CHILE: The Story Behind the Coup
NACLA
To Our Friends... As individuals and as NACLA staff members, we have experienced the recent coup in Chile as one of the most painful events of our lives. We feel this blow against the Chilean...
...Kennecott attaches New York accounts of CORFO -Chilean State Development Corporation) and CODELCO (Chilean Copper Corporation...
...Providing hardware is only one tactic the United States uses to influence the Chilean military...
...Immediately the extreme Right began pressing for military intervention to prevent Allende's inauguration...
...to break the backbone of the latifundio system and to eliminate the oppression of the people by the oligarchy...
...4) Almost all suppliers cut off credit...
...The tribunal is never formed...
...Washington Post, September 22, 1973) CONCLUSION The full story of U.S...
...William C. Doherty of the AIFLD told a Senate subcommittee in 1968: "As a matter of fact some of them (graduates of the AIFLD school from Brazil) were so active that they became intimately involved in some of the clandestine operations of the revolution before it took place on April 1. What happened in Brazil on April 1 (1964) did not just happen - it was planned - and planned months in advance...
...The majority of high ranking officers, according to a recent sociological study, come from upper class or upper-middle class families...
...Jun...
...Nevertheless, it is necessary to publicize now the available evidence for U.S...
...Sources in Chile and in the United States have confirmed that he was in New York on January *Augustin Edwards is the head of Chile's most powerful economic empire and has been one of the most bitter foes of the Allende administration...
...The Communal Councils are coordinating organizations which, in addition to the representatives of factories and farms, include representatives of all community groups (women's organizations, food distribution cooperatives, students, etc...
...When Moises Huentelaf, a peasant leader, was killed by a landowner during a land takeover in the south of Chile, his murderer was allowed to go free...
...Thus, the opposition-controlled Congress is in large part responsible for the rampant inflation which severely affects all workers...
...credit blackade: Kennecott and Anaconda attached Chilean assets in New York...
...1, 1971...
...The United States did not stand apart from this process...
...It has evolved from sporadic, spontaneous uprisings to more organized protests and strikes, and from there it has entered the arena of parliamentary politics...
...Given the structure of the Chilean economy and its position within a world economic system, it is totally unrealistic to think that the economic status of the Chilean masses can be raised while the middle and upper classes maintain their same privileged level of consumption...
...interests - such as the Dominican Republic and Guatemala...
...Translation: CITIZEN DISCIPLINE -- The actions being carried out by the Armed Forces and the Carabineros are only for the good of Chile and Chileans and because of this they depend on citizen support...
...Major causes of the inflation are the objective lowering of production due to the factors mentioned above, a thriving black market, and the government's liberal recourse to printing money...
...The "invisible blackade" fit perfectly with rightist strategy in Chile...
...Secorndcias postege peid at New York, N.Y.3 GREEN LIGHT FOR THE GENERALS The military coup against the Unidad Popular government was the end product of a long and tenacious campaign by the Chilean Right, aided by U.S...
...In the late 60's, U.S...
...With its still large profits, the opposition has invested in speculation rather than production...
...Vasile was then transferred to Vietnam where he worked with the pacification program...
...Clandestine sources in Santiago announce formation of Council of National Resistance...
...There he headed an embassy staffed with veterans of Vietnam pacification programs...
...operations abroad...
...Given the conditions in Chile, an accurate picture of what happened will be months in emerging...
...shantytowns originally organized by left have names changed -Campamento Fidel Castro becomes Poblacion Gen...
...Schneider, head of Armed Forces, assassinated in first right wing attack on newly elected government...
...The press took advantage of this ambiguous term to create the impression abroad that the strike in October, 1972, as well as subsequent strikes, were led by workers...
...Past experience -- in Guatemala in 1954, in Brazil in 1964, in the Dominican Republic in 1965 -- has shown that governments in this situation could not survive or deal with the contradictions in their policies without massive foreign aid...
...Strike at El Teniente Copper Mine (previously owned by Kennecott) by white collar workers and technicians...
...Suddenly the Right saw that its traditional form of maintaining power - the ballot box - was no longer sufficient...
...As a case in point, we can take El Mercurio, owned by the wealthy Edwards family...
...In 3/64 Wheelock returned to Washington as an intelligence research specialist in the State Dept...
...policy makers...
...With the crushing of the rebels, Shlaudeman assumed the post of Assistant Director for Caribbean Affairs in the State Dept...
...Since that time, the real power has remained with the armed forces...
...The opposition realized that if they were to bring the country effectively to a halt and, thereby, justify military intervention in the government, they would have to divide the working class...
...Govt...
...A quick glance at a corner newstand or brief exposure to an opposition radio station clearly indicated the contrary..There is probably no country in the world at this point in which the opposition press bombasts the government in power with such vindictiveness as in Chile...
...According to the report, Chile's former president, Eduardo Frei, is a member of this conspiracy...
...for the people, eating is a tragedy that renews itself day after day...
...When Allende's popularity was broad, and the extent of the UP Program unclear, the Right was small and depended on isolated terrorist acts (the Schneider murder...
...United States tries to block Chilean debt renegotiation with European creditors...
...Even though Bordaberry dissolved the CNT, arrested the union leadership and hundreds of workers and the army viciously cleared out the factories, the strike continued...
...Therefore, they remove his Cabinet ministers instead - which only takes a simple majority...
...and by Chilean conservatives, the Christian Democratic Party promised the electorate a "Revolution in Liberty...
...There is a two-fold implication here - that the ad was merely a statement of opposition to Allende, and that the government has the ability (and desire) to shut down the press for such an offense...
...Arzac shifted to the political-economic office at Asuncion, Paraguay from 5/69 to 9/71...
...This signifies step forward for sector of left which advocates furthering and strengthening popular mobilization autonomous from institutions of state apparatus...
...Junta declares itself the government, proclaims State of Internal War, imposes martial law, and carries out a brutal campaign to destroy areas of resistance...
...It is no secret that ITT favored "economically squeezing" Chile in order to bring down the UP government...
...Embassy has utilized at least ten CIA agents in Santiago...
...Warren arrived in Santiago as a "political officer" in 10/70, as Allende was being confirmed as President by the Chilean Parliament...
...One year after Allende's election, he joined the U.S...
...8 killed, 37 wounded), and Puerto Montt (1969...
...He was an analyst in the Air Force (1960-62), then served as a Foreign Service Officer in Panama (1964-69), as well as in Washington at the State Dept...
...Any minister who acts against the will of the Congressional majority - rather than against the Constitution - is likely to lose his post...
...They prevented the communists from taking over powerful unions in Honduras and helped to drive the communists from strong "jugular" unions in Brazil...
...And while allowing millions of Chileans to live under such conditions, this system permitted foreigners to drain off vast quantities of the nation's natural wealth...
...plays a decisive role) were quickly cut off to Chile...
...In March 1973, the UP won 43 percent of the vote in congressional elections, a major victory in Chile, where the governing body historically loses votes in mid-term congressional elections...
...The total number of livestock remains the same as in 1908...
...On September 20, a House subcommittee questioned Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, Jack Kubisch, about U.S...
...Latrash joined the Embassy in Santiago as a "political officer" in 5/71, two months before U.S...
...Neruda died in Santiago on September 21st, 1973...
...This experience reminds us that there is no "safe haven" for anyone in Latin America until the entire continent is free...
...Minister of Interior and two responsible police functionaries forced to retire...
...at the same time, other forms of organization must take place among the people, to prepare for the inevitable attack by the Right...
...copper companies...
...Stores closed, trucks and buses stopped running...
...There is no doubt that a very severe economic crisis does exist in Chile, but its roots are not to be found in a socialist economy...
...ECONOMY Junta returns control of more than 350 factories taken over by UP government to previous owners...
...it will take many months or years to gather sufficient information to put the terrible events of the past week into perspective...
...will use aid in attempting to keep the rightist government in power...
...At the same time, the more conservative sectors of the CDP and the National Party (NP), defeated in the ballot box, began to plan a counterattack against Allende...
...Ambassador to Chile Nathaniel Davis traveled to the United States on Friday, Sept...
...In 1954 he participated in the CIA-sponsored coup in Guatemala...
...neither can they be expected to act as a unified institution...
...The AIFLD offers training programs at its own institute in Port Royal, Virginia, as well as local seminars...
...Furthermore, the orientation and composition of the Chilean armed forces has been heavily influenced by the United States...
...The intensification of the class struggle which split the PDC has, over the course of the past few years, divided the entire country into two camps...
...General Prats, commander-in-chief of the Army, is included in this group...
...During 1972 and 1973, however, loans from the socialist countries have partially alleviated this problem...
...The agricultural and cattle-raising production is at a stand-still, industry is paralyzed for lack of raw materials...
...press has blamed the Unidad Popular's "Marxist-dominated coalition" for bringing about the present crisis...
...And for this reasons, it is clear today that the main enemies of the people are the oligarchy with their armed forces and yanqui imperialism...
...He next worked as a political analyst for the Air Force Intelligence Service (1952-53...
...The vast majority of these debts were contracted long before Allende took office...
...And precisely to confront this combative presence of the people, who no longer question the men that the oligarchy puts in the government, but the oligarchy itself...
...In the provinces, the opposition press is far more widely distributed than the pro-government press...
...This was not the role that Artigas assigned to them...
...Corporate action supplemented the U.S...
...4. Over the last few years, more than 4,000 political prisoners have been arrested, ranging from members of Congress to Tupamaros and their sympathizers...
...Military Assitance Program (MAP) began in 1952, Chile quickly became one of the prime recipients of U.S...
...In both cases, for example, the CIA sent a specially prepared team to carry out the coup...
...In short, the rules of the game have changed...
...But the plan was premature...
...Daniel N. Arzac, Jr...
...Under that system Chile, a nation blessed with vast reserves of natural wealth, has been unable to provide the majority of its people with the basic necessities of life...
...In an article in its newspaper, El Rebelde, (May 15-22), the Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) identified these people as members of the Central Operative Command of the anti-Allende forces...
...At the instruction of CIA director Helms, Broe called E.J...
...companies without "prompt and adequate" compensation...
...Anderson arrived in Santiago under the cover of "consular officer" (an unheard-of demotion for a "political officer" in the State Dept...
...The attempted coup of June 29 demonstrated how deep the roots of the class struggle in Chile actually are...
...The State Department saw no problem in selling these jets to a Marxist government...
...This indicates that the ITT operatives, who were in close contact with the U.S...
...Mayoria...
...Since Allende did not receive a majority of the vote in the elections of 1970, a special vote of the legislature was necessary to con- firm him as president...
...Ex-President and CDP leader Eduardo Frei opposes compromise with Allende government...
...2. "Labor Policies and Programs," Subcommittee on American Republic Affairs, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S...
...and the CIA in 1958 as an intelligence research specialist, and was a "labor officer" in Mexico City from 5/60 to 9/62...
...Confronted by this blatant rejection of the legal structures within which the UP set out to move towards socialism, workers throughout the country have occupied their places of work and have vowed to defend them "to the end...
...As result of another UP conference (in Lo Curro), conversations begin with Christian Democrats to negotiate constitutional reforms, though left is internally at odds on course to take in revolutionary process...
...It is true that Chile is deeply polarized...
...some consumer items like yarn, textiles and medicines...
...Over the years, the Chilean working class struggle has grown in strength and size...
...For instance, the opposition parties blocked a government proposal to punish speculators and black market operators, thus giving them the full protection of law (or of the Congress) to continue their illegal acts which harm the entire population...
...But as the working class, organized in the Socialist and Communist parties, made its way into the realm of electoral politics, the bourgeoisie was forced to change its tactics...
...Although Allende vetoed the measure, the Congress over-rode his veto with a simply majority, rather than 2/3rds, claiming they had the right to do so, due to a Constitutional ambiguity...
...This means that all funds for these industries are frozen, curtailing plans and destroying production...
...Schneider, and state that ITT offered a large sum of money to CIA to aid in overthrow of Allende...
...In the first place, accusations that the government is infringing on this freedom are quickly picked up by the international press...
...The AIFLD urges cooperation between labor and manage- ment and an end to class struggle...
...Without this aid, the Castillo Armas government could not have survived...
...In April, 1971, people expressed their support for these measures...
...Among the soldiers and sailors themselves, though, the situation is different...
...The party which proved best at this strategy was Eduardo Frei's Christian Democrats...
...government and corporate leaders, aimed at reversing the tide of history in Chile...
...Dec...
...interest without making reasonable provision for such compensation to U.S...
...At that time, in 1954, experienced U.S...
...1. Cordones Industriales: The Cordones were organized by industrial area and included workers from all factories located in the vicinity...
...1972...
...In response to this right wing offensive, workers, students and peasants mobilize and form neighborhood committees based in the industrial zones to take over factories and maintain production, distribution, defense and health care throughout the country...
...A headline stating that "Opposition Parties Claim Allende is Curbing Press Freedom" misinforms millions of newspaper readers around the world...
...John B. Tipton joined the State Dept...
...Senate, by the Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations, June 21, 1973, U.S...
...and for parts for machines, and vehicles, for cement and phosphate fertilizers...
...Industrial production is also down this year because of lack of investment by the private sector over the last two years, lack of raw materials and spare parts (aggravated by the foreign blockade), and sabotage in the factories...
...business interests...
...Literally translated, gremio means guild or trade union...
...In fact the CIA controls a large share of the most important foreign service positions...
...For it is clear that this massive brutality is their only response to the mass politicization and mobilization that occurred during the past three years...
...What has brought Chile to this point...
...Finally, the military government of Castillo Armas, which replaced Arbenz in Guatemala, received massive infusions of U.S...
...A correlation always existed between the mobilization and strength of the workers and the level of resistance organized by the Right...
...anti-Allende actions comple- mented the Chilean right-wing offensive, and neither can be understood in isolation...
...As Sergio Onofre Jarpa, President of the National Party, said at the time, "the struggle now is not in the ballot box, but in the streets...
...See also, "Facing the Blockade," NACLA's Latin America and Empire Report, January, 1972 (reprinted in NEW CHILE, op...
...ITT offices in Rome, Zurich and New York bombed...
...ITT also approached the CIA, beginning in mid 1970...
...10) U.S...
...If the UP had not moved Chile to a socialist system - so the argument goes - the economy would still be thriving...
...spent $20 million to elect Frei and defeat Allende...
...Agency for International Development (AID) in Guatemala, was one of his most crucial...
...Berkeley (1950...
...In addition to the traditional three branches of government, there is a fourth institutional power in Chile, the office of the "Controloria" or Comptroller, which oversees the financing of all government projects...
...Even as we see the violence with which the Chilean Right is lashing out, we can also see the tremen- problems it faces in attempting to reverse a long process of social revolution in Chile...
...4-11...
...press...
...the Right feared that by then, the UP would get 75 percent of the vote...
...In both cases, the U.S...
...With the unanimous consent of Congress, Allende began to nationalize the country's natural resources...
...Congressional refusal to finance government programs19 has forced the administration to print money...
...On August 22, the Congress passed a resolution declaring that the conduct of the government was "illigitimate," and urged the four military ministers in the cabinet to insist on a fundamental change of course...
...5. Ibid...
...This irrational system has been marked throughout Chile's history by a long, bitter, and often bloody class struggle...
...copper companies in Chile was 52.8...
...One justice minister, 2 labor ministers, 2 economy ministers, 3 interior ministers (responsible for domestic security and police), and 1 minister of mines have all been removed from their posts by the Congress on politically motivated and highly questionable charges...
...Right opposition leaders realized that they too would have to amass strength through large mobilizations...
...UP gets 51% of the vote in April Municipal elections, showing tremendous support for UP program...
...There are 12,750 workers at the various mines and foundaries of the Teniente complex...
...Junta refuses to grant safe-conduct passes for refugees in embassies, provoking diplomatic protest from Mexico...
...The setback for those who were attempting to lay the bases for socialism through electoral means in Chile suggests that the ballot alone cannot preserve the gains won by the people...
...THE INSTITUTIONAL CONFLICT Why is there such confusion and instability...
...Moreover, by maintaining military missions in the country, the U.S...
...In President Allende's words, "It is not the fate of the revolutionary process which hangs in the balance...
...3) Become educators and take on special responsibilities to counter the public relations campaign that has already begun on behalf of the new government...
...Many demonstrations in U.S...
...How many have confronted death boldly, without hesitation, like true revolutionaries...
...The process is still new and much remains to be done...
...government has used "coup teams" as a major weapon to combat anti-imperialist governments...
...The resistance around the country and especially in Santiago, Valparaiso and Concepcion, the principal cities, is massive...
...Neruda's home ransacked and his manuscripts disappear...
...Its main accomplishment for Chile was a huge foreign debt - some 4 billion dollars by 1970...
...Orlando Saenz was looked upon by most leaders of the gremio movement as the key strategist...
...international communications cut...
...Thus, throughout 1971, the Right sabotaged the economy - slaughtering cattle, refusing to plant fields, speculating, hoarding, refusing to invest, and finally building a black market...
...We can cite many examples of what this system of "class justice" has come to mean...
...In addition to the evidence above of CIA involvement, former Chilean Ambassador to Mexico, Hugo Vigorena Ramirez, claims to have seen documents outlining the CIA plan, code-named Centaur, devised to topple the Allende government...
...Admiral Raymond Peet justified this policy toward Chile before the Senate committee...
...As the article, " Collision Course- Chile Before the Coup," below, explains, the right opposition also worked on other fronts to delegitimize the UP, preparing the ground for a coup...
...By last year, only $35 million in short term credits were available from private banks as compared to about $220 million in past years...
...At the same time, the U.S...
...Cardinal Raul Silva Henriquez is attacked by right wing for seeking a compromise solution with govern- ment to avoid civil war...
...The political motivation developed from the failure of the owners' strike in October, 1972...
...In some missions their numbers constitute only 25 percent of the entire staff...
...The government filed suit to close the paper for six days, not indefinitely as the Times implied, and the courts opened it again after just one day of closure...
...Senate, July 15, 1968, p. 4.12 economics at George Washington University in the spring of 1973...
...Fidel Castro visits Chile...
...The phrase "non-political military" can mean two things: (1) a military which does not intervene in the administration of the State, or (2) a military which holds no political opinions - a "professional" force which stands above politics...
...Allende attempts to replace head of Air Force...
...This "pastel de choclo" plot involves weakening the economy through various forms of sabotage, mobilizing a mass base in opposition to the government, culminating in a national lockout in September, paralyzing the country and hopefully bringing on a military intervention...
...Grace & Co...
...1) The New York Times (June 16) reported that the miners struck for a 41% raise as part of a nationwide wage increase approved by the legislature last year...
...A small extremist group, aided by military people (some of whom, such as General Arturo Marshall, became archi- tects of the September 1973 coup), kidnapped and assasinated General Rene Schneider, Commander in Chief of the Army...
...There will be no compassion for the foreign extremists who have come to kill Chileans...
...But the people aren't passively accepting this situation: they are organizing and fighting...
...2) The Congress has used its law-making and law-vetoing power to block every major government initiative, destroy the early advances of the UP, and return the economy to the pre-1970 situation...
...In addition, the economic situation was not yet so desperate as to guarantee middle class support for a coup...
...As late as October 6th, Mr...
...The U.S...
...Jul...
...dollars have supported opposition strikes, such as the October owners' strike when truck owners were paid to stop transporting goods and offers were made to pay workers if they stopped producing...
...Under Davis' direction they carried out a similar program in Guatemala that by 1971 had left 20,000 people dead...
...l The plots of 1970 failed...
...Once again, it shattered the myth that Chile's armed forces, traditionally, have been non-political...
...Teniente is the largest underground copper mine in the world...
...We were shipping people off right and left, mainly State Department, but also CIA with all sorts of covers...
...Throughout 1970, ITT officials met with William V. Broe, then Director of the CIA's Latin American Division of Clandestine Services, to discuss how to defeat Allende...
...Hoarding and illegal black market prices seriously threaten workers' consumptive power...
...3) Finally, the Congress has fought against the workers and the poor by blocking government projects designed to control the unstable economic situation that the opposition has helped to create...
...and certainly this was a key factor in the Chilean coup...
...credit blockade and without its more covert aid to the anti-UP forces in Chile...
...more are prevented from doing so after troops posted around embassies...
...The UP's "peaceful transition to socialism" called for a legal process which would gradually turn over control of the nation's basic sources of wealth and power, held by foreign interests and the Chilean upper class, to the workers and poor...
...After reading such reports, people immediately rush out to purchase as much of the item as possible thus, obviously, creating a shortage which did not exist the day before...
...Aug...
...U.S.-dominated InterAmerican Development Bank grants $65 million loan...
...When factory owners attempted to lock out workers, the workers responded by seizing the factories and setting up local committees in charge of production, distribution, defense and mobilization...
...General Pinochet, the head of the military junta, served as military attache to the Chilean embassy in Washington D.C...
...Prats, head of Armed Forces and Minister of Interior (on a trip to U.S...
...the owners of the country turn to fascism, converting the sports stadiums into jails, machine-gunning demonstrations, killing people in the street...
...Junta issues list of 12,000 aliens sought for questioning...
...Hinton joined the CIA as a State Department research specialist, and was promoted within a month to acting chief, and one month later (March, 1956) became chief of the Office of Research and Analysis for Western Europe...
...The government's economic program called for (1) nationalization of the U.S.-dominated mining industry, (2) socialization of key sectors of the economy such as the banks and strategic industries, (3) expropriation of large land-holdings, (4) redistribution of income in favor of the working class and the poor in general, (5) lowering of the unemployment rate, (6) reactivation of the economy after the severe recession during the final years of the Frei regime, and (7) the redirection of production toward the needs of the masses rather than the upper classes...
...foreign journalists barred from inspecting any detention centers...
...From such a legal basis, the opposition could proceed as it wants: dismantling the "social area" and shortening the President's term or impeaching him...
...Air Force has a particularly close relationship with their Chilean counterparts, built up by the U.S...
...6 The strategy of the Right could not have succeeded without the U.S...
...He presided over the Association of Manufacturers, which represented the most influential industrial and banking interests in the country...
...6. On April 15, 1972, shortly after 15 Tupamaro prisoners escaped from prison, and a day after they assassinated four leaders of the Death Squads, the government of Juan Maria Bordaberry declared a state of internal war against the Tupamaros and turned the command of this operation over to the military...
...Of the ten CIA operatives that have been identified (see biographies below) two participated in the 1954 Guatemala coup, two were in the Dominican Republic during the 1965 U.S...
...diplomats arqued that it was important to give this aid to Guatemala, to show pro-U.S...
...ration essential consumer goods...
...At the present time, the Chilean military is awaiting a shipment of 20 ex-U.S...
...The only party openly opposed to a sharp break with the past was the conservative National Party (PN), whose sole concern was to defend its members monopoly interests...
...Betrayals also played an important part...
...The opposition prefers the traditional way out of the supply-and-demand problem implied in the inflation: lower demand by raising prices to the point where the lower classes cannot afford to pay them...
...Against the few who have turned their backs on the people and the revolution, many have just opened their mouths to throw their hatred and rebellion in the faces of the executioners...
...Christian Democrats present HamiltonFuentealba Bill which would require annulling entire UP Program through Constitution reform...
...funds were also used in the 1964 and 1970 election campaigns - both times against Allende...
...more expensive items like radios, tires, cameras and film...
...In fact, last Spring the United States offered to give credit to Chile and four other Latin American countries to purchase F-5E Freedom Fighter jets...
...Since they cannot learn the full story from the U.S...
...Time, September 24, 1973) 10...
...Kennecott brought suits in European courts to block sales of copper...
...It is an umbrella for the five largest associations of owners of the means of production and distribution in the country: the Association of Manufacturers (SOFOFA), the National Society of Agriculture (SNA), the Chamber of Commerce, the Chilean Construction Chamber, and the National Mining Society, the latter somewhat defunct during the UP due to the nationalization of all the large mines...
...increase the effectiveness of government planning...
...Unemployment spreads, inflation devours the salaries...
...It is clear that U.S...
...It moves past "reporting" the news to making the news...
...A majority of high ranking officers believe that some form of open political intervention is necessary, but want to do it in such a way as to preserve their institutional interests and avoid a prolonged period of outright military dictatorship and civil war...
...In 1971, the UP took advantage of the Right's disorientation and moved ahead on its short-term economic program (to improve the lives of the people through such measures as wage raises and strict rent and price controls) and on its longer-term plan to nationalize foreign-owned industry and certain Chilean monopolies...
...Workers occupied factories, students took over the schools, and the port and only oil refinery were shut down...
...In 1947, the U.S...
...l In fact, the AIFLD has been linked directly with the 1964 military coup against Brazilian President Joao Goulart...
...UP-CDP talks, aimed at defining extent of social sector of economy, break down...
...This struggle doesn't exclude anyone who is really ready to break the dependency on Northamerica...
...As it has advanced, the national bourgeoisie and the foreign interests whose profits depended on the continued economic and political power of this bourgeoisie, have defended their threatened control...
...It will be implemented in Oct...
...Accompanying it was a letter from the Tupamaros stating that "with this leaflet, which was distributed profusely in the streets of Montevideo . .. the National Liberation Movement has broken its silence of over a year...
...The government, opposed to increasing the wage differential between workers, obviously could not accept this measure...
...Violent repression was one...
...intervention and understand what is happening in Chile...
...D 1973 by the North American Congreas on Latin America, Inc...
...3) Most papers reported wide backing for the strikers, implying that few people actually supported the government position...
...In the first minutes of the recent coup, Radio Agricultura, owned by the national association of large landowners (SNA), proclaimed the coup to be, "without doubt a definitive move to bring about the changes which the majority in this country has been waiting for...
...Following a few months in Bolivia, he was trained in labor relations and served in that capacity in Guatemala (8/65-9/68...
...diplomats and military advisors helped the dictatorship I organize fascist terror groups such as "White Hand," "New Anti-Communist Organization," and the "AntiCommunist Council of Guatemala," which murdered thousands of Guatemalan students, workers and peasants...
...relied heavily on aerial bombing to ter- rorize the Guatemalan population and to overthrow the Arbenz government...
...Attempted coup against Allende government by Army's 2nd armored division...
...The focal point of right wing strategy was to create economic chaos, which would frighten and mobilize the considerable numbers of the petit bourgeoisie, truck owners, shopkeepers, as well as professionals and white collar workers...
...attempts to reverse the process of social revolution in Latin America...
...Socialist Party come out against bill, and workers demonstrate condemning it as a step backwards in revolutionary process...
...8 This strategy failed to prevent the election of Allende in 1970...
...For this reason, they didn't hesitate in implanting the Dictatorship: applying prison, torture and murder, transforming the country into a huge concentration camp...
...The reporting on the Teniente strike was important since it called into question the fundamental social basis of the government: if the workers had abandoned the government, who remained...
...Much to the outrage of the ruling class's representatives in the Congress, the Judiciary, and the Comptroller's office, Chile's history is now being decided in worker-controlled factories and farms and in the community and labor organizations where Chilean men and women are struggling to create a just and non-exploitative society...
...refused to renegotiate Chile's 1972 debt to U.S...
...and Chilean dailies such as El Mercurio...
...In fact, the support which the strikers did receive was so uncharacteristic that it clearly belied the opposition's position that this was an economic, not a political, strike...
...and Dale L. Johnson, The Chilean Road to Socialism (New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1973), pp...
...To override him, Allende must obtain an "insistence decree," signed by all government ministers...
...The message gave him maximum authority to do all possible - short of Dominican Republic-type action - to keep Allende from taking power...
...The most important advances have been in the creation of the seeds of popular power: worker control in over 300 socialized factories, peasant control of farms encompassing some 40% of farmable lands and neighborhood control of food distribution in working class districts...
...Allende's) objectives are increasingly seen as incompatible and as going beyond what can be accepted...
...Latin America (London), March 23, 1973...
...The government, however, is pledged to protect the level of consumption of the masses...
...We, the Tupamaros, always maintained that it was necessary to defeat the repressive forces of the oligarchy, in order to be able to terminate their power...
...He was transferred to the position of second in command (Deputy Chief of Mission) in Santiago in 6/69...
...Or against the Christian Democratic youth groups who burned Socialist and Communist party headquarters...
...3 THE OCTOBER "STRIKE" In October 1972, truck owners, shopkeepers, and professionals went on "strike" in the first mass action of the anti-Allende forces...
...The left is basically agreed on the solution to these economic problems...
...Washington Post (Jack Anderson), April 16, 1973...
...press and the Chilean opposition have placed the blame for the presumed Chilean economic disaster squarely on the shoulders of a "socialist" economy...
...In fact, the government has granted all workers 100% across the board wage increases for a cost-of-living compensation...
...We see a few clear tasks for ourselves: 1) Continue the work on behalf of Chilean political prisoners and the Latin American political exiles who were living in Chile...
...In the past 20 years, over 4000 Chilean officers have been trained in the United States and U.S...
...Freda Kirchwey in The Nation, July 10, 1954 This prophetic warning was written a few days after the June, 1954 ouster of the left-leaning government of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala...
...Copper miners, it should be noted, already receive at least 4 times the average industrial wage...
...School and oil pipeline near Santiago also bombed...
...Printing Office, p. 10...
...In addition, as the opposition saw its economic privileges threatened, it openly created chaos in the economy by speculating, hoarding, sabotaging production, not investing, and fostering and supporting an extensive black market system...
...The government has been forced to print money for one basic reason: the Congress has refused to authorize financing for many government projects including wage readjustments to make up for increases in the cost of living...
...non-Marxist parties placed in "indefinite recess...
...Dec...
...Korry, who had been a UPI correspondent in Czechoslovakia in 1948 (at the same time that Davis was also there), warned Washington as he left his Chile post that the situation in Chile was parallel to the situation in Czechoslovakia in 1948...
...It included the Socialist Party, the Communist Party, the Radical Party, the Social Democratic Party, the Independent Popular Action Party, and the United Popular Action Movement (MAPU).4 Industrial workers' ad in Chilean magazine: "Workers of Elecmetal against the bosses' strike...
...Oct...
...complicity...
...In addition, Congress has refused to appropriate any funds for the UP's redistributive wage adjustment program and reduced Allende's budget by 33...
...James Nelson Goodsell in the Christian Science Monitor, June 25, 1973...
...More important, decades of organiza- tion by the Left cannot be wiped out by decree...
...When Allende won the election with 36 percent of the vote, the liberal sectors of the Christian Democratic Party (CDP), threw their votes in Congress to the UP.* This out- raged the far Right and almost led to a split within the CDP...
...also hinted that it would try to persuade Chile's other creditors not to re-negotiate the debts falling due in 1973,15 thus hurting Chile's credit-rating around the world...
...Congress closed...
...This training has paid off handsomely in many situations...
...Thus, quick and decisive action was necessary to get rid of Allende...
...Most middle ranking officers tend to come from the middle class, and the majority of the lower ranking officers, recruits and the conscripted soldiers and sailors originate in the peasantry and industrial working class...
...4 election, the "Forty Committee," the interdepartmental group which controls the covert operations of the CIA, met to discuss the Chile situation...
...Second, the drop in copper prices occurred at the same time that the prices of Chilean imports, especially foodstuffs, went up...
...And, if the level of insult is astonishing in the press, radios are far worse...
...INITIAL RESISTANCE While defending the Presidential Palace, Allende, his aides and guards are killed after refusing to surrender...
...International Telephone and Telegraph and Chile, 1970-1971, Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S...
...newspapers and other media...
...The first splinter group formed the MAPU party...
...CDP joins NP's United Democratic Confederation, a right wing coalition formed to oppose the Popular Unity Front in March 1973 congressional elections...
...UP calls for rationing to block black market and assure adequate and equitable distribution of foodstuffs...
...Military court reduces sentence on ex-Gen...
...95% of working force does not strike...
...It is held that military will turn blind eye to virtually any constitutional abuse...
...The people will soon settle accounts with them.' But against the treason of Amodio and Piriz, how many have withstood and are withstanding torture and death with courage and dignity...
...And in 1969, bank clerks were dying in the barracks...
...Chile will inevitably continue its march towards socialism...
...First, the very process by which the new regime must keep order is also a process which will isolate it progressively from all non-fascist forces in Chile (including some Christian Democrats...
...6. El Rebelde (MIR), week of May 15-22, 1973...
...There will be different situations in this process...
...The copper strike is the first bitter confrontation between blue-collar workers and the two-and-one-half year-old government, which has championed workers...
...This is double the corresponding total for the previous four years...
...Politically, the "obreros" have always stood close to the Communist and Socialist Parties while the "empleados" were divided between the former and the Christian Democrats...
...Acting in conjunction with the local military and U.S...
...But both in Guatemala and in Chile, the turning point in U.S...
...Among corporate supporters are ITT, Kennecott Copper Company, Chase Manhattan Bank, United Fruit Company, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Pan American World Airlines, First National City Bank, and W.R...
...Exiled leftists from around Latin America had gathered in Chile...
...They were opposed and finally denounced by the lowranking officials and the soldiers...
...Progovernment groups and parties publish only 5 Santiago dailies with a circulation of 312,000...
...Junta imposes two days of round-the-clock curfew (later replaced by nighttime curfew...
...July 1973 ANNOTATIONS 1. On June 27, President Juan Maria Bordaberry dissolved Congress, closed schools, imposed strict censorship and in other ways decreed the formal death of Uruguay's ailing Constitutional democracy...
...When the Chilean government sends spokesmen to the U.S...
...After several years of effort AIFLD men were able to take over control of the port union in Uruguay which had long been dominated by communists...
...private banks also curtailed loans...
...As with all else in Chile, the deepening political and ideological crisis of the ruling class is pushing the armed forces into the center of an intensifying class struggle...
...and increase the participation and control of the mass organizations in the economy...
...Chile is only the latest in a long line of coups and coup- attempts spurred on by promises of U.S...
...In June 1973, when the green light was given for the first coup attempt, U.S...
...He then became chief officer in charge of Soviet Affairs in the State Dept., which included the job of escort officer for Krushchev's 1959 U.S...
...In both cases, understanding the importance of air power, the U.S...
...Allende elected President...
...In both cases, this discontent was nourished by a well- orchestrated scare campaign, capitalizing on middle class anti-communism and playing on such themes as Marxist mismanagement of the economy and the use of the country as a base for International Communism and foreign ex- tremists...
...Furthermore, according to Peet, "one of the big advantages that accrues to the United States from such a foreign sales program is the considerable influence we derive from providing the support for these aircraft...
...94701...
...It is also the site of a U.S...
...They have acted in many ways to paralyze and discredit the Unidad Popular: 1) U.S...
...For more information on these men and on the plans to expose the truth about them, write Box 800, Berkeley, Ca., 94701...
...The main problem is that, in order to carry out these goals, the UP must increase its political power...
...He died after the coup at the hands of the Pinochet junta...
...The political strategy was to cultivate and rely on two sectors of the population: the middle class and the armed forces...
...Alliance for Progress, which attempted to prove that capitalism was indeed flexible enough to provide a substantially better life for the oppressed...
...if the wages of the workers aare raised, the salaries of the wealthy should be increased proportionally...
...And it is today that other revolutionaries and other people struggle in Latin America to win the total independence from their national and imperialist oppressors...
...Unlike most Chilean workers, they were able to win significant economic battles before the UP government took office...
...They were supported by the conservative bourgeoisie, who saw the Christian Democrats as a way to keep out the socialists and communists...
...The largest amounts of aid were supplied prior to the elections of 1964 and 1970 to placate discontent in the military that might otherwise have been exploited by the strong Leftist parties...
...From this point forward opposition's offensive intensifies on all fronts, including increased economic sabotage, shut-downs of vital sectors of economy, accusations against cabinet members, innumerable incidents of terrorism and sabotage, and preparations within armed forces for seizure of power...
...Parliamentary and professional leaders decline to act as mediators...
...aid program in Chile, see "Facing the Blockade," op...
...On the one hand, the nation's peasants, miners, factory workers, manual laborers of all kinds, the many sub- and unemployed, the vast majority of the population commonly referred to as the working class, has demanded a larger share of the nation's social wealth...
...Davis was transferred to Chile shortly after Allende was elected to office and brought a large "political" staff with him from Guatemala...
...to prevent Communist infiltration, and where it already exists to get rid of it...
...A Prime example: the copper workers at El Teniente...
...And on the other hand, for this confrontation we did not correctly evaluate the people's tremendous capacity for struggle, and we had excessive confidence in our own forces...
...2. International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation, which had investments of around $200 million in Chile, met with CIA and other Nixon Administration officials from mid 1970 through 1971 to convince them to intervene to (a) stop Allende from being elected, (b) convince the Congress to block his confirmation, and (c) once he was confirmed, to create economic chaos in Chile so that Allende would be overthrown...
...banks, corporations, the press and government agencies such as the CIA have sided with the Chilean upper class...
...The organizations that developed during this intense period of class struggle became increasingly important in subsequent months...
...what was to prevent Chile from becoming a focus and example for revolutionary action all over Latin America...
...The middle class - small and medium landowners, small and medium entrepreneurs, clerks, professionals, white collar workers, and public employees - has shifted its allegiance between these two antagonistic classes in accord with how it perceived its short-range interests...
...Though he denied U.S...
...Allende,in concession to Right aimed at restoring order, names military officers, including Pinochet, to cabinet positions...
...in the face of the expropriatory circumstances just described, we will presume that the U.S...
...May...
...He then became a Foreign Service Officer in Santiago de los Caballeros in the Dominican Republic one month before the revolution and U.S...
...9-11) - On September 29th, for the the first time in the recorded contacts between ITT a and the U.S...
...These men are presidents of the largest and most powerful industrial and commercial associations in Chile and were key figures in mobilizing an opposition to the Allende government...
...in municipal elections, the UP won 51 percent of the vote...
...The other is the ability of Congress to over-ride vetoes with a simply majority, rather than 2/3rds...
...Chile breaks relations with Cuba and North Korea...
...THE ARMED FORCES "Under the watchful eye of the traditionally non- political armed forces, Chile's democratic system has survived . .. " New York Times, editorial, April 3, 1973...
...Ambassador Nathaniel Davis above suspicion...
...After further training, he went to Santiago as a "political officer" in 1/72...
...Oct...
...He next moved to Mexico City as a political officer (10/66-3/70...
...corporate interests...
...They sense that the people, with their struggle, are questioning their way of life, but they won't give in to losing their privileges...
...As such, it should be studied with care by the other American states...
...6, July-Aug...
...First, from 1970 until the beginning of 1973, Chile had suffered from a drastic lowering in the world price of copper which supplies over 80 percent of its foreign exchange earnings...
...El Mercurio, July 7, 1973...
...It won't be a gift from fascism...
...As such, it became a kind of model for U.S...
...Junta announces it will decree a new constitution giving armed forces permanent role in legislative process...
...use of "compalero" (comrade) to address one another outlawed...
...7) The United States tried to pressure European creditors ("The Paris Club") into forcing Chile to immediately pay its foreign debts...
...Air Force Mission in Santiago over the last 20 years...
...Shortly before his party's term was up, one Christian Democratic congressman summarized its failure in the following words: "We have a historic responsibility and we have done very little for that 85% of the population which voted for a revolution, while we are making continual concessions to an18 oligarchy and a bureaucratic minority of 15...
...Sabotage attacks against UP supporters multiplied...
...6) The World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank curtailed their loans to Chile...
...Orlando Saenz himself has expressed his preference for the "Brazilian model" of economic development, and would like to become the Roberto Campos of Chile...
...national security," which he obviously did in this case...
...In the past the Congress had always confirmed the candi- date with the most votes...
...On Sept...
...On June 29, the first attempted coup occurred, when an armored tank regiment attacked the presidential palace...
...government today must expect such actions to be met by loud pro- test at home...
...Hinton preceded Davis to Chile as Director of AID in November, 1969...
...THE CREDIT BLOCKADE The United States' strategy towards Chile had been clear since the 1964 elections, when, according to a former ambassador to Chile, the U.S...
...Between 1950 and 1970, Chile received more military aid ($175.8 million) than any other Latin American country except...
...There is also a third group of "Left Constitutionalists" composed of high-ranking officers who believe that, since Salvador Allende was elected to a 6-year term of office, no movement could remove him from office before 1976 and still remain constitutional...
...When the U.S...
...All mayors and aldermen removed and replaced by active or retired military officers, who are also placed throughout the government bureaucracy and in key positions in state industries...
...Oct...
...Shlaudeman is best known for the key role he played in the Dominican Republic in the mid-1960's...
...He arrived when the guerrillas were at their strongest in a 12 year struggle...
...Second, the junta has made clear its intention to reverse a long historical process of socialization of the economy -- a process begun long before Allende took power...
...We can expect much of this aid to come indirectly through U.S.-controlled "international" agencies and through Brazil, which has assumed the role of policing Latin America to protect U.S...
...companies before negotiations can continue...
...Artigas set up his own government and wrote Latin America's first agrarian reform code which included expropriation and distribution of the lands of "bad Europeans and worse Americans...
...Guatemala was, in fact, the first post-War "modern" U.S...
...I wouldn't want to give a misleading impression abroad" with an answer in public, he said...
...The leaders kept in contact with Chilean businessmen in the United States (like Augustin Edwards) and with U.S...
...In Chile, the same word is used to refer to a trade union of workers or a trade association of owners...
...The latter has far-reaching consequences...
...4. Latin America (London), August 31, 1973...
...Nixon refuses to see him, to avoid legitimizing Popular Unity government in eyes of Chilean right wing opposition...
...In Chile too, there were close ties (see box, "U.S...
...Many of the trade union leaders - some of whom were actually trained in our institute - were involved in the revolution, and in the overthrow of the Goulart regime...
...Opposition cannot longer hope to oust Allende peacefully by impeaching him with a twothirds congressional majority...
...press is guided by an implicit assumption: that the Chilean upper class is justified to defend its interests by any means necessary...
...That's what they tried to do with the El Teniente strike...
...Mercurio is a good example to pick since the New York Times (June 25, 1973) sees fit to call it a "conservative but widely respected Santiago newspaper...
...What the fascist opposition threatens is the completion of this process in accordance with our historical tradition, without the use of generalized physical violence as an instrument...
...9 killed, 30 wounded).23 Secondly, the armed forces have been used by various sectors of the ruling class in the intra-class struggle when all other methods of conciliation had failed...
...The Congress has been used against the interests of the working class in three basic ways: 1) The Congress has continually removed Cabinet ministers, preventing the government from constructing the stable administrative body which is so important in times of severe economic and political crisis...
...The land reform, in particular, had threatened the oligarchs of the National Party...
...duties in Monterrey, Mexico as a political officer (3/62-3/65...
...This group is willing to risk open civil war and the consequent rupture of military hierarchy and institutionality...
...copper companies, the U.S...
...CDP rejects Allende's invitation to discuss crisis with him...
...In short, the severe repression now must be seen as part of the advanced and continuing class struggle in Chile...
...Long live the example of the fallen fighters in the memory of the militant people...
...But the Right offensive increased the militancy of the workers and convinced them of the necessity to strengthen their organizations...
...Sep...
...Wages rise, social programs such as workers' housing, increased family allowances and improved medical care are implemented, and industrial production booms...
...The military coup in Chile also fits into a San Francisco Chronicle news analysis by Waldo Thayer (Sept...
...For a discussion of this, see "Foro Sobre Poder Popular," Chile Hoy (Santiago), August 3-9, 1973...
...In that confrontation we suffered a termporary setback, starting from April 14, 1972 which was due mainly to our deficiencies and to treachery...
...Some of the data comes from sources which prefer to remain anonymous...
...According to Broe's and Gerrity's testimony, Broe proposed a plan to accelerate economic chaos as a means of putting pressure on Christian Democratic Congressmen to vote against Allende in the upcoming Congressional confirmation vote...
...Third, the loans and foreign investment which have traditionally offset the current account deficit in the Chilean balance of payments (trade balance, shipping costs, plus repatriation of profits by multinational corporations) dropped drastically during 1971...
...Beyond Chile, we see the significance of this event for all Latin America...
...Junta outlaws 800,000 member Central Workers Confederation, country's largest labor organization...
...The Congress would like to remove Allende, but impeaching a President requires a 2/3 majority - which they don't have...
...12 per year for intitutions ($22 for two years...
...ships were en route to Valparaiso to conduct routine maneuvers, but turned back after a brief meeting with a Chilean vessel...
...In 1971 he was called15 to the White House to serve as Deputy Director of the Council on International Economic Policy, the key subcommittee of the National Security Council which included Henry Kissinger, Peter G. Peterson, Sidney Weintraub, John Irwin II, Nathaniel Samuels and others.The Council was given the critical job of formulating U.S...
...invasion...
...Since then, U.S...
...10025, or Box 226, Berkeley, Cal...
...No one allowed out or in...
...A trend towards the Left may well develop as workers and peasants identify with other members of their class...
...continued its aid to the Chilean military, granting it a total of $45.5 million in aid from FY '71-FY '74...
...Spare parts and raw materials which are crucial to the Chilean economy were withheld...
...all borders and international airports closed...
...The brutality of the Chilean coup shocks us...
...For an excellent account of the formation of the policy, see Mark Chadwin, "Foreign Policy Report, Nixon Administration Debates New Position Paper on Latin America," National Journal, January 15, 1972...
...was faced with a difficult problem: how to overthrow a democratically elected government which had extensive popu- lar support...
...Chilean government discovers right wing plot...
...Peter Grace...
...Jack Anderson quotes a secret memo Ambassador Davis wrote to State Department...
...Subcommittee hearings, pp...
...The Congress badly wants the legal precedent of overruling the President with a simply majority...
...11...
...Thus, whenever industries are brought into the "social area," the Comptroller declares the move illegal...
...We provided evidence proving that the policy of economic strangulation was meant to discourage other Third World governments from following the UP's example...
...Hundreds of Bolivians deported to Bolivia and an unknown fate...
...In 1968 and 1969, it was the armed forces who jailed thousands of workers, beat the UTE and ANCAP workers in the CIM (military intelligence and interrogation center), confined thousands of workers to the Isla de Flores and in the barracks of the interior, invented the "paseos" and the "plantones en la Rambla" (forms of torture...
...The heroic strike 3 launched against the Dictatorship shows this...
...By the 1970 elections, Frei's Revolution in Liberty had been such a flop, that Christian Democratic spokesmen edged closer to socialism to hold onto their worker and peasant bases...
...Groups of Tupamaros occupied factories where they handed out the leaflet and discussed it with the workers...
...Harry W. Shlaudeman joined the State Dept...
...Four U.S...
...These shortages were exacerbated by the Right Wing's sabotage of the economy (see "Collision Course - Chile Before the Coup" below...
...Junta announces intention to replace all university rectors with military appointees by Oct...
...Fascism is the new form of violence of the exploiters...
...It was crucial to make an example of Chile in 1971, because of the risk of "ideological infection" from Chile...
...But last month, when Bordaberry's regime was threatened by a massive general strike, Brazil sent 300 truckloads of supplies and gave a $30 million emergency loan to the Montevideo government...
...Thus, consumption of the lower classes could be increased without major investment and without threatening the high level of consumption enjoyed by the middle and upper classes...
...In Bogota Colombia (12/63-5/69), he was executive assistant to the ambassador and in the foreign affairs office...
...Today the working class and the people take in their hands the purest flags of liberation that were raised by Artigas, and confront the same enemies as the artiguista people did at that time...
...Davis was previously ambassador to Guatemala during the period when U.S...
...This period was one of intense CIA activity in that country, aimed at wiping out the remaining guerrilla resistance...
...In fact, they were led by owners of industry, trucking concerns, commercial houses, etc...
...As the ruling class came under greater pressure from the workers, Mercurio lost its traditional "calm...
...He switched from a diplomatic to a civilian cover near the end of 1969...
...Following 3 years as financial affairs officer in the U.S...
...4 For this reason they have imposed the military dictatorship...
...The UP's attempt to advance towards socialism by legal means, to use the existing legal system to create new laws benefitting the working class, has run up against a solid wall of opposition...
...government statements and recep- tive to more critical explanations of U.S...
...Air Force mission...
...This refusal prompted Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield to urge a Senate investigation to determine whether the United States was involved in the overthrow of Allende, so that the allegations can be "laid to rest...
...But the Times has not written editorials against the Congressional opposition which has blocked every government proposal designed to help the workers...
...Canales from Army forces postponement of right wing offensive scheduled for September...
...involvement in the coup - an involvement which reached beyond the "invisible" economic blockade and included financial and material aid to the civilian and military forces which overthrew Allende...
...finish expropriation of all landholdings over 40 hectares and include the farm machinery and livestock in the expropriation...
...Caamano...
...9-11...
...As such, it plays a tremendous role in the Chilean economy which receives over 80% of its foreign exchange earnings from copper sales...
...large sectors of the middle class...
...This road was blocked by the upper class, using its congress, its courts, its economic power and, most recently, cooperative sectors of the armed forces...
...He was assigned to Bogota as a political officer late in 1960 where he served for five more years...
...The ad, run by the National Party, in fact called on Chileans to reject the government as "illegitimate" and "unconstitutional" and, further, to disobey all measures the government might propose - nothing less than an open call to insurrection, something quite different from an "anti-Allende" ad...
...The UP, Meanwhile, was desperately trying to avoid civil war and was thus involved in a long series of negotiations with the Christian Democrats...
...Jul...
...Few presidents in Chilean history have received a majority in the popular election due to the fact that many parties present candidates...
...Cold figures also refute the contention that the voice of the opposition is being squelched in Chile...
...15, according to ITT field operatives in Chile, Ambassador Korry received a message from the State Department giving him the "green light" to move in the name of President Nixon...
...It is reported that he was an important Tupamaro leader who was disciplined by the organization and turned traitor...
...From 6/67 to 5/71 (i.e., the period during which Kwame Nkrumah was overthrown with the help of the CIA), he was a political officer in Accra, Ghana...
...ambassador to Chile...
...And in 1971, a high-level military mission from the United States visited with Chilean military leaders...
...126 Chronology of Events Before the Coup September 1970 - September 1973 1970 Sep...
...tour...
...2) The U.S...
...NACLA'S LATIN AMERICA & EMPIRE REPORT (Fornmerly NACLA NEWSLETTER) * Vol...
...A White House spokesman11 said no effort was made to contact the Allende 8. The American Institute for Free Labor government or discourage the coup...
...the second formed the Christian Left (IC...
...and Europe), to start wave of riots and demonstrations...
...The offer is particularly significant in that President Nixon had to sign a special statement waiving the restrictions placed on selling sophisticated weaponry to underdeveloped countries...
...Ambassador Nathaniel Davis relied on Saenz for information about the Right's strategy...
...The Christian Democrats easily won the election...
...mass graves and cremations...
...It also bolsters the CDP-NP alliance: they successfully run a joint candidate in Valparaiso elections...
...against the Chilean people...
...Both these multi-national lending agencies are dominated by the United States...
...As many as 500 workers are killed at Sumar textile plant and at Technical University at least 200 students die under fierce aerial bombing and shooting...
...1972 Jan...
...As one El Teniente worker said: "Those who claim to be defenders of the workers are provoking an enormous conflict between the workers...
...This attempt failed, due to lingering divisions within the military...
...Mission to the European Communities, he attended the National War College, 196162...
...4 Late in August, one of the leaders of the golpistas, Roberto Thieme, acting clandestine head of Patria y Libertad, was arrested...
...It is not uncommon, for example, to see upper class Chilean women selling chickens from the trunks of their cars in the upper class neighborhoods of Santiago for five and six times the official government price...
...LIBERTY OR DEATH...
...Anaconda embargoes other Chilean assets in New York...
...Because of this, it could not build a base for its anti-Allende actions...
...The next day, Andres Zaldivar and Juan de Dios Carmona, Christian Democrats, and Mario Arnello, Nationalist, flew to the United States to confer...
...VI, No...
...There were still divisions within the military and the civilian Right about how to get rid of Allende...
...October strike ends with inclusion of three Teaders of armed forces in cabinet, including Carlos Prats...
...The accusation appears over and over again in the U.S...
...In 1970, according to a Washington Post article of October 1, 1970, the OPS advisor stationed in Chile, Joseph Vasile, was expelled for his involvement in a right-wing terrorist plot to discredit President Allende...
...strategy to oust Allendei and it will take far more to keep the Chilean situation "under control...
...This term is less than peasants regularly receive for stealing chickens...
...1 0 On January 19, 1972, Nixon announced the final result of the top-level planning: Thus, when a country expropriates a significant U.S...
...The plotters hoped to blame the kidnapping on the Left, providing grounds for military intervention before Congress could confirm Allende as president...
...Because the copper mining industry is so profitable, the U.S...
...news media is that the UP government is determined to destroy freedom of the press in Chile...
...Of the approximately 50 suits filed against openly seditious use of the news media by the opposition, it has won almost none...
...The defeat of the Arbenz government...
...From 1963-67 he was Director of Atlantic PoliticalEconomic Affairs and received a superior honor award...
...The gist of these is that either the UP renounce its basic program of transition to socialism or "accept the responsibility for any violence which might occur...
...Punto Final...
...New York Times, March 20...
...In response to planning of a demonstration by opposition in Concepci6n, UP and MIR call for a counter-demonstration by the workers...
...military and right- ist) forces throughout Latin America the kind of support they could expect if they moved against a leftist gov- ernment...
...and Chile signed the "Inter-American Mutual Defense Treaty" designed to extend U.S...
...The rebel regiment fired on the "Moneda" for three hours before surrendering to Army Commander-in-Chief, General Carlos Prats...
...press is that the economic chaos and political instability created by the UP have broken down existing structures to a point that only drastic action by "democratic" forces can restore the peace and well-being which supposedly characterized pre-UP Chile...
...Homes of foreigners raided and ransacked...
...The possibility of a cutback in these military credits due to the UP's "intransigence" on the issue of compensation, must have worried the Chilean military...
...copper companies operating in Chile have taken home profits equivalent to half the value of all the nation's assets, accumulated over a period of 400 years...
...ships (3 ships and a submarine) were participating in the same maneuvers during the October 1972 "strike," which was the first well coordinated attempt to overthrow the Allende government...
...wage increases of up to 200% promised by UP government for Oct...
...denies Chile Export-Import Bank credits...
...But, the victory of the UP also aggravated the struggle for leadership among the different factions of the ruling class...
...corporate and government policy-makers...
...to "explain" the coup to the American people, for example, we will have many opportunities to present the other side of the picture...
...In Guatemala, when the 1952 agrarian reform law was applied to the United Fruit Company, the State Department backed up UFCo in its demand for far higher compen- sation than Guatemala offered...
...The Comando was responsible for integrating large sectors of the population into the tasks of ds-tribution, political education and mobilization, as well as self-defense...
...Justice is dispensed discriminatorily with the interests of the rich, not the poor, always held highest...
...is denounced around the world as sharing responsibility in the coup...
...3) U.S...
...More than 70 percent of the Chilean Air Force planes and helicopters are manufactured by the United States...
...After the Allende government in Chile announced that there would be no compensation to nationalized U.S...
...3. Immediately after Bordaberry closed down Congress, the Convencion Nacional de Trabajadores (CNT) declared a nationwide general strike which remained strong and effective for 15 days...
...A view prevalent in the U.S...
...When the New York Times (editorial, June 25, 1973) recommends that Allende "stand up to the radicals in his own ranks," it somehow forgets that the "radicals" are his ranks...
...A.I.D...
...The answer would be "no...
...They also used their media to create shortages of goods by instigating panic buying...
...5 The army of today, henchmen of bankers and landowners, at the service of the "bad foreigners and worse americans," unite themselves with those who killed Artigas, the Brasilian "gorillas" of whom they are admirers, from whom they receive aid and "advice" and to whom, finally they want to sell us out...
...Just as aid was a potent U.S...
...others held in military academy and on islands in Pacific...
...has always been hostile or suspicious...
...But now, for the first time, significant segments of the opposition advocate nothing short of a military takeover by the nation's "constitutionalist" armed forces...
...It is not our impression that Chile is yet on brink of showdown...
...The presidents of these organizations, beginning with the Confederation itself, are: Jorge Fontaine, Orlando Saenz, Benjamin Matte, Jorge Martinez, and Hugo Leon...
...As the Christian Democrats have shifted to the right, they have lost many of their party members who sincerely wanted change...
...The sources for the biographical information below include the Foreign Service List, June 1973, The Biographic Register, 1972 and Who's Who in the CIA by Julius Mader which listed all but Shlaudeman and Davis as CIA agents...
...involvement in the coup will take years to emerge, but the evidence above should make even our most skeptical readers question State Department denials...
...part of these funds were earmarked for AIFLD training programs...
...More recently, the armed forces were used to crush protest movements in Santiago (1946...
...VII, No...
...On September 17, 1970, ITT operatives in Chile reported, "President Frei has stated privately to his closest associates, to Alessandri and to a State Department visitor...that the country cannot be allowed to go Communist and that Allende must be prevented from taking office...
...The bourgeoisie called in troops to put down the 1907 Iquique strike...
...We will be with all those political positions that mean the advancement of the revolutionary process...
...In 1968 he replaced John Gordon Mein, who had been killed by guerrilla forces, as U.S...
...schools in the Panama Canal Zone...
...but each new crisis sees the working class advancing with great determination...
...Also, one now frequently sees smiles of approval on the faces of many soldiers when the Left chants, "Friend, soldier, the people are with you...
...served in the Army (1943-46) prior to completing his BA at St...
...The commando operation was planned to create a state of political chaos which would have prevented the peaceful transferral of power to Allende...
...57-59...
...worker participation in management abolished...
...Chilean copper tribunal rules Chile is to discontinue compensation payments to Anaconda...
...First, they actively intervened on behalf of the ruling class in the inter-class struggle by repressing many protest movements of the working class and poor...
...See box on The Military, below) Finally, the U.S...
...U.S...
...The use of the press as a political weapon is not simply a matter of the size of headlines or color of the vocabulary...
...copper mines were nationalized...
...If opposition interests are to be protected, confrontation may not be avoidable...
...Thus, we see many opportunities to act with a wide variety of constituencies, including labor, churches, community organizations and Congress...
...Overwhelming show of force for left along with removal of Gen...
...He then returned to the State Dept...
...Junta orders all leftist leaders to surrender...
...48 hour strike of opposition small store owners...
...Talks break down.28 Chile calls for international tribunal to mediate dispute with U.S...
...government for a "hard-line" against Allende...
...In addition, U.S...
...All three branches of the government, until 1970, were controlled by the same class - all three branches protected the same interests...
...One general and Pablo Rodriguez, of fascist organization "Fatherland and are arrested...
...Despite other, more subtle levels of attack, in the end the U.S...
...policy was the expropri- ation of the principal U.S...
...restructure wage patterns to produce equal pay for equal work...
...It is quite possible to have a State in which the military is non-political in the first sense...
...We feel this blow against the Chilean people, and against the estimated 15,000 Latin American exiles living in Chile, directly and personally as a blow against us all...
...Mary's College of California (1950) and MA at U.C...
...Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs Charles A. Meyer would not tell members of the Senate subcommittee what was discussed or what was communicated to U.S...
...The U.S...
...Bill is later retracted...
...When the Unidad Popular took office in 1970, the class struggle obviously intensified, and this struggle continues to remain the dominant theme underlying present crises in all areas of Chilean life...
...Assassination of former CDP Minister of Interior, Perez Zujovic, responsible for massacre of Chilean workers and squatters during Frei regime, serves as a pretext for moving Christian Democrats into a fervent anti-UP position...
...Yet, the opposition argues that since the miners already had an automatic 50% readjustment for inflation written into their private contract, they were entitled to this plus the 100% increase in the government bill, i.e., 150% rather than the 100% granted to all workers...
...Grace cites the AIFLD record to prove its effectiveness: "...AIFLD trains Latin Americans in techniques of combatting communist infiltration...
...The workers, now convinced of the imminence of civil war, began to organize to defend themselves in their factories...
...ITT, to meet him to discuss Chile...
...24, 1973, the other members of the Chilean junta, Gustavo Leigh of the Air Force, Admiral Toribo Merino of the Navy and General Cesar Mendoza Frank of the Carabineros, have all spent some time in the United States...
...WORLD PROTESTS Hundreds of thousands of protesters around the world demonstrate against the coup...
...This proposed sale (Chile has not yet bought the jets) was greeted with disbelief by Congressman Wayne Hays (D-Ohio) in recent hearings on foreign assistance, who wondered what Chile would do with these aircraft...
...The strike found its strongest support in the white-collar workers, largely controlled by the PDC, and not in the blue-collar workers...
...In Guatemala, this included the installation of new Ambassadors, not only in Guatemala, but also in neighboring countries whose cooperation would be needed for the coup...
...See NACLA Report, Vol...
...and U.S.-dominated "international" agencies, making clear that these are but the support structures for private corpor- ations...
...and some workers, who had lost faith in capitalism but were taught to fear socialism and were convinced the Christian Democrats offered a "third way...
...As a June 25 New York Times editorial said: "'Civil war must be avoided,' declares President Salvador Allende...
...taxes on corporate profits, high incomes, real estate value of second% and third homes, is immediately blocked by Congress...
...This is the faction that acted June 29th and is supported by the fascist "Fatherland and Liberty" movement and the reactionary National Party...
...and Mark Chadwin, "Nixon's Expropriations Policy Seeks to Woo Angry Congress," National Journal, January 22, 1972...
...profile...
...This "revolution" contained many measures traditionally promised by socialism: redistribution of the national income, massive social welfare programs, agrarian reform, bank;-a and tax reform, an end to unemployment and i_.lation, an attack on monopolies, increased economic independence...
...A confession from a former police agent released by the Tupamaros implicates the United States in these activities...
...policy towards nations which expropriate U.S...
...In July 1972 the International Commission of Jurists charged in a report that the current Bordaberry government had set aside the rule of law in trying to cope with the guerrillas...
...3. This information, as well as the analysis of the strategy of the Chilean Right, comes from several sources: back issues of Chile Hoy...
...private corporations took steps to produce that disaster...
...Following graduation from the University of Oregon (BA 1960), he returned to the Air Force (1960-62) as an analyst...
...It is too early to be able to analyze and describe in detail the plotting and maneuvering that prepared the way for this coup...
...While its newspapers predicted disaster in the Chilean economy, the government and U.S...
...mass media, we find a growing interest in and demand for our work and for other alternative sources of information...
...People are arrested merely on suspicion of "presumed links with sedition" and are held for months without being brought to court...
...strategy should not obscure the fundamental differences between the Guate- malan situation of 1954 and the Chilean situation of 1973...
...According to AIFLD president, corporate executive J. Peter Grace, the AIFLD's objectives are to "pro- mote democratic free trade unions...
...In 1951, in the strike of the "united guilds" they showed their true repressive face...
...2. Comandos Comunales: The Cordones initiated a mobilization which led to the creation of broaded-based neighborhood Comandos made up of all mass organizations in the community: industrial unions, health boards, neighborhood committees, distribution and price control groups, mothers' centers, student groups and farm-worker boards in suburban and rural areas...
...4. Once Allende's election was confirmed, ITT officials (who, as it is now clear, were meeting frequently with Broe) continued to pressure the U.S...
...AIFLD men also helped drive communists from control of British Guiana...
...The last time he did this, the National Party initiated Congressional action designed to remove all of Allende's ministers from their posts...
...These talks should be seen as bargaining sessions, where each side told the other Workers Mobilize for Defense During the October 1972 strike, industrial areas and in working class (Industrial Strip Committees) and the two organizations developed in Santiago's concentrated and poor neighborhoods: the Cordones Industriales Comandos Comunales (Neighborhood Commands...
...Since then, as the UP has tried to implement its program of peaceful advance towards socialism, the Christian Democratic Party has changed its position radically...
...It also involved a lower-level team of CIA operatives (including E. Howard Hunt, of Watergate and Bay of Pigs fame...
...Without the participation and the direction of the working class, revolution is impossible...
...In addition to this violent repression from the institutional forces, Death Squads composed of off-duty policemen and ultra-rightists kidnap, torture and murder suspected Tupamaros...
...The Carabineros are playing an important role in the junta and will most likely come increasingly under the influence of the military...
...As polarization increased, portions of the Left placed greater and greater emphasis on the strengthening of the Cordones and Comandos as the most effective means of pushing back the right wing offensive...
...As of now, nobody can solve this conflict since the Constitutional Tribunal especially set up to resolve such problems has declared itself incompetent in this matter...
...In the same cable Hendrix said, "We will be advised what help we can contribute as present activites develop between now and early October...
...in 1954...
...Sponsorship of AIFLD is tri-partite: labor, business, and govern- ment...
...extremist leader Liberty", A r. UP leadership confers at Arrayan...
...In Congress, deputies blocked legislation...
...Centaur involved economic and psychowarfare against Chile,including introducing counterfeit money and disrupting the rhythm of crops...
...Gerrity, vice president of *It is interesting to note that Mendoza later became an intermediary point through which the Right brought guns and ammunition into Chile...
...We would like to thank the following people who helped prepare this issue: Richard Feinberg, Stephanie Graham, Eric Leenson, Ruth Needleman, and Anna Marie Taylor...
...ambassador to Chile...
...It was apparently for- participate in training programs in the United warded to the State Department's Chile desk States...
...Military Aid to Chile The Chilean military has had a long and close relationship with the United States, and the Pentagon regards the 90,000 Chilean soldiers, sailors, airmen and carabineros (the national police force) as among the best armed forces on the continent...
...They intensified their work to build organizations which could serve as a basis of power separate from the government apparatus when armed resistance became necessary...
...In short, dialogue has all but ceased, the nation's institutional framework is tottering, and there now seems little to save Chile from open and widespread conflict...
...According to these figures, from 1972 to 1973, the increase in average yearly enrollment of Chileans at the Institute was 360 percent...
...As the workers began to create their own forms of power within the country, the Right moved from a strategy of paralyzing the government (or impeaching Allende) to a strategy of military take-over...
...REPRESSION Armed forces begin systematic and brutal search for leftists in factories, offices, and homes...
...Thousands of fighters are prisoners in the concentration camps of the enemy: the people will liberation them...
...government will withhold its support from loans...in multilateral development banks...
...On June 29th at 8:40 AM tanks of the Chilean army's Second Armored Regiment in Santiago rumbled out into the streets and set course for the Presidential Office Building...
...On a number of occasions it took the form of out-and-out massacres, the most brutal of which was the slaying of some 2,000 striking nitrate miners, portworkers and their families, all unarmed, in the town of Iquique in 1907...
...He asked them where the money for this meal came from...
...New York Times, September 14, 1973...
...Chile maintains U.S...
...I.mm1Uh "- U(:I , uaWARAUACb I; 1510 UW &JUK' A ,U L) UWAAA IPAULU -P Guatemala was chosen as a test case and a warning...
...Jack Anderson has reported that over 1,500 CIA personnel are being carried on State Department rolls...
...developed a new strategy to bring down the Allende government, a "credit-blackade" which would cut Chile off from sources of credit to buy much-needed goods and parts for U.S...
...Nov...
...involvement in the schemes of the coup-makers...
...We showed how the men responsible for drawing up the "hardline" (men like Peter Peterson, John Connally, and John M. Hennessey) had long backgrounds in corporations and banks and how they represented these interests even when they held important positions in government...
...Between 1950 and 1965 over 2,000 Chileans received training in the United States as part of this program, more than any other Latin American country with the exception of Brazil and Peru...
...FOREIGN RELATIONS Military dictatorships of Brazil and Uruguay are first to recognize junta, followed closely by Franco Spain and others...
...See page 32 for footnotes.13 -- ,i'.u 'in's a 1 m. FEEh..dm t' 'I...
...During the owners' strike of last October, for example, two new forms of popular power sprang up: the "Cordones Industriales" and the Communal Councils...
...Fatherland and Liberty" organization assassinates Capt...
...By now it is publicly acknowledged and proven beyond doubt that the CIA and other U.S...
...The people lack even the most essential foods...
...When faced with the reality of a leftist government and popular mobilization, the U.S...
...The political nature of strike is revealed by sup- port it receives from associations of landowners and industrialists (SNA, SOFOFA), CDP, NP and Patria y Libertad...
...Perhaps the most eloquent statement on the forces behind the coup came from Pablo Neruda in a poem he wrote some twenty years ago...
...1 1 In the NACLA Report, "Facing the Blockade" (January, 1973), we analyzed the development of this policy, the constant interaction between the corporations affected by the UP nationalizations and the government...
...Urn - TT...
...ships just happened to be headed for the port of Valparaiso the day of the coup, as part of Operation Unitas, joint hemisphere naval maneuvers which are held each year in September or October off Chile's coast...
...Massive cleanup carried out to conceal signs of massacre...
...And, because of increased consumption of the lower class, the government was forced to import more agricultural products than usual...
...As it turned out, such a heavy handed move was not necessary...
...numerous foreign correspondents harrassed, detained for questioning about their stories and threatened with death...
...military aid on the continent...
...government intervention in 1964 was blatant and almost obscene" said one strategically placed intelligence officer...
...Embassy in Santiago shortly after Allende was elected, served as the contact with the fascist "Fatherland and Liberty" movement...
...Their evaluation of past mistakes and of recent events in Uruguay, and their understanding of Brazil's role in relation to the country, indicate that the organization continues to operate as a force within the society...
...another large number of people were living slightly above what we would call the poverty level...
...Many Latin American nations declare national days of mourning...
...recognized that the armed forces were divided in their loyalties...
...We are also learning a great deal about our own role and responsibilities as North Americans...
...Pinochet is known to be a hard-liner and in 1971 he warned, "I hope the army will not have to come out, because if it does, it will be to kill...
...The plans for the "invisible blockade" were first discussed in the well-publicized meetings between ITT executives and the CIA throughout 1970...
...11) A manifestly anti-Allende press campaign has been conducted in the major U.S...
...press that the Tupamaros have been "soundly defeated," the leaflet is a call to the people to mobilize against the repressive government and to continue the struggle...
...to July 1971: UP moves to complete much of its announced program, nationalizing major copper, coal, nitrate and iron-ore mines, incorporating many industries into social sector of economy, and accelerating agrarian reform...
...Traitors have always appeared when the people rise up to fight for their destiny...
...Both are broad-based organizations composed of elected representatives which decide basic policies from defending the fac-25 tories against right-wing attacks, to pressuring the government for the socialization of new factories, to the distributing of primary necessities in their areas...
...Workers refuse to vacate factories they took over after June coup attempt...
...and went to the U.S...
...Chile received the highest per-capita amount of military aid in Latin America between 1953 and 1966...
...Standard legal norms such as libel can no longer be applied to the opposition press without setting in motion a worldwide furor...
...The recent Congress of the UP made a series of recommendations: broaden government control of the economy by bringing the rest of the major production and distribution firms into the social area...
...Neither is U.S...
...CUPROCH, whose 70,000 middle class members include architects, engineers, journalists, accountants, doctors, lawyers, technicians, nurses, dentists, etc., was set up in 1971 to oppose UP...
...See the biographies of these men below...
...He then served as an economic officer in Caracas for one year before shifting to Santiago for five years in the same capacity...
...The Right had hoped to capture two-thirds of Congress in order to have the support to impeach Allende, and the Right openly admitted expecting to get at least 60 percent of the vote...
...The mobilization of the Chilean Right did not intimidate or divide the Chilean workers, but indeed stimula- ted their further political organization...
...2) The Christian Science Monitor (June 25) reported that "much of the labor force" was out on strike against the government...
...company made $744 million in excess profits on Chilean operations, and that since 1955 average rate of profit on investment of U.S...
...in 1/71, two months after Allende's inauguration...
...5. In 1811, Jose Gervasio Artigas initiated the revolt against Spain for the region now known as Uruguay...
...Clearly, though, the military in Chile can no longer be conceived as neutral...
...One of the recommendations was: assist in support of a "family relocation" center in Mendoza or Buenos Aires for wives and children of key persons involved in the fight...
...Air Force base...
...Centrist forces within UP blame incident on ultraleft provocateurs working in conjunction with opposition, while pobladores and workers overwhelmingly condemn use of repressive arm of state against the people...
...67.) Hal Hendrix, the ITT operative who had cabled news of the "green light" to ITT executives in the United States, testified to the Senate subcommittee that the source of the information was a Chilean national, an "intimate political associate of Frei...
...Navy...
...Although after the October strike ended, attention turned toward the April congressional elections, the Popular forces in Chile, led by the left political parties and the United Labor Confederation (CUT), responded to right wing preparations for a coup...
...On another occasion, landowners whose land had already been expropriated came back to their former holdings one morning and attempted to rob the machinery which now belonged to the peasants...
...Secondly, by constantly pretending to be under attack itself, the opposition press distracts attention from the unprecedented way in which it attacks the government...
...Anderson began his State Dept...
...A poblador (slum dweller) is killed during night raid by police on Campamento Lo Hermida, supposedly carried out to search for "armed delinquents...
...and the CIA in 1954 when he participated in the CIA-sponsored coup against the Arbenz government in Guatemala...
...Public and private credits to the government were slashed...
...At a time when the U.S...
...Rather, the crisis arose when Allende began to dismantle the structures of the capitalist economy, and the Congress and other institutional opposition20 forces prevented him from putting anything in their place...
...coordinated opposition forces went on "strike...
...With each issue it has become easier to see in whose interests the paper is written...
...Coup crushed...
...CULTURE, UNIVERSITY, PRESS Effort to wipe out all traces of left culture: public burning of books, posters, newspapers...
...Average rate in other countries where they own mines is 10...
...Government announces right wing plot to over- throw it...
...Embassy in Chile, and more specifically its political section, served as the cover for the CIA operatives...
...He acted as liaison officer to the Pentagon, and worked in Bangkok and Istanbul as the Vice-Consul...
...He also fought against the Portuguese, and later Brazil and Argentina who struggled for control of the country and have a long history of interfering in Uruguayan political life...
...air attachd'a few days before the coup and "defected" to the side of the CIA-trained invasion force...
...The 21 peasants involved in the takeover with Huentelaf, on the other hand, were kept in jail for six months...
...Donald H. Winters received degress in 1958 from Ohio State (BA) and in 1964 from San Carlos University in Guatemala (MA...
...One is the creation of a worker-controlled industry through peaceful, legal means - a prime objective of the UP program...
...3. Shortly after the Sept...
...NO SE TENDRA CO-LPASION CON LOS EXTREXIISTAS EXTRANJEROS QUE HAN VENIDO A MATAR CHILENOS...
...and "Facing the Blockade," NACLA's Latin America and Empire Report, January, 1973...
...Also, the Right was thwarted by workers' mobilizations...
...and Chilean opposition press reports, joined the walkout...
...On an institutional level, the conflict is primarily the product of the 1970 elections which gave control of the executive branch of the government to the representatives of the working class, peasantry, and poor, while the legislative and judicial branches remained in the hands of the old ruling class...
...Navy attacks left for inspiring July revolt by sailors and low-ranking officers against superiors who had tried to swing Navy over to Army-attempted coup in June...
...intervention in Latin America -- the first such intervention to be achieved without sending the Marines...
...Liberal faction of CDP (led by Tomic) seeks compro- mise with government...
...companies operating the mines before 1971 were able to offer the miners higher wages and benefits and still maintain what they later admitted to be an average rate of profit over 50% a year...
...Mapuche Indians on farm are tortured to force them to reveal supposedly hidden weapons...
...aid and that such aid will be forthcoming -- unless there is strong pressure against it in the U.S...
...Viaux first received a 20-year sentence, but this was later reduced to 2 years by a higher court...
...During this strike, 99% of factory workers (blue and white-collar) remained on the job and many, along with students, did voluntary work to counteract effects of the strike...
...Opposed by right wing coalition of CDP and "-WP, UP wins 44% of vote in Congressional elections - first time in Chilean history a government increases popular support in mid-term elections...
...the working class and the people, with their mobilizations, with the occupations of the work centers, have given an historic response...
...The Right was isolated and divided internally...
...It was immediately reproduced clandestinely in many forms, and has circulated throughout the country...
...all murals and wall paintings obliterated...
...The right wing leaders used their considerable resources (including private airplanes and sophisticated electronic equipment) to coordinate their forces...
...In February the military issued a program for the solution of Uruguay's economic problems, stating that "the armed forces would oversee the running of the country in close contact with the executive...
...Even the pretense of restoring a "free enterprise" economy, wide-open to foreign investors, to a country that has been moving toward socialism could not be maintained without one crucial factor: U.S...
...private bankers and suppliers that Chile would be provided the dollars necessary to pay off their credit lines...
...Revolutionary honor to those who were stronger than their torturers...
...corporations and government officials worked to defeat the Unidad Popular in 1970 and tried to prevent Allende from taking office after he won the presidency...
...It was written just after the attempted coup of June 29...
...involvement in the coup...
...This statement, published over two years ago, is typical of numerous predictions which have been expressed about the UP government since it came into office in 1970...
...From the CIA," the truckers answered...
...LET'S ORGANIZE THE PEOPLE'S WAR AGAINST THE FASCIST DICTATORSHIP...
...Davis' background in anti-communist affairs was evidently expected to help him deal with the situation in Chile...
...Air Force placed on alert...
...peasants, who were attracted to the land reform...
...On July 26, the final offensive began...
...6. U.S...
...The U.S...
...Truck Owners' Federation carries out 24 hour strike, which it resumes indefinitely in July...
...Berkeley...
...Their average rate of profit in other countries where they own mines is 10...
...This figure is double the corresponding total for the previous 4 years...
...2 The Confederation of Production and Commerce is the major organization of business and industrial interests in Chile...
...After graduating from the University of Chicago (AB 1943) he served in the Army overseas 1943-45...
...was able to cultivate key individuals in the local armed forces, encouraging them to turn openly against the government...
...universities, factories, campamentos, apartment buildings, and offices...
...Government Printing Office, pp...
...Mexico does not recognize the junta, recalls its ambassador and offers asylum to any Chilean who seeks it...
...The U.S...
...Nov...
...We are sad- dened by the brutality of the coup, heartened by the resistance, and more committed than ever to continue our work...
...In Guatemala the head of the air force left the country together with the former U.S...
...During the period between the elections of 1970 and the present they have led the battle to break down the old ruling class and build a socialist society in Chile...
...But the current turmoil is hardly an example of life under socialism...
...The strike came to an end when the remaining sectors of striking miners accepted the identical proposal that the mining and labor ministers had made seven weeks earlier...
...Neither case holds in Chile: the military has taken an active role in the administration of some areas of the State economy, and the vast majority of military personnel hold political opinions...
...2. For an analysis of the Chilean gremios, see Los Gremios Patronales, Santiago: Quimantu, 1973...
...These agents all came in just before or just after Allende's election, and many had previous experience in countries where the United States had intervened previously to protect U.S...
...L cha Professional unions (Confederaci6n Unica de Profes- ionales -- CUPROCH) join truckers' strike, call for Allende's resignation and military intervention...
...Davis next became First Secretary of the Caracas embassy (1960-62), and then joined the Peace Corps (1962-65), rising to the position of Deputy Associate Director...
...I NACLA mourns the death of Frank Terrugi, a member of the group which wrote this article...
...This has caused a breakdown in morale among professional foreign service officers, whose function in many overseas missions has been reduced to mere housekeeping...
...economic and military aid...
...For example, it is enough for El Mercurio to state that there is a shortage of toothpaste one day for there to be a shortage the next...
...May Conservative hard liners take control of CDP and break dialogue with Popular Unity government...
...Truck Owners' Federation, merchants, professional unions and Chilean Association of Manufacturers go on strike...
...In the 1970 presidential elections, key political parties to the right of the UP (the Christian Democrat and National Parties) ran separate slates, reflecting the antagonisms between them, caused partly by the Christian Democrats' reforms of the late 60's...
...Because of the nature of clandestine activities, it will take years to piece together all the evidence for this aid...
...In21 addition to production problems, there are also distribution problems since the government controls only 30 percent of food distribution...
...Such teams are composed of CIA operatives with special skills in overthrowing governments...
...Air force units raid a state farm in Southern Cautin province, a major focus of agrarian reform program...
...A former ambassador to Chile has privately estimated that the far-flying covert program in Frei's behalf cost about $20 million...
...BEHIND THE SCENES At the same time, the United States government directly aided the Right Wing forces conspiring in Chile...
...New York Times, July 3, 1972...
...He next served in Montevideo (4/57-2/58), at the same time that E. Howard Hunt was CIA station chief for Uruguay...
...Lagging exports have caused widespread unemployment and a decline in the real wages of workers...
...A minority sector believes that a military coup followed by a prolonged period of period of open military dictatorship is necessary if they are to regain full control of the State and protect their economic interests...
...Aug...
...First "march of the empty pots...
...interests...
...Three Chilean right wing leaders traveled to Washington just prior to the attempted coup of June 29, 1973 (see Chronology, below): Andres A. Zaldivar, Mario Arnello, and Juan de Dios Carmona...
...The Chilean military is not a monolithic institution...
...Sep...
...5) U.S...
...Cuban embassy attacked on first day of coup and Cuban ship is fired on in international waters off Chile, provoking Cuban protest before the UN...
...9. International Telephone and Telegraph and Chile, 1970-1971, Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S...
...In the past, the UP's enemies have not balked at restricted and strategically timed use of violence...
...copper companies and open Chile to foreign investment...
...At the center, maneuvering between the two forces was the head of the Armed Forces, General Carlos Prats, then in Allende's cabinet, who worked to slow down the UP Program and stabilize the political situation...
...The tele- Development (see box, below), which has been gram tipping off the U.S...
...Sentence reduced to two years in prison and five years exile in Tahiti...
...Contrary to reports in the U.S...
...aid had helped finance Chile's imports and had guaranteed to U.S...
...In Chile, this division has been given a certain legal recognition and has resulted in the establishment of two different legal minimum wages, two separate sets of unions with two separate contracts and with different benefits...
...Most important, the Chilean workers have been well organized for more than forty years and are fighting for socialism -- which was not the case in Guatemala in 1954...
...and from that moment on, the CIA and State Department decided that they could not "live with" Arbenz and worked to achieve his ouster...
...his next five years were spent with AID in Cairo...
...protests by writers, labor organizations, academics, community organizations, church leaders and members of Congress...
...Isaacs was the political officer in Buenos Aires from 7/66 until he joined the embassy in Santiago in the same capacity in 2/70...
...press: the UP - the workers' government - has turned against the workers...
...Davis has a BA from Brown University (1944), and served as a lieutenant in the Navy (1943-46...
...For a full discussion of the Council and the development of the hardline policy toward Chile, see the NACLA Report, January 1973, reprinted in NEW CHILE...
...The short-term goals were also fulfilled through the middle of 1971 since, at the end of the Frei years, there was a good deal of unused capacity in the economy, as well as stocks of goods and raw materials and a large quantity of foreign exchange reserves...
...the rich have multiplied their wealth, while the people have multiplied their poverty...
...His first foreign experience was in Phnom Penh (10/54-8/56) following the French defeat in Indo-China...
...This violence has included the murder of Army Chief General Rene Schneider just before Allende took office, shooting peasants in the South, burning UP party headquarters, bombing a government TV broadcast tower, and many other incidents...
...Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (present leader of junta) replaces Prats as Commander in Chief of the Army...
...But few are fooled by the Nixon Doctrine of a "low U.S...
...7. Hector Amodio Perez was arrested in March 1972...
...We feel the article provides answers to the lies and distortions published by the junta, and we feel it provides a context for understanding the events of the past 3 years in Chile...
...Kennecott asks German court to block payment on copper sold to Germany...
...From this point on, the forces of the Right sought to transform the legalistic electoral opposition into a virulent mobilized opposition...
...The recent experiences, including the strike against the Dictatorship, have shown that the revolution, besides being necessary, is possible in our homeland...
...Thayer reports from well-informed sources that the CIA has developed a master plan for overthrowing six South American governments with Bolivia first on the list...
...Hinton's next job, supposedly as Director of the U.S...
...While supporting the UP government, both organizations functioned independently in an effort to build a second power within the country...
...The UP Program did not actually threaten the interests of most of these people, but a chaotic economic situation did...
...wing coordinating committee for the two Embassy in Santiago...
...National Liberation Movement -TupamarosTo the People Tupamaro Post The fascist military dictatorship has taken off its mask, 1 smashing the last vestiges of liberty that remained in the country...
...and the CIA in 7/53 as an intelligence research analyst...
...Mar...
...Minister of Economy, Orlando Millas, offers a bill to Congress returning to private hands 123 industries seized by workers during October strike...
...In the remainder of this article we hope to show how this conflict has reached a new stage in all areas of Chilean society: governmental institutions, the economy, the mass media, the armed forces, and the working class...
...9) Various CIA agents acting in Chile are implicated in the activities of openly seditious groups...
...2. Uruguay suffers from the second highest rate of inflation in the continent (after Chile), with an annual rate of 100...
...THE ECONOMY "Dr...
...Besides blocking a government proposal to enlarge the sector of the economy in the "social area," the PDC has proposed a constitutional amendment which would dismantle that sector, returning strategic industries to private hands...
...By 1970, torture was being routinely applied, which led to a public outcry in the Uruguayan Congress and around the world...
...At least 20,000 are killed throughout the country...
...He has greatly amplified the powers of his office, pronouncing on the legality of projects as if he were a Supreme Court...
...Hector Amodio Perez and Mario Arquimides Piriz Budes are, in part, the reason for the successes of the armed forces...
...They moved continually throughout the country, met with "exiles" in Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil, and traveled repeatedly and openly to the United States...
...A constitutional tribu- nal disqualifies itself to rule on whether a sim- ple majority or a 2/3 vote in Congress is required to override Allende's veto...
...These speculators purchase everything from cigarettes to houses and sell them a few months later for two or three times their purchase price...
...Together with Leon Vilarin, the truck owners' leader, and members of the National Party, he had several meetings designed to coordinate the sabotage attacks of Patria y Libertad with the activities of the strikers...
...In a list of graduates from AIFLD, collected by the Institute itself in a special memo- randum dated February 28, 1973, there are 108 Chileans representing about 100 professional and trade unions, concentrated in transportation and communications, sectors which led the October, 1972, strike and the subsequent July-August, 1973, strike, opening the way for the coup...
...for the big landowners there is no other democracy than that of their own millions...
...Realizing the odds against them, many leftists go underground to prepare long range resistance...
...Right mounts opposition with private schools stri- king and extensive street violence...
...The PDC union leaders at El Teniente went to the other large copper mines to try to generate sympathy strikes, while the PDC and PN press urged all workers to strike in sympathy of the 150% wage increase for the El Teniente miners...
...19-20...
...economic interests...
...Southern Command in the Canal Zone several times...
...in 1954, serving as a consular officer in Colombia until 1956...
...Senate passes amendment to Foreign Aid bill barring aid to Chile until human rights restored.Tupamaro Document The following document of the National Liberation Movement of Uruguay, (the Tupamaros), was sent to NACLA in August of this year...
...Neighbors asked to report leftists and foreigners...
...Nathaniel Davis appointed U.S...
...In December 1972, Davis sent the following cable to Nixon (just prior to Allende's U.N...
...Now, however, with the executive branch of the government in the hands of an administration which represents the working class and the legislative and judicial branches still controlled by the old ruling class, the matter of determining just what is "constitutional" gets increasingly difficult...
...1971 Jul...
...In preparation for his return to Phnom Penh as a political officer in 1959, he completed over a year of South-East Asian area language training at the Foreign Studies Institute and U.C...
...This massive repression, a setback for the Tupamaros, exposed the real forces in control of the country--the military...
...He arrived in Chile after 9/72 as a "political officer" at the Embassy...
...Since the July 8th "arms control" law was passed, 65 arms searches have been carried out by the army, only 3 affecting the right, all the others directed against workers and the left...
...In the weeks following the attempted coup hostilities have mounted dangerously...
...Since that time he has become well known for his efforts to penetrate the North American left community there...
...prospects of military intervention for the forseeable future are extremely small...
...8. Brazil's role as a sub-imperial power in relation to Uruguay, was recently described by Newsweek, July 20, 1973: "Fearing that leftist Liber Seregni might defeat rightwinger Juan Maria Bordaberry in last fall's presidential election, the Brazilian Army reportedly prepared a "30-hour" plan to invade Uruguay if Seregni won...
...In fact, the Secretary of the National officer, Arnold M. Isaacs, one of the CIA Command for Gremio Defense, militant right people who had previously been in the U.S...
...Suppliers cut back in credit lines, thus limiting Chile's ability to import needed goods...
...invasion and three were active in the brutal pacification operation against the liberation movement in Guatemala (1966-69...
...In relying on large middle class demonstrations as an opposition force, the U.S...
...ambassador to Guatemala...
...Contacts between ITT and the CIA previous to this were initiated by ITT...
...Prior to the presidential elections of 1970, the Chilean armed forces intervened in the nation's political processes in two important ways...
...See box...
...Fatherland and Liberty" organization blows up electric pylons in Santiago disrupting nationwide television broadcast by Allende...
...Shortly before this, 68% of the nation's workers were earning less than what was officially defined as a subsistence wage...
...For the text of the UP Program of Government, see NEW CHILE, op...
...As William V. Broe, Director of the CIA's Latin American Division of Clandestine Services, *Jonathan Kandell of The New York Times reported (September 26, 1973) that the "civilian groups which appear to have the most influence on the military government are the middle class associations - the truck owners, shopkeepers, businessmen, and professional employees - who vehemently opposed President Allende and now meet on a daily basis with military ministers...
...The Chilean Navy has also continued to receive military credits and to carry out joint maneuvers with the U.S...
...Resulting document praises the accomplishments to date, calls for a unified direction and more mass participation in revolutionary process, but fails to outline concrete measures to deal with impending economic crisis...
...A discriminatory wage increase in their favor would only raise this ratio higher...
...ASYLUM DENIED Over 1,000 Chileans and foreigners take refuge in foreign embassies in Santiago...
...and Eximbank curtailed all loans until the question of compensation for U.S...
...This is the so-called "constitutional Right" which reflects the Christian Democrats' desire for a "constitutional coup" that would install a temporary caretaker government until a Christian Democratic president (presumably Eduardo Frei) could be elected...
...Junta threatens to deport more foreigners...
...8) Private U.S...
...What little remains of the country's wealth has traditionally been concentrated in the hands of a privileged few...
...Combined with the lower price for copper in 1971, and with the rising demand of workers with higher salaries, this dollar shortage led to shortages of certain food stuffs (beef and potatoes for example...
...The moral scruples of the rich disappear when their wealth is in danger...
...2 Despite the "union" label and labor participation of George Meany, the AIFLD's main task is protecting U.S...
...Strict censorship of all media...
...Right wing private school students go on strike, riot setting up burning barricades in upper class neighborhoods...
...State Department had cut most credits and economic aid to Chile, $1 million a year was set aside for special "technical assistance" programs...
...The Carabineros have also received U.S...
...In the twentieth century alone, there were successful military coups in 1924, 1925 and 1932...
...The evidence, although only circumstantial, is sufficiently revealing to demand a thorough investigation into the CIA's role...
...Citizen: stay alert to discover them and denounce them to the nearest military autho- rity.29 Since the Coup The following summary covers events during the first three weeks of the Junta's rule (September 11 - October 1...
...Each Cordon had a coordinating committee which became part of a central coordinating committee for all Cordones, so that production, distribution and also defense could be worked out on a city-wide and later regional basis...
...But this will not be possible through the road of conceding to the enemy...
...Clearly the coup was aimed not only at the Chilean Left, but at all Left and progressive movements on the continent...
...Broe urged ITT to "keep the pressure on, and suggested a run on the banks...
...and that Henry Kissinger, and presumably Nixon, were informed of these negotiations...
...but, it also demonstrated that the Chilean ruling class is divided, for its failure called attention to the fact that the ruling class has not been able to decide when or how to use the armed forces to protect its interests...
...The U.S...
...as the UP Program was put into practice, it led to greater politicization and mobilization of workers, peasants and the urban poor...
...Addren all moll to Box 57, Cathedral Station, New York, N.Y...
...In ordinary times, when the bourgeoisie is solidly in power, it may do so without resorting to sensationalism...
...The workers are the driving force behind the UP government and they have continually demonstrated their desire and commitment to establish a socialist society in Chile...
...The Judiciary, too, is flagrantly being used as a weapon of the ruling class rather than acting independently as another "branch of government...
...Decision follows government attempt to nationalize the Banco de Chile controlled by CDP members...
...Davis then replaced Edward M. Korry, a Johnson political appointee, as U.S...
...It was written during a year when Chile's GNP increased by 8.5 percent (compared to an average increase of 4.4 percent during the decade of the '60s...
...Embassy that the linked with the CIA in several important studies, coup would occur arrived at the Embassy the invited more and more "free-trade unionists" to night before the coup...
...The present Comptroller was appointed to his 12 year term before 1970 when the UP took office...
...He remained in Honduras (in San Pedro Sula) until 6/63...
...Using laws already on the books, he brought industrial monopolies and banks into the publically controlled or "social area" of the economy and broke up the large landholdings which were characteristic of the agrarian sector...
...Viaux for his part in assassination of Gen...
...The following few months saw the arrest of hundreds of suspected Tupamaros and their sympathizers, including the founder of the organization, Raul Sendic, and the discovery of underground hospitals, communications centers, arms caches and the people's prisons...
...THE HOMELAND WILL NOT BE BRAZILIAN...
...Scores of joint economic development projects are now under way...
...This is standard procedure in most foreign countries...
...SUBSCRIPTIONS: $6 per year for individuals ($11 for two years...
...THE WORKERS "Much of the labor force is striking against the government for higher pay...
...devised strategies (such as the credit blockade) which drove the middle class into the arms of the Right...
...If the pre-1970 armed forces could play the "constitutionalist" role of upholding the political system, this was no longer the case following the electoral victory of the Unidad Popular...
...government policy-makers towards Allende...
...Copy of leaflet dropped by hundreds of thousands from planes and helicopters over Chile's main cities shortly after the coup...
...Providing the F-5E jets or the Skyhawks, would preserve a certain pro-American orientation in the Chilean military at a time of strain between the governments of the two countries...
...Jul...
...and he admitted publically that the strike launched on July 26 was planned solely to overthrow the government...
...Similarly, in Chile, the CIA sent a "coup team" of at least ten CIA agents, including two veterans of the 1954 coup in Guatemala...
...The opposition demands have become increasingly simple: the government should renounce its committment to the creation of a workers' state or suffer the consequences of the economic chaos which opposition forces will (and have) unleashed...
...He joined the State Department in 1946, serving 4 years as a political officer in Damascus, followed by 2 years in Mombasa, Kenya...
...The end result was a "radicalized" middle class, hurt by the reduction in imports of consumption goods, scared by the dollar shortage, and open to the Right's lies about "marxist mismanagement of the economy...
...For us this is a time of exposing U.S...
...Both parties joined the UP coalition...
...1. "An Address by J. Peter Grace," printed in booklet form by the AIFLD, September 16, 1965...
...The first three in particular were key planners of right wing strategy...
...What government is doing goes beyond transactionalism...
...At least 10,000 Chileans and foreigners held in the national stadium...
...Allende vetoes a congressional bill to finance wage increases from state sector rather than from profits of industrialists...
...government, the CIA took the initiative in contacting ITT...
...As in other countries throughout the world, the Chilean police have emerged as a strong paramilitary force engaging in counterinsurgency activities for the new regime...
...in addition, tourists from Brazil are flocking across the border these days, and some Brazilians have predicted that Uruguay is on the way to becoming nothing less than a client state of Brazil...
...Loans (both bilateral and from multinational organizations in which the U.S...
...They spoke carefully of a "non-capitalist" way to development and even of " communitarian socialism...
...Mar...
...The reason is simple: the courts are headed by staunch members of the opposition who guarantee the wielding of this powerful political weapon in the hands of those so desperately resisting change...
...The U.S...
...However, the legally stamped documents that rush from one house of Congress to another, from the courts of Justice to the Presidential Palace and from there back to the Congress are not writing Chile's history...
...Washington Post, April 6, 1973...
...For more on the renegotiation of the debt, see NACLA, "Facing the Blockade," op...
...Incident sharply focuses on division27 within UP...
...This has been done not just with toothpaste, but with bread, coffee, powdered milk, baby nipples, and other items whose lack is keenly felt by the entire population...
...Davis suggested that before ITT is likely to get its military coup, public opposition to Allende would have to become "so overwhelming, and discontent so great, that military intervention is overwhelmingly invited...
...Washington Post, September 21, 1973...
...interests and the Latin American Right, on the one hand, and the popular and Left forces in Latin America, on the other hand, have learned from earlier experiences and have become much more sophisticated...
...Embassy, foresaw violence...
...adopted the hard line policy tow- ard Chile and began to move against Allende on all levels...
...What is actually behind the present economic crisis in Chile...
...Meanwhile, key "gremios," or entrepreneurial associations, in particular the Confederation of Production and Commerce, worked to build a front of gremios in strategic sectors of the economy, including transport people, store keepers, communications workers and professionals...
...In addition, according to Newsweek magazine of Sept...
...Jack Anderson, Washington Post, 11/10/72) Deane Roesch Rinton played a pivotal role in the campaign of economic chaos against the Popular Unity Government...
...built up particularly close ties between the head of the local air force and the U.S...
...It was partly due to his information that the military was able to crack down so hard on the Tupamaros and discover the infrastructure of the organization...
...However, the publicity given to the "freedom of the press" issue serves an important purpose...
...people should know these facts: we should know the role of our government in the events which are currently developing in Chile...
...A r. After strong showing by Popular Unity Front congressional elections, the U.S.,which had previously adopted a soft line in debt renegotiation talks with Chile begun in early 1973, resumes a hard line and requires compensation for nationalized U.S...
...it will be the result of the protracted struggle of the organized people,31 which does not allow any concessions...
...If the votes of the organized working class now was strong enough to elect congressmen, the bourgeoisie had to appeal to them in order to win these votes...
...MOVES VS...
...The ruling class has always employed its vast mass communications resources in defense of its own interests...
...Even now, with high copper prices, the foreign exchange earnings of copper are not sufficient to cover the increased cost of imports...
...support to the Christian Democrat regime...
...After a brief stay in Caracas, he was shifted to Panama for two years as a political officer...
...From 1966-68 he was a semior member of the National Security Council...
...In particular, we must wage a long-range campaign against military and economic aid from the U.S...
...visit): Perhaps what is significant now is growing conviction in opposition parties, private sector and others that opposition is possible...Even more important is increasing realization that opposition is necessary...
...See NACLA Report (April 1972), "Secret Memos From ITT...
...2 misery is the order of the day...
...As already pointed out, their efforts failed and the strike at El Teniente slowly petered out...
...The coups, directed and financed with $14 million by the CIA, would be planned by an international "brain trust" which included four former presidents from the target countries, prominent Catholic Church leaders and conservative military officers...
...Or the leaders of the National Party, who have threatened Chileans with a civil war unless its demands are unconditionally met...
...and it may provide leads for filling the big gaps in our knowledge about the Chilean coup...
...Warren joined the State Dept...
...Then he went on to list recommendations that he and the other ITT operative in Chile, Robert Berrellez, had made, "apart from direct assistance...
...14, 1971, ITT president, Harold Geneen, met with head of the Council on International Economic Policy Peter Peterson and General Alexander M. Haig Jr...
...you come from Hell to steal sold out a thousand times sellers of souls sicked on by the wolves of New York greedy machines of grief stained by the sacrifice of your martyred peoples prostituted merchants who sell the bread and air of America slimy, shameful swine herded by your pi p bosses without any law but torture and the biting hunger of the people...
...government may deny that it accepted this advice, but the facts prove differently...
...Feb...
...President Nixon, "Policy Statement, Economic Assistance and Investment Security in Developing Nations," Press Release, January 19, 1972...
...Time correspondent Rudolph Rauch also reported having recently visited a group of strikers near Santiago who were enjoying a "lavish communal meal of steak, vegetables, wine and empanadas...
...involvement in the coup and of learning about the struggle for socialism and human dignity in Latin America...
...A recent statement by the PDC, the largest party in the Congress, called for a complete halt to the government's program and concluded: "If the government does not immediately carry out these tasks, the historic responsibility of what will happen in Chile will fall on its shoulders alone...
...They are creating hatred between workers, and this has never existed before...
...This virtual military dictatorship was the first coup in 30 years, in a country which had prided itself on its democratic traditions...
...1, 1973 to compensate for inflation are cancelled...
...Large opposition "March of the Democracy" calling Tor action and not words against Allende Government...
...8. NEW CHILE, Berkeley and New York: NACLA, 1973...
...For an analysis of the U.S...
...There are two important issues at stake...
...policy-makers and corporate executives have adapted their tactics to the changing situation in Latin America and have become more sophisticated...
...They have not criticized the Christian Democratic congressmen who have refused to talk with the government (even though the latter has shown itself willing) unless the UP totally discards its program...
...Communiques from North Americans in Chile, issued just prior to the coup, linked Wheelock with the right wing, pars-military terrorist group "Fatherland and Liberty...
...A good deal of the part controlled by the private sector goes directly to the black market where prices are so high that the majority of the Chilean population cannot afford to buy through this channel...
...This is why fascism is a new form of violence against the people...
...In fact, on the day of the coup, U.S...
...The events of recent weeks seem to have answered that question...
...Baquedano...
...1973 Jan...
...His first job abroad was in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, as a consular official (12/60-1/62...
...The next elections were not until 1976...
...Jack Anderson reveals ITT memos implicating ITT in the assassination of Gen...
...And thanks to Alejandro Stuart fbr the use of his photographs...
...Salvador Allende, similar to Fidel Castro, is conducting his country rapidly to bankruptcy and ruin...
...This, too, is based on the middle and upper classes' political opposition to Allende rather than being the natural result of a socialist economy...
...According to subsequent statements by Right leaders, the plan was to paralyze the country, provoke confrontations with popular forces, and once these began, to call on the military to intervene...
...8 killed, and 1957...
...The shortage of foreign exchange stems from three economic trends...
...For more on the AIFLD in Chile, see Los Gremios Patronales, Santiago: Quimantu, 1973) 9. Since the October truck owners' "strike," there has been evidence of direct dollar aid from U.S...
...sources for the truck owners...
...The UP needed majority support in order to legally carry out its announced Program...
...but it also shows us the desperation of the Latin Amer- ican Right and the U.S...
...In Chile, Saenz met daily with gremio leaders and communicated secretly with Benjamin Matte, one of the executive heads of the national (right wing) organization, Fatherland and Liberty (Patria y Libertad...
...complicity, he would not answer (except in executive session) specific questions about reports that the striking truckers had received money from outside of Chile...
...In 7/66 he was transferred to Santiago, where he was listed as a political officer...
...Aug...
...The picture changed fundamentally in 1970...
...protection" to Latin America in case of communist attacks...
...JUNTA APOLOGISTS The military junta has just sent out on a good will tour 11 national leaders of the socalled free trade union (gremio) movement to travel through Latin America, the United States, Canada and Europe, explaining why "the military and police were forced to overthrow the marxist government" and also to convey to the world the "popularity" of this new regime...
...The main tasks of the people are to multiply the forces organized to fight, in the factories, in centers of study, in the barrios, in the shantytowns, in the villages, in the countryside, using all means against the enemy, wearing him down, hitting him everywhere, not letting him rest, combining all the forms of struggle...
...Gremialismo, best translated as free-trade unionism, was the banner under which massive opposition to the UP was mobilized...
...After language training he moved in 1959 to Bulgaria...
...If at first the ruling class was too shocked by its electoral defeat to prevent this, it soon re-organized and fought back with all the arms at its command...
...When the military coup occurred on September 11, resistance was strongest in those areas where the Cordones and Comandos had been most effectively organized: industrial areas, working class neighborhoods, as well as in rural provinces with militant farmworker organizations.6 what it would and would not stand for...
...Kennecott claims they have not received "just compensation" for their nationalized mines in Chile, even though since 1955 their average rate of profit on invested capital was 52.8...
...Kennecott asks French court to block payment to Chile for copper sold to France...
...Shortly after the unsuccessful coup of June 29, a group of high-ranking officers in the southern city of Valdivia began preparations for a new coup to overthrow Allende...
...Headlines range anywhere from one declaring the country to be on the verge of total economic collapse (this only a few weeks after Allende took office) to a recent headline in the National Party's paper, Tribuna, which demanded that those military officers responsible for putting down the attempted coup of June 29th be tried and punished...
...When the peasants peacefully opposed this, the ex-landowners shot and killed four of them...
...The following short biography gives some indication of the perspective he brought to his post in Chile...
...He explained that the United9 1. Major intervention by the CIA and the State Department in the 1964 presidential elections helped to defeat Allende and elect Frei...
...The "establishment" press, in fact, cultivates a sober, polished style which in itself conveys the impression of "responsibility...
...There were no other major strikes involving large numbers of workers at that time...
...interests engineered the overthrow of Arbenz...
...was learning from the Guatemalan experience of the 1950's...
...The objective has always been the same and we reaffirm it today: not to improve the regime, but to destroy it, in order to mold and build a new society led by the workers...
...The U.S...
...Martin, U.S...
...The "Cordones" are based on the industrial workers who are concentrated in various "bands" of large factories that surround Chile's major cities...
...Nixon, Frei, and Pinochet to this day to this bitter month of September of the year 1973 with Bordaberry, Garrastazu, and Banzer you are the hungry hyenas of our history the rats who, wallowing in their haciendas, gnaw at the flags conquered with so much blood and fire...
...1 2 Without the aid, and without private credit, the UP had less dollars with which to pay for imports, thus cutting into the middle class's power to consume...
...Y CARABINEROS SOLO PERSIGUEN EL BIEN DE CHILE Y LOS CHILENOS Y POR ELLO CUENTAN CON EL APOYO CIUDADANO...
...Typesetting by Archetype...
...LEFT OUTLAWED & POLITICS SUSPENDED Marxist parties outlawed...
...Winters has been serving as a political officer in Santiago since 5/69.16 Collision Course: CHILE BEFORE THE COUP The following article was sent to us in July 1973 by members of FIN, the Fuente de Informacion Norteamericana, a research and publishing group of North Americans in Santiago...
...On the other hand, none of the large workers' organizations favored the strike, and no other miners' union, regardless of U.S...
...Resolution of Chile's economic problems depends, to a large extent, on the prior resolution of the question of political power...
...The UP (Unidad Popular, or Popular Unity) was the coali- tion of parties that backed Allende in the elections of 1970...
...THE UNITED STATES AND CHILE The Senate hearings on ITT's activities in Chile showed that U.S...
...Already now, in the first weeks after the Chilean coup, there are indications that the junta is expecting massive U.S...
...Economic disorder, extreme social and political instability have indeed made Chile a difficult place for anyone to live at this point...
...mining and other interests has been resolved...
...it is impossible to find a State where the military is non-political in the second sense...
...Never in the long history of the working class movement in Chile has a workers' strike received the support of the national organization of large landowners (SNA), the national organization of large industrialists (SOFOFA), the national organization of merchandise distributers, the Chilean doctors', lawyers' and engineers' associations, the conservative National Party and the fascist "Fatherland and Liberty" organization...
...But when the interests which it represents are under serious attack, as is now the case in Chile, this stylistic veneer of "objectivity" dissolves, and the press reveals itself for what it basically is - an immensely important political weapon...
...company executives report they are studying possible investments...
...Joseph F. McManus served in the Coast Guard (1944-46), was an analyst for the Army (1951-55), and joined the State Dept...
...El Rebelde...
...What, then, are the facts of the strike which didn't appear in the U.S...
...The opposition parties, the Christian Democrat (PDC) and the National Party (PN) (the latter closely linked to "Fatherland and Liberty") have issued threats and ultimatae to the government...
...Agricultural production probably will decline in 1973 because the October owners' strike prevented seed and fertilizer distribution, and bad weather conditions damaged the crops...
...So, the Congressional opposition removed them from office...
...James E. Anderson joined the Air Force at 19 and served overseas (1953-57) with the Air Force Intelligence Service...
...Stagnating agricultural production, largely due to the antiquated latifundio system, has led to the occasional imposition of a ban on the domestic consumption of beef, Uruguay's major export commodity...
...Hospitals receive so many dead that bodies are just stacked in wards...
...Aug...
...For more on this see Senate Hearings before the Committee on Appropriations concerning Foreign Assistance and Related Programs Appropriations, FY 1974, and Hearings before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on the Mutual Development and Cooperation Act of 1973.10 soon after the meeting indicate that the committee decided the CIA should act to prevent Allende's election: -On September 16th, shortly after the "Forty Committee" meeting, its chairman, Henry Kissinger, told a group of newspaper editors in Chicago that an Allende presidency would create massive problems for the United States and for "democratic forces" in the hemisphere...
...did not rely solely on mobilizing opposition, and prepared direct action...
...The armed forces, who are the jailers, torturers and murderers of the people, and for this reason fascists, aren't new to this job...
...Green Berets, AID/CIA forces began their pacification program modeled after Vietnam...
...He did not curb inflation, because the industrialists would not voluntarily freeze prices...
...Government nationalizes major copper mines by unanimous vote of Congress...
...During 1962 he was acting Peace Corps Director in Chile...
...Again, the murderers were allowed to go free and no charges were pressed against them...
...33 important opposition leaders meet to conspire to bring about downfall of UP government...
...14 CIA Coup Team in Chile On numerous occasions during the last 20 years, the U.S...
...This high level has been maintained throughout the last three years which, including projected grants for 1974, total $45.5 million...
...EXILES Xenophobic campaign launched against the 15,000 foreign political refugees living in Chile -- mainly Brazilians, Bolivians and Uruguayans who fled dictatorships in their own countries...
...The results of the elections convinced opposition leaders that they could not rely further on legal means to remove the UP...
...Right wing bombs residence of former Socialist Min- ister of Finance and head of CORFO, Pedro Vuskovic...
...The piecemeal reforms which actually were carried out mainly benefitted the middle classes, increasing the gap between them and the working class...
...DISCIPLINA CIUDADANA -LAS ACCIONES QUE REALIZAN LAS FF...
...Our guess is that the Times never bothered to ask a Chilean worker whether he or she "respects" El Mercurio...
...State of siege declared...
...On Sept...
...On June 23, the New York Times ran an article with the headline, "Court in Chile Shuts Paper Over Anti-Allende Ad...
...The U.S...
...Sometime after 6/73 he returned to Washington to become the Chile desk officer at the State Dept., and was in that key position when the coup took place...
...ambassador at the time, considered Shlaudeman to be a "student of Marxism-Leninism," and depended on him for contacts with the Dominican left...
...stra- tegy was to neutralize loyal or constitutionalist elements of the armed forces, while strengthening the hand of the golista military officers...
...Armed Forces continuously raid state-owned fac- tories in search of arms...
...The opposition still owns the vast majority of the nation's radio stations - as a quick run down the dial will prove - and six daily Santiago newspapers with a total weekday circulation of 541,000 copies...
...aid through the Office of Public Safety of the Agency for International Development...
...The credit blockade and the Right's economic sabotage, contributed to an economic situation which prevented the UP from marshalling the support that it needed to carry through its Program.138 At the same time, the U.S...
...He also admitted that his movement had worked within the armed forces to strengthen rightist elements.5* The U.S...
...7 In previous publications, NACLA has analyzed the extent of U.S...
...Allende addresses U.N., Condemning the role of multinational corporations in underdeveloped countries...
...He received an MA from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 1947, at which time he joined the Foreign Service...
...Ambassador to Chile Edward M. Korry...
...Subcommittee hearings, pp...
...Clearly, that advice was taken seriously...
...most other newspapers reported that 12,000 workers at Teniente were on strike around this same time...
...Nineteen years later, a closer look at the Guatemala experience may help us see patterns of U.S...
...5. From September 1970 to the present, the U.S...
...Arnold M. Isaacs worked for the CIA as an intelligence research specialist in 1959, one year after he joined the State Dept...
...After 1971, however, these factors began to disappear...
...Subsidiaries of the top multinational corporations were nationalized in Chile, and they could not tolerate this threat to their other investments around the world...
...Role The strategy of the Right depended on U.S...
...Known as "Plan Septiembre," plot was the final stage of plans set in motion March 1972...
...This will involve about 50 families for a period of a month to six weeks, maybe two months...
...CIUDADANO: PERMANECE ALERTA PARA DESCUBRIRLOS Y DENUNCIARLOS A LA AUTORIDAD MILITARY IMAS PROXIMA...
...Raymond Alfred Warren served in the Air Force (194346), and after completing his BA at George Washington University (1949) and MA at Harvard (1951), worked for two years as a "labor union researcher...
...But events which occurred States prefers that underdeveloped countries "buy American" rather than have them look elsewhere for military equipment (Chile was considering the purchase of jets from the Soviet Union and France...
...Later (October 1, 1971), ITT vice president William R. Merriam, wrote to Peterson, proposing an "economic squeeze" on Chile, and proposed that the "CIA assist in this process...
...This type of coverage in the U.S...
...The biographies reveal that the U.S...
...All foreigners ordered to report for questioning...
...Junta announces it will reopen negotiations on compensation for expropriated U.S...
...This is not a mere legal tangle, however...
...He was chief political officer in Santo Domingo beginning in 3/62, and following the invasion by U.S...
...Officials and bankers have admitted that under ordinary conditions, the renegotiation would be automatic...
...8/ Oct 1973 Published monthly, except May-June and July-Augus4t, when it is publidWd bknonthly, at 160 Cleramont.Ave., New York, N.Y...
...Once having decided that the leftist government was intolerable in Chile, as in Guatemala, the U.S...
...Strike is preceded by a large influx of dollars...
...Instead of pouring into the streets to protest the right wing strike as the opposition had hoped, workers, students, community supporters and UP professionals retrenched in factories, set up a network for direct distribution of goods to the people, kept production going 24 hours a day, and organized defense groups along the industrial strips and in working class and poor neighborhoods...
...These similarities in the U.S...
...This amounted to about 10 percent of Chile's total defense budget in the same period...
...For CIA-AIFLD ties, see Sidney Lens, "American Labor Abroad - Lovestone Diplomacy," Nation, July 5, 1965, and New Chile, Berkeley and New York: NACLA, 1973...
...And we should oppose any and every action taken by the U.S...
...INTRODUCTION The recent attempt by sectors of the Chilean army and the fascist organization "Fatherland and Liberty" to topple the Popular Unity (UP) government by means of a military coup made it apparent to both Chileans and foreigners alike that this nation's "peaceful road to socialism" is fast exhausting itself...
...The Right It took three years for the Chilean Right Wing to overcome internal differences, and then build a base large enough to legitimize a coup...
...Constitution abrogated...
...economic and military aid right after the coup (around $100 million in the first three years...
...that it is economically and politically stifling the opposition's news media...
...One of the most spectacular cases of "class justice" was that of Roberto Viaux, tried and found guilty of planning the kidnap operation which took the life of General Rene Schneider, Commander in Chief of the Chilean Army, just before Allende took office...
...It teaches workers to help increase their company's business...
...Schneider in October 1970...
...Government presents educational reform bill (ENU...
...When two workers were killed, 50,000 people gathered in the streets and were attacked by the military...
...The left parties of Chile conscientiously explored a new road to social justice - the via Chilena - which was intended to provide a peaceful transition to socialism...
...Low ranking officers refuse substitution...
...According to the New York Times (September 14), the Santiago Embassy received a report that the coup would take place on the llth...
...Nov...
...cut off loans to the Chilean government (although AID programs continue to train opposition labor, business and political leaders in their schools in the U.S...
...a We have already covered a long and painful road...
...Swedish ambassador intervenes and prevents troops from storming Cuban embassy, arranging for entire Cuban diplomatic mission to leave the country within three hours...
...One piece of evidence is that during the October strike, the price of the dollar on the black market dropped for the first time in months, indicating an influx of dollars into the country...
...The roots of the Teniente strike are complex, but they deserve to be explained...
...will not extend new bilateral economic benefits to the expropriating country...
...Opposition congressmen see themselves as egalitarian: rich and poor should be taxed equally...
...He appeared in the former Belgian Congo a year after the CIA assassination of Patrice Lumumba in 3/62...
...All these actions helped create the difficult economic situation which aided the Chilean Right in gaining support...
...Hinton was still Director when Nathaniel Davis, the present Ambassador to Chile, arrived as Ambassador to Guatemala and turned the tide against the guerrillas following a massive terror campaign...
...Jonathan Kandell in the New York Times, June 16, 1973...
...ITT Memo, September 17, 1970, NACLA's Latin American and Empire Report, p. 8 - also referred to in Subcommittee hearings, pp...
...10, ending traditional autonomy of universities...
...Furthermore, the owners were aided in their dealings with the miners by the historic division that has existed within the Chilean working class: that between "obreros" and "empleados," a division roughly corresponding to the blue-collar/white-collar distinction...
...Before the demonstration CP withdraws its support of the move, revealing a split in political direction of left...
...Though a full analysis of their moves and plots is beyond the scope of this article, one or two examples will provide some indication of the coordination and planning behind the right's mobilizations...
...The main problem with this view is what it leaves unsaid about Chile's past...
...Although the original poem was about Caribbean dictators, with a few name changes it is very appropriate for Chile today...
...Translated by Mary Mackey...
...On the other hand, the nation's bourgeoisie, the large landowners, industrialists,17 bankers - those who own and control all major means of production and sources of wealth in the country, frequently as partners or representatives of foreign interests - has fought to retain its political and economic control of the society...
...7, 1973, (4 days before the coup), met with Kissinger on the 8th, and returned to Chile on the 9th...
...Two right wing vigilante groups are organized in wealthy areas of Santiago: Protecci6n Comunal and Soberania, Orden y Libertad...
...October strike costs Chile between $100 - 150 million...
...weapon in creating an economic squeeze for the Allende govern- ment, so too the U.S...
...At all times, the United States kept its lines to the military and to the Christian Democrat and National Parties open...
...cities...
...The working class remains the social base of the UP government...
...To prolong this objective is to depart from the road that has already been covered...
...Other coups have been planned during the last three years, but this one actually reached the streets...
...Thus, the Congress has reached a virtual deadlock in its relations to the President...
...The copper miners are24 well organized and have a long tradition of struggle for decent living and working conditions...
...an unconfirmed report states he was assigned to the Office of Strategic Services, wartime predecessor of the CIA...
...In Latin America alone, coup teams were employed in Guatemala (1954), Brazil (1964), Bolivia (1971), Uruguay (1973) and now in Chile...
...Only with a strong anti-aid lobby can we deny the Chilean government the foreign assistance it will need to survive...
...has pro- vided a sample of Washington's cold war strategy in the Western hemisphere...
...Forces of left within and outside UP call for People's Assembly, to coordinate and give direction to "Consejos Comunales," neighborhood boards, throughout country...
...Following two years as political consular officer in Freetown, Antigua, he returned to college (8/65-5/66) and received an MA in Latin American Studies from the University of Texas...
...For emphasis, we include the sources in the text, instead of in footnotes...
...he has also studied in Nicaragua (1958 and 59...
...Keith W. Wheelock worked in the State Dept...
...For some time, Saenz has been a friend and admirer of Roberto Campos, economic "czar" of Brazil, and advisor to a military junta which now has close ties to the Pinochet junta in Chile...
...Jun...
...It, too, is composed of the classes which make up Chilean society in general...
...Entire leadership of left is either dead, in embassies, in detention or underground...
...and that the Chilean working class and peasantry should yield graciously...
...cit., pp...
...MASS MEDIA An important distortion which regularly appears in the U.S...
...9 The policy was refined and made official throughout 1971 by members of the Council on International Policy, working with top State Department and Treasury Officials...
...Estimated 800,000 people march commemorating UP's second anniversary...
...From its socialist-sounding 1970 campaign platform, it shifted to support the National Party candidates in various local elections, to full alliance with the PN in the March, 1973 congressional elections, to its current position of threatening the government with a military take-over...
...Prats represented that sector of the bourgeoisie who sought to block the UP "legally," and, if necessary, he was willing to wait until the 1976 elections to defeat Allende...
...Embassy in Santiago as a "political officer...
...Through these actions, we can show concretely our support for the resistance in Chile...
...As a result, it required a much more complex U.S...
...During these periods the workers demonstrate an ability to learn and to organize themselves that often surpasses that of the UP government...
...Prices on a pound of copper fell more than 28 percent between 1969 and 1972...
...All to be brought about in "Liberty" - that is, without class struggle...
...Moreover, in contrast with the situation 19 years ago, when few Americans spoke out against U.S...
...There is no way to settle the 2/3 versus simply majority issue within the Congress and neither side recognizes the right of the same outside authority to decide the issue...
...7. Washington Post, April 6, 1973...
...also mentioned in the Subcommittee hearings, p. 9...
...copper companies, especially Kennecott, have attempted to block Chilean shipments of copper to Europe, thus cutting off a vital source of foreign exchange to the country...
...But it is a resistance of guns vs...
...Soviet Union and East Germany break relations with Chile...
...Washington Post, January 29, 1971...
...From this historical perspective, we can see that both U.S...
...marines in 4/65, carried out negotiations with the rebel leader Col...
...In its 1964 presidential campaign, heavily financed by the U.S...
...Navy A-4B Skyhawk fighter jets, previously used in Vietnam, which are sitting on an airstrip at the Davis-Monthan AFB in Arizona...
...The military had been brought to the forefront of political life in April 1972, when it was given command of the "internal war" against the Tupamaros...
...The Palace and presidential residence are destroyed...
...Military Aid to Chile"), giving rise to the Chilean saying that the country has "a Prussian army, a British navy, and an American air force" (Time, September 24, 1973, p. 38...
...Shortly after Allende's election, he moved to the United States and became an international vice president of the Pepsi Cola Corporation, whose president Donald Kendall is a close friend of President Nixon.5 27 (1973), March 5-7, and July 23...
...Some ideas can be obtained by looking at the three most obvious symptoms - lack of foreign exchange, shortages of basic commodities, and rampant inflation...
...Through distorted and alarmist reporting, the news media can create economic chaos and bring about political havoc...
...Opposition counters efforts by government to declare black market activities economic crimes...
...U.S...
...In its first two-and-a-half years, the Allende government has managed to accomplish most of these structural changes...
...One of the strongest is the Congress, where opposition parties hold a. majority of both houses...
...A trusted friend of Agustin Edwards*, Sae traveled three times to the United States betwen January and May, 1973, to confer with him and other Chilean industrialists in exile...
...Senate, by the Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations, June 21, 1973, U.S...
...William V. Merriam, ITT vicepresident in charge of ITT's Washington office, told the Senate Subcommittee investigating ITT's role in Chile, that he visited the State Department at least 25 times from mid 19701971, and talked with Kissinger and his staff for over a period of a year...
...and La Nacion...
...And it is their example that must guide us permanently...
...The right wing media developed a campaign around the "illegality" of the UP, its "totalitarianism," as opposed to their "democratic" opposition...
...It was, moreover, a further attempt to isolate the only socialist country, Cuba, and the remaining nationalist governments in Latin America...
...corporations curtailed all credit for shipments of replacement parts to Chile, thus effectively denying the nation those items...
...1 4 In March, John Crimmins, then acting Under-Secretary of State for Interamerican Affairs, told a House of Representatives Committee that the United States would not renegotiate the debt until Chile paid $700 million in compensation for the nationalized copper assets...
...These experiences may influence the armed forces final allegiances...
...The 1962-72 Special Anniversary Report of the AIFLD estimated that 79 Chileans had studied at Port Royal, 8,837 in seminars conducted in Chile, and 6 graduates returned for the special advanced course in labor economics held at George Washington Univ- ersity...
...FROM HERE ONWARD The people face a difficult challenge: either to take the road of revolutionary arms in order to construct and defend the homeland of Artigas, of the exploited, or to convert it into a huge estate at the service of the Brazilian "gorillas...
...Rather, it should be clearly understood to be the chaotic and explosive state of affairs caused by the all-out efforts of a powerful minority to preserve the inherently chaotic and violent system through which it has long prospered...
...Water- gate and Cambodia have left many Americans skeptical about official U.S...
...nevertheless, existing evidence is strong and convincing, particularly when considered with the historical hostility of U.S...
...made machines and vehicles, strangling the economy, and preparing the people to accept a violent counter-revolution...
...To recoup its losses, the U.S...
...The third sign of economic crisis is inflation...
...press still calls the Christian Democrats a "left center" party...
...New York Times, Septem- strikes, received an invitation in December ber 15, 1973...
...During the Senate hearings on foreign assistance, Senator Inouye (D-Hawaii) also question- ed the logic of granting military credits to a country which had expropriated U.S...
...18 killed), El Salvador (1966...
...Right-wing opposition takes advantage of absence of Gen...
...Instead of nationalizing copper, Frei "Chileanized" it - buying up shares of stock at rates highly favorable to the U.S...
...Statement from Barron's magazine, reprinted in El Mercurio, April 20, 1971...
...In the Chilean case, CIA operatives with past experience in "special operations" converged on Chile to work toward Allende's overthrow...
...Frei promised a lot...
...Brazil...
...Actually, this was somewhat of a victory for the government, at that...
...They attack army for carrying out weapons searches in factories...
...Each represented an attempt of one sector of the ruling class to displace another sector from a position of power...
...Agustin Edwards, the paper's publisher, left Chile when Allende was elected22 and is now serving as a vice-president of Pepsi-Cola in Miami...
...citizens, we will presume that the U.S...
...but his primary allegiance was to the Chilean upper class...
...In practice, however, the Christian Democrats simply didn't deliver...
...Opposition parties still at odds, but after April elections Christian Democratic Party (CDP) and National Party (NP) seek to form united opposition...
...The June 29th uprising, though quickly crushed by loyal troops, has ushered in a new stage in Chile's stormy process...
...In the past 60 years alone, the U.S...
...Even during the heaviest attacks by the military, thousands resisted, and reports indicate that a long-term resistance is developing...
...Arturo Araya, Allende's aide-de-camp...
...In 1965 Davis became Minister to Bulgaria with the purpose of establishing full diplomatic relations...
...The government of the big landowners wants to transform the country into one large estate...
...For instance, AIFLD trainees have driven communists from port unions which were harassing shipping in Latin America...
...Nathaniel P. Davis, appointed Ambassador to Chile in 1971, is a career Foreign Service Officer whose specialty is anti-communist affairs...
...agencies, such as the Export-Import Bank and the Agency for International Development...
...Nevertheless, the opposition argued that the mining and labor ministers were breaking the law by not granting 150...
...Davis served in Prague (1947-49) at the time the socialist government came to power, and later was a political officer in Moscow (1954-56...
...leftist newspapers, radio and TV stations closed...
...investment in the country...
...FOOTNOTES - "GREEN LIGHT FOR THE GENERALS" i. "ITT Memos," NACLA's Latin America and Empire Report, April, 1972...
...Ambassador, Nathaniel Davis, passed on word to the Chilean Right to send delegates to Washington...
...2) Take all opportunities to expose the role of the U.S...
...This "self-coup" was brought about at the insistence of the armed forces, who decided that the elected body had blocked their campaign against left wing subversion...
...Thus, he did not redistribute income, because that would mean taxing the monopolists...
...but his Marxist-dominated coalition perseveres with policies and tactics certain to accelerate the polarization that has pushed Chile close to the brink...
...All prisoners are tried under martial law in military tribunals...
...The program funneled nearly $2.5 million to the Chilean police forces since 1961, but was ended in 1971 by the UP government...
...Just as there are two dominant tactical positions in the Chilean Right, reflected in the positions of the National and Christian Democratic Parties, there are also two anti-UP trends within the military hierarchy...
...And this is the task of all the people together...
...In response to the strike, which crippled the country, Bordaberry proposed a law which would bring to an end the autonomy of what were once among the most progressive unions in the hemisphere...
...7 described it, the plan to create economic chaos was a "thesis" which had been developed "after analysis of the points of vulnerability of the Chilean society...
...Clearly, the strike was politically, and not economically, motivated...
...Various factors have created the commodity shortages, none of which has to do with the existence of a socialist economy although there is bound to be some disruption in a transition to socialism...
...In the subcommittee hearings, William V. Broe of the CIA testified that he saw the cable from Hendrix at the time it came and "that the report was accurate and the recommendations it contained were good...
...The Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) out- lines two possible coup intents: 1) to establish a military dictatorship (Air Force and Navy position), 2) to establish a non-Marxist civilian government (Army position...
...In June, at least 70% of the total work force at Teniente was on the job and over 90% of the "obreros" were working...
...but if that was ever true, it's old history now...
...Any project which is financed by increased taxes on the upper classes, e.g...
...Needless to say, a charge of that kind more resembles blackmail than a responsible action by the largest congressional party...
...When the UP took office, 40% of Chileans suffered from malnutrition...
...He joined the State Dept...
...tanks and planes and thus casualties are high...
...Nixon announces hard line against countries which expropriate U.S...
...10027...
...His intelligence and counterinsurgency background served him well for this role...
...7. The Nixon Administration admits prior knowledge of the coup...
...Released prisoners report mass executions in the stadium...
...After economic training at Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, he acted as financial affairs officer in Paris until the end of 1955...
...This can only be done if the President determines that such financing is important to "U.S...
...Thousands of political prisoners fill the jails...
...Frederick W. Latrash served in the Navy (1942-46), and except for a brief interlude in India, he gained his initial experience with the Office of Naval Intelligence (1948-49 and 1951-54...
...Country closed to outside world for a week...
...In the pages that follow, NACLA lays out some of the evidence for direct U.S...
...To do so they have used a variety of means...
...Kissinger's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs) to discuss the Chilean expropriations...
...They are demonstrating once and for all that their fundamental role is to be the armed wing of the oligarchy, becoming the executioners of the people...
...This last factor is important to understand...
...The Congress, with Eduardo Frei - the President of the Senate - as its leader, has established itself as an "anti-government," which daily presents the government with ultimatae unless all its programs are accepted...
...in the coup and its aftermath...
...1972 to enroll in the advanced course in labor AIFLD AT WORK The American Institute for Free Labor Development's back door support of the right- wing opposition against Allende is in fact part of its "labor" policy in Latin America...
...Recognizing that the policies of the Allende government were generating middle class discontent, the U.S...
...He then went to Amman (9/56-6/60) as a political officer...
...September 11, 1973: Military coup overthrows Allende government and assassinates President and his aides...
...At a time when economic aid has shrunk to less than $4 million, this signifies a liberal- ization of military aid to Chile...
...With practice, the bourgeoisie mastered the art of promising enough to win elections, while leaving the basic structures of capitalist society intact once they were in office...
...Keith Wheelock, for example, a CIA agent who "officially" held a post at the U.S...
...and the CIA as an intelligence research analyst from 10/60 to 3/62...
...6 Our deficiencies were: on the one hand, underestimating the enemy, as he was much more powerful than we believed, especially in terms of the technology and financial aid that the Northamericans provided...
...intervention in Guatemala, the U.S...
...Together, the Christian Democrat's near-socialist and the UP's frankly socialist programs received 64% of the vote...
...The reforms, like Frei's election, were mainly funded through the U.S...
Vol. 7 • October 1973 • No. 8
