordinate knowledge of and contacts in the armed forces with the intelligence and operational expertise of the U.S...
...Arrangements would have been particularly easy as Edwards was living in the United States at the time and enjoying a close relationship with officials in the government here...
...The CIA'S embassy network source of numerous disputes with the State Department, collects a variety of information from different segments of the society, analyses it and sends reports on to Langley through its special communications system located inside the embassy...
...There is little doubt that Hinton is the agency's copper specialist and that we can expect to hear more from him in the future...
...New York Times, September 12...
...Army cover, and then simply redistribute the arms once they have entered...
...He had been charged with conspiring to overthrow the government...
...The memoirs of several U.S...
...Its troops remain hidden...
...Martin, was also a "student of Marxism-Leninism...
...When Vasille was ejected from the country, he was sent directly to Vietnam to carry out the same kinds of activities there...
...3) pressure put on savings and loan associations to close down their operations in Chile...
...During the UP government the names of several Cuban gusanos were linked to the activities of Patria y Libertad...
...He is now based in New York as a vice president of the Council...
...We know these strategies, these forces, only too well...
...When not using this method, the CIA can also use private companies which are either CIA covers or which will be glad to work with the Agency for a price...
...In Giron [Bay of Pigs] the computers of the Pentagon, the CIA and the government were wrong...
...This is one of the factors which createsan immense information glut...
...Patria y Libertad went into action, and the U.S...
...The Inter-American Press Association (IAPA) is another tentacle of U.S...
...1970...
...Embassy: Imperial Outpost," in this issue...
...4 ' In 1973, Chile received more U.S...
...Despite the demise of the Project due to revelations and the accompanying protest about its content, it is still important to study as a model of what information constitutes intelligence material...
...Headed by the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs, current Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, the NSC maintains an operations staff of more than 60 specialists...
...Kissinger has centralized decisionmaking by completely overhauling top-level State Department personnel and restricting his contacts to a handful of officers, most of them taken from the National Security Council.' "A Handshake to Dictators, an A brazo (Embrace) to Democrats" Shortly after Allende's election, but prior to his inauguration, Judd Kessler, a high-ranking officer in AID's Santiago office, relayed a confidential memorandum to his superior, Deane Hinton...
...What was the U.S...
...Las Fuer-as Armadas en el Sjstema Politico de Chile, (Santiago de Chile: Editorial Universitaria, S.A...
...citizens residing abroad, what happens when the Chief Consul functions under the discipline of the CIA and uses his office to gather information on the activities of U.S...
...Brazil and Bolivia were particularly important, both countries having military dictatorships, installed after U.S.-supported coup d'etats...
...ambassador, the "resident structure" operates under "deep cover...
...Special attention was given to studying the institutions which they knew would, in the end, play the key role...
...U.S...
...The offensive was mounting...
...2) companies delaying in sending payments and making deliveries...
...Los gremios patronales (Santiago: Quimantu...
...Political Officers, charged with overall political analysis and, therefore, highly subject to CIA penetration...
...The game was set up with 35 groups and individuals as the players who were judged to be the crucial factors in acting out any political situation...
...It all depends on the specific situation...
...Decision-making still revolves around Kissinger personally to such a degree that, as Tad Szulc recently wrote of Kissinger's previous manoeuvers, "it is even possible that Nixon did not fully understand at all times what his Special Assistant for National Security Affairs was doing...
...Act in coordination with the gremkli...
...Millionaires and Managers (Moscow: Progress Publishers...
...It was clear to all,othat the effective operative head of the embassy was Harry Shlaudeman, the DCM (Deputy Chief of Mission), a 'long- timer' in Chile, an important figure in the Dominican affairs in the mid-60s...
...The bourgeoisie has created many myths about the nature of the U.S...
...Like any other organization, the CIA possesses both strengths and weaknesses...
...Thus both the Navy and the Air Force were basically sympathetic to Patria y Libertad's reactionary ideology...
...LegalAttaches, who provide a link with an important sector of capitalist society -lawyers" -establish non-Embassy fronts for the protection of U.S...
...funds will be spent in training Chilean military personnel than will be spent on the military of any other Latin American country except Venezuela 2 The United States government will continue to do its utmost to bolster the Chilean military Junta, both economically and militarily...
...In 1955, he attended the National War College...
...p. 286...
...The capacity for the United States to implement such a plan rested upon the dependent capitalist structure of Chile vis-a-vis the United States and the strength of U.S...
...agency (the CIA or AIFLD, for example) would cause the United States severe adverse publicity and could even lead to a break in, or downgrading of, diplomatic relations, the embassy's structure provides for such intervention with maximum efficiency and minimum publicity...
...The CIA's in-country team in the U.S...
...If the Consulate's major purpose is to protect U.S...
...A simple coup d'etat would not reimpose the power of the Right...
...2. Help to protect your local neighborhood...
...At the time of the coup U.S...
...These disputes should be understood as tactical differences which are the product of the financial groups' respective financial and productive structures and their relative needs...
...On the agenda was Chile, given the definite possibilities of an Allende victory...
...as a manner of promotion within the Foreign Service...
...This coded message was broadcast over a right-wing radio station in Puerto Montt on August 21,E o U. 1973...
...The men in the Defense and State Departments who conceived of Camelot understood that, "success or failure...
...this denotes an intelligence [system], a force which was acting behind everything...
...Government Printing Office, 1973), pp 277-286...
...Once the Forty Committee approved the basic outlines of the plan against the Chilean people, it was the CIA that was given the task of carrying out that plan...
...Headed by Clark C. Abt, the company's board of directors includes such notables as Daniel Bell, the well known right wing Harvard Professor, and Dr...
...As we examine the quote, we see from the outset that Kessler is laying out two distinct policies on Chile, but policies which could be developed concurrently...
...The military apparatus of Patria y Libertad was divided into cells-training squadrons, death squads and shock troops...
...Embassy and the Communist and Socialist Parties of Chile...
...According to plan, the right-wing of the Christian Democratic Party demanded Ruiz' resignation...
...operations and a vital fountain of data on all aspects of the Chilean situation...
...The fascist intervention in Chile is a tremendous setback for all of those struggling for the liberation of Third World countries from the domination of U.S...
...325326...
...To the extent that the Left did not achieve ideological clarity and unity...
...Military Apparatus (Berkeley and New York: North American Congress on Latin America...
...By transferring the public anti-Allende operations to Shlaudeman, Washington was able to protect Davis from unwanted publicity...
...The use of games for devising strategies and tactics derives from various theories of learning which suggest that people learn better if they are active participants in the process, are given multiple choices, and can learn from real situations which they understand...
...Thus, whereas in the sixties conflicts between different government agencies either contributed to such embarrassing failures as the Bay of Pigs invasion or necessitated such last minute strategies as the invasion of the Dominican Republic, during the 1970's the branches of U.S...
...Planners at the Pentagon also understood the importance of the military and the police in counterinsurgency work...
...El Tancsa...
...Central Intelligence Agency and Brazilian and Chilean businessmen, is described in the preceding article on intelligence...
...Student Affairs Specialists...
...This course assures that we cannot or don't wish to do anything else about the situation here...
...Patria y Libertad leader, Pablo Rodriguez, and his cohorts in the organization were revealed as the instigators of the action...
...At least three elements made up this offensive: the "invisible blockade," the manipulation of the world copper market and the priming of the black market within Chile...
...In this area union leaders, missionaries and journalists have been particularly useful...
...Las Fuerzas Armadas Chilenas," Causa Marxista Leninista, 21 (Julyt August 1 9 7 1): p. 12...
...policy makers to assess and analyze current developments and plan for future actions.' When operating in "unfriendly territory", moreover, the Embassy's resources can quickly be turned into discrediting, manipulating, weakening or overthrowing that government...
...It was quite natural that the CDP-with an eye keenly focused on recapturing political power-seek the support and guidance of the United States...
...Central Intelligence Agency, hoped that their assassination of the constitutionalist General Schneider would either implicate the Left or provoke a violent response from the Left that would in turn provoke a military takeover...
...is ans agent of the CIA...
...Losque no Dispararon," Punto Final, 191 (August, 1973...
...In 1974, more U.S...
...The 70's: Moving Into Covert Work Raymond Warren arrived in Santiago in October 1970, just after Allende's election...
...Secondly, attempts to isolate revolutionary governments by means of withdrawal of diplomatic recognition can no longer guarantee their downfall because of the growing strength of the socialist world...
...labor ideology, and, in this way, trying to control the growing consciousness of the peasants...
...The United States, because of the degree of its control over the Chilean economy in the past and its dominance of international financial organizations, was able to play a critical role in the manipulation of the Chilean economy between 1970-1973...
...This was the approach that Patria y Libertad followed...
...It has access to billions of dollars, technology and equipment...
...Department of State as is the formulation of U.S...
...Regardless of the early date of the memo (October 2, 1970), it shows that Embassy personnel in Santiago already had a clear grasp of the basic policy options open to the United States with regard to Chile...
...military strategy toward Latin America...
...Although production in many areas increased during the years of the UP government, its full growth was impeded in11 many sectors of the economy because of a lack of spare parts and capital, withheld by the invisible blockade...
...This group, which consists of about 30 men drawn mostly from the CIA, is headed by George Carver, but is directly responsible to William Colby, the Director of the CIA...
...5-14...
...The right-wing press practiced this daily...
...Most of these changes involved bringing in economic intelligence officers who were able to measure the effects of the economic blockade and forecast its political consequences...
...When MILGROUP or mission officers arrive in Latin America they are not dealing with men who are uninitiated in the ways of the United States military...
...The SOD is organized to provide troops-mercenaries when necessary-training and material support to these paramilitary operations...
...As the reporting grew stronger, reactionary secondary school children held a demonstration on the steps of the National Library of Santiago and proceeded to run through the streets of Santiago, breaking store windows, setting fires, and overturning cars...
...Embassy's Economic Section, there is a high degree of coordination between the two...
...The class war which was being waged between 1970-1973 was not primarily characterized by armed struggle, but rather was an ideological war supported by tactical offensives in the economic and psychological arena...
...involvement to proof of these particular allegations...
...But Allende, in his efforts at conciliation, deemed the armed forces "the back bone of this system""' 3 and increased military influence by offering the high command both equipment and political power...
...black propaganda, .coded communications and incitement to counter-revolutionary activity...
...J. Walter Thompson has gained a reputation itself for being involved in the conduiting of money for Frei's campaign and for some suspicious activities in the Cuban gusano community...
...Any CIA agent who writes a check is probably fired the next day...
...Embassies play internationally...
...Marines was considered a possibility, the U.S...
...The United States was at a distinct disadvantage following the rupture of relations with Cuba...
...Ambassador to Cuba between 1957.1959...
...Soon the embassy was filled with intelligence experts: Arnold Isaacs, Daniel Arzac, Frederick Latrash, John B. Tipton, Donald Winter, James Anderson, Deane Hinton, Joseph F. McManus, Harry Shlaudeman, John Isaminger, Frederick Purdy, Jeffery Davidow, Keith Wheelock and the intelligence experts from the military: Lawrence A. Corcoran, William Hon, James Switzer, Adrian Schreiber and finally, John Carrington of the U.S...
...officials "a cheap plane distributed by the United States to friendly governments...
...Ruiz had been bought, used as a pawn and sold out...
...Under pressure from General Leigh who feared that premature refusal of a cabinet position by his commander in chief would isolate the Air Force from the other services, Ruiz took on the job as Minister of Transport...
...The Chilean Military When Allende took office in 1970, the Chilean Armed Forces had not held full political power in over thirty years...
...An example of this can be seen in an examination of the historial context surrounding the appointment of Ralph Dungan to the Ambassadorship in Chile in 196 4. During the Kennedy Administration, Dungan acted as a Presidential advisor for Third World affairs...
...The Division itself has a core of a few hundred men who have years of experience in the CIA and probably in the military as well...
...The 60's: Laying the Base The single most significant, inescapable fact about modern day counterterrorism is this: it requires offense, not defense...
...available from Joanne Fox Przeworski...
...In the fall of 1970 the National Security Council again met to discuss U.S...
...The workers, peasants and poor who formed the social and political base of the UP would not permit it...
...Working out of Sugarland Texas, Hull was in Chile on and off before the coup, in the Middle East during the October war , and most recently in Guatemala at the time of the last elections...
...These trips were escalated in 1973...
...Pinochet, the man delegated to carry out the anti-coup plans formulated by Allende, became Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces...
...2 And in early 1961, as a matter of fact, Fidel Castro publically challenged the United States on the real activities of the over-blown staff of 300 at the U.S...
...Raw data piles up without being processed, and innumerable reports are written which have little or no intelligence value...
...The Fourth Floor An Account of the Ccstro Communist Revolution (New York: Random House...
...Thus, the conclusion of the memo: "If it works, we are happy...
...equipment used to bomb Chilean workers in their factories, level poblaciones and transport Chilean troops on their death missions were "an important means of demonstrating our continuing interests in the well being of the Chilean population and of maintaining long standing and friendly relations between the U.S...
...James Bond appears as both suave and politically neutral...
...The School for Carabineros held out for three days...
...ruling class...
...But the Consulate was also used to coordinate a mass of data on many other foreigners living in Chile during the UP government...
...A group of socalled "loyal officers" led by Augusto Pinochet, met with Allende to convince him that Prats' resignation would "calm down the demands against him of the Air Force and the Navy...
...Background Briefing at the White House, with Dr...
...In March 1971 the Banque Populaire Suisse received a deposit from the Zurich-based Internordia Finance Corporation...
...Dungan was selected by Johnson for this task...
...The official duty of a mission officer, here again an officer from each of the armed services, is to collect military intelligence for the U.S...
...Davis attended numerous courses on Soviet foreign policy, economy, trade and finance, administrative structure, etc...
...To be sure the Chilean bourgeoisie was capable of financing a good part of it...
...6. Give your unconditional solidarity to the nationalist fighters...
...While right-wing terrorism would be accelerated, it had to be integrated into a more complex long term strategy...
...Embassy is holding private talks with representatives of conservative business groups is only to state that he/she is doing his/her job...
...Covert Actions "We are more than we thought...
...With Rauff's aid, the Chilean Junta has devised and employed the most sophisticated methods of physical and psychological torture...
...We did, and one magazine reporter told us "If there was a Brazilian connection, Wyant was it...
...An avid student and opponent of communism, Davis served as Peace Corps Director in Chile before becoming Minister to Bulgaria...
...Davis, for example, adamantly opposed the presence of a labor attache on his staff...
...It is largely a rational structure and a division of labor that allows the embassy to operate with effectiveness...
...The Chilean ruling class did recognize, however, that the so-called "democratic institutions" through which they had traditionally exerted their power were slipping from their control...
...military presence and vehicle for continuing effective military-to-military dialogue and rapport...
...contribution to counter-revolution...
...The meetings ended with the recommendation that the United States adopt a low profile, non-interventionist policy in the event of Allende's election...
...Feelers were sent out, working relations stepped up...
...New York Times...
...The company said that the cash deposit represented its "exclusive world monopoly" on the sale of a huge quantity of electrolytic copper to be produced in Chile over the next ten years...
...Embassy in Santiago during the Unidad Popular government provide a classic case of the latter...
...8 9 24 Miami Herald, October 10...
...Miles Copeland, The Unmetionable Uses of the CIA The United States went on the offensive in Chile in 1964 with the attempted launching of Project Camelot...
...though, it went undewmnd only to surface with a variety of new covers: as government agencies, individual academics, private corporations and, of course, individual agents...
...Idfthe 1940's and 50's fascist military leagues-the Puma (Por una Manana Auspidosa) and the linesa recta--made up of lieutenants and colonels, had on numerous occasions conspired to overthrow the government...
...and Chilean bourgeoisies was based on covert warfare...
...Colby could not deny that the United States had financially supported the reactionary strikes and the opposition as a whole...
...In a fitting move, IAPA gave its annual award that year to Jorge Fontaine, an editor of El Mercurlo...
...Army officers began raiding factories...
...Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S...
...In 1967 King Features, a subsidiary of the Hearst Corporation, signed a contract with Editorial Lord Cochrane, of the Edwards group, giving them the exclusive rights for the publication of all comics in Chile...
...economic front, particularly the role of U.S...
...We have lived through military coups in Guatemala, Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay and now Chile But the war continues...
...Some of the $400,000 approved by the Forty Committee for anti-Allende propaganda went into this financing...
...Edwards, arrested in his room in the Hotel Carrera-a Sheraton hotel which seems to have been a favorite haunt of CIA operatives-was found with papers pertaining to the copper deal as well as identification confirming him as an Intelligence Officer of the U.S...
...hotel in 1961...
...which are liable to be the most reactionary...
...3 Leigh, with great emotion, accepted the post from which Ruiz had been dismissed and Ruiz himself retired to the El Bosque air base to plan for a military take over by the Air Force...
...But in a society affected greatly by machismo-particularly in the military-the organization of middle and upper class women by the Right was an eminently effective tactic...
...It is difficult to determine the political basis for his fierce support of the Allendie government...
...role in organizing a counter-revolutionary base within the Chilean Armed Forces is demonstrated by well documented links between the U.S...
...In Latin America, Imperialism has tiled to prevent the people's movement from taking power...
...To confront this threat the United States was forced to employ every imperialist apparatus, every mechanism of subversion (short of direct military intervention) to attempt to stem the advances of the Chilean people...
...Although Kissinger's shift to State has given the Department a boost in prestige, it does not herald a new era in State Department power...
...New York: Arlington House), 1973...
...intelligence and paramilitary experts aided the Chilean right-wing in every way possible...
...The Dominican ntervention (Cambridge...
...at a meeting of the Council on Foreign Relations...
...community in Chile, doubled in size...
...The result of these meetings was the final construction of the invisible blockade policy and an agreement on the consequences which this policy would have: the overthrow of the UP government...
...HE WHO IS A SLAVE WITHOUT WANTING TO BE ONE IS A COLLABORATIONIST...
...and 5) approaching other corporations with an interest in Chile to suggest that they follow the same course of action...
...If a Pepsi factory in Southeast Asia was used to manufacture heroine, could the company object very much to the funneling of money to the opposition in Chile...
...Preconditions, as the analysts outlined it, are the factors which should be studied by policy makers to formulate strategies to prevent wars when desireable or promote wars when profitable...
...Were U.S...
...military attache in Rio de Janeiro in 1964...
...Army in its contacts with the Brazilian military during World War II...
...The U.S...
...Ambassadors to prerevolutionary Cuba, for example, as well as the accounts of CIA operatives active on the island shortly after the victory of the revolution, provide a picture of the usefulness of a legally constituted enclave in the midst of a foreign country, undergoing severe class conflict...
...Embassy met with officers of the Chilean Navy and Army on board Chilean naval vessels docked in the port of Arica...
...For a good brief history of the Chilean An med Forces...
...while he, Pinochet, given the position of Commander in Chief, would call to retirement that very week the six generals who were involved in seditious acts...
...During the Alliance years, the United States had heavily supported a bourgeois democracy bolstered by foreign investment and based on the exploitation of the Chilean working class and Chile's natural resources...
...y el Partido Comunista que la dirige) 2 Integrarse a la protecci6n de sut sector vecinal...
...The product of all these theories was a series of games...
...This struggle took place on both a covert and an overt level...
...8 (October 1973...
...ruling class...
...There is an historical contradiction built into the State Department which often sets it apart from other policy-level government departments...
...Departments of State and Defense that a system of checks and balances exists between State, Defense and the Pentagon...
...Contacts for arms and money were also made with the right-wing in Argentina...
...While precipitant events can be an infinite quantity of happenings, preconditions and indicators of internal warfare are more easily analyzed into a rational model...
...Enlisted men in the Navy were awakened in the middle of the night and exhorted to participate in attacks on Chilean workers...
...Patria y Libertad's extensive efforts within the military had not as yet broken the influence 6f General Carlos Prats within the high command...
...After arranging things in Santiago, he flew to Washington, D.C...
...IAPA held its annual convention in Santiago in 1972 and used that forum to mount attacks on the UP government and give the rightwing credibility...
...This foresight hints at the extensive experience embodied by U.S...
...anti-U.S...
...It is no surprise, then, that they were used in the Chilean Embassy break-in...
...The capacity to make correct decisions rests on three determining factors: 1) the quantity of information which the apparatus is able to digest rationally, 2) the quality, or reliability of that information, and 3) the ability of the analysts to correctly interpret this information...
...citizens and full-time employees of the Agency...
...Generally, though, the Special Operations men recruit and train others...
...This, in turn...
...On September 29, 1970, William V. Broe, the CIA's head of Clandestine Services for Latin America, called Edward Gerrity of ITT to arrange a meeting...
...This was a strategy that had ample precedent...
...While there have been several cases of CIA agents whose covers have been blown while working for the State Department-Joseph Vasille, Raymond Warren, Daniel Arzac, to name a few-there are fewer CIA agents who functioned within the "resident structure" who have been positively identified...
...government and U.S...
...Beginning in the early 1960's, the Hearst Empire became closely related with the Edwards group in Chile...
...The strategy involved both covert and overt actions, and CIA specialists were crucial to the carrying out and coordination of the two levels...
...4) strengthening of right-wing4 sectors through covert funding, advice and resources sup- plied by the United States...
...Because no one wants the system evaluated-and funds consequently duced-a fully coordinated plan cannot be put into action for the long-run, and large gaps exist both in information and analysis...
...Following the Bay of Pigs invasion, Berrellez was expelled from the island and soon left his job at AP to join ITT's public relations department...
...NYUnder the Cloak and Behind the Dagger On June 27, 1970, the National Security Council, headed by Henry Kissinger, met to discuss the situation in Chile...
...Politica is a study of possible government reactions to changing political conditions in a country modeled after Chile...
...But this is not always the case...
...The Navy declared war on the UP, openly disassociating itself from its constitutionalist commander in chief...
...for he had previously accompanied Roberto Thieme on his "plane crash" trip to Mendoza...
...former Secretary of State...
...might decide," the memo discloses, "that the Allende regime was vulnerable to being deposed by democratic Chileans 'with a little help from their friends...
...In a letter to Senator J. William Fulbright, Professor Richard Fagan reports a conversation with a career officer of the U.S...
...Embassy complex is a key component in the maintenance and protection of U.S...
...Military Assistance Programs...
...In the United States, that control is disputed by various financial interest groups representing different sectors of the bourgeoisie.' Thus, while the State Department (one piece of the state apparatus) is the bureaucratic structure charged with foreign policy formulation, policy flows from the dominant sectors of the bourgeoisie, not the bureaucratic muddle in State.' Or, as one Delaware banker said of U.S...
...The people must be well armed ideologically to fight this battle...
...Ambassador and, by 1967, were largely responsible for seeing that he was removed...
...But what is lost amidst the fancy cars and gambling casinos is that the U.S...
...and a well-known right-winger with rumored Agency connection...
...a study of which sectors of the population tended to identify with which classes, and why...
...Chicago...
...ITT's "PR man" was, in reality, a CIA agent-Robert Berrellez...
...intelligence agents given the nature of imperialism...
...A further look through his room turned up more identification papers tying him to the Bay Pigs, not to mention $10,000 in cash...
...and, 3) cohesiveness: whether or not these specialized personnel becomea cohesive unit, whether or not they can constitute a team...
...1973), 543...
...Or, as then Secretary of Defense Elliot Richardson stated, U.S...
...The actions of the Christian Democrats, who were threatened by the idea of a military coup, made an invaluable contribution to the counter-reveolutionary movement...
...Throughout this whole process, the Kessler memo points out, it is important that the U.S...
...Now the CIA was approaching ITT...
...In other words, NSC would wait for further developments before elaborating a full policy, but the spectrum of choices for the future was narrowed down as overt intervention was ruled out...
...This result was foreseen by the above-mentioned Foreign Service Officer who remarked that the "divided loyalties" resulting from a CIA operative's placement in the Consular Section would result in serious consequences in the event of a coup in Chile...
...In Chile, Warren's primary task would be that of political analysis...
...Thus, through the person of Saenz...
...It was also at this time that the foco theory was gaining importance as the main tactic of guerrilla movements in Latin America...
...As the terrorist acts became more serious and were used not only as propaganda-to create an atmosphere of chaos--but also to inflict real damage on the economy, a higher degree of skill was needed to carry them out...
...What was it all about...
...In the first place, it lost a base for its intelligence agents on the island...
...As the official mouthpiece for U.S...
...After the game was finalized it was passed on to the Pentagon to use for training...
...New Chile (Berkeley: NACLA...
...The CIA The Central Intelligence Agency is, by far, the most important unit in the Intelligence Community...
...Most refused to condemn the action...
...They have become a well-known pawn of the U.S...
...Only the mistakes are available to us...
...The truckers strike in August 1973 is said to have cost nearly $7 million dollars...
...economic blockade was beginning to take its toll...
...People working underground had to be supported...
...policy formulaton in general, "I don't think Richard Nixon tells David Rockefeller what to do...
...The plan to squeeze production and consumption was to be complimented by an attack on Chile's main source of foreign exchange, the sale of copper...
...community abroad which props up those regimes "friendly" to the United States and subverts those considered to be "unfriendly...
...Found in the back of the car, along with some weapons, was $50,000 in cash...
...specialized skills in the area of intelligence (political, economic and military...
...S. Many liberal writers continue to see U.S...
...Southern Air Transport was active in the Congo in 1961, in the Bay of Pigs, in Venezuela and in Bolivia...
...He returned from the meeting with precise instructions for his team: a full report on the situation had to be drawn up and taken to Washington...
...These fronts can be export/import companies, travel agencies, or small research companies, to name a few...
...Second-class postage paid at New York...
...He would need a lot of people-it would be a long job and a multi- leveled one...
...In Chile, the black market was used not only to support covert activities, but also to drain money out of the economy...
...which are constitutionalist...
...The CIA has always dealt on the currency black market and has agents around the world whose sole purpose is to trade dollars for local currency where exchange rates are particularly good...
...attempt to isolate Cuba diplomatically only resulted in its own isolation, not Cuba's...
...But the people are gaining strength and will defeat it...
...At the time of the coup, the number of foreign residents in Chile approached 15,000...
...They were, of course, principals in the Bay of Pigs invasion and then mercenaries in the Congo...
...The day to day work of "advising" the Chilean military, or Chileanization of U.S...
...responsibility to Chile had changed, and the script called for an ambassador with new qualifications...
...25 per year for profit-making and government organizations ($48 for two years...
...John Tipton, was the wife of yet another intelligence agent for the CIA...
...1973...
...Ruiz had been well tutored in a U.S...
...The commercial attache lunched with leading industrialists...
...House of Representatives Committee on National Security Policy and Scientific Development...
...He became the CIA's station chief in Chile...
...Others were met in "safe houses" in Miami or Mexico City...
...The U.S...
...With Headquarters in Miami, SAT received its funds through a conduit called Actus Technology...
...The first is best exemplified by the U.S...
...The "friendly government" was the Chilean Armed Forces and U.S...
...When this covert attempt to destroy Chile's copper market failed, the United States was forced to resort to more overt methods...
...Rushing from village to village with piles of questionnaires tucked under their arms, the researchers provided basic information necessary to the intelligence apparatus...
...3 Sabotear las fuentes de trabajo estatales...
...Little Red Riding Hood is also with us...
...1974...
...While an isolated group of officers could stage a provocation, a base of broad support was necessary to execute a successful coup d'etat and to carry out a counterrevolution against the Chilean working class...
...As the United States is placed more and more on the defensive, it is forced to rely increasingly on the Watergate tactics of foreign policy: covert warfare and covert subversion...
...the bay of Pigs, agitation in Czechoslovakia in 1968, Swiss companies, stock deals in the Bahamas and finally Chile...
...Furthermore, while evidence of intervention in the internal political life of a foreign country by a U.S...
...TheBioRraphicReRister...
...h Iin aenthr id djtuel Cold Nlh Blue...
...They worked with them, observed their customs, their way of life, their traditions...
...These activities would create the necessary conditions for the three main prongs needed to carry out the overthrow of the Unldad Popular (UP)government: the creation of a mass-based opposition, the ideological and practical preparation of the military to ensure their successful intervention at the correct moment, the weakening of the Left by fostering internal divisions...
...No more easy surveillance, no more controlled recruitment of Cuban reactionaries, no more direct seditious plotting...
...Ambassador Davis had frequent meetings with both Orlando Saenz and Pablo Rodriguez...
...Shortly thereafter arrest warrants were issued for Viaux, Bulnes and others involved in the plot including the two sons of Guillermo Carey, a vice president of Anaconda Copper Company...
...This project was the response half of Project Camelot which the company had also worked on...
...As the time passed and the level of class struggle increased, messages took on more of a tactical and paramilitary nature...
...15(Summer 1974...
...When Jose Toha, Minister of Defense under Allende arrived at the Defense Ministry, he was saluted by those very troops that had come to unseat him...
...Paramilitary actions would have to be increasingly well-planned and executed...
...interests in Latin America...
...Between 1970 and 1973 the resident structure in Chile carried out a wide range of "projects": one case officer was in charge of overseeing the U.S...
...bourgeoisie and, by extension, confirmed the importance of the Embassy structure...
...Rather coincidently, the Council closed down its offices in Latin America this year and many of its activities have been transferred to the Chambers of Commerce in various countries...
...It was clear to U.S...
...an analysis of where revolutionary potential existed and how it could be either neutralized or controlled...
...Finally, the Peace Corps was used as a front to get paramilitary equipment into the country...
...Korry's presence had sufficiently jeopardized ties with the CDP (he told Frei to "put his pants on") and sectors of the armed forces (whom he called a "bunch of toy soldiers") to warrant his removal at a time when the United States was seeking allies among all opposition forces...
...3 8 The Ouster of Prats In late August 1973, Roberto Thieme of Patria y Libertad stated, "We know that most officers are ready to move...
...This ferociousness is being unleashed in Latin America and around the world daily...
...Banfel del Campo acted not only as a contact but also became so involved in terrorist activities that he was finally arrested for direct participation in the attempted coup of June 29, 1973...
...The effects of the economic offensive were beginning to have increasingly political ramifications...
...And it was their strategy toward Chile, that of viewing long- range political interests as primary, which won out...
...It was at this time that Wheelock, with his gregarious personality, prodded his numerous contacts in the Chilean Left...
...They were trying to cut off UP government TV broadcasts to Concepcion by destroying one electrical component of a complex system...
...At top of the edition the editor's name was given as Juan Millalonco...
...As an avid supporter of Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, Dungan was a natural link between the United States and Latin America's strongest Christian Democratic Party, the principal recipient of the Alliance's largess...
...Policy, in this view...
...Right-wing Brazilian groups, with close connections to the United States, offered $8 million to Patria y Libertad and a force of some 500 men...
...As Fidel said when he was in Chile, "Yanqui computers can be mistaken...
...government, both in its official capacity and through its more covert operations, was able to put its strategy into effect...
...8 Solidarizar con el hombre y la mujer de trabajo, que anhelan un destino claro para el pais, actuando, coordinadamente con los gremios...
...The Chileans involved, according to Kessler, are secondary-they exist as a vehicle to implement U.S...
...Once this political decision was taken, it was then necessary to implement that strategy...
...And, as in most "crisis" situations, that meant fortifying the Embassy as an operational center, strengthening certain contacts with the right-wing, opening clandestine money and equipment channels, etc...
...Embassy, asserting that the Cuban people would accept no more than 11...
...Many of Hearst's publications are translated into Spanish (Cosmopolitan, Good Housekeeping, etc...
...The ambassador has the right to veto staff members if he feels that the individual in question would weaken the team...
...While June 29th marked a tremendous acceleration in revolutionary activity by the Chilean working class as a whole, the apparently farcical attempt to unseat the UP represented the beginnings of organized counterrevolution on the part of the Right...
...Wheelock was also an intelligence agent in Chile who was forced to leave the country shortly after the election when his cover, quite innocently, was blown and, therefore, his usefulness considerably reduced...
...War without End (New York: Vintage Books...
...But before the recruiting, training and supplying can begin, an internal army must be created...
...CIA recruiters pay particular attention to military personnel and students, both of whom are extremely upwardly mobile in Latin American Society and could provide a high-level government contact in the future...
...The first attempt at founding an anti-government "Radio Liberacion" occurred during the October 1972 strike by the gremlos...
...Primary at this time was that Washington command all available data regarding the coup operations, and the latest information regarding the men who were about to force their way into the Chilean government...
...When the Right is not in power, covert means must be created to support it...
...Once the counterrevolution had begun, within the military as within the larger society, the forces of moderation would cease to be heard...
...2 0 By the time Davis arrived, Shlaudeman had made a name for himself in Chile...
...I'D LIKE TO SEE JUST ONE OF THOSE TIIPAMAROS...
...Satisfied with his service, the policy-makers in Washington rewarded Davis with the post of Secretary of the Foreign Service, and he packed his bags and left a much different country than the one he had entered in 1971...
...Thus, he states, the United States should give "a handshake to dictators and an abrazo to democrats," though...
...military never takes a "soft line" on anything...
...These courses were instrumental in the preparation of Chile's Grupo Movil, Frei's political police force...
...While there were no major disputes on this policy, there were disagreements.' The State Department, for example, opposed the policy and called for a wait-and-see approach...
...Characteristically, the Embassy staff will include the following personnel: Economic and Commercial Officers, who serve as direct links between private U.S...
...Many of the conspirators were thus discouraged from acting according to plan...
...a Ift.l, a par Cmbine hi, ll-to-air ltoin- of the e etiv i technolp that orit with a .ilnifoan l oot in spaned the F-$ The T-3- The Payud artk pa.li6, Cap -h po- Ptho Th e USAF YF-i7 Stop peetd f Mach 16 All t- The YF t pd=Tw- T U akr.a.&d.U.r The ough et family of lith, flhre in th- nma...
...On the other hand, however, State did serve a useful function in regard to Chile policy precisely because it was cut out of a major policy role...
...The Vietnamese describe U.S...
...This enclave can serve as a training, recruiting and hiding place for local and foreign agents as well as a source of funds, materials and communications...
...Emabassy serves as the eyes and ears of the U.S...
...With the failure of the Schneider assassination Patria y Libertad was formed to carry out this plan...
...AID personnel, experts in specific areas from agrarian problems -and peasant movements-to the training of local police in advanced methods of surveillance, "crowd control," and torture...
...The Peace Corps entered Latin America as the "person-to-person" of the Alliance for Progress...
...But we believe that this continent has in her womb an infant called Revolution, which is already in motion, and which Inexorably, by biological law, social law, historical law, has to be born...
...military would never be so stupid as to rely upon a last minute solution...
...It was a highly technical job requiring both skill and good equipmeht...
...At the same time, and in Frei's name, a U.S...
...As they mingled with the people, they were identifying future leftist leaders as well as those right-wingers who in the future would work for U.S...
...Ruiz, as commander in chief of the Air Force, was named Minister of Transport, the agency responsible for finding a solution to the truckers' revolt...
...The network was slowly constructed...
...military intervention in Chile was not a realistic consideration given the Vietnam War, the political climate in the United States and the revolutionary consequences which such a policy would provoke among the Chilean people...
...Just as the United States constructed the Organization of American States (OAS) in an attempt to politically control Latin America, and supports ORIT and AIFLD in order to spread bankrupt U.S...
...As such, they serve as an intermediary between the policy makers in the United States and the policy implementors in the foreign country...
...Its meaning was that Pinochet, at that very moment discussing anti-coup tactics with Allende, had agreed to join the reactionary plotters and support the coup d'etat which would occur on September I I. Throughout the years of the UP government the media was used covertly by the Right...
...imperialism: we study history to understand the present so that we can shape the future...
...This was a position of considerable importance as the Bolivians provided the base for Operation Boudeirantes: the training of over 200 members of Patria y Libertad in Santa Cruz, Bolivia by members of the Brazilian and Bolivian Armed Forces who themselves had been trained in U.S...
...freedom of mobility at some later date...
...Ruiz was instrumental in turing down Soviet Migs, offered at half the price of the North American planes...
...and a commitment to the ultimate U.S...
...See "The Story Behind the Coup...
...Within the military hundreds of officers who were thought likely to oppose the coup, were shot on the night of September 10th...
...Embassy in Santiago maintained direct contact with Patria y Libertad...
...The financing of political movements...
...The role of the revolutionary Left was one of constantly identifying and attacking the enemy...
...Marplan, the Latin American division of McCann Erickson, orchestrated a campaign against nationalization which included both printed matter and films which were sh6wn in mothers' centers and the "juntas de vecinos" (neighborhood centers...
...1973...
...They have been used for at least ten years in Chile...
...Nixon and the Elections...
...mission...
...The final stage of the Project was the formulation of methodology which would enable intelligence analysts to isolate the "primary factors" in a situation, thereby giving them the ability to make better decisions faster...
...imperialism in Latin America...
...Journalism provides an easy cover with natural access to information...
...Embassy in a revolutionary country is quite a different matter since class forces within that country will not permit it to play the same subversive role as it previously did...
...military advisors live and work with their Chilean counterparts...
...bourgois25 culture, education and propaganda abroad...
...citizens, Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi, Jr., and the harrassment of countless others...
...foreign policy, information is gathered from "country teams" in Latin America and forwarded to the Department of State...
...The June 29th attempted coup and Patria v Libcrtad are described in detail in El Tancao de ese 29 de Junio (Special Dicument Division it Eduvational Publication oe Fditorial Ouiniaitu LTDA...
...On another floor William Broe, then head of Clandestine Operations, called a meeting to determine what kind of "black operators" would be necessary and who was not already on assignment and could take the job...
...military men are often more privy to Chilean officers than are Chilean civilians...
...If we look at the situation in Chile during the three years of the UP government and during the months since September 11th, however, we recognize that the coup was not an easy victory for U.S...
...2) the presence of leadership: the ambassador's overall grasp of the factors at play, his ability to correctly guide and delegate tasks to his staff...
...They put army officers in contact with Air Force officers and Naval commanders, colonels in contact with the leaders of the professional associations and those businessmen involved in the sabotage of the Chilean economy...
...Embassy was Sergio Banfel del Campo...
...Foreign nationals can be recruited by appealing to either ideological or monetary motivations...
...To ensure against the possibility that it should ever lose control of these civilian institutions, the bourgeoisie, through professional training and the training programs of its benefactor, the United States, moved to ensure that the military would remain loyal to its interests...
...The Council's offices in several Latin American countries, most notably Brazil, have been used for CIA activity to promote U.S...
...Cultural Attaches...
...left without intimate knowledge of the internal situation, was forced to seek out much needed information fom unreliable illegals and refugees...
...As the Chilean bourgeoisie and U.S...
...Imperialism created all those institutions to plot and carry out counterrevolution in this hemisphere...
...As14 OCHO MEDIDAS PARA DERROCAR AL GOBIERNO 1 Unirse frente al enemigo comun...
...In fact, most of the CIA's covert operations in Chile during the UP government were within one of these four areas: the economic offensive, paramilitary operations, funding and media operations...
...The ruling class understands this very well...
...hinges on a thorough understanding of the indigenous social structure, upon the accuracy with which changes within the indigenous culture, particularly violent changes, are anticipated, and the effects of various courses of action available to the military upon the indigenous process of change...
...foreign policy and U.S...
...In other words, a prerequisite for successful coup action was the ouster of Prats...
...9. Thomas E. Skidmore, Polities in Brazil 1930-1964 (Oxford University Press...
...Our representatives," he said, "can infiltrate the leadership of all organizations, even political parties...
...Some work on a full-time basis for the Agency, others as contract agents, some for one particular job, and others serve as consultants...
...They are vital centers for the collection and evaluation of data concerning developments in foreign areas...
...Nevertheless, it is subject to the same laws that determine the balance of all forces in class struggle...
...The structural relationship between the Chilean and the U.S...
...The strength which the right-wing was able to maintain in Chile throughout the years of the UP Government facilitated its ability to use all sorts of conduits and engage almost openly in seditious activity...
...Now they are receiving courses in counterinsurgency rather than terrorist tactics...
...As a statement, it exemplifies the resourcefulness which became so much a part of the embassy's character and which was a considerable asset to the U.S...
...Our outward policy should then be exactly the same as that outlined above but we would then through our intelligence operators provide arms, money, printing presses, etc., to Allende's enemies...
...Abt Associates Inc., at 55 Wheeler Street, in Cambridge, Mass., is one of the companies...
...Statement by Sergio Onofre Jarpa of Patria y Libertad...
...The political line of Chile La Verdad was that of Patria y Libertad...
...Hearings June 24 and July 8. 1969...
...Furthermore, the U.S...
...intelligence became aware of the problems posed by a military that not only had no recent experience in military intervention but was not directly threatened by the UP, the primary function of Patria y Libertad became the organization of a counter-revolutionary base within the armed forces...
...Alvaro Puga, one such agent, was in charge of the propaganda campaigns of the paper...
...Taking sides would have jeopardized U.S...
...By July 1973, sectors of the country were under virtual military rule...
...Robinson Rojas...
...Viaux was later arrested for his participation in the crime...
...A main concern of the United States was the bolstering of the right-wing...
...Those who refused to rally to the call for a military insurrection were identified, relieved of their troop support and moved to bureaucratic posts, retired, or disposed of in a more direct fashion...
...ruling class and its allies in the Chilean bourgoisie to use as a lever in convincing the armed forces to act...
...military and intelligence operatives and their counterparts in Patria y Libertad, the National Party and the Chilean Air Force saw its purpose not only as purging the Air Force of dissident and uncommitted elements but as ensuring that their man came out on top...
...One of the keys to an understanding of the operations of AID under the Unidad Popular is to be found in its Director, Deane R. Hinton, one of the few specialists in place in Chile before Allende's election...
...1973...
...government and to the local bourgeoisie...
...Intelligence apparatus and the CIA, in particular...
...It is headed by the Resident whose cover is generally that of an executive with a multinational company--a natural and universally usable cover for U.S...
...it was the showcase of "democracy" for the Alliance for Progress, the testing ground for the Peace Corps in Latin America, and a focal point for the liberal economic programs of the United Nations...
...government quickly moved to refute these allegations as did the Chilean junta...
...At the time of the 1973 coup, at least six CIA operatives used the Political Section as their cover...
...Instead, you must go on the offensive...
...Because the Intelligence Community of the United States is an instrument of the ruling class, it has at its disposal all of the apparatuses which have been created to serve those interests, not to mention its own resources...
...military mission in a country the United States feared was moving dangerously toward the left...
...Ambassador Korry by Nathaniel Davis, an expert in the use of paramilitary forces (see "The U.S...
...It is the morning of October 22, 1970...
...invasion of the Dominican Republic...
...The UP program did not affect all sectors of the Chilean ruling class in an identical manner...
...The Bolivian border was used for meetings between the Chilean Right and U.S...
...Furthermore, when the International Basic Economy Corporation (IBEC--another Rockefeller holding--entered Chile in the late 60's, Agustin Edwards became its president...
...Foreign Service during which he was told that the "usual Embassy locations of CIA operatives were the political section, communications and AID . . ." Letter dated October 8, 1973...
...Leigh knew full well, however, that Ruiz had become merely a pawn in a well conceived right-wing strategy to provoke a crisis within the Air Force...
...Intelligence is the collection and analysis of information which allows the ruling class to determine its strategic interests and to formulate tactics to promote those interests...
...Chile: No...
...military and their counterparts in the Chilean Armed Forces...
...One of the CIA's best known proprietaries, was Southern Air Transport (SAT...
...Illinois...
...Many are spotted in exchange programs conducted by the State Department, AID, USIA, AIFLD, private organizations...
...Ideological clarity helps to unite people and prepare them for the mass and armed struggle...
...This is where Popper comes in...
...Stagnation in Liberty-The Frei Experiment...
...D. The Ambassador The selection of the ambassador is indicative of what the United States hopes to gain from relations with any given country...
...According to the ITT hearings in th UI.S& Senate, the base was used for the relocation of anti-UP leaders...
...Sanez was an extremely important contact for Davis and the United States...
...This, however, was only the beginning...
...Eight Methods for Overthrowinl the Government I. Unite in the face of the common enemy...
...Within the context of current U.S...
...It cannot defend all of its empire militarily...
...the United States had access to the major reactionary groups who were planning the coup...
...The French court reached its decision-affecting almost $1.5 million worth of copper-on September 30, and announced it 4 days later.'" On October 1, 1972, right-wing forces began their month-long "bosses' strike" in the south of Chile...
...what are the institutions within the military organization that can be used most effectively in evaluating this information, weeding out those who could present "problems" and planning the strategy for putting into power those sectors of the armed forces whose interests are tied most firmly to those of the United States and its allies in the dependent bourgeoisie...
...military to the actual military operation that unseated Allende and instituted a reign of terror would prove not only futile but irrelevant...
...Army officials, and there were many rumors of a U.S.-run training base for Patria y Libertad in southern Bolivia...
...The country had to be placed on display and once again sold as a commodity to foreign investors...
...We must not fall into the trap of trying to demonstrate U.S...
...On the importance of lawyers to the capitalist system, see Jon Frappier...
...As the ambulance rushes him to the Military Hospital, the men involved in his assassination begin to scatter...
...After all, Washington had bent over backwards to accomodate the CDP government of Eduardo Frei that preceded the UP.1 2 But the limitations of the reformist party became ever more clear...
...The optimal scenario, as seen by the U.S...
...At about the same time that Merriam was writing to McCone, the main office of ITT received a communication from one of its "PR men" in Chile...
...39, Washington Post, October 5. 1973...
...The new ambassador dedicated hundreds of schools, community centers and bridges, all built through the joint cooperation of the Alliance for Progress and the CDP government...
...The Forty Committee had probably given the go-ahead in its September meeting...
...7 Anteponer las labores de resistencia a cualquier interns personal...
...Backed up by a staff of specialists and substantial resources, it is a microcosm of imperialist presence internationally...
...Now, the United States had to be active in providing financial and military assistance to the new government...
...Over-compartmentalization results in an inability for operatives on the local level to check the veracity of information given them and, thus, they often feed their superiors a lot of faulty information...
...In an era of finance capitalism and imperialism, control over the state apparatusincluding its foreign policy machinery-is essential for continued dominance both at home and abroad...
...All of this equipment requires training and some sort of expertise...
...One of the companies in Brazil which would have had a special interest in Chile is Pepsico...
...Saenz came many times as did the present Junta Economic Minister, Fernando Leniz, and others...
...Ellis Carrasco, who succeeded Davis as head of the Peace Corps, was himself accused of gun-running...
...1973 37...
...dollars...
...And they missed by a mile...
...policy makers undoubtedly classified the Chilean situation as one of increasing class struggle leading to potential class warfare...
...The work encompassed in the original project would still be carried out, but the form of operation would change...
...Daniel Yankelovich, the President of Daniel Yankelovich Inc...
...1973 33 Washington Post, August 19.1973...
...The Consulate's spying on U.S...
...Office of Public Safety Advisor--the same cover used by Dan Mitrione in Uruguay-was finally expelled from Chile for his relations with Patria yLibertad...
...and E. Howard Hunt...
...and foreign militaries (see the article on the military in this issue...
...imperialism...
...Furthermore, he reserved for himself the important task of maintaining contacts with two top-level right-wing conspirators, Orlando Saenz and Pablo Rodriguez, both members of the Political Bureau of Patria y Libertad...
...It exists as an instrument through which the U.S...
...Broe's suggestions to Gerrity at that meeting were the essence of what became the "invisible blockade": 1) banks delaying or not renewing credits...
...It recruits and trains hundreds of thousands of people with special knowledge in a vast range of topics...
...2. "Disinformation" is the subtle distortion of reality...
...By early 1974, the Council had already had meetings with several representatives of the Junta and a work session with Economics Minister Fernando Leniz...
...1320 East Madison Park...
...For the protection of its ability to implement different policy options in Chile, the United States had to appear above the internal ruling class squabble...
...The president of Pepsi is Donald Kendall a close friend of Richard Nixon...
...see Alain vloe...
...Millalonco was a right-wing peasant killed during a land take-over near Puerto Montt in southern Chile...
...At first glance, the events ofJune 29th appeared to reflect the disorganization of the Right and a tremendous victory for the Left...
...Embassy played a major role in the plotting and implementation of the counter-revolutionary movement, offering an important source of cohesion and direction to U.S...
...And many of them have retained their positions to become present-day promoters of liberal anti-communism within the Department...
...If it doesn't, we have done our best to develop good relations and that in the circumstances would be good...
...Townley, with the aid of Manuel Fuentes, began broadcasting-with the use of highly sophisticated equipment-a plan for the overthrow of the government...
...8 (october 1972) for a look at financial groups and domestic politics...
...36 Miami Herald, September 23...
...One such case is that of Don Hull, the nephew of CordellHull...
...While it is generally acknowledged that State, especially under Secretary William Rogers, was something of a lame duck department, this is the only agency whose opinions on matters of foreign affairs are generally made public...
...And, in essense, this is the role which U.S...
...already mentioned, Pablo Rodriguez came to the United States in the spring of 1972...
...The organization is primarily known for its use of terrorism to create chaos within Chilean society and thus to provoke military intervention...
...There were, however, more sophisticated sectors of the bourgeoisie who realized that while provocation was the most direct strategy, it had, both under the Frei government and in the case of the Schneider assassination, proved unsuccessful...
...Right-wing propagandists such as Rafael Otero, Carmen Puelma (currently press attache with the Chilean Embassy in Washington) and Adolfo Yanquelevich (currently press attache with the Chilean Mission to the United Nations) played important roles in this activity...
...Embassy's primary (if least glamorous) function: data collection...
...Embassy structure from a "hostile" country...
...or the skilled technicians who helped train the paramilitary Edcona in Mexico or the Mmo Bba in Guatemala...
...In Our new F-SETierw - wed fla it Te a, wh whhbe he bee s iend dr am aye me u.ed man aer mnber happen In the Vseed rnma be n d e fficeml .roucon Mrh 04and 14 -nya t-o the We st , eboe tdhis lde To the relemk...
...But, just as the Vietnamese people defeated imperialism's overt war machine, the people of the world will expose and defeat its covert apparatus...
...The CIA had long been known to manipulate commodity markets for the political benefit of the U.S...
...With copper accounting for 80 percent of Chile's exports, the CIA could not resist...
...The night he left Concepcion, however...
...I Anothe agent, Enno Hobbins, had begun his career as an editor of Life Magazine before he was move to Santiago...
...It is this personal, legal presence in a foreign country which highlights the U.S...
...The DINA's objective is to centralize the intelligence services of the armed forces and police and to incorporate CIA trained intelligence experts from Patria y Libertad...
...see Foreign Military Sales and Assistance Act...
...And they would have to be coordinated with the opposition's mass agitations...
...It is the foreign outpost of the U.S...
...collation, evaluation and dissemination of information is done in Washington...
...7. Place resistance tasks above any personal interests...
...The second possibility for U.S...
...The embassy can best be understood, therefore, as the representative of U.S...
...But the project failed...
...There are several forms of covert activities which relate to the media: "disinformation...
...and Chilean bourgeoisies in their counter-revolutionary movement...
...technical advisors fitting and manning U.S...
...As the streets of Santiago filled with striking truck drivers, shop keepers, bank workers and members of the merchant marine, the Congress met to begin impeachment proceedings against four of Allende's cabinet ministers...
...He made no overtures to the CDP-in fact, he often infuriated them" -and was sent to Chile primarily to play ball with Conservative Party leaders...
...military during the Alliance years, according to Ralph Dungan, ambassador to Chile at that time, ignored the stated purpose of the Executive (to play down the sale of heavy weaponry in favor of less expensive counterinsurgency type weapons) by attempting to expand major weapons procurements in Latin America.' While during the 1960's it was in the Pentagon's interest to counter the policy of the Kennedy administration, the Nixon administration has corrected many of the anomolies of the Alliance, bringing executive strategy back in line with military ideology...
...imperialism as a wounded tiger which is being defeated but is, nevertheless, all the more ferocious in its dying stage...
...This covert nexus formed the underbelly and support movement for the more diplomatic maneuvers...
...Spread throughout the country they included: the military, a conservative political party, a liberal party, a national liberation movement, the middle class, latifundistas, students, a foreign embassy and an industrial bourgeoisie among others...
...while down the hall another group began rummaging through the Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) daily monitors of Chilean radio stations...
...High level generals, the commander in chief of the Air Force, the high command of the Navy under Admiral Merino and the "temporary" commander in chief of the Army, General Pinochet, were all active members of the conspiracy...
...When political events or situations arise which are of strategic importance to the United States, one of these 30 men is assigned to study the situation...
...Lewis is a part owner of King Features, a subsidiary of the massive Hearst Corporation, well-known for its right-wing activities throughout the century in the United States...
...Saenz was one of the Edwards group's representatives who maintained a political relationship with the U.S...
...policy-the memo states-if we find totalitarianism to be the likely outcome, is exactly the same as the first (economic blockade) except that while following such a policy, the U.S...
...For this reason fronts have to be created to gather necessary information...
...Journalists have long been a favorite cover for the CIA...
...Within the United States they have been used to attack the Left, were to an as yet not known extent, involved in the John Kennedy assassination and most recently surfaced in the Watergate affair...
...It is highly likely that the legal experts at Kennecott who began charting the course of the embargo months before it was finally presented knew of Chilean reactionaries' plans forthe months of September and October...
...Hinton's specialty is copper...
...economic interests and their foreign counterparts...
...Once AUende was elected, however, the emphasis would switch to covert operations based on an analysis made possible by many years of penetration and information gathering...
...The clandestine front involved paramilitary training...
...If any important group here really believes that we favor him, they can't be too bright--and in any event I would guess that word could be put out to them discreetly to the contrary . .. [Allende] has repeatedly pledged himself to democratic rule and the CDP [Christian Democratic Party] on the surface, appears to believe him...
...These businessmen would provide important contacts with the ruling class here and also serve as a significant source of funding for the Chilean reactionaries...
...MILGROUP officers are consulted on all important decisions, they are invited to all important meetings...
...Diplomacy aside, multilateral lending institutions and international organizations are clearly seen as mere pawns for the U.S...
...Projects Covert intervention is probably more effective in situations where a comprehensive effort is undertaken with a number of separate operations designed to support and complement one another and to have a culminating significant effect...
...3,8...
...Embassy in Santiago, the first head of the Peace Corps in Chile was Nathaniel Davis, promoted to Ambassador by the time of the September 1973 coup...
...To claim, for example, that a commercial officer of the U.S...
...The CIA has been caught disseminating false Tupamaro documents, redesigning OSPAAL posters to make it look like leftist parties are fighting among themselves, and forging numerous varieties of documents...
...policy makers at that point in history that a major contradiction in the coming years would occur between national liberation movements and U.S...
...The station chief in every country, usually placed in the Embassy's political section, is in charge of the CIA structure in that country which operates out of the local U.S...
...B. The Ice Begins to Melt In addition to these embassy contacts the U.S...
...These were the years of Maxwell Taylor and Walt Rostow--the years of the development of modern counterinsurgency techniques...
...This is just not true...
...Berrellez had worked for many years as an Associated Press reporter...
...The commander in chief of the Air Force commenced planning for an Air Force-led coup d'etat...
...Recruits are gathered from a variety of places...
...While preventing Chile from obtaining any loans In the economic field, the Pentagon maintained splendid relations with the Chilean Armed Fores...
...Army...
...On June 27, 1973 a woman enlisted by Patria y Libertad to insult Prats, succeeded in provoking the General...
...While it has at times been able to place long-term agents in some working class and Third World movements, this is difficult simply because anyone working for the CIA must be motivated by property/material interests and is unlikely to live out his/her life in a poblacion (slum) in Santiago, for example...
...armed services...
...supplied missiles directed toward the workers in Chilean factories...
...imperialists gave it the strength necessary to regain power, at least in the short-run...
...Embassy intelligence operatives quickly placed their unique collection of highly documented files on the Chilean and foreign Left at the dispositon of the Junta's Military Intelligence Service (SIM), whose less-complete files had been partially destroyed in the coup...
...It is the ambassador's job to use his team as an instrument for pulling together the best information, ideas and judgment...
...military strategy, is done by the in-country teams or MILGROUPs...
...Embassy...
...A. Peace Corps: The Urban Front The Peace Corps is a perfect structure for the CIA...
...When the true nature of Project Camelot was revealed, it was forced to curtail public operations...
...Since 1962 over 600 Special Forces training teams, on loan to the CIA, have been sent to Latin America...
...The third aspect of the economic offensive--the stimulation of the black market-was a more complex matter...
...In March of 1964, the U.S...
...By the spring of 1973, terrorist activities had been escalated to a new high and included bombings, sabotage of electrical plants, highways, water systems, and attacks on the Left...
...Opened in 1965, the base has been under constant suspicion of CIA activities...
...There he picked up his ticket for Buenos Aires which earlier had been reserved for him in the name of Robert Berrellez...
...Many of the institutions that the U.S...
...These stations were used both to spread misinformation further contributing to the creation of chaos within the country and also to send out coded paramilitary messages...
...Perhaps deals could be made with the new president...
...Under the skillful guidance of Davis, many of the youthful volunteers headed straight for the poblaciones which housed the poorest sectors of the Chilean working class and unemployed...
...Cuba, 1961...
...While some is known about Hearst's empire here, little is ever mentioned about its imperial role and, as we will see further on, its holdings in Chile...
...Back in the United States, part of the Project Camelot work had been contracted out to a company involved in the original project formulation...
...Chile was denied credit on all fronts...
...His offer was refused...
...In other words, Chile was to be used to defeat the example of Cuba...
...Before the coup, a U.S...
...With the understanding that it could not show favorites, the U.S...
...Those who refused to go along or showed no enthusiasm for these attacks were deemed unreliable by fascist officers and discharged or imprisoned...
...0 As the Kessler memorandum hinted, the United States had to be able to take advantage of every opposition force in Chile, lose the confidence of no one, maintain a high level of policy input within reactionary planning, and keep a low profile before the public...
...embassy...
...As we have seen, the key factor in making the embassy more adept at handling crisis situations is in the packing of its staff...
...It is highly organized and rationalized...
...The often quoted words of Robert McNamara, that "the greatest return on our military assistance comes from the training of selected officers and key specialists at our military schools and training centers in the United States and overseas,"' is of even more relevance today than it was in 1962...
...imperialism...
...Much of the initial resistance against the coup came from units of the armed forces...
...The players could vote, enter into coalitions, communicate, engage in business, revolt, strike, participate in terrorist actions, bribe and deceive...
...While there were many overt ways in which the U.S...
...The same is true of small teams of gun runners...
...The relationship between Lucum and Rodriguez was confirmed earlier this year...
...imperialism in Chile...
...It appears, however, that military spies for the U.S...
...involvement was forced to admit that the CIA had put up S400,000 for anti- Allende propaganda, but this was but a small part of what we can imagine really happened...
...Prats, hoping to prevent a right-wing coup d'etat,9 wanted Saenz to find out for him what would be acceptable to the United States...
...corporations and financial institutions...
...The account contained an equally large amount of money...
...The degree of care invested in the choice of an Ambassador is proportionate to the overall importance of the situation in a given country...
...Thus while Amabassador Dungan apologized to the Chileans for Camelot, the CIA began to restructure its embassy network to accomodate the hidden Camelot...
...His time was occupied by meetings with prominent Latin American politicians, many of whom promised to be future leaders of their respective countries...
...Joan E. Garces...
...Editorial Lord Cochrane had gotten its start several years earlier by publishing the Spanish edition of Reader's Digest, owned by Nixon's friend, Elmer Bobst...
...Embassy...
...The Nixon administration, however, following the Rockefeller gospel that "the question is less one of democracy or a lack of it than it is simply of orderly ways of getting along," 4 has given much freer rein to the Pentagon...
...Military Intervention in Chile When officers of the Chilean Air Force triumphantly entered the Moneda on September 1 th followed by their counterparts from the other armed services, the question was raised around the world, what did the United States have to do with the toppling of the government of Salvador Allende...
...Hinton, as we have noted previously, was a major economic analyst and intelligence operative in the U.S...
...Security Assistance" than any other country in Latin Amrica except Brazil...
...These operations have ranged from the training of right-wing terrorist and assassination groups throughout Latin America such as the Halcones in Mexico, the Mano Blanca in Guatemala, the Escuadron de Ia Muerte in Brazil, to single assassinations (Trujillo), to full-scale armed interventions (Guatemala, 1954...
...Leigh, as spokesman for Ruiz, insisted that the Air Force chief be given a free rein in resolving the transport crisis...
...1972...
...Because internal warfare is based on class conflict, the first part of the project focused on getting all possible information iny order to form a concrete analysis of the class structure of the country and social relations: a clear definition of who are friends and who are enemies...
...The images of James Bond and the daring-do of the TV program, "Mission Impossible," have tried to project ideas of omnipotent, never failing, humanitarian saviors of democracy who have at their disposal unthought of technology and never-ending resources...
...For example, See Susanne Bodenheimer...
...The economic offensive was designed to achieve these goals...
...imperialist domination...
...intelligence officers were stationed on almost all Chilean vessels...
...I don't believe the argument that some overt cooperation with Allende would significantly discourage those Chileans bent on ousting him...
...The Embassy responded obediently to these stepped-up demands...
...Embassy in Chile: develop a tactical approach capable of overthrowing the legally constituted government while, at the same time, keeping all channels open to different political forces and maintaining a suitable cover for public consumption.24 Marking The Battlefield: The Embassy's Role The situation obviously required meticulous planning and a certain degree of flexibility on the part of the U.S...
...embassy, never develop too close a relationship or too binding a commitment to only one political force...
...The Hearst Empire, that bastion of reactionary ideology in the United States throughout the century, has also penetrated and made class alliances with its counterparts in Latin America...
...Agents began to pull personnel files...
...Washington: Government Printing Office 1970), 8. Foreign Military Sales and Assistance Act, 1973...
...Ambassador to a Latin American country said about Davis, "his willingness to be in Guatemala during the difficult period of cleaning up the guerrillas shows his proven outlook and capacity...
...They develop relations with all political parties and keep tabs on the political life of the country...
...Instead, the plan was uncovered and quickly revealed by the Left...
...The Board of Directors of IAPA-which was long ago denounced as a CIA front-is heavily dominated by the major media interests in the United States including representatives of both the Hearst and Knight chain of papers, and TV and radio stations...
...This is not to say that all information gathering proceeds covertly...
...In situations of ideological warfare and covert warfare, for example, the people's enemy does not operate openly...
...What is more, the CDP could offer certain essential assets that more reactionary groups lacked...
...It is here that the basic tenets of the plan were decided upon...
...labor ideology, so it has constructed an apparatus to attempt to control culture and ideology...
...policy makers opted for the "invisible" route, one which could "prove," in the process, that "socialism does not work...
...Of primary importance here is the exposure of certain myths regarding the formulation and implementation of U.S...
...Shlaudeman, according to former Ambassador to the Dominican Republic, J.B...
...The Chilean Right was aware of the danger that Prats represented to the military conspirators as was Allende...
...bourgeoisie pushed a "hard" or "soft" line in relation to Chile is rather moot...
...To this end IDF was the principal promoter of the Confederation Nacional Cumpeana which was heavily financed by U.S...
...imperialism is changing...
...Military Policies and Programs in Latin America...
...Slowly and quietly, the team slipped out and headed for Santiago, Conception or Valparaim...
...Like Davis...
...His brother was an official of the reactionary National Party...
...In the case of Chile under the Unidad Popular government, however, the spectrum of choices open to the financial groups was relatively narrow and, within that, no major policy disagreements broke a seemingly united front of the bourgeoisie...
...The military could revolt...
...In 1970, bourgeois democracy began to give way to the demands of Chile's workers, peasants and poor for social and economic justice...
...Shlaudeman...
...One North American involved in this nexus is Jack Wyant who in 1964 was serving as press attache to Ambassador Lincoln Gordon in Brazil...
...In any case, two major points became eminently clear as a result of the action...
...A lack of unity within the Left as to the nature of the enemy and as to the eventual necessity for armed struggle was a weakness which was used by the U.S...
...Thus, agents could be placed in the political, economic, labor, AID, and cultural affairs...
...LA RESISTENCIA VA!39 FOOTNOTES I. WashingtonPost...
...forces, this community of foreigners could provide a valuable source of intelligence...
...In January 1974 Lucum sponsored a return trip to the United States for Rodriguez to speak at the National Press Club about the "real Democracy" in Chile today and the role which Patria y Libertad played in restoring it...
...Military Assistance programs, U.S...
...Given the U.S...
...This strategy of provocation had ample precedent in the history of the Chilean military...
...William Colby, the head of the CIA, when questioned about U.S...
...In Victor Marchetti's words, SAT is, "the Agency's air arm for potential Latin American interventions...
...But Patria y Libertad decided to move...
...What is most important about Prats is that while he probably did not understand the struggles of the Chilean working class, he fully understood the subversive strategies employed by the Chilean bourgeoisie within the armed forces...
...Operatives become overly task-oriented and are unable to assess political situations themselves or change a tactic in mid-operation...
...Fidel Castro in Havana [19731 and Santiago, Chile [19711 Defeated in Vietnam, facing liberation struggles on three continents and confronted by its population at home, U.S...
...While the AID offices are not officially tied to the U.S...
...Sessa was in a hurry and did not concentrate enough on his driving...
...It is the rationalization of data which permits the bourgeoisie to establish priorities for its interests and attempt to interfere in the course of history in order to realize those interests...
...On September 11, 1973, total war against the Chilean people commenced...
...Rodriguez, one of the principal overt leaders of Patria y Libertad, had just been released from a Santiago jail on $82 bail...
...They maintain offices both in a joint services headquarters and in the Chilean Ministry of Defense...
...No longer able to hide behind its mask, IDF disappeared from the scene...
...Because of their vast experience in counterinsurgency and overthrowing governments...
...military also lent their expertise to the counter-revolution...
...The Chilean Air Force was made up of more petit bourgeois but equally reactionary elements...
...The October issue of NACLA's Report will analyze the U.S...
...The U.S...
...BE A MAN, BE A PATRIOT...
...Hinton was brought to the White House in 1971 to serve as Deputy Director of the Council on International Economic Policy...
...Its main objective was infiltration and manipulation of the peasant movement...
...economic and political interests abroad...
...The United States could not bear the entire burden of Chile's reconstruction...
...The military coup in Chile was merely another demonstration of U.S...
...One of the vice presidents is Agustin Edwards, of the Edwards family in Chile and owner of El Mercurlo...
...But the "leaders" it had trained would be used during the UP government to organize against the agrarian reform and land take-overs carried out by the radicalized peasantry...
...The complexity and structure of the embassy is an important factor in itself because it facilitates a wide range of activities for the personnel, and the task of centralizing key information requires the cultivation of many different kinds of contacts...
...And this creates an even worse situation for the United States...
...It was the Army, however, the largest, most diverse and most powerful of the services that was the most formidable obstacle to the forces of the Right within the military...
...and, finally, Consular Officers, who keep track of foreign nationals travelling to the United States as well as U.S...
...Conflicts over major policy decisions can, therefore, best be seen as a reflection of differences among various sectors of the U.S...
...B. Paramilitary Operations Paramilitary operations have long been a speciality of the CIA...
...In reality, this would create the shortage...
...which are the most or least monolithic internally in their political perspectives: which individuals represent a gorila ideology...
...For example, in 1973 reactionary papers furiously attacked the UP for proposing a restructuring of the educational system known as the Escuela Nacional Unificada (ENU...
...Public relations experts have not cleaned up the image of the Chilean Junta...
...Headed by Bennett Bintliff, the fum works out of Atlanta, Georgia...
...He not only met with officials in Washington but also with Chilean businessmen then living in the States...
...While the covert mechanisms are important to understand tactically, the importance of ideological warfare, conducted both covertly and overtly, is tantamount...
...Our stance before Allende and the rest of Latin America is that we are willing to begin by taking him at his word-despite some forces whicn support him which cause us certain concern...This course assures that we cannot or don't wish to do anything else about the situation here (see policy two below...
...corporations...
...State Department'sForeign Service Lists, 1970-1973...
...policy makers would have been foolhardy to retain individuals whose personal ties to one particular opposition party could have blinded them to the overall needs of the embassy...
...The United States Intelligence Board, composed of representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, Bureau of Research and Intelligence of the State Department, the National Security Agency, Atomic Energy Commission, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Treasury Department, sets priorities for the community as a whole and issues what are known as "national intelligence estimates...
...Imperialism didn't cease a single moment to plot against the People's Unity government...
...It is not possible to determine whether Kissinger's decision to follow the hard line policy in relation to Chile that culminated in a savage military takeover was a result of the influence of Pentagon officials within the National Security Council or whether Kissinger followed the advice of his old friend Nelson Rockefeller...
...Because of the class interests which the CIA, for example, represents, it becomes difficult for it to gather information on its primary enemy, the working class...
...If it works, we are happy...
...First...
...On the day Allende hoped to ask the people of Chile to resolve the growing crisis by proposing a referendum, the coup was put into operation...
...Air Force...
...In light of this, embassy personnel were often reminded never to "place all their eggs in one basket...
...Because of this, the activities of the U.S...
...An example of this is the case of Brigadier General Vernon Walters, U.S...
...In the fall of 1973 out of 201 students in the Army School of the Americas, 53 were Chilean...
...Of course, the majority of these are unknown...
...imperialism is on the defensive...
...The Ambassador conferred separately with the highest leaders of the right-wing parties and organizations, from Patria y Libertad to the Christian Democrats...
...The men of the Technical Services Division arrived and distributed the tools of the agents' trade: disguises, new codes, bugging equipment, weapons with silencers and lethal drugs...
...This is one of the most important of the National Security Council's subcommittees in that it was charged with26 drawing up guidelines concerning relations with countries which had expropriated the holdings of U.S...
...October 13...
...Joseph Vasille, using the well-known CIA cover of the U.S...
...s Ruiz did not, however, understand the lessons learned by the more adept of his colleagues after the failure of the attempted coup of June 29th, 1973...
...Another employee of the U.S...
...Economic blockade, furthermore, can serve as a useful backdrop for more developed forms of internal conspiracy...
...The head of Fulton Lewis Productions-Fulton Lewis-is another right-wing press person operating out of Washington, D.C...
...All possible allies had to be bolstered and encouraged to move with exacting determination...
...Patria y Libertad Patria y Libertad, a right-wing paramilitary organization, funded and trained by the U.S...
...just days before the coup d'etat...
...Viron Vakey, Kissinger's Latin American specialist, opposed his boss's hard line on the issue...
...MILGROUPs include one representative from each of the U.S...
...In actuality, though, this only serves as a cover for the second approach...
...But these corporate connections are really only the surface of an iceberg which reaches deep into the extreme right- wing, the Cuban gusano community and the CIA...
...On the other hand, U.S...
...controlled agencies were five million dollars worth of Hercules 4-engine transport planes," at least one C-130 air force transport," a number of A4B Skyhawks, 2 ' tanks and armored personnel carriers.'" What was the "friendly government" to which the United States was showing such generosity...
...On the private front, within the media structure, relations between the ruling class in Chile and the ruling class in the United States were very strong...
...military advisors automatically push the Chilean military to intervene...
...Were U.S...
...forces...
...Government Printing Office...
...Edward Korry was the man for the job...
...The plotting of the technicians and experts can only be seen in proper perspective when placed in the context of dialectical materialism, when the forces of both imperialism and the people are placed side by side...
...In the Spring three members of the Central Command leading the counterrevolution-Andres Zaldivar, Juan de Dios Carmona and Mario Arnello-came to the United States for consultation...
...For this reason, he adopted a secondary position, at least publically, when he arrived in Santiago...
...25 Los Angeles Times...
...At the same time, in Paris, Kennecott introduced litigation to block the sale of Chilean copper abroad, arguing that the copper was still owned by the company...
...In early 1969, the NSC met to formulate U.S...
...For a good example of this analysis, see Abraham F. Lowenthal...
...It is likely that that very morning, Davis had attended a meeting where decisions were taken that would drastically alter Chilean history-a meeting in which final plans for the coup d'etat had been discussed...
...military personnel...
...The formulators of the project itself said that the "intensity of the attack [was] unprecedented...
...SACR IF ICE YOURSELF, REBEL, ACT TODAY...
...On the one hand, specialized military attaches participated directly in major military operations, offering advice regarding specific maneuvers as well as more long-range counsel on pacification and torture techniques...
...agents and analysts recognized the battle that lay ahead: a growing, militant, class-conscious people and a divided, disoriented right-wing...
...In late May 1973 three staff members of the U.S...
...Enemigo es la U.P...
...sponsored general staff course" and by right-wing Chilean civilians in reactionary ideology and subversive military tactics...
...He was also a conduit for the placing of stories written by the CIA experts back at Langley...
...embassy have no more trouble in gaining the confidence of certain sectors of the local military than do their counterparts in the Military Groups...
...The message: if you don't vote for Frei, Chile will turn into another "Communist dictatorship" like Cuba...
...Another means of getting arms into the country covertly is to use a U.S...
...The U.S...
...The United States was becoming increasingly involved in the war in Vietnam...
...CIA and Patria y Libertad...
...Abt Associates, a private think tank well-known for doing the Defense Department's work, began to research what became known as the Politica Game...
...Patria y Libertad strategists understood from the beginning that directing the organization's energies toward the high command of the Army would prove not only risky but unfruitful...
...The CIA is not in Latin America only to analyse events-it is there to wage war in defense of U.S...
...The collection and initial evaluation of data (as we will also see in the article on intelligence) allows U.S...
...The monopolies tried to corrupt the workers in their mines...
...Security Assistance" and the organization of a more sophisticated repressive apparatus have neither stifled the voices of the Chilean people nor thwarted their determination to resist...
...Ambassadorships are meted out for any one of a number of reasons: as a reward for political support or in return for a campaign contribution...
...IAPA's vice president, until 1972, was Agustin Edwards...
...Embassy...
...One of the first changes was the replacement of U.S...
...In case of disagreement the matter at hand goes to the Committee of the Under Secretary of State, a part of the National Security Council apparatus which includes representatives from other government agencies including the CIA and the USIA...
...1. Black propaganda is the dissemination of false information meant to influence people's opinions and move them to action...
...Embassy in Santiago...
...Its internal contradictions are based on the two primary characteristics of the apparatus-its class nature and inherent racism, and its need to operate clandestinely...
...which, according to one newspaper account, specializes in "organizing military activity against communists and supporting causes closely allied to Western civilization...
...They had been active in doing the dirty work of the Chilean bourgeoisie, brutally repressing the workers...
...The CIA is-also unique in-that it receives information from all the other agencies as its scope of activities is total and not limited to one particular field of interest (e.g...
...They have two main bases for training, one near Tuscon, Arizona and the other in the Canal Zone where they often work in conjunction with the U.S...
...As covert warfare has become an increasingly important means by which the United States attempts to maintain its empire, more and more resources have been put into the Intelligence Community...
...Structured for Subversion Imperialist domination cannot persist without being able to constantly monitor events and shift its tactics according to changing situations...
...Those agents in the Peace Corps who were conscious of their role had several tasks...
...2) use of paramilitary actions to create an atmosphere of chaos...
...A good "team" can satisfy the need for coordination, cooperation, and an overall unified direction which, in the end, will greatly influence the success or failure of a given operation...
...The project was to be carried out under the guidance of the Defense Departments's Advanced Research Projects Agency (APRA...
...All of this to protest the government's educational plan...
...military presence in Latin America is the military mission, housed within the U.S...
...specialized military and equipment technician experts had to be given the green light to fly down...
...16 The so-called Brazilian connection also played an important role in funding, not only for Brazilian right-wing interests, but also as a conduit for U.S...
...Patria y Libertad worked both publicly and clandestinely...
...it is necessary to stimulate the sense of property among workers, a feeling which already has been shown among the peasants...
...These interests have achieved a dominant position within the U.S...
...and 5) debilitating and dividing the Left by exacerbating internal divisions and weaknesses created by reformist politics...
...Popper, a career Foreign Service Officer, was sworn in as Ambassador to Chile on January 3, 1974...
...Military training is complimented by the International Police Academy's courses which have trained thousands of Latin American police...
...He also acted as the go-between for General Marshall (a retired reactionary army general) with the Bolivian Embassy in Santiago which was a center of support for the right-wing...
...The United States government, drawing upon the intelligence gathered by its operatives within the military, the political parties, the business associations and the labor movement, had the analytical equipment to form a coherent strategy for toppling Allende and bringing its allies within the Chilean military to power...
...In the early days messages were quite simple...
...ruling class to determine what its interests were, to establish priorities for those interests, and to formulate a strategy which would achieve the desired results...
...But the Chilean bourgeoisie was still mindful of the military rebellions of the 1930's: the revolt of middle-level officers under Colonel Ibanez against the oligarchical high command, the 1931 Naval revolt demanding that the government borrow money from wealthy Chileans to alleviate the effects of the depression and the 1932 coup under Marmaduke Grove that established a short-lived socialist republic...
...They not only know the ins and outs of the entire military hierarchy but maintain personal relationships with individual officers that extend years after their tour of duty has ended...
...It was devised by Martin Gordon, John Blaxall, Daniel Del Solar, David Merrill, and Janet Moore...
...corporations...
...8. See Tad Szulc...
...4. Financial groups...
...20-22...
...They continued to wage an intensive ideological battle, with the aid of U.S...
...The economic blockade was well documented, the negative reaction of the United States to progressive governments was history...
...1973 2. U.S...
...A. CIA's ruling Class-to-Ruling Class Programs As we have seen, penetration of the working class is a complex matter for the CIA which requires fronts and deception...
...The scenarios would be played out in order to provide the Army and the Government with a better idea of how to influence outcomes in a situation...
...Army Organization of the Joint Chiefs, Department of Defense) in an article on the Latin American military, "within the officer's compliment, the colonel's whim is absolute law...
...imperialism...
...Those factors which were judged as crucial preconditions existed in Chile in 1970: the existence of two competing ideologies, an "incomplete socialization" of a large sector of the population, the loss of internal cohesion in the ruling class, a strong and organized opposition and a situation of rapid social change...
...Since the Junta seized power, the factor that has worried it more than any other except the destruction of the Chilean Left, has been its international image...
...Imperialism tries to deny its complicity in and responsibility for the fascist coup...
...The Right was never defeated in Chile...
...The Military Assistance Program (MAP) is officially the province of the U.S...
...It was certainly not the democratically elected regime of Salvador Allende to which the United States extended only $3 million" in economic aid during the entire period of Allende's presidency...
...Townley was picked up with the other five men but eventually fled to the United States...
...hegemony in the Western Hemisphere since the Cuban Revolution...
...Traditional gorila sectors looked toward direct and far reaching military intervention.33 The policies of the UP, as they unfolded, did not help to either unify or consolidate the position of the Right within the military...
...Give Us This Day...
...parties or governments to the liking of U.S...
...Prats was aware that fascist organizations such as Patria y Libertad were conspiring within the military to organize a coup d'etat...
...State is one of the few remaining havens in the government for liberalminded intellectuals...
...Later, the Department admitted that the United States had word of the coup sixteen hours beforehand.' Officials of the Defense Department have expressed incredulity at the further allegations concerning U.S...
...Nevertheless, we should not confuse Davis' caution with a soft-line policy...
...Right-wing newspapers declared that the dismissal of Ruiz constituted an attempt on the part of Allende to decapitate the armed forces...
...heinl b. kpo...
...NACLA's Latin America andEmpire Report...
...In Chile the mobilization of bourgeois women into Poder Feminino and the "march of the empty pots," brought the Chilean ruling class into the streets to oppose the UP's "favoritism" toward the working people of Chile...
...There are reports that between 2 and 3 thousand members of the armed forces "Lost their lives in the 'coup before the coup...
...interests...
...Hinton, a CIA agent, is a prime example of specialized personnel within the field of economic intelligence...
...naval vessels slated for UNITAS maneuvers with the Chilean fleet advising the Chilean Navy in the operational aspects of the military takeover...
...Address all correspondence to Box 57, Cathedral Station, New York...
...If we act intelligently, not only will we be able to neutralize Marxist actions, but also we will be able to control the most important organizations in the country...
...From 1960 to 1973 tens of thousands of Chileans participated in these exchange programs...
...imperialism is nothing new...
...9 (November 1973...
...People would dash from their houses and buy uo large quantities of the item so as to have a supply...
...As they left the offices they grabbed the Embassy's mailing list off a desk and then quickly disappeared into the night...
...This denotes a strategy...
...A foothold in the foreign colony could provide two key assets to U.S...
...The Department of State at first insisted that UNITAS vessels were redirected as soon as news of the coup was received...
...The second is demonstrated by the carefully implemented strategy coordinating both military and civilian subversion, devised to topple General Carlos Prats...
...The Santiago (Coup d'tat " 23 "Chile: The Story Behind the Coup, NA('LA sLatin America and Empire Report...
...State Department...
...The Alliance for Progress, was the U.S.' response to the successful Cuban Revolution...
...Copyright 0 1974 by the North American Congress on Latin America, Inc...
...It did, in the short run, however, succeed in neutralizing the military...
...The power that was best able to analyze the situation would ultimately arbitrate between the different interests of the Chilean bourgeoisie to consolidate the forces of reaction within the military...
...Agustin was also on the board of the Deltec Corporation, a multinational corporation in which Rockefeller interests are well represented...
...Miami Herald April 13.1973 30 New York Times, December 9. 1973 31...
...You must find out who your would-be attackers are then sneak into their tents on the eve of their attack and quietly deal with them...
...But it was not until the end that it became clear that Saenz was a secret leader of the Patria y Libertad organization...
...Townley returned to Chile in 1970 as one of the agency's closest contacts with Patria y Libertad...
...And finally, given these factors, U.S...
...On August 22nd, the high command of the three services were asked to state their positions on the attempt by officers' wives to discredit Prats...
...Back at Langley, hidden away in the woods, the analysts began revising previous reports from agents in Chile...
...General Prats was not a Marxist...
...4. Coded memauges were consistently broadcast over rightwing radio stations throughout the years of the UP government...
...Of these, only one was in the same place before the election...
...the mobilization of the high command and the ouster of the constitutionalist commander in chief of the Army...
...In Chile the strategy finally formulated by the U.S...
...Shortly after the break-in, people on that mailing list began receiving an additional publication...
...A. Political Section These changes of personnel were particularly noteworthy in the Political Section which traditionally serves as a CIA haven.'" The Political Officers deal with the Foreign Ministry as well as with other embassies...
...Of greater importance, however, was Ruiz' political role...
...1972...
...As the tanks of the Second Armored Regiment made their way toward the seat of government they carefully stopped at red lights...
...The paper, Chile La Verdad (Chile, The Truth), was owned by Wilson C. Lucum, Chairman of the Anti-Communist World Freedom Congress, Inc...
...Patria y Libertad Steps Up Its Activities With the success of the UP in the April 1971 municipal elections...
...1972...
...In his room police found a large quantity of U.S...
...All major foreign policy decisions of the U.S...
...118-127...
...Given his past experience and long history of relationships on a covert level with the industrialists of Sao Paulo, one must ask what role Jack Wyant played in the Brazilian connection...
...A simultaneous study would have to be done of the distinction between "precipitant" events(those which can start internal warfare) and "preconditions" (circumstances which make it possible for precipitant events to bring about warfare...
...Massive infusions of economic aid, however, have not succeeded in rectifying the Chilean economic situation...
...Embassy complex...
...Cooperation took many forms...
...military, conjured up the threat of Soviet military installations and the tying of Chilean Armed Forces to Soviet military aid under the pressure of a Marxist president...
...Propaganda is used to shape people's consciousness and incite them to action...
...the State Department took a wait and see attitude...
...In October of 1972, General Cesar Ruiz Danyau, then commander in chief of the Chilean Air Force, journeyed to the United States at the invitation of General John Ryan, commander in chief of the U.S...
...In 1970 the Chilean bourgeoisie was divided on the question of how to react to the surprise election of Salvador Allende...
...military intervention in Chile...
...If anything, it's the other way around...
...They are the shock troops for the North American right-wing...
...Rather, we do this to expose its structure, functions and manner of operation, all of which are necessary if it is to be understood and defeated...
...Information compiled from the U.S...
...Embassy in a country where class conflict is intensifying and class polarization deepening should be carefully examined...
...He was clearly the man for the job...
...Each operation or type of operation which is ordered by the CIA 10 is designated a "project" and then assigned to one of the case officers...
...Thirty-five thousand drivers were paid $345 a day for 45 days...
...8. Lend your solidarity to the working men and women who desire a clear destiny for the country...
...Its very organizational structure attests to its capacity to absorb and analyze information along specific lines critical to the functioning of U.S...
...It was not by any means his first action...
...One-quarter of USIA's world-wide budget was spent in Chile in 1961...
...The necessity for increased covert warfare, as opposed to overt warfare, has grown out of two primary factors:1) the restriction of the use of nuclear warfare due to the strength of the socialist bloc and, 2) the increase in national liberation struggles around the world, making it impossible for the United States to defend all of its interests militarily...
...To determine potential sources of support and opposition, the entire structure of the armed forces had to be examined...
...Embassy sent out a multitude of signals...
...No slip-ups could be risked...
...Right-wing radio stations would broadcast alarms saying that the supply of one item or another was running out...
...Did U.S...
...And, because of the Peace Corps structure, the CIA does not have to control it in order to use it successfully...
...At about the same time, police entered the room of Errol Johatan Reinese in the Hotel Carrera...
...While at Columbia University's School of International Affairs in the early 1950s...
...The Enemy is the UP and the Communist Party which directs it...
...During the sixties nearly one thousand students and professors travelled to Chile...
...Some of the projects considered important to study," according to Project Camelot documents, "are civic action, training of recruits, foreign training of officers, civil affairs, preparation for internal security roles, information programs (psychological operations), socialization within the military and overt political activities...
...The Agency gathered information from students who passed through exchange programs, military and police officials trained in the United States and many, many more...
...its newsreels have been distributed through USIA, and United Press International (controlled by Hearst) reaches every country in Latin America...
...All were used in Chile...
...Leigh had served twice in the Chilean Embassy in Washington...
...The Buying of the Chilean Air Force The United States had essentially bought out the militaries of Latin America by the early 1940's...
...For these reasons, in 1971, Nathaniel Davis was appointed Ambassador to Chile...
...ruling class...
...sentiment was fierce among Allende's supporters...
...This allows the Agency to buy more for the money it is allotted in its annual budget and to launder the funds so they cannot be traced back to Langley...
...The Myth of the "Soft Line" The development of U.S...
...The deal with Hearst financially shored up the Edward's media empire at a crucial time as well as increasing the onslaught of reactionary ideology from the United States...
...Covert warfare is a means by which the bourgeoisie can promote its interests without identifying itself -the primary strength of intelligence activity is its invisibility...
...The organization saw its task within the Army as creating a counter-revolutionary base among middle-ranking officers...
...Thus, as we study the embassy as one of the many tools of imperialism, we do so not to display its strengths and intimate its invincibility, for this would be incorrect...
...When Allende came to power in Chile...
...the U.S...
...The money was then sent by diplomatic pouch to Santiago where it was used for Frei's campaign...
...Within the past few years it has been revealed that there are several dozen full-time journalists who are CIA agents and many, many others posing as free lancers, stringers or writers for trade journals and commercial newsletters...
...Because of this, the financial aid and investment that the Junta so anxiously awaited has not been forthcoming...
...A. The Economic Offensive Essential to setting the stage for a coup d'etat was the creation of a mass base of opposition to the UP government and the fomenting of a situation of chaos which would justify military intervention...
...Such relations are, in fact, rather easily established and the embassy structure plays a key role in this work...
...New York Times...
...The car ran off the road and he and a passenger were seriously injured...
...How Kissinger Did It: Behind the Vietnam Cease-Fire Agreement...
...As it came time for the Ambassador to write up his periodic summary of events, he commissioned Wheelock to draw up an extensive work report on a given aspect of the political reality...
...intelligence apparatus and, in particular, the CIA...
...This sums up the demands placed upon the U.S...
...Nor could U.S...
...Previous to this, ITT had attempted to get CIA cooperation for a series of schemes without-according to testimony at the Senate hearings on ITT-much success...
...military intelligence) or to the use of one particular methods of operation...
...USIA disseminated films to TV stations, tapes to radio stations, editorials to newspapers and magazines and a host of miscellaneous reactionary17 propaganda...
...strategy towards Chile now that Allende had, in fact, been elected...
...YOU DON'T DESERVE SUCH A VILE DESTINY...
...Courses include such things as demolitions, heavy weapons, parachuting and air operations...
...With this new cover he arrived in Santiago in 1970 along with Hal Hendrix, also of ITT, to "report" on the situation for the company...
...he cautions, "it may not be such a good idea to give too strong an abrazo...
...PHOTO CREDITS Cover: Raymond Depardon, Gamma p. 10: From Chile: Ein Schwarzbuch p. 13: From Mundo Obrero p. 16: Liberation News Service p. 17: Prensa Latina p. 32: Paul Cantor p. 35: Paul Cantor p. 37: From Chile: Ein Schwarzbuch p. 38: From Mobilisation30 U.S...
...Foreign Military Sales and Assistance Act...
...The Pentagon had no such reaction...
...Also credited to the military forces of a nation which could obtain no economic financing from U.S...
...All Air Force units were put on first grade alert as were units in the Navy...
...Colonel Ibanez' fascist conspiracies had been directed toward the mobilization of this extremely volatile group...
...Invisible PowerPower Brokers: The Nixon-Mitchell Law Firm," NACLA's Latin America and Empire Report, Vol...
...The Confederation tried to keep peasants from uniting into one large union-it pushed the idea of cooperatives, instead-and adamantly argued against any land take-overs...
...There, they took up their new lives as journalists, Embassy officials, students, and advertising executives...
...One important example of this was the numerous shipments of arms which entered Chile in boxes of "Si Cafe", a company owned by Pedro Ibanez...
...His arrival in Santiago marked something of a turning point in that the increased polarization of the class conflict demanded competence and agility from the U.S...
...If you try to put guards around every conceivable target, you will have the most conspicuous police state in history and will play right into the hands of those who are launching "the people's war against imperialism and capitalism...
...Up until 1970, Political Officer Keith Wheelock served as the special liaison between the U.S...
...The men around General Carlos Prats, designated Minister of Defense on August 8th, would not have to be convinced...
...NACLA's Latin America and Empire Report, Vol...
...Yet this is necessary only for last minute strategic consultation or last minute pressuring of uncooperative officials...
...ruling class...
...While these have been just a few examples of what was an immense apparatus with a well-orchestrated strategy...
...Within a few days the police in Santiago had arrested a North American, Howard C. Edwards, a Swiss citizen and two Argentines for their role in this plot...
...The most important aspect of this, however, is that the United States was deprived of its seditious outpost at a critical point: when revolutionary consolidation and internal class war still persisted...
...3. Sabotage State-owned factories and work places...
...Berrellez, himself, would soon fly on to12 Buenos Aires, before Bulnes departed for his final destination-the United States...
...pilots, slated to demonstrate their acrobatic abilities to Latin American officers bomb the Moneda...
...A strategy had to be formed to counter the growth of these movements...
...Prior to his appointment, he had served as Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs...
...And they were selecting and training future agents...
...Attempts to tie particular officers of the U.S...
...They have been used both in the narcotics traffic-linked to the Agency-and also in outright subversive acts...
...This conscious awakening, or the subjective factor, sometimes comes sooner or sometimes later...
...1973, p. 98...
...In Brazil in 1964, the Right organized conservative womens' religious groups to demonstrate against the Goulart government...
...As a result, the State Department is often thought of as the "soft line" department in the government...
...Smith, U.S...
...however, the U.S...
...These included: 1) creation of economic chaos aimed at alienating the petit bourgeoisie and the labor aristocracy while disrupting the normal functioning of society...
...The U.S...
...While mission officers do maintain close relationships with MILGROUP personnel, as the duty of the former is intelligence gathering and the latter's purpose is to maintain the confidence of the local military, this relationship is played down...
...The ability to formulate and carry out as complex and sophisticated a strategy as this rests on the capabilities of an enormous intelligence apparatus and on an understanding of intelligence as a science...
...Round-ups and torture of workers began...
...weather plane" that took off from Mendoza at the time of the coup checking on cloud formations, just up for a look around or actually maintaining communications with the Chilean Air Force...
...William Merriam wrote John McCone (ITT executive and former head of the CIA) in October 1970 and referred to his last meeting with people from the Agency...
...4. Take justice into your own hands by directly punishing Leftist terrorists...
...See also...
...Thieme used the base for the importation of arms and money after secretly travelling to Argentina...
...According to this account, Prats understood, perhaps not from political conviction but from military experience, that Allende's rejection of his...
...His name later became familiar in connection to the "Movimlento Falangista Juan Millalonco," a rural shock troop organized by the Right...
...Only a violent and extensive counterrevolution led by the most reactionary sectors of the bourgeoisie and the traditionally fascist sectors of the military would stem the mobilization of the Chilean working class...
...With his knowledge of paramilitary affairs and specific access to knowledge about the kinds of paramilitary equipment available from the United States, Vasille was of great aid to the group...
...The idea was to create a series of game models for Latin America which would generate a variety of scenarios...
...But, as we shall see, in a variety of cases such as that of the International Development Foundation (used to gather information on the peasant movement in Chile), these fronts can be exposed...
...bourgeoisie...
...Special reports are written by the corps of National Intelligence Officers which was formed in July 1973...
...VIII, No...
...NY 10025 or Box 226, Berkeley, CA 94701...
...Ex-military officials, many graduates of the International Police Academy or the Army School of the Americas, gave the classes...
...Some years later it was revealed that the tape was brought to Chile by a Cuban gusano who admitted that he had done it for the CIA...
...imperialism, and wage war it does...
...Don is related to the Confederate Air Force, a flying museum of old planes and also involved in the purchase, sale and flying of not-so-old Mustangs...
...C. Other Points of Contact The International Development Foundation and the Peace Corps were but two of the many fronts used by the CIA to gather information in Chile...
...And, in fact, as we follow the activities of certain individuals within the Embassy, we shall see that contacts existed with both the reactionary National Party (NP) and the fascist Patria y Libertad movement, but also the bourgeois reformist Christian Democratic Party (CDP...
...As the appeals of liberal Christian Democrats would be ignored, so would those of officers who favored a less repressive solution.37 General Rene Schneider and General Carlos Prats...
...As he sat ensconced in his hotel room that Friday and Saturday night, Bernard Barker, Frank Sturgis, Virgilio Gonzales and Eugenio Martinez were just across town...
...FOOTNOTES 1. According to Earl E.T...
...Both figuratively and literally, the U.S...
...In this way Dungan met two top leaders of the Chilean Christian Democratic Party-Radomiro Tomic and Eduardo Frei-in a Washington D.C...
...1962...
...Only the top command is still undecided...
...Army base in Mendoza, Argentina (on the border with Chile) was used by the CIA as a cover for paramilitary operations...
...Both MILGROUP officers and military attaches are in a position to determine the strengths and weaknesses of both different sectors and different individuals in the local armed forces: which services are the most strongly aligned to the interests of the United States...
...ruling class because their control of extensive empires has given them the flexibility to formulate long-range strategy...
...21...
...For example, under the guise of researching a particular aspect of the political situation, Embassy personnel can justify infiltration, employ informers, or coordinate special meetings between U.S...
...Finally a list was pulled together...
...Some of the soldiers who participated in the actual coup attempt were not even aware that they were part of what was to be the vanguard of the counterrevolution...
...Later, he went voluntarily to Guatemala where his predecessor had been brought to justice by guerrilla forces...
...Another group with an equally suspicious background is the Zeta Co...
...They are instruments which have been helpful to us in our hemispheric policy and as such are neither sacred not immutable...
...military strategists had used Ruiz to arm the Chilean Air Force, they saw Leigh as the man most able to implement the political strategy necessary to unify the armed forces around a coordinated coup d'etat...
...Later, the U.S...
...With the victory of Eduardo Frei and the CDP in the 1964 elections, the road was opened for closer cooperation between the party and the United States...
...A good part of the CIA's materiel comes from the U.S...
...Not only was Allende making things difficult by refusing to provoke the military, but after years of constitutional government by the Chilean bourgeoisie, significant sectors of the armed forces were taking their role as upholders of the constitution more seriously than their role as protectors of bourgeois power...
...But more than this, the objective-as well as subjective-situation had changed and personnel with new strengths were sought...
...front groups, government agencies and corporation...
...It employs over 150,000 people on a full-time basis--not including local agents and informers abroad-and has an annual budget of over $6 billion...
...military assistance, its relationship to U.S...
...Embassy in Santiago from 1969 to 1971...
...As the Right was quickly to learn, mass support for the UP government was too strong to allow it to be overthrown by an individual terrorist action...
...The spreading-out of agency personnel throughout the embassy not only provides a better cover, but also facilitates the multi-leveled penetration of all sectors of society...
...no 8 (October 1973) pp...
...The combined results of this strategy squeezed the economy from both the production and consumption end...
...1970) in U.S...
...NACLA's Latin America and Empire Report, Vol...
...The best examples of this can be seen in the "Secret Memos from ITT...
...In short, then, while U.S...
...Army donated and installed radio receivers in all Peace Corps regional offices to facilitate communications...
...Christian Democratic Senators and Deputies were able to use their majority position in Congress to hasten the downfall of the UP government by systematically impeaching and removing Allende's cabinet ministers, blocking every major government initiative, and eventually labelling the government as "illegal and illegitimate...
...Its internal breakdown into key departments demonstrates its priorities...
...At the foot of the leaflet, which was passed out by the thousands starting in mid-1973, is the insignia of Patrlay Libertad...
...One was called "COCON-COUNTERCONSPIRACY (POLITICA) THE DEVELOP- MENT OF A SIMULATION OF INTERNAL NATIONAL CONFLICT UNDER REVOLU- TIONARY CONFLICT CONDITIONS...
...But, m6re than any single reactionary force within Chile in 1970, U.S...
...He had ordered provocations in districts where Air Force enlisted men resided and blamed them on the Left in order to bring anti-government sentiment down to the bottom ranks of the Air Force...
...Clearly...
...Running parallel to the Embassy structure but unknown even to the CIA station chief and the U.S...
...While the U.S...
...In reality...
...and Chilean conspirators...
...might decide that the Allende regime was vulnerable to being deposed by democratic Chileans "with a little help from their friends...
...sections...
...On August 21st, several hundred women, including the wives of six Chilean generals and other officers, demonstrated in front of Prats' residence...
...Ambassador himself made it clear to the conspirators that if they could hold out for 48 hours,U.S...
...intelligence activities in foreign countries is always advice...
...What we can find out is only a glimpse into what really goes on...
...This strategy reflected the UP's political inability to confront the basie contradiction between the armed wing of the Chilean ruling class and a government that defined itself as socialist...
...Foreign Policy...
...Thus when the U.S...
...Almost since the day of the Cuban revolution, the CIA has systematically employed gusanos to do their dirtiest work...
...They also bring the vast knowledge of the particular country, gathered over the years by their information gathering apparatus...
...2 1 While Patria y Libertad's terrorist activities had succeeded in accelerating the chaos created by right-wing sabotage of the Chilean economy, it had not provoked military intervention by the armed forces...
...According to its own brochure, Zeta is a firm of "anns merchants and geopolitical consultants...
...The Operational Services Division began to work on the construction of covers for the operatives, calling up State and Defense and checking with various CIA "proprietaries" (CIA businesses...
...One of the ways this is done is through the use of "proprietaries"-front companies which act as funnels and covers for the Central Intelligence Agency...
...In South America, in particular, the form of warfare is covert...
...For example, some eight Carabinero generals had to be replaced after the coup...
...According to Colonel Charles D. Corbett (U.S...
...Numerous think tanks throughout the country hire hundreds and thousands of "intellectuals" to plot the maneuvers of imperialism for the future...
...The ultimate usefulness of IDF to the intelligence network in Chile was summed up by Edward Cohen, the Chilean representative of IDF...
...These strikes, in turn, were used by the Right as the basis for creating a mass opposition to the UP government...
...many of them had worked together befor-he team from Guyana on labor affairs, perhaps...
...As significant as the appointments of Dungan, Korry or Davis, David H. Popper's selection to replace Davis was indicative of new conditions in Chile...
...citizens residing abroad brought the war home for many in the U.S...
...interests in Latin America without slipping out from behind the now infamous "low profile...
...CONCLUSION U.S...
...At this point the propaganda machine of the Chilean bourgeoisie went into operation...
...The majority of this work is classified "Top Secret...
...During 1973, the Council conducted seminars with Orlando Saenz, Admiral Ismael Huerta (Foreign Minister of the Junta) and Daniel Montenegro of the American Institute for Free Labor Development (AIFLD) in Chile...
...It tried every possible trick in the sugar market in order to weaken the Cuban Revolution...
...Training sessions were arranged for the paramilitary experts at the "Farm" at Camp Perry near Williamsburg, Virginia...
...Military Attaches, who provide person-to-person links between U.S...
...First, while the pressure would come from middle-ranking officers, any new attempt at a coup d'etat would ultimately have to be led by the high command...
...It is impossible here to examine all the mechanisms used by U.S...
...B. The International Development Foundation: The Rural Front Working parallel to the Peace Corps was the International Development Foundation, a New York based private foundation...
...Previous to the election of Allende, the emphasis was on information gathering and penetration...
...See "Chile: The Story Behind the Coup," NACLA's Latin America and Empire Report...
...plan of economic sabotage, another made sure that CIA-planted stories got into the Chilean press, another oversaw the network of "proprietaries" and conduits set up by the Agency to funnel arms and money to the right-wing, and yet another had to make sure that all political parties were being infiltrated on the highest level possible...
...h Nd hmaeadyhad for br sOThon co aie...
...In Santiago, fifteen minutes after the attack on the Presidential Palace, all strategic industries were occupied by workers and the Chilean people filled the streets to demonstrate their outrage against the fascists and their support for the Unidad Popular...
...In 1%4 Philip Age, then a CIA agent, cashed a check in Montevideo for 5200.000 drawn on a major New York bank...
...According to one account, following the coup attempt, while the country was still under martial law, Prats advised Allende that the forcible retirement, exile or imprisonment of over a hundred officers of the growing military conspiracy was the only possible means of averting disaster...
...Granted it wasn't the Bay of Pigs, but it was an important mission and not every action could be as spectacular as the one they had participated in just 11 years earlier...
...capitalist state and the destruction of the socialist world...
...Corbett goes on to say that the "capability to move the government apparatus," in other words, to stage a military coup, "depends upon accrual of broad support from the field grade commed officer corps...
...On October 4, 1972, a French tribunal accepted the lawsuit of the Kennecott Copper Corporation calling for an embargo on all copper shipped from Kennecot t's former mines in Chile to Europe...
...strategic need to closely survey certain major commodities throughout the world, intelligence officers have received intensive training concerning all aspects of these commodities...
...Secondly, given his past political practice, it was clear that Allende could not be molded into an Alliance-for-Progress reformer...
...In other words, he must know not only how to practice counter-insurgency tactics in the battlefield but in the economic sphere as well, not only how to combat leftist parties and organizations but how to contend with the entire structure of government including the internal structure of his own organization, the Armed Forces...
...This, however, is not the case as far as relations with the local bourgeoisie are concerned...
...Dungan's courting of the Christian Democrats'-their major adversaries-therefore made the State Department jittery even though the importance of gaining contacts with all Chilean parties was not denied...
...military of Latin American officers and enlisted men has been well documented.' It is important, however, to look behind the statistics on dollars spent and numbers of officers exchanged to the quality of U.S...
...The machinery was put into motion...
...It is also important because the Project did not terminate when revealed, but went underground where it continued its work under the guise of different fronts...
...When news of the possibility of Allende's election reached Washington, Pentagon officials, according to the cold war ideology of the U.S...
...One such mistake was committed by Miguel Sessa, a veteran of Patria y Libertad...
...Allende demanded a change in the head of Investigations (the Police Department), Luis Jaspard De Fonseca, who was believed to have ties with the CIA...
...As E. Howard Hunt nonchalantly states, "among our expelled embassy personnel was the entire staff of the CIA station in Cuba...
...if not absolutely necessary, do not remove the U.S...
...Project Camelot was to do just this...
...representative of the present stage of monopolization of production and circulation, are defined and explained in S. Menshikov...
...Because of this, embassy personnel concluded that the CDP was unable to make the definitive move to oust Allende...
...Chile: Former Nazi Colonel Serving as Advisor to Junta...
...Its tactics consisted of selecting peasant leaders, training them in U.S...
...To U.S...
...As high members of the U.S...
...The Junta's complete disregard for human rights and the outlawing of all democratic institutions has rallied significant international protest against the Dictatorship...
...planners: an opportunity to observe the habits and activities of the exiles-many of whom were members of Latin America's most advanced revolutionary movements-and increased coordination with other embassies in Chile...
...This history, combined with the current alignment of forces within Latin America in general, led the United States to the decision that its main objective in dealing with Chile was of a political nature...
...By doing this, the United States was able to remain above Chilean partisan politics, thus enabling it to manipulate all groups at once and swiftly ease into a more intimate relationship with that group which won out in the end...
...A careful study was to be done on the effects of specific governmental actions...
...As long as Prats supported the government of the Popular Unity, military officers were able to carry on dialogues with the Left.In fact, up until the day of Prats' resignation, only two weeks before the coup, those channels remained open...
...9. New York Times...
...military training...
...intelligence agent is a class enemy of the people...
...While he was not pro-Marxist, Schneider refused to permit any military intervention in the democratic process in order to prevent Allende's confirmation as President...
...Suddenly, he is surrounded by four other cars and, within moments, shot and fatally wounded...
...For the past several years Wyant has worked with the Council of the Americas in Sao Paulo, a right-wing stronghold...
...But whatever the relationship, the CIA is careful to follow certain basic rules of recruitment which include obtaining some kind of physical evidence (photograph or tape recording) of the individual's participation in Agency activities, just in case the recruitee changes his/her mind one day...
...The consulate's principal secretary, Mrs...
...Overseen by the Covert Action Staff of Clandestine Services and using the skills of sociologists, psychologists, historians and media specialists, these CIA experts have long practiced this art...
...citizens and other foreigners living abroad...
...The United States also had another contact close to the CIA who was a high-ranking member of Patria y Libertad, Miranda Carrington...
...Dungan's successor, therefore, had to meet the approval of the more reactionary forces in Chile...
...General Ruiz, in acquiescing to Leigh, lost the support of conspirators in the Air Force...
...a number of important trips were arranged for leaders of the counter-revolutionary movement to travel to the United States...
...Davis had accomplished his mission: Allende was dead, the Chilean people were terrorized, the coup had succeeded, and the Junta was in command...
...government, and its representative in Chile, the U.S...
...The constitutionalists had to be isolated...
...June 24 and July 8. 1969 (Washington: U.S...
...Based on Rostow's theory that "communism is a disease of transition," the project would set about to analyze the effects of government programs in the fields of economics, social welfare, etc...
...As such, it was aided by CIA agents placed on the paper's staff...
...ruling class...
...The actions of ITT and, to a lesser extent, Kennecott and Anaconda during 1970 reflected a lack of unanimity within the bourgeoisie on this decision...
...The National Security Council (NSC) is composed of representatives of the Departments of State and Defense, the CIA and the Joint Chiefs of Staff...
...Right-wing women also collected money on the base level as they did in the October 1972 strike...
...Viaux had been in steady contact over a period of time with the United States and, in particular, Berrellez and Hendrix...
...Secondly, its major source of primary data collection had been removed...
...Flights continued regularly until the time of the coup...
...ruling class, would be to engineer the situation in such a way that the overthrow of the Allende government appeared to be the product of its internal inability (and, most importantly, the inability of socialism) to satisfy the people...
...Other countries had to be encouraged to provide financial assistance, and Europe was the place to begin prodding.29 Popper, with his experience in international trade and investment, obviously filled this bill...
...The Santiago Embassy was given a face-lifting following Allende's election...
...Over the years, the CIA has put together a number of armies-the famous Meo Tribesmen in Laos, the Bolivian Rangers who assassinated Che, a special army team in Peru in the mid-sixties which was formed to fight the Peruvian guerrilla movement, and many more...
...4 Hacer justicia castigando directamente a los violentistas de izquierda 5 Denurnciar toda irregularidad que observe de los enemigos solo a las FF.AA...
...Finally, when Allende won the 1970 election, Agustin came to the United States where he became an Executive Vice President of Pepsico...
...Members of the U.S...
...The United States...
...State in turn confers with Defense which has the added input of the United States Southern Command through a "formal interdepartmental group...
...the military attaches maintained social contact with key officials in the Chilean armed forces...
...Clearly the United States would have to respond...
...Although these disputes could be the result of an intrabourgeois squabble on the best methods of handling Chile, it seems more likely that they are the product of a different type of conflict...
...Davis arrived in ,Santiago in October 1971, a delicate period...
...Nationals can work on a number of different levels...
...1969) pp 57-89...
...Labor Attaches, crucial in the penetration, monitoring and subversion of foreign labor movements as well as in the export of AFL-style business unionism...
...Government Printing Offie...
...There are three principal elements that help strengthen an embassy's staff: 1) personnel: their background, specialization, training and, in this case, their ability to combine military/intelligence expertise with a quick adaptation to crisis situations...
...The divisions within the Chilean bourgeoisie were thus reflected within the armed forces...
...It is put forth by officials of the U.S...
...From there he worked with several international organizations until 1962 when he returned to State as Director of Atlantic Political-Military Affairs in the Bureau of European Affairs...
...It soon became clear to U.S...
...NACLA-East Chile Project NACLA'S LATIN AMERICA EMPIRE REPORT Vol...
...objectives...
...State Department recently pointed out (and as Fidel stated years ago), the U.S...
...Frei's "Revolution in Liberty" Would prove to be a perfect testing ground...
...In early 1973, he and five members of a terror squad from the organizati.on attacked the Electrical Service Center in Concepcion...
...It was at this point that Michael Townley, Peace Corpsman in the sixties, was recruited to enter the Agency...
...The over-all collection...
...6. See, for example...
...forces in the field of political analysis of crisis situations...
...In Chile, the Resident receives orders directly from the chief of the Latin America Area Division of the Director of Operations in Washington...
...As Schneider still lay in the hospital in a coma, Robert Viaux, a retired right-wing army general who was later proven to be the ring leader of the assassination plot, rushed to his house to burn any incriminating documents...
...September 14...
...Furthermore, Prats understood the implications of the abortive coup of June 29th...
...bases in the Canal Zone...
...The United States military's demonstration of continued faith in the Chilean Air Force paid off in a number of ways...
...youths, most thinking that they were helping the Chileans, were instead gathering data for the now undercover Project Camelot...
...They had to be ousted...
...Roberto Thieme's illegal re-entry into Chile was broadcast in a code as well as Ptnochct's incorporation into the counter-revolution...
...citizens residing abroad...
...The Chief Consul, Frederick Purdy, was appointed in June, 1970...
...policy makers to predict the occurrence ofinsurgency and to be able to respond quickly and efficiently to it...
...Shortly thereafter, the Eisenhower Administration broke relations with the revolutionary government, although the diplomatic rupture was the product of a much larger series of factors...
...government and the right-wing of the Chilean bourgeoisie had worked so hard to promote...
...Needless to say, Ruiz was not overjoyed at being chosen to control the subversive economic tactics his mentors in the U.S...
...FIGHT TO CONQUER OR DIE...
...He was just the man needed for the job...
...The public side concentrated primarily on propaganda which was disseminated to a wide audience through a chain of radio stations headed by Radio Agricultura...
...4) withdrawal of technical help...
...The strategy which evolved was based upon these discussions and was a direct result of how the United States viewed its aims...
...El Mercurlo, the newspaper of the Edwards which was managed by Rene Silva Espejo- one of the founders of the Chilean Nazi Party-was a key part of the campaign of disinformation...
...Vol VII...
...p. 2 9 6 12...
...In this Report we will examine three fronts of the U.S...
...Yet in spite of their control of international finance, despite their ability to grant funds, equipment and expertise to38 their friends and withhold the same from their enemies, it took the United States three years to create the conditions for an organized ard armed counterattack on the Chilean people...
...Puga eventually achieved such success at his job that he became a member of the reactionary Central Operative Command which directed the coup d'etat...
...Such was the case of Ambassador Dungan...
...It had always received abundant inflows of cash and arms...
...In Chile, black propaganda took many forms...
...The actual operational aspects of counterinsurgency are, of course, of tremendous importance...
...Conclusion The U.S...
...HOWEVER, it has many inherent weaknesses...
...The Nixon administration has attempted to raise the ceiling on arms sales to Latin America, complaining that the prior ceiling hurt the U.S...
...26 Miami Herald, September 29...
...As a former U.S...
...5. Denounce every irregularity in the enemies' behavior only to the Armed Forces...
...It's the only way...
...The question, however, was, granted that the United States was more than pleased to see Allende go, what in particular did the imperialists have to do with the actual taking of power by the Chilean military...
...This reorganization of the Intelligence Community has also served to further centralize power in the hands of Henry Kissinger who, as Special Assistant for National Security Affairs and head of the Forty Committee, has become the ultimate arbitrator of all intelligence information and decision making...
...The complex strategy conceived and implemented by U.S...
...Another weakness of the Intelligence Community related to its class nature is the duplication of information within the community...
...And then there is the testimony of the truckers themselves who said they received funds directly from the CIA...
...A team of research experts accompanied the organizers in order to study the conditions and political views of the campesinos...
...revolutions emerge from real objective factors ihich produce a conscious awakening at a given time...
...If the U.S...
...Forced to resign in September 1972 for anti-government plotting, the Chilean General became one of Patria y Libertad's chief contacts with the Bolivian military...
...journalists "maintained regular contact with the CIA officials in routine performance of their journalistic duties...
...no embarrassing statements could be leaked...
...The plan began to take shape even before Allende became President...
...As a result, the CIA is the intelligence agency closest to the political ideology and desires of the ruling class...
...The Conservative Party (which became the National Party for the 1970 elections) was governing Chile at the time, and the United States wanted to maintain cordial relations...
...On August 20th the moment had not yet arrived for a coup d'etat but it was certainly high time for a dress rehearsal...
...Pepsico is managed by Donald Kendall, a good friend of Richard Nixon,who is/was one of the many representatives of Rockefeller's interests in the U.S...
...At the last minute, however, General Leigh journeyed to El Bosque to tell a disappointed group of over two hundred officers that the military takeover had to be put off...
...military from muddling in Latin American affairs...
...interests, the training of Latin American officers has become a good deal more sophisticated...
...3) support for a well-oiled propaganda apparatus which would be used to confuse the population ideologically and to disseminate misinformation...
...From that point on there was at least one US...
...Chile had to be embraced and welcomed back into the capitalist community...
...When IDF entered Chile, Frei's meager agrarian reform was just beginning to show its effects in the countryside...
...bourgeoisie throughout the world...
...the Right was able to make gains...
...In August of 1973, Allende, under the combined pressure of work stoppages by the truckers and demands of the Christian Democratic Party, attempted to reintegrate the military into his cabinet...
...In fact, when Viaux met with the two, he "was given verbal assurance that he would receive material help and support from the United States...
...One use was in the creation of shortages...
...Rockefeller, since his celebrated trip to Latin America in 1969 has advocated support for military regimes as the most viable means of protecting U.S...
...The actions of the U.S...
...It provides a point of contact with the working class which is so necessary for information gathering...
...40 Joan E. Garces...
...imperialism, throughout the years of the UP government...
...1972...
...Right-wing newspapers accused the UP of having "sabotaged" his plane...
...The U.S...
...Others pulled out the stacks of El Mado (mapr newspaper of the Right in Chile) and Pmto Find (major magazine of the revolutionary Left...
...Precipitous expropriation of military power might have provoked a military revolt...
...interests militarily but to administer an entire nation in accordance with U.S...
...When the coup in Chile happened Del Solar revealed that the game using data from Project Camelot had been played for Chile after becoming classified in 1966, and that in his opinion it had been an element in plotting how the coup would take place...
...Michael Townley had that skill...
...93rd Congress (Washington...
...One of the best accounts of the coup is that of Joan E. Garces...
...MILGROUP officers "are an irreplaceable catalyst with foreign military forces, providing an indispensable U.S...
...The mission system was established for the express purpose of providing State Department personnel in the embassy with a direct line of contact with U.S...
...Hydes was Lucum's secretary who arranges his work out of an office next door to Fulton Lewis Productions...
...C. Funding An essential requirement of these paramilitary activitie-as well as the other varieties of subversion carried out by the Chilean right-wing--was funding...
...a public surveying firm...
...Armaments Getting money and arms to paramilitary groups is something which the United States cannot do directly in the same manner in which they support fascist governments...
...In Chile, it was plotting even before the victory of People's Unity [UP], mobilizing millions of dollars and giving them to the bourgeois parties in order to crush People's Unity...
...The problem facing the NSC was to concretize the consciousness of the U.S...
...The results of the strike and the embargo adversely affected the lives of millions of Chileans, but, for the economic specialists in the Embassy who helped plan it, they were just doing their jobs...
...These scenarios would simulate situations of internal national conflict within a given country...
...This caused serious consequences in terms of many consumer items and services--particularly transportation, as most Chilean buses were Fords--it helped foment the hostile reaction of sectors of the petit bourgeoisie toward the government...
...Defense Department has a "special favor" to ask, it has at its disposal a slew of U.S...
...embassy families had to be put on alert for possible evacuation...
...7. This is evident in Nixon's own autobiography...
...The Political Directorate of the group included the country's most powerful industrial and landed interest: Eenjamin Matte, president of the National Society of Agriculture (SNA), Orlando Saenz, president of the National Society of Manufacturers (SOFOFA) and former economic advisor to the Junta, Horge Fortaine, president of the Confederation of Production and Commerce, and a number of retired military leaders like Viaux and General Canales (see "U.S...
...bourgeoisies had been consolidated many years earlier and was further reinforced during the Frei government (1964-1970...
...But this recognition did not mean eschewing their usefulness in the formulation of counter-revolutionary plans...
...ruling classes could hope to crush this movement only through the most ferocious and cowardly use of violence-violence perpetrated not only against those who looked toward a socialist Chile but toward anyone who refused to join the fascist offensive...
...Southern Command, he stopped off in the Canal Zone on his way back from Cuba to complain of the poor quality of Soviet weaponry...
...The formation of Patria y Libertad was officially announced in March 1971 by Pablo Rodriguez, then acting as lawyer for Roberto Viaux...
...His record of service, though, does not end here...
...It is no mere coincidence that the same group of both Brazilians and North Americans were key in the orchestration of the coup in Brazil in 1964...
...The lines had been drawn...
...Air Force planes at the air base there, an inordinate amount...
...it must use other means...
...defense establishment attempts to tie proof of U.S...
...Secondly, the events of35 THE FIST OF THE WORKERS WILL CRUSH FASCISM June 29th, both the aggression by the Right and the strong and organized reaction by the Left, mobilized the rightwing of the armed forces into immediate action...
...Trust was instilled and the groundwork for intensive collaboration of forces was laid...
...A further element of the Rodriguez-Chile Embassy caper, the employment of gusanos (right-wing Cuban exiles) by the / CIA for subversive activity, seems to be a thread which has run through Chilean history for many years...
...August 21, 1973...
...While a certain branch of the U.S...
...Embassy became one of lending aid and coordination to the Junta's activities...
...The effect of the deal was to imply that Chile had a far greater supply of copper than it admitted to, a far greater supply than it actually had...
...He spent a good part of the years between 1959 and 1961 in Havana, Cuba...
...they20 THE POLITICA GAME Counterinsurgency is a business in the United States...
...Although their stated purpose is to administer the State Department's Military Assistance Program, they answer directly to the U.S...
...Defense committees were activated...
...This would complete the cycle from information gathering to policy making...
...May 2. 3. 4. and 8. 19 7 3(Washington: U.S...
...Only following a series of harsh threats by George Meany, head of the AFL-CIO, did Davis finally accept Nixon on his staff...
...He ostensibly re- presented the Frei-wing of the Christian Democrats and was to become an important leader in the gremlo (right- wing trade association) movement...
...If people are needed for a certain operation, the CIA simply contracts them...
...This was particularly evident when the Department was under the direction of William Rogers...
...1973...
...He draws on all the resources of the Intelligence Community and produces a report for the National Security Council to study...
...The material needed by the SOD is obtained from the CIA's Office of Logistics which operates vast warehouses of weapons for just such purposes...
...The CIA has attained some degree of expertise in this area...
...and James Petras and Robert La Porte...
...A basic weapon in class warfare, as waged by the bourgeoisie, is the attempt to confuse the people's vanguard and the masses as to who the real enemy is and how that enemy operates...
...Work at the base level-the creation of a revolutionary consciousness among the masses--was the most important weapon of the Left in this battle, for only the revolutionary consciousness of the masses can defeat the reactionary ideology of the bourgeoisie...
...While the United States says that the base is carrying out "meteorological studies," people living near the base confirm that large-scale military equipment is unloaded nightly...
...Johatan was arrested for suspicion of being a CIA agent and for helping to finance the truckers strike...
...And so it began...
...Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations, Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy...
...C. Consular Section From 1969 until the time of the coup, the Consular Section, the Embassy's official point of contact with the resident U.S...
...3 9 By this time, however, it was no longer a question of trying to convince "undecided" elements of the top command...
...At the time of the coup in Chile, there were 22 U.S...
...makes the process of evaluation of the material at hand even more difficult...
...More complete courses--dealing with more than military operations-are given at the "Farm" in Virginia, the CIA's training school for all would-be agents...
...After the election of Allende in September 1970, sectors within the CIA in coordination with ITT felt that Allende's assumption of the presidency still could be prevented...
...in other words that the proposals of overly eager military hawks are tempered by civilian officials.' More specifically, according to representatives from the two departments nominally responsible for U.S...
...Embassies would need only a handful of personnel to fulfill functions of protocol and diplomacy, their overblown staffs serve as the center for a U.S...
...Where did all that money come from...
...The government could close the university, tax, order the military to act...
...Once again, Michael Townley, Peace-Corpsman-turned-CI Aparamilitary-expert, was the protagonist of this activity in Chile...
...While it was the most reactionary core of the Chileam bourgeoisie and its armed forces that eventually took command of the situation, other right-wing elements were instrumental in the overthrow of the UP government...
...Prats reacted to the first provocation by offeiing to resign his post...
...More importantly, Prats knew what military intervention in Chile in 1973 meant...
...Flying in from all over the world came the coup-makers from Guatemala, an agent from Brazil, another fresh from the Bolivian experience in 1971, some recruits who had even worked in Ghana and the former Belgian Congo and some veterans of the U.S...
...Most likely this was on Kissinger's mind when he said, shortly after Allende's election, "I don't think we should delude ourselves that an Allende takeover in Chile would not present a massive problem for us, and for democratic forces and for pro-U.S...
...However, the situation again changed with Allende's election, and the United States had to quickly modify its "public" relations with the conservative forces, now grouped in the National Party...
...While his strategy changed from one of support for a rebellion staged by sectors of the Army to organizing a coup to be initiated by his own forces, more politically experienced officers understood that military strategy at this juncture required more than operational planning by one branch of the armed36 Tiger...
...In the dark and quiet hours of early morning their gloved hands searched for documents on the ITT scandal, secret communications between Santiago and Washington, lists of UP supporters in the United States...
...Its philosophy was based on national syndicalism, preaching the creation of a corporatist state under the control of an authoritarian government...
...apparatus to support it was moved into place...
...Senate...
...ITT in particular was putting its economic interests above the political interests articulated by the rest of the bourgeoisie and reflected in Kissinger's line...
...Since the Coup In the weeks that followed the coup, the role of the U.S...
...Chile: Facing the Blockade...
...As the Junta tightened its grip on the country, the role of the Embassy began to switch...
...Fidel Castro in Santiago...
...They would need someone to direct an assassination team, one or two specialists in black propaganda, several experts in ~om~unications and transportation, a good contact person for high-level labor leaders, specialists in covert funding and the establishment of front groups, a few economic experts to manipulate the copper market and a small team from the CIA'S highly experienced army to train Patria y Libertd, the fascist shock troops of the Right...
...He drew up regular economic evaluations of the moves being made by the Allende government, the Chilean Copper Corporation, and the courts which were deciding the issue of nationalization and indemnification...
...He is a Guatemala veteran, as well as the man requested by the CIA and authorized by Richard Nixon to coordinate the overthrow of Allende...
...Pentagon officials who can be flown to Santiago to consult with an old friend...
...n. thde e Ju...
...3 6 While U.S...
...The price which the State Department under Nixon has had to pay for its bureaucratic sluggishness and liberal tendencies has been its margination from the decisionmaking apparatus in foreign policy...
...When a people begin a revolutionary process, no force in the world can stop them...
...They were on the second floor of the Chilean Embassy, rumaging through the files of UP diplomats...
...Rejecting Prats' advice, Allende instead entered into an alliance with the liberal wing of the Christian Democratic Party, a compromise under which the Popular Unity bargained away its organizational work within the military in return for the support of what had become an essentially powerless group...
...Henry A. Kissinger...
...By summer of 1972, they had acquired the active support of General Alfredo Canales...
...Mass: Harvard University Press), 1072...
...On the afternoon of August 22nd, Prats resigned...
...Granma June 2, 1974 42...
...In early summer of 1974 he was approved as Ambassador to Zaire which, like Chile, is one of the world's major copper producing countries and recently was the sight of a major meeting of all important copper producing countries...
...During the 1970-73 period, USIA continued to distribute its material to the right-wing media, in particular, Channel 13-TV (the Catholic University's station) and El Mercurio...
...Military Intervention in Chile," in this issue...
...An instructive example of the nature of this coordination is that of the Kennecott embargo...
...6 Solidarizir incondicionalmente con los combatientes nacionalistas...
...Embassy...
...While Prats, like Schneider, was a strong constitutionalist, he must have recognized that during a period of class warfare questions of constitutionality are, at best, secondary...
...The head of the Chilean manufacturers' association (SOFOFA), Saenz who spoke fluent English, established a very close relationship with Ambassador Davis during the years of the UP government...
...Unlike other areas of the government, the vast bureaucracy of State protected many liberals during the McCarthy purges...
...The reactionaries had hoped that this might prove to be the provocation necessary to encourage the military to step in and prevent the confirmation of Allende as President by the Congress...
...But since there are approximately 1,500 alleged CIA agents on the State Department's payroll, William Broe did not have too much trouble in selecting a skillful crew with more of a penchant for "operations...
...This means that many agencies become engaged in the same type of work but will not rationally cut back for fear of losing some of their power or economic resources...
...Dungan's wholehearted acceptance of Frei's Administration was partially responsible for the substantial new loans granted to Chile by the United States and the multilateral lending institutions...
...On the reverse side the following message was written: DON'T CONTINUE BEING A LITTLE SLAVE OF COMMUNISM...
...General Carlos Prats, a strong constitutionalist, not only commanded tremendous respect as commander in chief, but perhaps more than any civilian within the UP coalition, understood the subversive strategies of the Right within the military...
...Some thought they were merely trying to rescue a few right-wing terrorists imprisoned by the Allende government...
...THE EMBASSY NETWORK One of the CIA'S most essential in-country structures is that which operates out of the U.S...
...In a country where the military has traditionally formed a social enclave, living in its own neighborhoods and traveling in its own circles, U.S...
...Rodriguez made several trips there as did Roberto Thieme, another high-ranking member of Patria y Libertad...
...Patria y Llbertad Moves Too Soon At 8:55 on the morning of June 29th, 1973, the Second Armored Regiment of the Chilean Army under Colonel Roberto Souper, surrounded the Presidential Palace in Santiago...
...He began his career with the State Department in 1945 as a specialist in that area...
...Thanks to the struggles of the Vietnamese people and the anti-interventionist sentiment expressed by thousands of North Americans the U.S...
...flows not from the conscious analysis put forth by various sectors of the bourgeoisie, but from the clogged and inefficient diplomatic pipelines...
...policy for Latin America for the coming five-year period...
...Richard Bissell, Ex-Deputy Director of the CIA...
...Agmts are scattered throughout the different sections of the diplomatic structure depending upon what corresponding areas with,in the local society need either to be penetrated or aided in some way by the United States...
...Operation Unitas had to be informed as to the exact date of the coup d'etat...
...What is more, the administration argued that it actually constituted intervention into the Latin American armed forces for the United States to refuse them what they saw as their military needs.' Furthermore, the Nixon administration has proposed taking the professional (as opposed to technical) training of Latin American officers out of the Military Assistance Program where it often falls prey to liberal congresspeople and putting it on a "firmer footing" within the Foreign Assistance Act...
...Imperalism is on the move, and it is waging a strategic offensive in Latin America with the backing of Brazil: first the coup d'etat inBolivia, then in Uruguay, and now in Chile...
...Shlaudeman was removed from his post in Santiago and sent to Washington as Department Assistant28 Secretary for Inter-American Affairs in June 1973, precisely in time to coordinate communications between the Department of State and the embassy in the months prior to the coup...
...On this visit Ruiz also arranged the purchase of sixteen F5E jet fighters," according to U.S...
...To become a member the individual underwent an elaborate system of intelligence checks, indoctrination classes, training in arms and communications, and, for the more proven cadre, classes on explosives and intelligence gathering...
...Over the years the apparatus has become capable of rationalizing large quantities of information because of these resources and its high degree of internal organization...
...General Schneider's car is on its usual route to his office...
...The CIA usually reaches its propagandistic heighl- with the founding of a so-called "Radio Liberacion" .milar to the one which was so totally unsuccessful during the Bay of Pigs invasion...
...Ch- fin -P-1 m-- ashe International Fitghr, i, is ecogtnmed a the reoc ars-er "to the lf-deenineedd nn NORTHROP forces...
...History has demonstrated that imperialist aggression can and will be defeated...
...3. Incitement to action...
...1973...
...In 1971, SAT, began flying into Chile...
...The caliber of the Embassy changed drastically with Davis' appointment...
...IDF was , however, forced to leave Chile when its cover was blown following a series of revelations about the CIA in 1967...
...In October 1972 the economic offensive was coordinated with mass mobilizations by opposition forces and a political offensive by opposition congressional leaders...
...foreign policy...
...During Frei's campaign in 1964 much of the propaganda was directed against Cuba...
...During 1970-1973 in particular, embassy personnel fanned out into Chilean society to make contact with the local bourgeoisie both on a social level and around business matters...
...Southern Command from which they are directed to "exert maximum constructive influence on Latin American Armed Forces not only in military matters but in support of political, social and economic modernization...
...When it was notified by the bank, the Chilean government said it knew nothing of the transaction...
...capital internationally...
...The alternative to using fronts has been using those professions which have contacts with the working class but do not necessarily share the same life style...
...imperialism and by no means a complete one...
...He returned on the 10th, just in time...
...Tomic and Frei, looking toward the 1964 Chilean presidential elections, were in Washington to seek U.S...
...Thus the Chilean and U.S...
...Once the proletariat has consolidated its control, the presence of a U.S...
...Like any other battle, covert warfare embodies a strategy and tactics...
...pilots and the U.S...
...Arms were also shipped in under cover of business transactions between the Brazilian and Chilean bourgeoisies...
...to be part of a forthcoming book, The State and the Tactical Problems of the Allende Government (Mexico: SigloXXI Editors...
...bourgeoisie was able to come to the aid of its counterpart in Chile, an elaborate covert nexus also existed which ran parallel to the surface...
...Although in 1932, the Alessandri government had organized the Milicias Republlcanas, a paramilitary force of 50,000 men drawn from the upper classes to give the oligarchy time to reprofessionalize the armed forces, the Chilean bourgeoisie still had more faith in THE COLOR OF BLOOD WILL NOT BE FORGOTTEN Those who aassasnated Schneider, Idlled, massacred and exploited the people...
...A high point of that campaign was the broadcast of a tape made by Juanita Castro, Fidel's reactionary sister, in which she talked about the "horrors" of Cuba...
...These attempts to discredit the Chilean Defense Minister may seem petty...
...I (January 1973), 9-14...
...Foreign Policy, No...
...The UP victory in the March 1973 elections had "ended all hope for defeating the UP by electoral means...
...The original game was played out and tested by em- ployees of Abt and students from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy under Professors William Barnes and Dean Charles Shane...
...The U.S...
...While right-wing Chilean politicians found Ruiz' anomolous position in Allende's cabinet a perfect focus for precipitating a crisis in the relationship between the UP and the armed forces, they realized that it was Leigh who could best provide the military with an operationally sound fascist ideology...
...But a look at the surface reveals their essential purpose...
...VII...
...If it doesn't, we have done our best to develop good relations and that, in the circumstances, would be good...
...There was disagreement within Kissinger's staff as well...
...Operation Alfa", as the plan to kidnap Schneider was called, was a plot by the Right to create a situation of terror in Chile and then blame it on the Left...
...1970...
...bourgeoisie wages class war internationally...
...The nature of U.S...
...Finally, it was during this same period that a US...
...Subscriptions: $10 per year for individuals ($18 for two years...
...The National Party played on the traditional anti-communism of the military as a whole and the fascist tendencies of certain elements...
...Information Agency personnel and Peace Corps staffers, who all serve to spread the super-structure of U.S...
...The In-Country Team During times of crisis the United States is still forced to shuttle Latin American officers and Depa rtment of Defence officials back and forth between Latin America, Washington and the Canal Zone...
...Agency personnel assigned to Chile shifted radically in 1970, for the Agency's needs had shifted...
...5. For how the Defense Establishment tries to justify its expenditures...
...see Michael T. Klare...
...3. The information on the relationship between State and Defense is from United States Military Policies and Programs in Latin America...
...The embassy structure abroad maintains firm structural links to the State Department, but this is not to say that State decides U.S...
...Davis could not become a central target for left-wing attacks-too much was at stake...
...3 (January 15, 1972) and "Nixon's Expropriations Policy Seeks to Woo the Anry Congress...
...support for their projected programs...
...The agency prefers ideological reasons, but is never stingy...
...role in the Chilean Air Force...
...D.C.: U.S...
...The job of the Resident and the case officers consists of builing up in-country networks over the years so that when they are needed they can be activated simply and quickly...
...Ambassador...
...As implied in the tone of the memo, Kessler is advocating a definitive position: a position that only favors U.S...
...Even before Allende had actually assumed the presidency, the various political parties of the Chilean bourgeoisie had become acutely aware of the pivotal importance of the armed forces and had begun competing for dominance within the Chilean military...
...Revolutions cannot succeed without the defeat and destruction of the reactionary forces...
...Army Special Forces...
...Truitt, then president of the IDF, also worked for two other CIA front groups: the Free Europe Committee and Radio Free Europe...
...This is not to say that Patria y Libertad did not gain powerful allies from within the ranks of the Chilean Army...
...And then they drew up work reports describing their experiences...
...The spirit of Chile's workers, peasants and poor had been heightened not dampened by the struggle...
...weather plane...
...Imperialism tried to corrupt the Chilean people...
...Given the ties constructed during the preceding six years with the ruling Christian Democratic government, embassy personnel had to undergo a considerable weeding-out process...
...More moderate elements saw their duty as supporting the new president as long as he did not overstep the constitution...
...according to Julius Mader's Who's Who in the CIA...
...U.S...
...7 Camelot researchers were still at the stage of identifying their "would-be-attackers" and much work remained to be done...
...In Latin America, gusanos have been able to play a particularly useful role because they can assimilate easily into the Spanish-speaking countries...
...For example, we cannot understand the full offensive until we consider the U.S...
...14-15...
...military mission, under Walters, offered war materiel to those officers conspiring against Joao Goulart...
...Marine team from Panama visited Chile...
...The numerous CIA operatives working in Argentina were instrumental in shoring up this apparatus as well...
...besides studying Russian...
...It was the weekend of May 13-14...
...foreign policy as the product of that bureaucratic structure aptly known as "Foggy Bottom...
...He could not afford to become a controversial figure...
...the decision to do this was not taken at the embassy level,22 and it is useful to step back a moment and examine the source of foreign policy decisions in the United States...
...They could not deal with the full repercussions of Allende's election...
...Although a significant group of Air34 Force officers, including such men as General Alberto Bachelet, provided radical support to the UP government, the Air Force was a relatively small and monolithic branch of the armed forces, organized from its very inception under the tutelage of the United States...
...Malml Herald, August 21, 1973...
...Officers who had traditionally favored the overthrow of civilian institutions and/or those who were violently opposed to a socialist program had to be integrated into a military substructure...
...What this would mean in the conception of the social scientists working on Camelot, was a study of the family and religious institutions in Chile, the economy, corporations, unions, the legal system, the military, diplomats, all political parties, the media, the educational apparatus and technology...
...The intermediaries for this information resided in the Economic Section of the Embassy and the offices of AID...
...To reassure his friends at the U.S...
...The information was passed through the offices of AID to the embassy, the United States and the major copper companies struggling to maintain control of "their" holdings in Chile...
...At that point, the United States would provide "arms, money, printing presses, etc., to Allende's enemies...
...charitable" organization...
...Massacres of workers such as the 1966 bloodbath in the Salvador mine, and the apparently senseless murders of working class women and children by the military, were primary weapons in the traditional strategy of military gorilm to create a large enough reaction on the part of the Left to prove to all military commanders that civilian power was ill-equipped to maintain order and thus to convince the divergent sectors of the armed forces that it was their institutional and partiotic duty to intervene...
...IDF went into Chile in the mid60's under the leadership of George Truitt...
...While the plan was not successful at the time, Townley gained some experience which he would put to use later...
...Davis is a central figure among the State Department's experts on the Soviet Union and Comamunist Parties...
...For many years previous to the election of Salvador Allende, Chile had been the focus of much attention from the United States...
...What is also unique about the CIA is that it is not only involved in information collection and analysis, but also specializes in covert operation...
...In light of this, Davis opted for a low profile...
...Davis' presence as Ambassador to Chile had been requested by Raymond Warren, the CIA's Station Chief in the Santiago Embassy...
...6. U.S...
...During 1973 Wyant made several trips between Sao Paulo and Santiago...
Vol. 8 • July 1974 • No. 6
