ARGENTINA: The Protracted Struggle
NACLA
Imperialism Rides Herd in Argentina England became a capitalist country before any other and in the middle of the 19th century having adopted free trade claimed to be the workshop of the world,...
...But we will not direct our attacks against governmental institutions or any member of President Campora's government...
...f) There exists commercial, technological, financial and organizational dependency on the big capital of imperialist monopolies, principally North America...
...The real fall thereafter was consequently more pronounced...
...Formed in 1970 during the Fifth Congress of the Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT...
...e I. 1. Mllilonaries and Managers (Moscow: Progress Books, 1969) 2. See Luis V. Sommi, Los capitals yanquis en la Argentina (Buenos Aires...
...CGT de los Argentinos: General Workers Confederation of the Argentines...
...Since Argentine firms concentrated on the domestic market, the British companies accounted for a higher percent of export than their two-thirds control of the country's national freezing capacity represented...
...Agrarian reform by nationalization of the landed oligarchy's properties in order to make the expression, "land to those who work it," a reality...
...h) Disavowal of international agreements injurious to national sovereignty and independence...
...Our task of placing the U.S...
...corporations...
...Source: see footnote 26...
...Parent is 50% owned by IFi, the Flat holding co...
...115) and Centenera (No...
...1-13...
...Panorama economic latinoamericano, published by Prensa Latina, Cuba, Vol...
...Many of these loans are only for the direct foreign exchange cost of projects...
...Buenos Aires: Ediciones Mardulce, 1969), p. 101-2...
...This unity is necessary both for the mobilization of the masses around their demands and as preparation for the inevitable, next period of new and more serious confrontations between the people and the bourgeoisie...
...Elimination of all repressive legislation and suppression of the Federal Chamber in the Penal domain...
...ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: this category needs to be expanded to include data about the actual degree of competition within each industry...
...People's Revolutionary Army (ERP) Win or Die for Argentina CHILE HOY: What conclusions do you draw from the March 11th elections which ratified the triumph of FREJULI...
...All the data is for 1971 unless otherwise noted...
...Fatteners purchased the bred cattle and, being closer to the ports of exit, sold their livestock directly to the meat packers...
...government bulletins or libraries (e.g...
...See FAR document...
...Government...
...It counts two million members and is controlled by the Peronist Movement...
...10 They set a deadline for EFA to Tmodify its plans...
...Part 2," NACLA Newsletter, Vol...
...CH: How would you characterize FREJULI and the next government...
...108...
...New direct investment fell off sharply when restrictions were placed on the transfer of profits abroad...
...Even though the most backward strata of workers and the petty bourgeois sectors may have hopes that through elections the people can gain power, the majority, and especially the vanguard, understand that this is not the correct route...
...Ex-Im loan...
...9 The only semi-heavy manufacturing established through import substitution was in goods for infrastructure development...
...As Peron described their position: They answered that they were changing the war industry into peace-time industry, and that the transformation would take them two years...
...80) gained control of 75 percent of the soft-beverage market...
...Techint BND Private Arbed Bunge y Born Cities Service Continental Oil Uniroyal Fish-Int...
...Secondly, the basic and dynamic industries have been concentrated under various forms of foreign monopoly control...
...That is, it is nothing more than a For this reason, when Peron speaks of National Socialism, he W change of bosses-the individualist boss is replaced by the state is referring exclusively to the change of structures in the socioboss...
...Finally, profit transfers out of the country were freed of all restrictions, except those stipulated at the initial point of investment, and could be made without special authorization...
...Prohibition of the appointment of retired officers of the Armed Forces to posts in big corporations...
...FREJULI: Justicialist Liberation Front...
...To overcome the country's crisis necessarily presupposes the transformation of the very structure that brought it about...
...4, No...
...Chemicals 37c 852 0.4 Toiletries 0.5 Publisher 248 1.7 0.7 (63) 1.1 Pharmaceutical 34c 1,392 YP 363 2.4 0.4 21.6 Textile (2.1) 83 0.7 0.5 0.3 Chemical (155) Pharmaceut...
...it is essentially anti-imperialist, antimonopolist and anti-oligarchic, as the first step in the transition to socialism...
...Controls 13% of tire market...
...The presence of other countries with people's governments already in power or developing (Chile, Peru, Panama), to whose number the Popular Government of Argentina will now be added...
...They also shed some light on the limits of rural guerrilla warfare in the Argentine framework and identified armed struggle within the context of Peronism...
...another 13 percent of the total us due to the U.S...
...companies were present in textiles, steel, heavy machinery and motor vehicles, electrical appliances and office equipment, petroleum, rubber and pharmaceuticals...
...IV, No...
...Francs (USS 13.3 million) Netherlands 25.6 millions Florins (US$ 9.2 million) USS 10.0 million & 365.0 million Pesetas (US$ 16.3 million) Canada USS 10.0 million Chase Manhattan & First National City: Bank of America, Manufacturers Hanover, Morgan Guaranty Trust, Bankers Trust, First Natl...
...S.A...
...Compania Quimica S.A...
...63) Equipment cs8 P Ex-Im loan...
...The commercial and landowning bourgeoisie was removed from power and the agro-export dependency relationship which had tied Argentina to British imperialism for over a century was eroded...
...By the late 1920's the Radical Party had lost its mass support...
...and in pharmaceuticals (18 U.S...
...Under Frondizi two new foreign investment laws, No...
...The original list of corporations, ranked by sales, appeared in the Argentine business journal, Mercado, Vol...
...Of the public TABLE 1: Argentina's Total External Debt, 1945-1972 [US$ million] At year-end Public Sector 1945 900 1950 400 1955 600* 1956 687 1958 1,375 1960 1,478 1961 1,863 1962 2,092 1963 2,063 1964 1,828 1965 1,968 1966 1,925 1967 2,061 1968 2,207 1969 2,356 1970 2,441 1971 2,767 1972p 3,046 Private Sector NA NA NA NA 1,412 NA 892 1,076 NA NA 1,246 1,351 1,179 1,188 1,614 2,324 2,333 2,864 Total NA NA NA NA 2,787 NA 2,755 3,168 NA NA 3,213 3,276 3,240 3,395 3,970 4,765 5,100 5,910 debt that is due this year, over 25 percent is in interest charges alone...
...Many credits are directly tied to buying goods and services from a specific country, thus denying the creditor effective control over the funds borrowed...
...Systematic information on employment is needed on the following items organized around national and foreign firms: wages, the relationship between real wages and profits, wage differentials between men and women, the relationship between the use of labor and machinery, the effect of greater machinery use on the rate of unemployment and worker productivity...
...United States vs...
...In 1971 he sat on more than 12 boards of directors of foreign subsidiaries, the most important of which are the National Lead Co...
...This program was delayed because many of the leaders who said they represented the interests of the "national proletariat" vacillated, betraying the interests of the exploited and joining the exploiters...
...Bankers Trust international Limited White, Weld & Co...
...Sacerdotes para el Tercer Mundo, Los sacerdotes para el Tercer Mundo y Ia realidad nacional (Buenos Aires: Ediciones La Rosa Blindada, 1973), p. 80-1...
...499 (August 22, 1972), p. 44...
...Subsequent events which led in 1969 to the most important phase of the popular struggle since 1955, the "Cordobazo," hastened its dissolution and the reintegration of its members into the CGT...
...48 (May 11-17, 1973), pp...
...Peron's government gave priority to the development of YPF in order to make Argentina self-sufficient in petroleum and cut back on costly imports which had to be purchased from the world oil monopolies...
...Both schools of thought favored the big capital interests and recommended unemployment as a solution to "excessive" internal demand and inflation...
...As can be seen in Table 8, these banks organize consortiums...
...25) until 1953...
...They tend to join the enemy camp, primarily because of the problems of liberal ideological formation, the fear of socialism and the illusion that they will survive as a class, albeit as a minor partner to the monopolies...
...b) the repeal of repressive laws...
...Mauricio T. Arcangelo and H. Carlos Quagllo, "El imperialismo," in Los Ubres (Buenos Aires), Vol...
...of Defense military contractors in FY1971...
...Yet it did not achieve sufficient strength to gain control over the whole trade-union movement...
...On August 22, 1972, the following men and women were Susana Graciela Lesgart Maria Angelica Sabelli massacred by the Argentine military dictatorship...
...Thus most of the foreign corporations that presently operate in Argentina were firmly established through substantial investments by the end of the Frondizi government (1962...
...CH: What sort of relationship does the ERP plan to have with other Argentine armed organizations...
...The practical and conceptual weaknesses of the first Peronist era--lack of a political organization and armed support--left the working class extremely vulnerable immediately following the coup against Peron...
...Respecting these wishes, our organization will not attack thenew government as long as it does not attack the people or the guerrillas...
...3 (March, 1972), p. 20...
...This meant that if our country decided to limit in any way the transfer of profits which are authorized by law 14780, the government of the United States could pay compensations to the parent firm or corporations involved...
...The column also notes loans and credits received by local firms from public financing organizations...
...LAW FIRM: retained by the local companies, the law firms perform the highly specialized function of molding, interpreting and circumventing corporate legislation...
...Jose Gelbard, present Finance Minister, was president of this association.e hT Capitalist Stakes In Arge The following chart presents twenty different categories of information on the 120 largest non-financial corporations in Argentina...
...corporations attacked import sectors where the British position was weakened by World War I and the 1929 depression, in anticipation of the growth potential of the Argentine market...
...16-17...
...November 6,1970 Blk of NWve Scotia eaqup EarLopies do Tokyo leapu do Commerce SA...
...These pointed clearly to the general weaknesses of the Peronist approach to the basic problems of the Argentine economy: 1 5 1) the financing capacity of IAPI was gradually eroded in the early nineteen fiftees as world prices fell...
...commercial loans or investment banking relations) and/or patent, licensing or other technical agreements, we considered the firm dependent on foreign interests...
...As we have already indicated, other forces which acted separately in the electoral struggle can be incorporated into this Front...
...Denationalization of Capital More than half (66) of the top 120 are owned or controlled by foreign capital (see Table I...
...In any case, the people's camp must have a political program toward these sectors which will win them over or at least neutralize them, since their expropriation is not proposed in the present period...
...One of the causes of the rise of multinational corporations has been increased nationalism within Third World countries...
...0 Originally Italian, Dow began acquiring interest in parent in 1964 gaining control by 1967...
...In the case of electric power, for example, the conflict arises between private industry's demand for expansion and consumer demand for consistantly low rates...
...To this end we have resolved: a) Internally: -To work with all organizations of loyal Peronist composition, toward an effective and true Unity, Solidarity and Organization on all levels of the movement that will enable 1972 to see a new beginning on the road to National Liberation as Peron has ordered...
...It is our concrete obligation to bring together all sectors so that they publicly acknowledge their responsibility to fight for these objectives...
...Finally plans are being drawn up to form state monopolies for meat and grain exports...
...14780 (1959) and No...
...The short-sighted policy of import substitution failed to take into account the growth of U.S...
...This means that U.S...
...IFC finance is a blend of equity and long-term loan funds advanced on hard terms and not requiring government guarantees...
...and private lending agencies have been described separately...
...Ex-Im and IFC loans...
...4 1 At the beginning of 1973, the country as a whole showed an unemployment rate of 10 percent...
...It shipped a whole factory from the United States to Argentina...
...U.S...
...4 2 The working class responded to increasing exploitation in a way which raised the consciousness of many workers...
...3 Second, after 1820, Great Britain extended loans, permanently placing Argentina in debt...
...At the same time that a direct line of credit is granted by the Eximbank, a financial guarantee is extended to private U.S...
...Technological dependency does not necessarily lead to outright ownership and the foreign parent may elect to maintain its control strictly through patents and licenses...
...Witco Chemical La Cantabrica Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz DunlopPirelli Uniroyal Akzo Union Carbide Private Bunge y Born Bunge y Born Private Ar >50 1926 Ar >50 1925 Ar 37 368 6.3 (586) 36 36 35 34 407 6.6 (522) 34 34 479 7.9 (426) 34 109 1.9 (1,729) 33 33 104 1.8 (1,810) 33 62 1.3 (2,462) 33 479 7.6 (426) 32 178 2.7 (1,188) 31 (NA) 30 29 121 1.8 (1,604) 29 519 7.6 (384) 2912 104 0.4 (6,798) 41 116 <801 29 3.4 (844) 246 US 100 1941 Ar US 100 1930 Fr 65 Ca 35 WG <50 US 100 1957 It 31 Ar 26 Ar 1925 Lx 47 1908 Ar >50 US 20 1965 US 20 US 20 US 20 US 20 Ar 100 1959 WG } e UK 50 It so US 50 Ne 40 1963 US 100 1937 Ar 0.5 1.4 Tobacco (35) 3.8 Sugar Mill 3.4 Rubber -6.3 Meat 3.3 30.4 Toiletries, (11) Cosmetics 0.04 Food 0.03 Tobacco (NA) 1.6 1.0 Beverages (168) 2.7 Food 5.2 4.9 Petroleum (104) 1.9 3.5 Aluminum, (56) Copper 0.5 Tobacco (NA) 2.5 4.0 Agricultural (63) Machinery -2.0 Steel (NA) 0.04 Petroleum 0.3 3.0 Steel (9) 0.3 1.3 Petrochems., (21) Chemicals 5,2 1.9 Petro(268) chemicals t Ex-Im loans...
...Thus, the terms of confrontation are precisely laid down...
...The IAPI played a crucial role in the rise of the industrial bourgeoisie through its control over the exports of cereals...
...And the question is important since it enables us to do something fundamental-to define with the greatest possible precision who are in the people's camp and who are their enemy...
...Our responsibility is fundamentally to use all means to make this program known and to advocate that the workers and the people as a whole accept and defend it as their own...
...But the only contract negotiated with a U.S...
...AID and Export-Import Bank loans which had already been approved ($21.7 million by the former and $9 million by the latter) were held up...
...2 6 Remittances...
...SNational Socialim Socialism degrades work by converting it into a simple factor N national Socialisof the economic process (historical materialism), thus eliminating the ethical character of political economy...
...During this period, 103.7 million acres of land were seized and distributed among 1,843 TABLE 1: Argentine Foreign Trade, 1861-1910 [Old Argentine Pesos] Year Imports Exports Trade Balance 1861 22,441,120 14,322,580 -8,118,531 1870 49,124,613 30,223,084 -18,901,529 1880 45,535,880 58,380,787 12,894,907 1890 142,240,812 100,818,993 -41,421,819 1900 113,959,749 154,600,412 41,115,343 1910 351,770,656 372,626,055 20,855,359 Source: Tercer Censo Nacional (Buenos Aires), Vol...
...4) Without a doubt, the hegemonic political force within FREJULI is the Peronist Movement, which has its own internal contradictions-certain traitorous sectors belonging to the political and labor bureaucracies...
...Expulsion of the North American military missions stationed in our country...
...Great Britain attempted to preserve its control over Argentina by strengthening its ties to the export-oriented merchant class and to the most powerful sector of the landed oligarchy, the cattle fatteners...
...in association with Badische Anilin und Sodafabrik, WG) -Sulfisud, Fabrica Argentina de Hidrosulfito y Afines S.A...
...We believe that Campora's government represents the people's wishes...
...million while unnamed foreign banks lent $8.5 million and suppliers (foreign exporters) granted credits of $5.9 million...
...We must put the disloyal, as Peron says, "in a situation where it is no longer convenient to be disloyal," so that the unity, solidarity and organization mandated by our chief -fulfills his tactical mission within the general strategy for the seizure of power...
...Editorial Monteagudo, 1949) and Jaime Fuchs, La penetracion do los trusts yanquls on la Argentina ( Buenos Aires: Editorial Crtago, 19s57).Top 120 Non-Financial Corporations in Argentina e/ I 41 '-''p, ,b.~ / I YPF State Ar 100 1923 660* 2 Flat Fiat It 100 1954 272 (2,943) 3 Shell Royal-Dutch Ne 100 214 Shell UK (12,734) 4 Seghba State Ar 100 1958 199 5 ENTel State Ar 100 184 6 Esso Standard Oil US 100 1911 182 of N.J...
...It receives its political and military direction from the PRT, once member of the Fourth International, and is openly critical to the FREJULI coalition...
...It identified imperialism and its local representatives as the main enemy and called for a united anti-imperialist front which would include small merchants, professionals and students...
...The development of this dictatorship was defeated at every stage by the unity of the Argentine people behind their leader and by the development of revolutionary organizations...
...2 9 The Imperialist Round-up Between 1955 and 1972 net direct foreign investment totalled $1,313.2 million and the participation of foreign corporations in industrial production grew from 8 percent to 40 percent...
...Often a monopolistic situation exists where the price of the import is higher than need be...
...Overseas Loans and Grants: Obligations and Loan Authorizations July 1, 1945-June 30, 1971, May24, 1973, p. 34...
...Lloyds Bank International: Lloyds Bank Ltd., Midland Bank Ltd., Kleinwort, Benson Ltd., Henry Schroeder, Wagg & Co., Baring Bros...
...Between 1950 and 1954, 125 strikes took place involving 254,426 workers...
...c) Party (PRT) and the ERP have concerning trade-unions, legal legalization of all left political organizations and their press...
...An increasing proportion of IDB's loans for infrastructure development go toward so called "regional integration...
...4. S. J. Runts Associates, Weekly Newsletter, February 13, 1973...
...98) in 1969...
...The World Bank also wanted services stopped on several branch lines which were not profitable, and a general increase in fares.11 Negotiations were suspended in August 1972...
...8 It was also announced that "the intention of the authorities (is) not to introduce new restrictions on the making of payment or transfers for international transaction...
...The PREBISCH Plan reestablished pre-Peronist priorities by promoting farm exports and reallocating a high percentage of export revenues to the landholding oligarchy and the merchants...
...Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics, Annual Supplement, 1972 and Balance of Payments Yearbook, May 1973...
...Moreover, 31 of these foreign firms are under U.S...
...With this framework as a guide, the ability of revolutionary movements to interpret and predict the current activities of the Argentine bourgeoisie and imperialism for the popular classes would be advanced...
...in this sense, it is a "response of a strategic nature...
...This amount-equal to one third of total obligations-is equivalent to anticipated 1973 export earnings, which are artificially inflated by currently high world commodity prices...
...and licensing agreements with 5 other US corps...
...and Dupont (US,'No...
...Workers participation in the running of all enterprises...
...Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, Banco di Napoli, Banco Ambrosiano, Banco di Roma, Credito Italiano, Banco di Siciliq, Istituto Bancario San Paolo de Torino, Monte dei Paschi de Siena...
...a U.S...
...Holds 10% share of patgoql ea a Ns a, large state complex under construction...
...These popular outbursts marked the reassertion of the working class as the dominant force in Argentine history...
...The Front is "an indispensable response to the problem of working class alliances with all those sectors facing monopoly capital and its local servants-the landed and financial oligarchy and the Armed Forces...
...Several other observations about the structure of Argentine capital, as well as its relation to the national and international political process, are difficult to make, given the limitations of the present data...
...In the last elections, these political parties (New Force, Alliance of Ezequiel Martinez) were once again roundly defeated, even in cases where they had a light populist colouring (Alliance of Manrique...
...Grace periods fluctuate from 2 to 4 years and terms to maturity generally vary from 10 to 15 years...
...company (in 1955) was never approved...
...It then implemented economic policies according to two major criteria:17 1. Under Peron, the IAPI had monopolized the cereal export business in order to channel capital away from the agricultural sector into national industry...
...1971 5.50 Calera Avellaneda cement 1972 10.00 Celulosa Argentina pulp and paper TOTAL 39.21 Source: see footnote 26...
...If this were not the case, they would never have gone along with the maneuver of the Great National Accord...
...Ex-Im loan...
...the rest are distributed between European and Canadian investors...
...To obtain authorization for disbursement, Argentine officials had to send a "letter of intent" outlining policies which follow measures known to meet IMF approval...
...While it is an important first step, it assumes each company is an independent, separate entity and therefore ignores the crucial interconnections among these firms...
...From that moment on, the working class found its political expression in Peronism, and carried out everywhere a stage of practical and theoretical training...
...I FC, 1972 Annual Report, pp...
...The post-1955 credits, on the other hand, went for dubious "stabilization programs" or to balance the country's payments position...
...The financing of many of these entities was channeled through a key organization, IAPI, the Instituto Argentino de Promocion de Intercambio, which carried out the state economic trade program in coordination with the Banco de Credito Industrial...
...Frondizi gave a free hand to the army to crush the heroic Peronist resistance by means of the CONINTES plan and to hand over the workers' organization to the traitorous bureaucracy...
...CH: Why have you decided to reject a total truce...
...18061 The most important decision taken by Krieger Vasena was the liberalization of banking legislation through law No...
...Eximbank is the example par excellance of a bilateral lending agency with no mechanism whatever for masking the true purpose behind its extension of credits...
...International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) Since Argentina joined the World Bank in 1956, ten credits equal to a total of $602.3 million have been authorized and signed...
...It is in a stage of relative decline, as the following facts show: -Its defeat at the hands of the Vietnamese people...
...See NACLA, Yanqui Dollar, 1971, p. 53, for a description of OPIC...
...In certain years during this period, the flow of foreign capital to Argentina was very high...
...Refines 13%of petroleum...
...The Eximbank is presently charging an annual interest rate of 6 percent...
...The list of Argentine companies controlled by Bunge includes: -Molinos Rio de la Plata, S.A...
...At the same time the right has been strengthened by imperialism, controls the * FREJULI: the Justicialist Liberation Front is the united front of 25 organizations, grouped around Peron's Justiciallst Party, which won the presidential elections on March 11, 1973...
...All were British owned or controlled...
...maintain and continue our program for war and socialism Concerning the united front: we will call on the entire left, all through clandestine work, energetically promoting and sup- progressive and revolutionary workers' and people's porting the struggle for immediate realization of demands...
...Grafa, Grandes Fabricas Argentina, S.A...
...They are what make the present balance of forces possible...
...Of the loans, $98 million were designated as "development loans" while one single credit of $20 million was disbursed as "contingency funds" 2 3 -to provide "emergency disaster relief" 2 4 in 1963...
...For the moment, the military party lacks the internal coherence it had at the time of Ongania's coup in 1966, which permitted it to reformulate a political strategy...
...This would be an opportunist or reformist program...
...Ongania, the army and the bosses, took advantage of this truce to lash out barbarically, repressing the people and liquidating the new revolutionary leadership that had begun to arise...
...less than 50 percent made it an affiliate...
...Alba -Centenera, Fabrica Sudamericana de Envases S.A.I.C...
...Ex-Im loan...
...In 1966 U.S...
...Over the last decade the United States has maintained its influence paradoxically by shifting its finance operations from U.S...
...The IBRD objected...
...Now is working closely with the Montoneros to form the Peronist Army to defend the Peronist government...
...56 Particulares1 57 Coca-Cola 58 Terrabusi 59 Cities Service 60 Came 61 Imparcialesl 62 John Deere 63 Propulsora Siderargiea 64 La hauran 65 Tamet 66 Compania Qulmlca 67 Pasa 68 Deca 69 Platense Neumatico 70 Petroqulhlea Sadamericana 71 UnionCarbide 72 Minetti 73 Grafa 74 Alba 75 Bagley Liggett & Myers US <50 1913 Private Ar 1914 Private Ar Private Ar Unilever Ne >50 UK Private Ar Reemtsma Ciga- WG 30 reten Fabriken Coca-Cola Private Cities Service Pechiney Ugine Kuhlman Alcan Reemtsma Cigareten Fabriken Deere & Co...
...in 1959...
...With these necessary remarks we can now begin to examine our country's reality today...
...e) Urban reform to destroy the mercantilist conception of housing, and give it its true meaning as a vital use-value...
...In the area of external relations the government's primary concerns were the foreign debt and the nature of foreign investment in Argentina...
...And we know that the points which unite us are many more than those that separate us...
...improvement (Balcarce Plan) 1968 55.0 SEGBA electric power expansion 1968 82.0 Hidronor El Chocon hydroelectric plant 1969 25.0 Vialidad Nacional road construction 1969 60.0 SEGBA electric power expansion 1971 84.0** EFA railroad improvements 1971 67.5 Vialidad Nacional road construction 1972 70.0 Vialidad Nacional road construction TOTAL 602.3 *$17.5 million of this loan was later cancelled...
...To this was added corruption-the highest ranking military officers sit on the boards of the large corporations...
...These state monopolies have all been partially funded, either directly or indirectly, with loans from international financial institutions...
...91) fall into this category although they formally remain Argentine enterprises...
...12 per year for institutions ($22 for two years...
...This error began to be revealed when the politico-military organizations appeared in the movement...
...The satisfaction of these needs determined the economic functions of the subjugated territories...
...The former defines it as welfare capitalism whereas the latter refers to socialism within the Argentine context...
...These by these truths require...
...companies...
...lheNthamri Cmp lpdk] da Bank SocMiChidG alpo1.m S.A...
...18) in 1965...
...Now war has the advantage that those who have destroyed their things during the war, have the benefit of paying for them, in the first place, by devaluating the currency, so that the debts they have lose a great deal of importance...
...As in any front of classes and class factions, FREJULI has internal contradictions which reflect the diverse interests of its forces...
...Table 7 indicates that the share of wages and salaries in the gross national product (GNP) began to decline after 1952 and fell sharply under Frondizi...
...ERP: No let-up for the oppressing army...
...Unity among the armed organizations...
...c) The big monopolistic corporations are primarily North American and closely linked to big finance capital...
...Min...
...it is determined who are objective allies-although it might be difficult to make the alliance concrete-and who are not...
...12 58.06 Transportation 8 113.18 Agriculture 10 129.52 Housing 2 42.20 Mining 1 32.00 Education 5 61.80 Elec...
...corporations remain the leading capitalist presence in Latin America...
...The data published by S. Menshikov on this subject suggest that most of the U.S...
...The World Bank denies that the credit has been cancelled, stating rather that it has not yet been disbursed, pending modification to the national railroad plan...
...THE ECONOMIC STRUCTURE...
...Two foreign controlled firms in the Top 120-Techint (No...
...18 061 which gave foreign commercial and investment banks a greater share of the banking business...
...9 These "sound" fiscal and monetary policies thus cut back on public works and wages, putting the crunch on the working classes and unemployed...
...Bank, Bank of New York...
...Although it is somewhat obvious to point this out, this camp is supported economically and militarily by imperialism...
...de Navegacion Ganadera y Comercial Ganados S.A...
...Notwithstanding this feature, which reflects a specific balance of forces, the FREJULI Government has possibilities of initiating the liberation process, provided that the people increasingly mobilize, organize and participate alongside the Government's administration, and that measures which satisfy the masses' interests and break the bonds of oligarchic imperialist domination are implemented...
...controls 47.3% of beer market...
...The revolutionary and progressive sectors of Peronism, though in the minority, will lead this struggle, fighting staunchly for a program and measures that are truly anti-imperialist and revolutionary...
...commodities...
...In foreign aid this has meant a change from overt to covert bilateral operations...
...hegemony over our continent...
...and others, including mixed French-British and French holdings, totalled S 65 million...
...The scarcity of internal mineral deposits and agricutural goods stimulated the overseas drive...
...However, it will inevitably lead to a resurgency of fundamental contradictions and consequently to a higher political consciousness in the working class...
...9. Figure for 1970...
...Dissatisfied with these restrictions, the industrial bourgeoisie broke its alliance with the working class and the Peronist government and joined forces with imperialism...
...Documents para su historia 1890-1912 (Bueno Aires: Editorial Galerna, 1970...
...The rising pressure of popular demands occured at a time when the merchants and the landowning oligarchy were weakened and placed on the political defensive by the international crisis of World War I. Yet the incorporation of new social forces into the political system did not substantially alter the balance of power as the agro-exporting nature of the economy was not threatened...
...But if we have sufficient political and military strength to continue the offensive and push forward political, economic, social, cultural and military changes, then these should become a concrete reality after May 25th...
...In this period, their objectives will be basically defensive (to avoid losing the positions gained and, of course, to keep the system of oligarchico-imperialist domination out of danger...
...3 (May-June 1970) and NACLA, Yanqui Dollar (1972...
...He has not left Peron's side since...
...ERP: Dr...
...it was owed from its debt and finally reduced its obligations to the United States and Great Britain to $600 million...
...These guarantees covered a total investment of $772.9 million against the following risks: $428.6 million against convertibility, $185.1 million against expropriation, $93 million against war risk and $46.1 million against an assortment of expropriation, war and other extended risks...
...Ibid., p. 64-82...
...4 This in turn forced the local bourgeoisie to seek a new base of power in land exploitation and rebuild an internal network of trade relations geared to satisfying international market demands...
...In all these cases we did not have sufficient evidence to pinpoint the corporate identity of this foreign capital or demonstrate the level of control...
...on the contrary it is intensifying, as we see that the oppressing army is in retreat, in disarray...
...controls 24% of tire market...
...y M. -Transvias Electricos del Plata S.A...
...102...
...Compania Inmobiliaria del Rio de la Plata S.A...
...The demo-liberal approach was ebodied in the policies of A. Krieger Vasena, Minister of the Economy between 1967 and 1969 under the Ongania military dictatorship...
...2.5 Beverages 357 4.1 0.9 2.8 Glass 3,199 (34) 287 3.3 1.2 7.5 Textile 44c 2,473 MDP (16) 0.2 Publisher 174 1.8 0.4 0.7 Beverages TP (63) 0,9 Beverages (NA) 94 1.1 1.0 1.5 Ex-Im of (66) Ind...
...In consequence a letter justifying the "modification" was sent in June, reaffirming the April policies and adjusting some of the original projections and targets...
...Income Distribution in Argentina (New York: United Nations, 1969), p. 3.8 JOSE LOPEZ REGA Lopez Rega is presently Minister of Social Welfare and Peron's private secretary...
...Ex-Im loan...
...i i | i i ll li DEDICATION We dedicate this issue to all revolutionaries who gave their lives and to those who continue to live the struggle for revolution and socialism in Argentina...
...351 patents, Contract with ENTel (No...
...We believe that this group, which operates only in the federal capital, by continuing to use our insignia (with an addition), just helps to confuse the working class and the people and favors their enemies, i.e., the dictatorship, the bourgeois parties and imperialism...
...New York Times, July 29, 1973...
...Business International, Argentina Today (New York, 1967), p. 6. 39...
...The promotion of capital-intensive industries, a wage freeze, a price.increase arrangement with the private sector and the suspension of collective bargaining practices further differentiated between who was to benefit from and who was to pay for the Onga...
...2 1 In funding these joint ventures between Argentina and her less developed neighbors, the IDB creates a hierarchy of dependency and exploitation...
...It can look for additional capital abroad, but this will further subject the country to foreign dependency...
...To show timidity and weakness in our politics and unity carries serious consequences at the present time...
...Over 85 percent of the credits granted have been economic loans and grants...
...The foreign corporation however retains effective control over the joint venturethrough its monopoly of technology...
...25 patents...
...Clarin Private Ar 23 80 Pepsi-Cola Pepsi-Cola US 100 1959 23 (1,225) 81 Quilmes Entreprises Lx >50 22 Quilmes (NA) 82 Hierromat St...
...controlled multilateral institutions...
...CH: What would be the position of the ERP if there were a military coup...
...Bank of North America, Phila...
...Although formally a national corporation Bunge Argentina is integrated into an 80 country world-wide network which is closely tied to U.S...
...marketing agreements with Dow Chemical (US), Rohm & Haas (US), Food Machinery Corp (US), Monsanto (US), Oest Stickstoffwerk (WOG) and Dubois, a division of W.R...
...This does not cost the Eximbank one single devalued dollar, for the Argentine government must guarantee full repayment on any loan to be granted to either a public agency or a private Argentine institution as a condition to all "aid" packages...
...Many businesses, having difficulty in borrowing from local banks, have been obtaining loans from foreign banks and supplier credits from their trade partners...
...We can view the strategy of each group as a direct product of their total economic interests...
...was taken over by Peugeot to form Safrar (No...
...Thereafter its participation declined siginificantly because of basic flaws in its orientation and the limitations of its functions...
...CH: In any case, until May 25th there will be an extremely tense political situation in Argentina...
...Fortunately, financial group analysis enjoys some precedent with regard to Argentine capitalism...
...Finally, JUSTICIALISM espouses DEMOCRACY based on For socialism, the "person" is nothing more than an element of JUSTICE as a form of government, while socialism puts forth a the state's machinery...
...To demand the reappearance of all companeros who have disappeared during these 16 years of national shame...
...Humberto Andrian Toschi Carlos Heriberto Astudillo Ruben Pedro Bonet Eduardo Adolfo Capello (continued from p. 8) FOOTNOTES 1. T. Szentes, Political Economy of Underdevelopment (Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 1971), p. 139...
...Between 1963 and 1971, 53 Argentine companies were bought out by foreign interests...
...We characterize the contradictions we have with these organizations as "contradictions among the people...
...8) Among these changes we must distinguish those possible objectives which correspond to the great majority's common interests in the Front and those others which correspond to interests of only a few of them...
...During the last five years four armed groups further attacked and crippled the military regime, contributing to the conditions which brought about the electoral victory of the FREJULI...
...It has a nation-wide structure and works closely with the armed Peronist groups.23 Revolutionary A rmed Forces (FA R) Features of the New Period I. On May 25th we entered a new period, one of "people's government" which was reached after 18 years of intense struggle...
...The U.S...
...More recently, however, the new Central Bank President, Alberto Gomez Morales, has stated that at the end of July the total debt stood at $7,300 million...
...14780...
...OSR 1,500 RLP Peehiney Fr) owns 40% of Indupa, joint venture with Clmet which is 45% owned by Phelps-Dodge (US...
...This brought the process of industrialization into direct contradiction with the interests of the large landowners and agro-export merchants...
...About 10 percent of this credit was extended to assist in the event of a temporary balance of payments shortfall...
...Ownership of 50 percent or more made the local firm a subsidiary of the parent...
...SJUSTICIALISM sanctifies work since it considers it inJusticialism1 or dispensable for the perfection of the person...
...We have no reason to trust that our imprisoned fighters are safe simply because the dictatorship has expressed its "good intentions...
...1 9 This onslaught of foreign investment immediately hit the small and medium-size industrial bourgeoisie...
...There are different tendencies in FREJULI, some progressive and revolutionary, and this will produce contradictions...
...The purpose of the GAN is to halt the present revolutionary process and to mislead the masses, isolate the class-conscious trade-union vanguard and the guerrilla movement in order to repress them successfully, making possible their destruction by military force and/or deception...
...Petroleum has been the most contested area and YPF the major victim...
...The mere ranking of companies and their grouping according to nationality is essentially a bourgeois format...
...David Grenier, "IFC: An Expanded Role for Venture Capital," Finance and Development, Vol...
...Country trade data further reveals the predominant role played by the United States in this process as well as the firm position maintained by the European countries, the growing importance of Japanese trade and the low level of trade with socialist countries.* As both developmentalism and demo-liberalism contributed to imperialist penetration of the economy they polarized the country into two antagonistic class alliances: the ruling coalition tied to imperialism and the alliance between the working class and the small and medium size industrial bourgeoisie whose existence was threatened by the flood of foreign capital...
...of State, Dean Acheson, referring to Peron's first administrations...
...VI, No...
...Also, the enemy will find expression in the allied sectors they have within other political forces such as radicalism and the minority parties mentioned above...
...47.05 TOTAL 747.54 Source: see footnote 26...
...Capital Penetration United States capital, at first restricted primarily to the meatpacking industry, began to penetrate by the late 1910's and through the 1930's those sectors of industry which had been neglected to protect British imports...
...The revolutionary left has openly accused Lopez Rega...
...Unlike many loyal Peronists, he never participated in the "resistance" to the Aramburu military dictatorship but instead disappeared...
...As would follow from the strategy of this plan, disbursements are very fast...
...ERP: Since our founding we have continuously and constantly called for the operational unity of the armed revolutionary organizations, hoping to construct a solid, strong and unified People's Army in which Peronist and non-Peronist fighters will be united by the common methodology of prolonged revolutionary war, and a common ideal: the construction of socialism in our country...
...On the international level Argentina established diplomatic relations with Cuba, Cambodia and the Democratic Republic of Germany, and trade relations were widened with all socialist governments...
...Bandma's Sees & Co...
...Motors US 4 Kaiser Jeep US 3 19 Acaidar Private Ar 1942 76 20 Chrysler Chrysler2 US 99 1961 72 (7,999) 21 Mercedes-Benz Daimler Benz WG 100 1951 71 22 Alpargaas Private 23 Goodyear Goodyear 2 24 Celulosa Arg...
...On May 25th they presented a common front of support to the Campora government...
...one which step by step is able to increase the forces in the people's camp and diminish the enemy's...
...Export Credit Guarantee Dept...
...We have hundreds of fighters who are prisoners of war, hostages of the dictatorship...
...Justicialist Party: The political organization of the Peronist Movement...
...6 (October 1970...
...We must fight intelligently and forcefully, without offering an easy target and without giving the enemy the opportunity to massacre sectors of the masses and their vanguard...
...In addition, funds are to be "disbursed only for the purposes for which the loan has been provided, and only to meet project costs as they are incurred...
...Measures designed to guarantee the development of all forgotten regions in the interior of the country, assuring a high standard of living throughout the national territory...
...PERONISM AND THE NEW RULING ALLIANCE The early 1940's had seen a sharp rise in workers struggles...
...Peronism swept the 1962 voting and the military immediately stepped in to handle the situation...
...1 9 Since the Inter-American Development Bank first opened its credit windows in 191, Argentina has received 66 loans totaling some $747,544,000 to support financing of specific projects or programs...
...It picked up slightly in 1960 and 1961 but dropped off again until it reached 36.9 percent in 1964...
...5) To summarize, the FREJULI Government will have internal contradictions...
...3) it neither nationalized the meatpacking and sugar refining industries nor gained control over wool exports or the import sector...
...Guarantees of decent housing for all the country's inhabitants...
...YPF The state petroleum company, Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales, was formed in 1923 to monopolize the exploration, refining and distribution of petroleum and its derivatives...
...4. A faction of the ERP in Buenos Aires,"ERP-22 de Agosto," split off from the main body of the organization and gave critical support to the new government...
...The Peronists, as the leading organized force in the Front, have been able to consolidate this tactical alliance of different groups while maintaining control of its program of "national reconstruction...
...For more on the role of technology see Daniel G. Zuck and James D. Cockcioft Technological Dependence-An Analysis With Special Reference to parents, Transnational Corporations and Chile, (unpublished mlmeo manuscript...
...We maintain comradely relations with all fraternal, armed organizations...
...He was instrumental in organizing the recent massacre at the airport of Ezeiza when the right-wing Peronist security forces, under the command of exColonel Jorge Ossinde, Lopez Rega's close friend, fired on the masses of Peronist Youth and workers who had come to welcome Peron back to Argentina...
...In other words, the United States can effectively block any project loan of which it does not approve, or subject the potential borrower to conditions which often increase the total cost of a project...
...With the failure of the political plan elaborated by the top brass of the Armed Forces, contradictions appeared in the very heart of the enemy which, although they can be overcome in the not too distant future, erode the enemy's homogeneity for the moment, making it difficult for them to use the arms at their disposal...
...2 8 Between 1967 and 1969, 19 local banks were bought out by foreign institutions...
...Of the total $821.0 million so categorized during the 1946-1971 period, only 2 percent were grants...
...share in Alpargatas (No...
...and Dow Chemical (US) and FabrlcasMilitares in Atanor (No...
...The process described above was the only instance of a significant confrontation with imperialism since the downfall of Peron...
...We know a parent can easily control a firm with only a small minority equity position if the rest of the shares are widely distributed in small holdings...
...This can be achieved through the restoration of National Socialism and the implementation of the basic points of the workers' program which was approved (in 1962) in Huerta Grande (La Falda) and on May 1, 1968...
...sentiment...
...The fundamental strength of the enemy is the lack of unity and coordination among workers and the people...
...The capital contribution by the Argentine government in the second bank was made possible through a loan from Baring Brothers, the powerful London financial institution...
...La Nacion, August 1, 1972...
...Its complexity is common in all nations in which imperialist penetration does not take the form of open colonial aggression, but rather insinuates itself into the internal productive structure by alliances with native oligarchies...
...Translated from CHILE HOY, Vol...
...30c 1,800 OSR MO Controls 83% of market...
...To demand that the Executive Council of the General Workers Confederation send out a call to its 62 organizations for a meeting of the Central Committee of the Confederation to approve immediately the Plan of Struggle that was expounded by this tendency on November 29, 1971 when it demanded immediate solutions desired by working people such as the restitution of the civil rights of companero Eustaquio Tolosa...
...Amsterdam-Rotterdam Bank, Nederlandesche Middenstandsbank, Bank Mies & Hope, Nederlanse Credietbank...
...In 1958 that same political leadership which Campora represents, counselled the people to vote for the radical platform of Frondizi...
...Local companies which could not compete with the advanced technology of foreign corporations and which could no longer afford expensive capital imports disappeared and automatically gave up their share of the market to the remaining firms...
...Such a study, complimentary to the investigation of each corporation, would provide the extra data needed to classify most of the top 120 according to financial groups...
...37 0.99 Beverages SA 1919 1932 1900 1931 1930 1935 1911 1928 1924 1960 1919 1964 a" . / Pricel (Fr) has min...
...Peronist Youth: Formed about two years ago as a merger of several smaller groups within the Peronist Movement...
...NACLA'S LATIN AMERICA & EMPIRE REPORT (Formerly NACLA NEWSLETTER) Vol...
...Thus Coca Cola (No...
...There is no doubt that JUSTICIALISM agrees with certain "When the liberal stage has reached its culmination, the world truths that socialism has the boldness to put forth...
...1) It is made up of the industrial working class as well as other urban and rural workers, the greater part of the student and intellectual sectors, broad sectors of professionals and the poorest sectors of the rural and urban petty bourgeoisie (small,scale businessmen, industrialists and agricultural producers...
...A look at Table 3 indicates that the foreign debt grew despite the increase in trade and independently of positive or negative trade balances...
...Noticias (New York), January 20, 1971...
...Later they gave a political cast to these differences through an about-face-which we judged opportunist-in support of FREJULI...
...Industrial Bank of Japan: Mitsubishi Bank Ltd., Kyowa Bank Ltd., Sanwa Bank Ltd., Dai Ichi-Kangyo Bank Ltd., Mitsui Bank Ltd., Tokai Bank Ltd., Hokaido Takushoku Bank Ltd., Bank of Kobe, Ltd., Saitama Bank Ltd., Long Term Credit Bank of Japan...
...The information on petroleum contracts was compiled from news services and specialized trade journals...
...2 The further development of such material is not just an intellectual exercise...
...Export-Import Bank with the participation of Crocker International Bank extended $6.8 million, the Export Development Corporation of Canada provided $5.9 TABLE 5: Operational Investments of the IFC in Argentina, 1960-1973 Amount Year [USS mn] Borrower Type of Business 1960 3.66 ACINDAR steel products 1960 3.00 Papelera Rio Parana pulp and paper 1961 1.50 Fabrica Arg...
...2) Sources published by: AID, Banco Central de la Republica Argentina, ECLA, IBRD, IDB, IFC, IMF...
...Primera Plana (Buenos Aires...
...Nevertheless, its characteristics must always be kept in mind because they provide the groundwork of the present analysis...
...These contradictions, which exist also in the Peronist Movement, the backbone of FREJULI, were reflected in the lists of elected candidates and will take on a new form in the make-up of the national, provincial and municipal governments...
...imperialism and the consequent shifts in dependency relationships...
...What are the possible objectives that the people must consider...
...d) Agricultural and livestock production are of great importance although less than that of industry, because they continue to be the main source of foreign exchange with which the country finances its imports...
...capital: chemical and petrochemical...
...In addition, within the $118.0 million figure, a loan of $19.9 million was made in 1963 in the name of supporting assistance...
...He created the merchant marine which almost made Argentina self-sufficient in the transportation of its exports, and gave priority to the development of YPF, the stateowned petroleum company...
...Ibid., p. 137...
...cit., Part 1, p. 6. 7. While only one strike was reported in 1877, 19 were reported for 1895, 231 for 1907, 65 in 1915and 206 in 1920...
...3 5 This guarantee and backing of their government has already helped U.S...
...Closed by govt...
...These sectors, together with other forces in the Front (Frondifrigorismo, Popular Conservatism) despite their minority character, will be backed by the dominant classes in an effort to become the leading group of the Front...
...This possibility rests on the presence and active participation that the working class and the Peronist people are expected to have, together with their leader and their revolutionary organizations...
...Primera Plana (Buenos Aires), No...
...The Ongania dictatorship (1966-1969) initiated a harsh repression against the trade unions and co-opted many of their top officials such as Vandor, Alonso, and Rucci...
...It, No...
...wealth...
...helping the proletarian to improve his condition and rise to the -Domingo Rafael lanantuoni important rank of "SOCIAL ENTREPRENEUR...
...leaders such as Chase Manhattan and First National City recruit and administer the funds extended by a series of participant banks...
...Win or die for Argentina...
...4 3 Important segments of the working class were radicalized and in 1968 a split occurred in the General Workers Confederation (see Introduction to Documents in this issue...
...110) and Sade (347)specialize in using technological and scientific services to exercise influence...
...155patents...
...which is backing part of loan...
...Peronism and Foreign Investment During the war years, the general level of foreign investment fell off gradually...
...Other sources on Argentine labor history include Sebastian Marotta, Movimiento sindical argentino, 2 Vols., (Buenos Aires: Lacio, 1960-61), Diego Abad de Santillan, La F.O.R.A., ideologla y trayectoria del "movimlento obrero revolucionario en Ia Argentina, 2nd rev, ed., (Buenos Aires: Proyeccion, 1971), and Hobart Spalding, La clase trabajadora argentina...
...20 Table 7 of Eximbank loans to Argentina, reflect the Bank's tendency to react directly to both changes in U.S...
...Nevertheless, policies oriented to winning them over to the people's camp or neutralize them continue to be correct because they are adjusted to the present balance of forces and the present period of our revolutionary process...
...This program will implement reforms without provoking a total confrontation with the reactionary forces, but will not fulfill the revolutionary aims of the people...
...We can conclude, then, that the program of FREJULI is to revive capitalism and to halt the process of revolutionary war developing in our country through "pacification...
...1973, Chamber of Deputies demanded intervention charging undercover deals worth millions of dollars since 1955...
...Within this context FREJULI reflects the present balance of forces between the right and the left...
...Developmentalism preferred uneven development to demo-liberalism's monetary stability and relied heavily on foreign investment...
...5. Patent figures are for 1967...
...Here four loans total $43.5 million.* The U.S...
...f) A cultural policy that guarantees the people access to all levels of education and development of all technical and scientific forces in the national interest...
...Its greater significance, however, lies in the fact that this stamp of approval by the high court of international finance opens up the vaults of international organizations and private banks to the country which is now shown as borrowing "in good faith...
...The people's side has great political strength in its favor which gives it the overwhelming majority character that was reaffirmed in the March 11th elections...
...of Argentina cattle ind...
...bilateral lending agencies (e.g...
...The war had ended and had to be paid for, and this was the hard part...
...The coup, the false democratic options, managed to deceive only certain sections of the leadership which were characterized by integrationism, participationism and other similar attitudes...
...70) at no cost to the parent firms...
...Agricultural exports rose dramatically as did the importation of foreign manufactured goods (see Table 1...
...of State official, July, 1973...
...We must confront and defeat this strategy of divisiveness...
...ministrator of this resource, also counts it...
...The historical objective will be Indo-American unity and solidarity...
...From this synthesis, we recognize an historical continuity expressed in those who believe in our indigenous cultural values, in the capabilities of our women and men, and in the material wealth of our soil, which will give our people a national identify which stands in solidarity with all the peoples of the world...
...100, intervened by the state in 1971) -Complejo Avicola Ibri -Provita S.A.I...
...Third, while the left is far more organizaed politically and militarily than in 1945 and 1955, the working class lacks a centralized and consolidated political leadership...
...L--qe Bank of London & South America Stockholms Enskilda Bank *nria ot s & Co., Chemical Oversne Fince Crporantins i m llsi Nationu Bank & Trat Compnr Cridit Sei...
...Private banks, the centers of such groups, also deal directly with the Argentine Government...
...TABLE 4: Net Direct Foreign Investment in Argentina, 1946-1972 [US$ million] Year Amount Year Amount Year Amount 1946-1950 -114.0 1961 -18.0 1967 -7.0 1951-1955 16.0 1962 72.0 1968 -8.0 1956 62.8 1963 78.0 1969 -11.0 1957 69.6 1964 27.0 1970 68.0 1958 120.1 1965 43.0 1971 66.0 1959 244.3 1966 40.0 1972 129.0 1960 332.0 Source: United Nations, ECLA External Financing in Latin America (New York: 1965), Table 112, p. 122...
...5 The first of these periods saw credits directed to specific projects: railroad improvement, metallurgy development, increasing output of sulfate and tungsten, agriculture and industry as well as indemnization for cancellation of ITT telephone contracts...
...3. The Montoneros take their name from the "gauchos" who fought against tne Spaniards under colonial rule and participated in the Civil Wars on the side of the autonomists...
...Whatever the oucome of present events, the corporations themselves will not lose a penny on their investment...
...Originally founded in 1966 to follow "Che" into Bolivia and later to act as the Argentine wing of the Bolivian National Liberation Army...
...organizations to close ranks, to support each other, and to present an organized common front to the political, ideological Our legal activity is directed towards the consolidation and and military offensive of the bourgeoisie, in both its repressive development of an anti-imperialist front combining all and deceptive populist forms.31 With regard to combining legal and illegal activity, we will zealously maintain the clandestine structure of the PRT and the ERP, reinforcing the separation of divisions and regulating the strict fulfillment of security norms...
...Compensation to the foreign firm was given in the form of shares in the local company...
...Contract with ENTel (No...
...ERP: As we have said, neither exploitation nor repression has stopped and therefore the armed struggle against these conditions and the dictatorship goes on...
...They will also act through business organizations that corporately represent them (ACIEL, UIA, SOC...
...GG Involved in joint R&D project with Gem...
...Anilsud, Fabrica de Anilinas y Productos Quimicos S.A...
...It doesn't recognize Peron's leadership nor does it feel FREJULI represents the true interests of the working class...
...renewed enforcement of workers and old people's rights...
...14222 had given foreign capital limited access to the Argentine market...
...Ingenio La Esperanza S.A...
...This latter group belonged to the Priests for the Third World Movement founded in Cordoba in 1968.2 The movement is actively supporting and even participating in the present Peronist government...
...Peron The capitalist development of Argentina tied its productive forces to the needs of imperialism and transferred the surplus value of Argentine workers into profit for foreign monopolies...
...In the petrochemical industry, for instance, eleven companies among the Top 120 produce 47 petrochemical and related products, but only seven of these products are manufactured by more than one company...
...By working through the IMF and the World Bank, by shrouding its purpose in the language of international "developmentalism," the United States can increase its demand on Third World countries without incurring proportionate anti-U.S...
...private U.S., European or Japanese banks...
...Business Latin America (New York), June 1, 1973...
...Wetters Aaericausa u (tope) L.-lw Seak of Nasmd leau do 11i Paisicano-C.F.C Win...
...Thus a part of these sectors supported the Front while the bulk turned toward radicalism, the traditional political expression of the petty and middle bourgeoisie, and toward other less important groups (the Alende-Sueldo Alliance...
...policy and the domestic situation in borrowing countries...
...100c 3,3006 Controls 45% of market...
...The compounded sales of all these firms would place Bunge among the top three Argentine corporations...
...Ganadera -Listas Argentinas S.A.C...
...There is some evidence to show different levels of association between groups of European companies which are then reflected in varying forms of cooperation inside Argentina...
...Source: see footnote 26.17 want you to buy from us so we will give you x-amount of time to pay what is due on what you import from us...
...See the chart in this issue of the Top 120 nonfinancial corporations in Argentina...
...electrical appliances and office equipment (Standard Electric, General Electric, IBM, Union Carbide and four others...
...holds a substantial share of that monopoly...
...As part of the stabilization program set forth in this document, wage increases were to be kept to a minimum...
...but their development is still not sufficient to conquer the enemy armed forces militarily...
...firms controlled 24.6 percent of production in the rubber, paper and chemical industry, 17.2 percent in the automotive industry, 7.8 percent in the electrical machinery sector and 8.7 percent in the foodstuffs industry...
...y F. -Cia...
...D.A.P...
...the 16 listed below died either instantly or in the Miguel Angel Polti Mariano Pujadas hospital...
...The private sector's share was said to be 40 percent of the total, or nearly $2,600 million, while the public sector debt equaled $3,800 million...
...Establishment of diplomatic, economic and cultural relations with all the world's countries, with our national interest as the sole consideration...
...This situation contrasts sharply with 1945 when ample gold reserves allowed the Peronist government to resist imperialist pressures for five years...
...International Monetary Fund Argentina became a member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 1956...
...and Deltec International...
...Perhaps he was embarrassed that the country's external obligations had more than doubled from the $3,276 million debt recorded at the end of 1966,3 when the amiable generals occupied the Presidency...
...Nine of these corporations are among the Top 120 in Argentina...
...Workers wages were raised 20 percent...
...I BRD, Policies and Operations, p. 64...
...While the latter best represented the interests of the most conservative sectors, both sought a stable economy, the preservation of established privileges and the superexploitation of workers...
...Societe de Banque Suisse, Union de Banques Suisses, Banque Populaire Suisse...
...Juan Oddone, Gremialismo proletarlo argentino (Buenos Aires: La Vanguardia, 1949), p. 39...
...firms in Argentina as a rule had taken out insurance policies on their operations with the Overseas Private Investment Corporation 3 4 and/or the Agency for International Development...
...IDB loan...
...The mini-coup led to Peron's candidacy for the upcoming September 23rd presidential elections-a step aimed at slowing the right-wing offensive...
...Their revolutionary dynamism frustrated all the aims of a regime which desperately tried by any means to separate the masses from their leader...
...His magazine, Las Bases, serves as a national focal point for reactionary Peronist propaganda against the left (see right-wing documentt...
...3) G. Martorell, Las inversiones extranleras en Ia Argentina, pp...
...Through their valuable invisible connections they serve as intermediaries to government agencies and political organizations...
...Two programs typified the process of submission to imperialism...
...Campora represents counselled the people "not to shed blood," "to avoid civil war," "to wait...
...RURAL, etc...
...R. Tarragno, in La Opinion (Buenos Aires), January 10, 1973, p. 14...
...companies which established themselves in this period were in textiles (United Merchants and Manufacturers, Dupont and Anderson Clayton...
...6. Figure for 1967...
...As the U.S...
...We will engovernment and the bureaucratic union leadership...
...The latter, obviously will not be implemented by the entire Front, but rather by the interested sectors...
...See introduction to documents...
...These investments immediately triggered a reverse flow of capital through dividend and profit remittances...
...In 1966 the same leadership counselled the people "to get off their horses till the weather clears," letting the new military government of Ongania act freely...
...THE PRINCIPAL CONTRADICTION...
...79 patents...
...R. Scalabrini Ortiz, Politica britanicea n el Rio de la Plata, 5th ed., (Buenos Aires: Editorial Plus Ultra, 1971), p. 67...
...Held jointly by ICI (UK, No...
...Situated in this vanguard, we understand that the road to workers' and people's power in Argentina is prolonged revolutionary war...
...This shift facilitates the subsidization of the subsidiaries of multinationals abroad and mitigates the strain on the U.S...
...At the same time, especially in the case of England, the low consumption capacity of the proletariat could not absorb rising industrial production...
...Al D, Operations Report: Data as of June 30, 1971 (December, 1971), p. 11...
...SUBSCRIPTIONS: $6 per year for individuals ($11 for two years...
...Thus, for the first time, an anti-imperialist alliance has been formed, united around a strategy to defeat their common enemy-the local bourgeoisie, bureaucrats and imperialism...
...Most of these contradictions are not antagonistic in this period, since the majority of the forces are united around an anti-imperialist, anti-oligarchic and anti-monopolist program, even though there are degrees of consistency and firmness...
...2 4 The devaluation encouraged the acquisition process begun under Illia...
...suppliers need not wait long for payment...
...For this policy to be favorable to the people's side it is essential that these sectors should have no possibility of pressing their vacillating line and that the leadership of the people's camp remain in the hands of those who faithfully represent the workers...
...But as experience shows, both previous to and particularly after March 11th, there will be an intense enemy activity within FREJULI based on the traitorous integrationist sectors existing within it and at the heart of the Peronist Movement...
...CH: It is clear that FREJULI cannot be considered homogeneous...
...This is a double entry, because the Inter-American Development Bank, as ad...
...The ability and determination of the revolutionary Peronist forces to organize politically and militarily, to broaden their mass base and to unite with other non-Peronist revolutionary organizations, will determine their chances of achieving socialism...
...The exact role of technical agreements or long-term financing, while obviously important, needs more analysis to pinpoint the level of control they afford...
...104...
...Source: see footnote 26...
...IBM 2 Citroen Private Techint Finsider Gen...
...By creating a corporate fiction---seemingly independent companies-and moving through complex financial channels, Deltec has lowered its profile while increasing its powerful position in the Argentine economy...
...ERP: We will stand shoulder to shoulder with progressive and revolutionary Peronism to fight any attempt to reestablish the military dictatorship...
...State Ar 100 84 18 IKA-Renaultl Renault Fr 38 1949 82 State Ar 11 (2,747)8 Amer...
...Since 1955 the armed forces destroyed all political _ ___ __27 alternatives in order to stabilize a nation in subjection to imperialist interests...
...7) What, then, is the balance of forces between the people's camp and the enemy in the conjuncture beginning May 25th...
...Conoco- -0.5 Motor (6) Vehicle 28 65 0.7 0.2 0.4 Tires 3)13 116 (46)13 28 67 1.2 1.9 3.2 Petro- 307) (53) chemicals 27 43 0.9 2.5 1.6 Chemicals, 038) (158) Batteries 27 0.5 Food 26 519 (384) 26 519 (384) 26 6.8 6,8 0.3 1.3 Textile (21) 1.8 8.8 Paint, Var- (21) nish, Enamel 3.2 Food flRiL...
...No let-up for the exploiting corporations...
...We also base ourselves on his concept and exemplary practice of proletarian internationalism: to be in any place where people have taken up arms in the fight against imperialism...
...Between 1946 and 1948 Argentina paid out $959 million to reduce the debt and nationalize basic sectors of the economy...
...8. Figure for Renault...
...Thus, colonies apart from having a strategic role, became: -the supplier of mineral and agricultural raw materials to the metropolitan countries...
...the telephone, gas and electric companies...
...Kreditanstad Fur Wiederaufbau Banque de Bruxelles, Kredietbarlk, Banque Lambert, Banque de Commerce, Banque Italo-Belge...
...Goodrich (US...
...The wages of workers not only rose in absolute terms but their share of domestic income grew substantially between 1947 and 1952 (see Table 7 ), after which it shrank because of economic problems faced by Argentina...
...Note should also be made that by controlling the purse strings via disbursements, the World Bank-and all other "aid" agencies-have usurped effective control of national projects and programs...
...ERP: People's Revolutionary Army...
...and Roberts, a British investment bank...
...Monitoring of the Argentine economy by the IMF doesn't end with the letter of intent...
...private banks opened the doors to the larger European banks, Japanese, Canadian and the lesser lights of the European financial circus...
...Statement by Jose Gelbard, present Finance Minister, Inter Press Service (Buenos Aires), September 28, 1967...
...5) cancelled in early 1973 due to over- charging and double-pricing...
...Produces 40%of energy...
...PLANT SIZE AND EMPLOYEES: both give an approximation of the size of each local company to facilitate inter-firm comparisons...
...Operated under license from Peugeot (Fr) until 1964 when it was bought out...
...Fifty-four of these credits have been made to the government or its agencies, with the remainder going to private industrial concerns with government guarantee...
...The crisis which ensued forced Campora's resignation and a purge in the Cabinet of two left ministers sympathetic to the movement...
...If we reach this point, we will run a definite risk: when they see they are about to lose completely, any individual or social class polishes up its instinct for survival and the open confrontation takes place which we must accept at the point when we have sufficient strength to win...
...relations with developing nations...
...Now the alternatives open to the government are much more confined...
...In addition to the forces mentioned, they can also rely on the contradictions within FREJULI, which contains a minority sector of potential allies of the enemy...
...Private (3,460) Ar 1885 70 US 100 1930 65 (3,602) Ar 1929 63 336 NA Petroleum 49 9.2 3.7 14.9 Motor 4,000t 10,8006 SA (25) Vehicle 4 1.7 -8.9 Petroleum GB (902) -3.2 Electricity 5.7 Telephone 2 1 -13 Petroleum 1,505t 1,715 RLP (1,462) McE -160 Railroad 3 1 8.3 1.2 Motor 1,543t 4,210 JWT OF (657) Vehicle 16 Steel 5,920t 3.4 Gas 1 0.4 1.0 0.1 Motor 119c 7,800 McE (1,936) Vehicle -11 Meat 519 30.6 2.0 9.6 Food 4,600 HCA (21) 69 5.1 2.3 1.3 Tobacco (177) 3.1 Gas 8 Water 115 5.9 0.1 0.4 Motor 5,000 7 (34) Vehicle -4.1 Air Transp...
...i) An independent international policy that in essence will be in solidarity with all peoples fighting for their liberation...
...What were the reasons for this split...
...Accordingly they stole from us with the currency and they stole from us with the prices, and they would end up paying.us back only 15 or 20 percent of the total debt...
...Even under Peron the U.S...
...The IBRD employs other less subtle means of control...
...Two armed groups-the Revolutionary Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias, FAR) and the Peronist Armed Organization-Montoneros 3 (Organizacion Armada Peronista)--grew independently of each other but have recently considered uniting around their common position on armed struggle and their similar interpretation of Peronism (see the FAR document...
...The British used the authority of these banks to issue currency to reinforce the export-import nature of the Argentine economy...
...companies had been reached at a cost of $235.8 million to the Argentine government...
...From an interview with Peron in Peroniuno: Justlclillsmo y Revolucian, documentary film by Solanas y Getino, 1972...
...The bourgeois sectors of FREJULI which dominate the government will orient their counterrevolutionary politics toward dividing and isolating the revolutionary and progressive forces to permit their physical destruction by the military...
...dollars until the beginning of 1972, at which time 1 SDR started to be valued as 1.08571 SDR US $1...
...This group crystallized the position of radical union members first formulated back in 1962 when 62 workers' organizations published the Huerta Grande Program...
...In 1971 and 1972 S 191 million was paid in royaltieson these contracts, of which 85 percent went to the United States, Italy, Switzerland, France, the Federal Republic of Germany and Great Britain (Inter Press Service, Buenos Aires, May 14, 1973...
...The IMF and the World Bank group occupy the same building in Washington...
...Faced with the massive penetration of foreign capital and the increasingly repressive policies of the military dictatorship, including the imprisonment, torture and killing of the Peronist leadership, the working class was forced to rely on spontaneous forms of struggles...
...Any other solution would mean another setback for the working class (see document by the Fighting Unions...
...You partially accepted this request...
...Since these functions require an intimate knowledge of the company, the ties of a law firm to a corporation are quite stable...
...The existence of a socialist country in America (Cuba) which is overcoming the blockade erected more than ten years ago...
...Twenty-six strikes including 11,765 workers, between 1967 and 1970 do not adequately reflect the intensity of workers' mobilizations and struggles during this period...
...Assistance from the United States Government The United States Government has been "most generous" in aiding its most southern American neighbor...
...Prices were frozen or rolled back on most basic items...
...51 patents...
...By the time World War II broke out, U.S...
...Both the United States and Britain resisted an immediate settlement of the debt in cash payments in the hope of eventually paying their obligations in capital goods once their economies were back on a peace-time production footage.1 2 Argentina pressed its case for prompt settlement, subtracted what...
...exporters...
...Our consciousness of the bilateral strategy of the enemy must be exUSS 35.0 million Germany 87.0 million D. Marks (US$ 32.2 million) Belgium 100.0 million B. Francs (US$ 2.5 million) Sweden 10.0 million S. Kronen (US$ 2.3 million) Switzerland 40.0 million Sw...
...The following documents are representative of the broad spectrum of views on the current situation...
...punishment of all those indirectly and directly guilty for these acts...
...Produces 13% of energy...
...Peronism and the Workers Peron's internal policies explain the adherence of the working class to his government, the mistrust of the industrial bourgeoisie and the opposition of the landed oligarchy: he cleaned up the electoral process, legalized unions, implemented the first mandatory collective bargaining agreements and assured the participation of workers at all levels of government including the Ministry of Labor which had traditionally been held by their class enemy...
...Technology is therefore a cheap but effective means of imperialist penetration...
...Technology has been used extensively to control local capital...
...VIII (1914), pp...
...Prevention of any form of cultural penetration by imperialism and promotion of all forms of people's culture...
...NA Source: see footnote 26...
...Before any of these loans could be discussed, however, a credit of $119.4 million had to be issued by the International Monetary Fund...
...5. Aldo Ferrer, The Argentine Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), p. 89...
...Socialism differs on this point, because the "dictatorship," This clarification of the difference between DOGMATIC although of the proletariat, does not recognize the rights of SOCIALISM and NATIONAL SOCIALISM is not only fitting, ! h others...
...14 (October, 1972...
...The rationale advanced by Frondizi urged the massive use of foreign technology and capital to quickly achieve the goal of selfsufficiency...
...Descriptions of some loans from private banks (about 10 percent of total public debt) will follow...
...54 3 0.2 Motor 260c 10,0006 RLP (-36) Vehicle 2.8 Steel 132c 4,500 8 0.9 -1.1 Motor 554t 3.100 GPA BV (83) Vehicle 31 2 0.5 0.4 Motor 2,881 (116) 5.5 28 1.8 7.3 (170) 3.4 Vehicle Footwear 4.3 Tires 8 Footwear Paper & Chemicals 196c 10,000 6 L McE OF Refines 67% of petroleum...
...This could be accomplished with more precise information on their total equity distribution, commercial bank loans, investment bank relations, law firms and interlocking directorates...
...Full solidarity with all Third World countries, particularly with Latin American peoples and those fighting for their liberation.26 -Implementation of policies to promote Latin American Unity in order to overcome U.S...
...The ERP will actively support their struggle, insisting on unity among Peronist and nonPeronist revolutionary and progressive organizations and sectors...
...All these aspects need more investigation to reveal their role in corporate control and financial group relations...
...24) forming Electroclor (No...
...Address all mail to Box 57, Cathedral Station, New York, N.Y., 10025, or Box 226, Berkeley, Cal...
...This turn of events brought a counter-offensive by the right which shrewdly played on the ideological contradictions within the Peronist Movement itself (see documents...
...A vigorous process burst forth throughout the entire country, reaching its highest expression in the events in Cordoba, Tucuman, Rosario, etc...
...controls 10% of paint and varnish market...
...THE ENEMY CAMP...
...In the subsequent orchestration of debt negotiation, agreements with the U.S...
...5. A Central Bank Study cited in Rogelio Garcia Lupo, "Las Finanzas de la Oligarquia Argentina," La Idea, Montevideo, July 23,1971...
...This is what happened with FREJULI...
...Argentaria S.A...
...5) it neglected the development of heavy industry (e.g...
...We can point out the following as common, attainable and lasting objectives of the people's camp in this period with the present balance of forces: On the internal plane: -Freedom for all prisoners of war and those held for political reasons...
...The internal development and expansion of capitalism broke the national and continental boundaries of Europe...
...Some of the more important cases are (see Top 120 chart for details): Imperial CheomIcal Industries (UK) and Celulosa Arqentine (No...
...Assembly began in 1916, manuf...
...The other 90 percent went to support a vague program of economic "stabilization...
...When in 1966 the people, loyal and with a fighting spirit, stood on the verge of establishing a popular government, the armed forces prevented their triumph by transforming themselves into a political party, representing the oligarchy and reactionary bourgeoisie allied to the interests of the big international monopolies...
...TABLE 8: Distribution of Family Income in Argentina, 1953 & 1961 Income Group 1953 1961 Top 10% 37.0% 39.1% Upper Middle (71-90%) 22.9 22.5 Middle (21-70%) 32.6 31.4 Lowest 20% 7.5 7.0 Source: ECLA, Economic Development and The reduced income of workers was compounded by growing unemployment, a phenomenon related to the nature of foreign capital...
...The author quotes a study by J. Notta based on data from the Direccion Nacional de Estadisticas y Censos and the Central Bank...
...they make up the economically predominant sector...
...Many of the purchased companies had previously held foreign patents or licenses...
...And the revolutionary war is not halted by this electoral event...
...Until this happens, elementary wisdom counsels avoidance of a total armed conflict and in its stead the waging of only limited fights...
...One of the most serious consequences of this dependency-but not the only one-is the transfer of the wealth produced in the country to the imperial power centers...
...Furthermore, it asserts that the latter will only be achieved through the mobilization of the masses without relying on reforms from above and through protracted struggle of people's war...
...The subsidiaries of large U.S...
...Compaseros Juan Jose Cabral Adolfo Ramon Bello Lois Norberto Blanco Miximo Mena Rail Castillo Juan Mario Romero Leonardo Guile Juan Carlos Funes Delia Guerra Daniel Castellanos Mariano Pereyra Marcelo Terza Jsm.mqil ASESINADOS EN CORRIENMES, ROSARIO Y CORDOBA Y a odes los cmpakiros herids, trades, rcesales, coamales pr una Justicia Militar qu d peb a rcnac: "* LA SANGRE QUE USTEDES DERRAMARON NO SERA NEGOCIADA "* LOS IDEALES QUE USTEDES DEFENDIERON NO SERAN TRAICIONADOS "* LA LUCHA QUE USTEDES INICIARON NO SERA INTERRUMPIDA "...Hasta que podamos reconquistar la Libertad y la Justicia Social y le sea devuelto al-pueblo el ejercicio del poder" CGTO[ LOS ARGENTI28 b) Externally: -Immediate implementation of the stage of organization and mobilization, scheduling public actions across the country...
...AID, U.S...
...During World War II this same factory had been used to manufacture airplanes and after the War Kaiser unsuccessfully tried to convert it to auto manufacturing...
...Recently he was one of the key behind-the-scenes figures maneuvering for Campora's resignation and his replacement by Raul Lastiri, President of the Chamber of Deputies-who happens to be Lopez Rega's son-in-law...
...There is an urgent need for more complete data on the workforce and the working conditions in each firm...
...A Marxist was placed at the head of the university and that institution's contracts with the Ford Foundation were cancelled...
...Jorge Bermudez Emparanza, reported Argentina's total foreign debt to be $6,441 million 1 (see Table 1).This figure included all obligations of both the public and private sectors payable to creditors outside the country, in foreign currency, goods or services with an original maturity of over one year, plus interest...
...There is no one else left...
...The people followed this advice and everyone knows what happened...
...18 In 1959-1960 new foreign investments reached $576.3 million as opposed to $16 million between 1951 and 1955, and $257.7 million in 1956-1958 (see Table 4...
...A true measure would take into account the parent's equity in the local firm...
...5I.mLs) Rothschild lateaiel Bank Teim oyal eoak of Caada Wells Farg eak N.A...
...We recognize the Cuban Revolution as the beacon of liberation in Latin America...
...2. We must be wary of provocation...
...We thought these companeros had serious deviations of a military type and did not understand the necessity for proletarianization of the organization...
...During the first two decades of the 20th century, industrial development centered in the export sector, primarily in agriculture and meat processing, under the impetus of British, European and some U.S...
...The president-elect's request, then, implies the total suspension of guerrilla activity...
...We have already spoken about the situation in the enemy camp, about its limited political force, its economic strength and its relative military weakness...
...Ibid., p. 61...
...We can categorically assert that the interruption of the popular process in 1955 was a blow to political sovereignty, economic independence, to the ongoing socialization process and to the nationalist sentiments of a people...
...NEW PRESSURES ON THE OLD ALLIANCE The terrible living conditions, low wage levels and the politicized background of many European workers led the nascent Argentine proletariat to form some of the first mutual aid societies and unions in Latin America...
...Employer's contributions (pensions, insurance, etc...
...This affirmation seeks only to criticise those adherents of the great international ideologies who could not understand that the people respond to economic and political events, whereas social revolutions, as history has shown, can only be achieved when they answer to the nationalist sentiments of a people without deforming them in any way...
...The ramifications of this shift in U.S...
...Of the remaining 54 "Argentine" corporations, 10 are stateowned or state-managed, and two are mixed private-state operations...
...state took control in 1971...
...We state that this path has a fundamental and irrefutable demand-the immediate and unconditional return to our country of our companero JUAN DOMINGO PERON as Chief and Leader of the process of national and social liberation and as an act of popular sovereignty...
...Inmobiliaria y Ganadera -Tierras del Pilaga S.A...
...71 patents...
...But we have already said that these sectors do not make up the majority in either the Government or the Movement...
...Structured along zonal, provincial, regional and national lines, it recognizes Peron's ideological leadership and works closely with the armed groups towards the development of "national socialism...
...In 1965 a radical sector of an old nationalist organization (not a guerrilla group), the Tacuaras, split off to form the Tacuara Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario Tacuara).This group gradually came to identify with revolutionary sectors of the Peronist Movement...
...Their victory strengthened imperialism by deepening Argentina's dependency on the international market...
...In the following notes on key columns we point out the topics that require more systematic study and the major sources utilized for gathering data...
...leads to the BOSS STATE, JUSTICIALISM opposes an JUSTICIALISM was born as a THIRD POSITION between evolutionary process which inverts the inflationary process and b CAPITALISM and the different schools of DOGMATIC brings about the formation of social entrepreneurship, acSOCIALISM, such as communism, scientific socialism, state cumulating wealth in the hands of the people...
...The danger of a military coup will remain latent, but increasing in direct proportion to the growing mobilization of the masses...
...Great Britain's investments in railroads and ports were liquidated by the Argentine government to compensate for unpaid war debts...
...Peron nationalized the railroads and other means of public transportation...
...If the entire amount due this year were to be paid off as scheduled, a new debt would have to be contracted to pay for imports...
...Bankruptcies grew from 1,647 in 1968 for a total value of 324.7 million new2mesos to 2,982 in 1970 for a total value of 1.15 billion new pesos...
...Dept...
...7. Ibid., p. 8. 8. Letter of April 12, 1972 to Pierre-Paul Schweitzer, IMF Managing Director, signed by C. Licciardo, Minister of Treasury and Finance, and C. S. Brignone, President of the Central Bank...
...until bought by Fr capital in 1906 and then by Corning Glass (US) in 1942...
...Inter-American Development Bank Activity in Argentina Despite the fact that the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) presents itself as a multilateral institution, the largest lending agency in Latin America is not free of pressure from its most powerful member, the United States, which currently holds 40 percent of the bank's total votes...
...ploitation of man by the state...
...SDRs were held equivalent to U.S...
...Thus JUSTICIALISM accepts along with socialism that the It is fitting for us to stop to consider the significance of this accumulation of wealth in a few hands leads to social disorder...
...At that point the export-oriented centralists from the port city of Buenos Aires were able to impose their will on the provincial autonomists...
...The officials of the Argentine Railway Authority (EFA) supplied the required "memorandum of understanding" to the World Bank as prerequisite to loan authorization...
...participates in Dea (No...
...All of these disaffected sectors found their political expression in the Radical Party, founded in 1891...
...Between 1964 and 1971 unemployment averaged 5.9 percent in Buenos Aires, 6.8 percent in Cordoba, 6.2 percent in Rosario, 10.6 percent in Tucuman and 3.7 percent in Mendoza-the most industrialized centers of the country where employment op- portunities are greatest...
...Regardless of the exact amount of the debt, one look at the repayments due annually and it is easy to recognize the stranglehold that "foreign assistance" can have on even a strongly based economy such as Argentina's.* This year alone, $2,107.2 million 4 in amortization and interest is required to service the debt...
...5 Foreign capital was heavily injected into the railroad network which grew from a mere 39 kilometers in 1860 to 35,256 kilometers in 1917...
...Luis Sommi, Los capitltes yanquis en Ia Argentina (Buenos Aires: Editorial Monteagudo, 1949), p. 80...
...738) 79 Edit...
...Last year an IFC loan of $10.0 million was extended to Celulosa Argentina, S.A., 1 4 the largest pulp and paper producer in the country, to help finance a $72.5 million expansion plan...
...1955-58 for illegal use of exchange permit and violating investment laws...
...Argentine new peso figures were converted to 1971 USS equivalents of 5.1 pesos to the USS...
...Yet these forces are now faced with objective conditions which will weigh heavily on the future alternatives of struggle...
...corporations...
...Ex-Im loans...
...and finally, as a basic element of revolutionary war, the organization and mobilization of the people for the seizure of power...
...de Electricidad 42 Rellnerlas de Maiz 43 IBM 44 Citroen 45 Gurmendi 46 DalmineSiderca 47 SADE 48 Siemens DuPont 2 DunlopPirelli Private State ICI State Private Private Cargill IT&T 2 Olivetti Underwood Philip Morris St...
...But several data cells in the chart could not be filled given the limits of available sources...
...This is a constant guide for our analyses inasmuch as it helps us avoid getting lost in the morass of details presented by any complex reality...
...Another key area of foreign investment was the meatpacking industry: The first determining factor in the emergence of the beef industry was foreign demand, primarily British, in the mid-19th century...
...Ex-Im loan...
...Filled tech...
...In its leadership as well as its program and methods, the next parliamentary government of Campora-Solano Lima will essentially represent bourgeois and capitalist interests...
...Often companies in the same industry concentrate on different products to reduce competition or even compliment each other...
...Our organization will continue its military fight against big corporations which are exploiting our country, particularly those controlled by the imperialists and counterrevolutionary armed forces...
...see Nos...
...In the first period the total amount accrued came to less than $290 million while in the latter $4,000 million was received...
...J. Vandor, a metallurgical union official who was trying to win the Peronist Movement away from Peron, had been holding secret negotiations with the military dictatorship...
...from Wheaton Glass (US) and Verreries Cristallerle d'Arques (Fr...
...This monopoly, reinforced by their control over the Argentina Rural Society, sustained the privileged position of the fatteners among the stockmen and made them the dominant sector of the land-owning bourgeoisie...
...I recall that in the year 1948 England lowered, by decree, in 30 percent the value of the pound: they were beginning to pay for the war...
...The socialist perspective, however, also affects them as a class...
...2. For detailed information on the Priests for the Third World Movement see the following documents: a) Sacerdotes para el Tercer Mundo (Buenos Aires: Publicaciones del Mo- vimiento, 1970, 2nd and 3rd eds...
...They suffered a hard political blow with the defeat of its integrationist project (Gran Acuerdo Nacional...
...If compounded with interest payments the total drain for the 1960-71 period can be assessed at $1,936 billion (see Table 6...
...Thirteen other Argentine private corporations are linked to foreign interests through patent and licensing agreements, joint research ventures, international public or private financing, or foreign minority equity parTABLE 1: Nationality and Sales of the Top 120 Non-Financial Corporations in Argentina, 1971 NATIONALITY SALES Amount Percent of Percent of Number Percent [000 SUS] Total Private Sector FOREIGN 66 55.0 3,183,363 48.5 67.0 United States 31 25.8 1,411.826 21.5 29.7 Italian 7 5.8 440,486 6.7 9.3 West German 6 5.0 223,136 3.4 4.7 French 6 5.0 328,800 5.0 6.9 Other 16 13.4 779,115 11.9 16.4 ARGENTINE 54 45.0 3,375,594 51.5 33.0 State 10 8.3 1,811,064 27.8 - Mixed 2 1.7 67,308 1.0 1.4 uonge y Born 5 4.2 219,180 3.3 4.6 Dependent Co...
...Nationalization of production and distribution monopolies...
...imperialism which was on the rise, seeking markets for its manufactured goods and attempting to take advantage of cheap labor for local production and exports...
...These by-laws place the burden of proof of dire need on the borrowing countries who have little power but to go along with Bank policies...
...government for these payments...
...46 and 110...
...ties...
...IDB loan...
...SOURCE: Martindale & Hubbell Law Directory (New York, annual...
...It was only in mid-June that the credit was finally authorized.18is the upward spiral of rates, the working man ultimately assumes the cost through the higher taxes he must pay to service his country's foreign debt...
...TABLE 7: Share of Wages and Salaries, and Capital in the Argentine Gross National Product, 1946-1972 Wags L t Wages g Wages Year laries . Capital Year Salarises Capital Year Salaries Capital* 1946 38.7 59.8 195s 43.0 48.0 1964 36.9 NA 1947 37.3 55.5 1956 42.6 48.5 1965 39.1 NA 1948 40.6 51.8 1957 41.4 50.2 1966 41.1 NA 1949 45.7 46.3 1958 43.3 49.2 1967 42.0 H4 1950 45.9 46.0 1959 37.8 56.0 1968 39.9 NA 19 43.0 49.6 1960 38.4 54.4 1969 398 1952 46.9 45.2 1961 40.0 52.5 1970 40.0 NA 1953 44.8 46.6 1962 39.1 54.0 1971 37.2 NA 1954 45.6 45.5 1963 37.2 54.7 1972 35.2(est...
...The direction they gave the country wavered between developmentalism and demo-liberalism...
...In that the "Corporation takes much the same position as would a private investor," 1 3 it is eminently successful in bringing together public and private institutions to assist in financing operations...
...Swift de la Plata S.A.F...
...contracts for 19 co.'s among top 120...
...Forced to choose among bourgeois candidates, the majority of the working class and the people opted for FREJULI, which campaigned energetically and successfully against the government while at the same time arguing pro-guerrilla positions...
...4) the government did not break with world market price agreements nor did it establish trade relations with socialist countries...
...Figure for Pechiney Ugine Kuhlman...
...The Prebisch Plan, initiated in 1955, laid the groundwork for the policies instituted under the government of Arturo Frondizi (1958-1962) which exemplified the developmentalist trend...
...A revolutionary politics is one which proposes to achieve the maximum objectives possible in accord with the forces at its disposition...
...Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) are a new world paper currency issued in 1969 to increase liquidity and pegged to the value of gold...
...He hardly reached this position through struggle and militancy in the Peronist Movement...
...In the last elections, and prior to the counteroffensive of the right, these three political forces had remained in opposition to Peronism...
...The exploitation of man by man, typical of the capitalist This brief summary shows the ideological abyss that separates mentality, is supplanted in the socialist system by the ex- JUSTICIALISM from dogmatic socialism...
...b) The manufacturing industry is the most important branch of production...
...Although these organizations serve different functions they should not be regarded as independent institutions...
...We should note that this format understates the importance of parent companies with more than one subsidiary or affiliate in Argentina (see box on Bunge y Born and Deltec...
...absolute and unconditional enforcement of the vital, flexible, minimum wage law, of the 82 percent and 75 percent retirement and pension benefits, and of the Teachers Statute...
...1 2 The irony in this "statement consists in the fact that one Corpdration member, the United States, holds more than 25 percent of the voting power and that almost all of the firms the IFC deals with have substantial U.S...
...499 patents...
...Infrastructure development, once monopolized by foreign corporations and now state controlled, is an extremely sensitive political issue...
...The outcome was indicative of the general trend of the period for the whole economy...
...firms involved in Argentina is facilitated by the wealth of public information on U.S...
...Its precedent is the achievements of the Peronist Government (1945-1955), which constitute a reference point for the FREJULI Government...
...After the 1955 military coup the slogan of self-sufficiency was turned around to favor foreign oil companies...
...share in Santa Rosa (No...
...Foreign banks now control 17.5 percent of all deposits, 24 percent of all industrial loans, and 18 percent of commercial loans...
...1971 the imports were primarily divided between the United States 9.3 percent, Europe (except Great Britain) 39.9 percent, Japan 5.11 percent, Great Britain 6.9 percent and the socialist countries 4.3 percent...
...47) subsidiary in Italy, Compaglms Generale dl Electricita, in which Flat (It, No...
...The Illia government cancelled all these contracts plus five others granted in the interim Guido presidency (1962-63...
...de Engranajes automotive gears 1962 3.05 PASA petrochemicals 1965 2.50 Celulosa Argentina pulp and paper 1969 3.00 Dalmine Siderca steel products 1969 7.00 Editorial Codex printing & pub...
...An electoral coalition of 25 organizations led by Peron's Justicialist Party...
...Guarantees of the possibility of access to free education at every level for all the country's inhabitants...
...and Swiss-Italian companies that controlled Argentine utilities before their nationalization in 1945 came to realize, the general public cannot be ignored...
...Strikes and mass demonstrations began in Corrientes in 1969 and later spread to Rosario, Tucuman and finally Cordoba where popular resistance reached its height...
...Could the continuation of guerrilla activity during this period serve as an excuse for ultraright sectors of the armed forces to refuse to hand over power to Campora...
...Government Grants, Ex-Im Bank Loans and Other Loans to Argentina, FY 1946-71 [US$ million] U.S...
...Cia...
...24 20.0 764,144 11.6 16.0 TOTAL 120 100.0 6,558,957 100.0 100.0 ticipation...
...ADVERTISING AGENCY: although the data is sparse, we have included information on the advertising agency used by the local firm when available to emphasize its importance and encourage further investigation...
...Licensing agreement with Olver Int...
...More research is needed and NACLA-East would appreciate references to more sources as well as the results of other peoples research...
...All political prisoners were freed and police records on political activists were ordered destroyed...
...The big monopolistic imperialist corporations form the hegemonic sector of this alliance...
...Fiscal Ex-Im Bank Year Grants Loans Other Loans Total 1946-1948 - 0.2 - 0.2 1949-1952 - 101.5 - 101.5 1953-1961 2.3 304.2 49.0 355.5 1962 2.0 1.0 25.0 28.0 1963 3.3 3.6* 126.4 133.3 1964 1.4 1.8 8.2 11.4 1965 1.8 22.3 3.5 27.6 1966 1.7 29.0* 5.0 35.7 1967 1.6 - - 1.6 1968 1.8 41.0 1.0 43.8 1969 1.9 57.6 - 59.5 1970 1.0 22.4 - 23.4 1971 0.5 38.7 - 39.2 Sub-total 19.3 623.3* 218.1 860.7 less canc...
...The army fought for two weeks before it regained complete control of the city of Cordoba...
...CH: How do you explain the massive popular vote for FREJULI...
...Rotating: credits extended without formal negotiation...
...Freight shipments by rail from the interior to Buenos Aires, which monopolized the export business, jumped from 2,257 tons in 1857 to 28,501,000 tons in 1917...
...It can be summarized as follows: a) Nationalization of all the critical sectors of the economy: petroleum, iron and steel, energy, transportation, banking, insurance, foreign trade, and those activities which affect our economic independence by their nature and/or their economic-financial and strategic importance...
...Several objective conditions are important to understand...
...CH: In recent declarations, president-elect Hector Campora asked the Argentine guerrilla organizations to agree to a truce after May 25th, in order "to see whether we are on the road to liberation and to achieving our objectives...
...2) the government failed to carry out land reform and break the back of the reactionary landowners...
...Conselo Tecnologico del Movimiento Nacional Peronista, Baos pare un program peronista de goblerno...
...investments in Argentina was reported at $1.3 billion (or 56.5 percent of all foreign investment in the country).31 Four branches of industry absorbed 80 percent of all U.S...
...It moved the country a step closer toward the construction of socialism...
...Operation Report Aidbook (Washington, D.C...
...Banco Urquijo, Banco Noroeste...
...LOCAL AND PARENT SALES AND INCOME: while the separate figures for local and parent are accurate, the relationship between local/parent sales or local/parent income are only general indicators of the significance of the subsidiary or affiliate for the parent...
...4 In a recent document the ERP General Secretary, Mario Roberto Santucho, emphasized two tasks for revolutionaries in Argentina today: 1. To work with greater determination than ever for the unity of all progressive and revolutionary forces, Peronist and non- Peronist, in order to forcefully defeat the counterrevolutionary self-made coup and its reactionary politics...
...The surplus was channelled into the industrial sector...
...Deltec is heavily weighted with U.S...
...I think this is the moment for Peron...
...16 It found an interested ally in U.S...
...2 56 This over-all process of denationalization, whether by bankruptcy or acquisition, demonstrated the role played by technology as a cheap means of control...
...By 1968 these varied experiences, combined with the effects of growing control over the economy by imperialist monopolies and the conciliatory approach of some union officials towards private capital, brought the sporadic workers' struggle to a head...
...The enemy are trying to make an orderly retreat, so that they can counterattack as soon as possible...
...for example, economic assistance to assist a country engaged in a major defense effort...
...Normally, IBRD loans are made only to cover the foreign exchange costs of projects...
...rather revolution, which is national in the specific form it takes in each country, has an internationalist content.30 -Rigt-wingPeronism property as inherent to human nature, whereas socialism, by not - t- ing Pernism recognizing private property, maintains the worker in a state of proletarianization, even though it also favors a single class...
...This partial alliance divided the landed oligarchy, alienated the breeders and forced them to seek new outlets in the Axis markets...
...Ongania settled four other contracts with U.S...
...Bankruptcies went up from an average of 67 a month in 1960 to 107 in 1961 and 153 in 1962.20 The contradiction of the Frondizi developmentalist policies was played out in the attempt to hold free elections while totally submitting the economy to imperialist forces...
...The alignment of all social forces in one of two camps-the people's or the enemy's-is based on this principal contradiction which determines and influences the other contradictions of our society...
...Convocation of the Constitutional Assembly in order to put the Constitution of 1949 into effect...
...V. THE PEOPLE'S CAMP...
...FREJULI is the only political coalition in Argentina with a real mass base among workers and peasants...
...The program of the people's camp is not absolutely anti-bourgeois...
...Export growth as a means to finance debt repayment is a most common goal: infrastructure and project assistance is given, less to help the local capitalists to increase their profits than to aid foreign exporters...
...From 1955 to 1966 448 strikes broke out with a participation of 4,058,483 workers...
...illegal and legal work...
...Ibid., p. 49-50...
...Much of this data however can only be acquired through an investigation of the key components of financial groups-the country's major commercial banks, investment banks, insurance companies, and law firms...
...This counteroffensive was unleashed at the welcoming ceremonies for Juan D. Peron at the Ezeiza airport on June 20, 1973...
...Ar 33 (3,717) 109 Hlytego Private Ar 13 110 Techlat Techint It 100 1946 13 (NA) IlI LaCeanabrica BND Ar <50 13 Private 112 LaVascomgada Foremost- US 100 1903 13 McKesson (1,738) I13 Edit.LaNacion Private Ar 1870 12 114 MeflorGoodwimCombustion US <50 12 Engineering (1,066) 115 Bors Garfunkel Private Ar 1913 12 116 Magnasco Private Ar 12 117 CunretaVolesa Private 118 Camale 119 Pfizer Private Pfizer 120 Edit.LaRszon Private Ar Ar US 100 1956 Ar 12 12 12 (952) 12 83 0.8 1.8 (155) 1.2 Petrochems...
...The only central trade- union organization in Argentina...
...Workers were made the major target of the Frondizi and Krieger Vasena Plans...
...Under the leadership of R. Ongaro, the CGT de los Argentinos updated much of the first statement in the Program of the Ist of May (1968...
...At the same time, Deltec controls at least 16 companies in Argentina (see list), including a major investment company which in turn controls many more Argentine firms...
...particular companies or politicians linked to a group are agents for that group...
...revocation of all repressive laws...
...45) and Terrabusi (No...
...Inversiones extranjeras (Buenos Aires), No...
...Gradual development (quantitative change) must be combined with forward leaps (qualitative change), always remembering the balance of forces so as not to try to leap in a vacuum...
...panded to understand its new multilateral form...
...2 0 and the largest loan ever extended by the IDB, $80 million to build a hydroelectric plant to serve Argentina and Uruguay and to "advance the integration of the *IFor other examples of IFC credits in Argentina see James C. Baker, The In- ternational Finance Corporation (New York: Praeger, 1968).19 (two) economies...
...The regime tried to crush this resistance with torture, imprisonment, firing squads and political crimes on the one hand and with so-called democratic maneuvers that outlawed the popular majority on the other...
...Grace (US...
...Paradoxically, therefore, U.S...
...1973 Amount Amount Sector Loans [US$ mn] Sector Loans [US$ mn] Manuf...
...Finally, as an introductory reference point, we wish to direct attention to an important aspect of the international situation that should not be overlooked: North American imperialism is no longer a world-wide hegemonic force...
...Moreover it would increase the capacity of the revolutionary forces to take better advantage of splits in the bourgeoisie...
...As voting is weighted to favor the imperialist nations, Argentina-as with all third world countries-is on the short-end when it comes to borrowing these credits...
...68...
...In a joint auto manufacturing venture signed in 1954, Kaiser agreed to provide the technology...
...Item 2. 9. Ibid., Item 8. 10...
...lerclays Baok D.C.O...
...g) Reform of civil, commercial, criminal and labor legislation, to conform with the general plan for the revolutionary transformation of society, to one based on the value of work...
...JUSTICIALISM gives by law to the state, as guardian of the This THIRD POSITION diverges from the socialist doctrine general welfare, the monopoly of certain activities in industry, and supports principles that are incompatible with that doctrine...
...MO IFC loan...
...The second refers to the number of employees including management...
...The difference is that in the former case, their disappearance leaves them in a society that exploits them and in the latter it does not...
...Timbo S.A...
...distinction because certain elements are actively working to turn However, to a solution through class struggle, which unfailingly the Peronist masses toward one of the materialist tendencies...
...Moreover, this extreme monopolization forced the masses of immigrants to settle in the cities and join the labor force of the industrial and service sectors...
...IV, No...
...80-1...
...In other words, the objectives that the people's camp sets itself in each period must relate to the balance of forces that exists in that period and to their possible development...
...Arcangelo, op...
...52c 4,064 YP (337) Equipment 260 6.5 2.1 34.4 Office (6) Equipment 176 4.3 0,8 0.8 Tobacco 34c 1,274 LBN (101) 94 2.7 1.2 1.8 Steel 286c (66) 60 1.9 4.0 3.4 Tires JWT BV (120) 1.4 Food 16c 2706 29 1.3 1.9 1.4 Food (130) 15 0.9 1.1 1.1 Electrical JWT (98) Appliances 4.9 Electricity (NA) 131 3.1 3.9 7.6 Food 51c 1,904 TP MO (52) 6 0.5 -0.9 Office 12c 1,570 (1,079) Equipment 105 23 -3.9 Motor 84c (1) Vehicle 2.0 Steel 4.9 Steel (NA) 5 0.4 1.8 0.4 Industrial KCA (472) Construction 23 1 0.7 1.1 Telecom...
...Workers' control of production, transportation and distribution...
...Inter Press Service, May 1973...
...According to its Articles of Agreement, drawn up at Bretton Woods in 1944, the World Bank never lends when "funds are available on reasonable terms from other sources" and pays "due regard, when considering a loan, to the prospects for repayment...
...On this terrain differences and contradictions will be exposed which should be resolved in the development of the process...
...Holds Wilson (US) trademark...
...Ibid., p. 99-100...
...as a percentage of wages and salaries also increased significantly until 1955 and dropped off in following years...
...Their resolution will depend basically on the strength of each sector and its capacity to win over or neutralize the other sectors...
...economic sphere, a change which attempts to transform the JUSTICIALISM seeks to establish justice as the incontestable community of wage earners into a community of entrepreneurs ) principle in person-state and family-state relations, by setting so that all the people and not just a privileged minority, may forth mutual rights and duties...
...While the IBRD financing may somewhat stem TABLE 4: Loans to Argentina from the World Bank, 1961-1972 Amount Year [US$ mn] Borrower Purpose 1961 48.5* Vialidad Nacional road construction 1962 95.0 SEGBA electric power expansion 1967 15.3 Rep...
...CH: In our opinion, the Campora government cannot be seen as fulfilling the military's ideal...
...t These are short-term loans drawn from Argentine deposits in the IMF: Argentina's IMF quota-presently 440 million SDRs 7 - determines both voting power and lendable funds...
...We can continue the offensive, pursue it, lash it onwards, increasing our forces and weakening the enemy's but we must take care not to lead them to the brink of the abyss until we can give them the final shove...
...of Rheiastahl (WG...
...943 MDP BV 179 patents...
...The bulk of this booming "free trade" was with Great Britain, while France, Germany and the United States shared the rest...
...The Peronist Youth was formed out of the merger of several smaller groups within the movement representing a wide range of ideologies from nationalism to Marxism...
...This left the working class as the last bulwark of Peron's administration...
...The agro-export sector's policy of limited industrialization was based on speculative interests without a fundamental concern in long-term industrial growth...
...Needless to say, infrastructure developments subject to multilateral control and not to the demands of local governments create advantages for U.S...
...In each new period, each conjuncture, new elements appear which make it distinctive but many elements of the previous epoch still existwhich prevent us from finding clearly defined cross-sections...
...Not only does the amount of foreign money received have no bearing on the productivity of its use, but the definition of productive development is imposed by the financial arms of the imperialist powers...
...3 6 In 1965 Ambassador-atLarge Averell Harriman met with Illia to discuss the matter...
...The middle and lower income groups were the most affected by the penetration of imperialism (see Table 8...
...Finally the People's Revolutionary Army (Ejercito Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP) formed in 1970, has taken a critical position towards the new government...
...Effective solidarity in all areas where there are popular struggles...
...historical materialism...
...CH: What are the principal types of activity you are planning now...
...4 Amortization: repayment of principal...
...The workers, because of their social importance, experience in struggle, level of consciousness, and the fact that they are the only ones who have taken up a revolutionary perspective, are those who make up the principal force of this camp and who must also be its leading hegemonic force...
...FAP: Peronist Armed Forces...
...steel, machinery, ship building, etc...
...or adjustment -1.3 - -38.4 -39.7 TOTAL 18.0 623.3 179.7 821.0 *Excludes refunding of $65.3 million in FY 1963 and $15.4 million in FY 1966...
...one which definitively builds people's power and destroys the power of the dominant classes...
...Information is not available on the private credits owed by the Argentine private sector, but we can surmise that the stipulations passed on such loans are equally or more restrictive...
...This may give rise to a need to borrow more later...
...share...
...7 The growing discontent of the working class was paralleled by the rising political ambitions of the urban and rural middle sectors as well as the remaining smaller regional landowners whose interests had been thwarted by the ruling alliance of export merchants and landholding bourgeoisie...
...3. During the late 18th century the trade in gold and silver from the Viceroyalty of Peru through the port of Buenos Aires became the economic basis of a growing merchant class in the River Plate Basin...
...accounts of loan commitment...
...This is not unusual...
...Background information was also obtained from Rogelio Garcia Lupo, Contra la ocupaclon extranjera (Buenos Aires, 1972) and Mercenarios y monopollos en la Argentina de Ongania a Lanusse (Buenos Aires, 1971) and Jaime Fuchs, La penetraclon de los trusts yanquis en la Argentina (Buenos Aires, 1957...
...641 patents...
...The 1971 exports were mostly shared by the United States 22.2 percent, Europe (except Great Britain) 30.2 percent, Japan 8.2 percent, Great Britain 6 percent and the socialist countries a mere 1.1 percent.5 TABLE 3: Trends in Argentina's Balance of Trade and Foreign Debt, 1955-1972 [US$ million] Total Total Trade Foreign Period Exports Imports Balance- Debt* 1955-1959 4,850.1 5,836.2 -976.1 2,787 1960-1964 6,034.8 6,124.1 -89.3 3,148 1965-1969 7,531.1 6,163.7 1,367.4 3,970 1970-1972 5,382.1 5,421.9 -59.8 5,910 *Total debt at end of year for 1958, 1962, 1969 and 1972...
...domination (another multinational outfit...
...First, the existence of a $7 billion foreign debt implies a severe lack of capital reserves...
...Rogello Garcio Lupo, Mercenaries y monopolios (Buenos Aires: Achaval Solo, 1972), p. 79-83...
...He alone can bring cohesion to Argentina...
...In 1943, the military once again intervened in an attempt to cement the old coalition of landed, commercial and new industrial interests...
...By dividing the bourgeoisie along financial group lines our comprehension of national and international alliances and 0 rivalries within the ruling class is sharpened...
...raises capital thru 3 US investment banks (Goldman Sachs, Wertheim & Co...
...Although most of the parties involved in the Front are small, with the exception of Frondizi's developmentist party, in its totality the Front is a popular, anti-imperialist movement...
...To hold back or decrease the struggle permits them to regroup and take the offensive...
...3 3 TABLE 6: Foreign Capital Drain Due to Profits, Dividends and Interest Payments, 1960-1971 [US$ million) Profits & Dividends Interest Total Profits & Dividends Interest Total Year Amount Percent US Year Amount Percent US 1960 63 9.5 25 88 1966 92 34.7 70 162 1961 116 12.1 50 166 1967 70 67.1 63 133 1962 37 32.4 43 80 1968 97 49.4 145 242 1963 30 66.6 41 71 1969 108 62.9 152 260 1964 63 53.9 50 113 1970 73 NA 179 252 1965 56 37.5 39 95 1971 48 NA 226 274 Source: Banco Central de la Republica Argentina, Gerencia de investigaciones economics, Balance de pagos period 1966-1971 (Supplenent to the Boletin Estadistico, No...
...But we also look for points of agreement that place us on common political ground as the facts and the joint actions we have carried out have demonstrated...
...capital flows (see Table 7...
...A revolutionary politics does not set ambitious objectives that cannot be attained with the forces available to advance them...
...Twenty of the contracts were signed with U.S...
...77 patents...
...It also trains country personnel in the "mysteries" of project preparation and evaluation as well as economic development in general...
...Conclusion: Peronism and Revolution The overwhelming victory by the FREJULI* in the March 11th elections marked a triumph by the revolutionary and antiimperialist forces...
...Ex-Im loan...
...Overseas Coaplssis do Finace at dlhe ti.e*inat, S.A...
...A full understanding of this analysis also requires a familiarity with our document, the "Present Political Process," in which we discussed the distinctive features of the Peronist Movement and thoughts on the scope of the National Liberation Front...
...211 patents...
...An increased and stabilized world demand for chilled beef gave them a monopoly control over sales to the export market...
...Bank of Boston, Wells Fargo, Chemical Bank, Irving Trust, Marine Midland Bank, Natl...
...And it is not a question of personal affinity or simply invoking his name...
...1 0 Most of these subsidiaries imported semi- or wholly manufactured goods, or engaged in assembly and licensing operations...
...The pressures of mass mobilizations by workers, however, destroyed these efforts and carried Peron to power in 1945...
...NACLA/East River Plate Project (see footnotes on p. 31) "*CGE: the General Economic Confederation is an association of small and medium- size businessmen...
...The March 11th triumph of the people made them retreat in order to take a breath, regroup their forces, and elaborate a new project behind which to reassemble...
...In 1968 the Peronist Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Peronistas, FAP) were the first to shift their activities to urban centers and to concentrate on operations with a clear political objective readily under-22 standable by the people...
...13 10.8 513,898 7.8 11.0 National Co...
...Advertising, a competitive mechanism by which corporations attempt to expand in a monopolized market without cutting prices, helps to alleviate the problems of overproduction which are inherent to the capitalist mode of production...
...More importantly they handle 44 percent of foreign currency and gold transactions...
...In 1961 the second law, responding to a dip in new investments, was added to prior legislation in order to guarantee foreign investors against possible future restrictions on the stipulations of law No...
...4 (July-August 1970) and "From Mercantilism to Imperialism: the Argentine Case...
...interests and granted 23 new ones of which 16 went to North American firms...
...Total amnesty for those persecuted for the same reasons...
...Export-Import Bank Another form of U.S...
...Figure represents combined totals for Pirelli and Uniroyal...
...Moreover, since March 11th, neither repression nor exploitation has ceased...
...holds min...
...see also footnotes 27, p. 44, and 30, p. 11...
...Therefore we classified these 13 firms as "dependent Argentine" companies...
...IAME) bought out by Kaiher (US) in 1953 which sold most of its shares to Renault (Fr) in 1967...
...In our reply to Dr...
...ERP: We have had some differences with this group which were initially methodological in nature...
...AID program and its immediate predecessor agency.* Of these credits, $118.0 million were made as loans and the remaining $18.0 million as grants (see Table 7...
...SOURCES: Moody's Industrial Manual (New York, annual) Who Owns Whom (London, annual), lane's Major Companies of Europe (London, annual), Gala de Relaciones Publicas (Buenos Aires, annual), Intervest Guide (Rio de Janeiro, 1971...
...position grew because of the reinvestment of profits which could not be repatriated...
...It is hard to foresee the enemy camp being able to come up with a single dominant form of political expression in the short run...
...State Ar 100 182* 8 Ford Ford2 US 100 1913 173 (16,433) 9 SOMISA State Ar 99 1947 164 IO GasdelEstado State Ar 100 159 II GeneralMotors Gen...
...Controls 25% of market...
...For further details on the alliance between the British and the fatteners, see Daniels, op...
...subsidiaries in Argentina are controlled by three major financial groups: Rockefeller-Chase Manhattan Bank, Morgan Guaranty Trust and First National City Bank...
...PARENT FIRM, NATIONALITY AND PARENT EQUITY: when we found that another company owned 20 percent or more of the equity of a Top 120 firm we classified the local firm in terms of the parent's nationality...
...National Socialism": A term used by both the right and the left in the Peronist Movement...
...This credit was extended but has since been blocked...
...a program that will definitively eradicate cultural imperialism...
...This split is representative of the ongoing internal struggle over control of the union structure which will inevitably influence the general direction of the working class and of the Peronist Movement as a whole...
...the territories of their capital drain and investment activities and thereby their regular sources of income...
...This first general objective is joined to the following: freedom for all persons imprisoned for political, trade union and other social activities and for related reasons...
...1 While these ventures failed they provided the necessary experience to many future leaders of guerrilla groups and of the Peronist Youth...
...share...
...We also consulted Latin America (London, weekly), Inter Press Service (Buenos Aires, daily news service) and ISLA Clipping Service (Berkeley, California, monthly...
...During the period 1860-1914 Argentina absorbed $10 million in foreign capital investment and credit...
...As of 1971, U.S...
...b) Centralized and coordinated planning of the national economy...
...O RepublIc Steel ( JS) has min...
...With this combination of legal and illegal activity we will take maximum advantage of every possibility which the vigor of the mass movement offers our organization...
...The landed oligarchy of the humid pampas holds the decisive weight in this sphere...
...Ex-Im loan...
...Pharmaceutical 0.7 Publisher I. Argentine firms acquired by foreign corps...
...For example, the level of economic concentration is revealed by the fact that the combined sales of these 120 firms amounts to 22 percent of the Argentine Gross Domestic Product and is 2.4 times greater than the entire government budget...
...Local rep...
...105-149...
...Table 8: Argentine 1972 Loan Agreements with Private Banks Consortium Leader and other Institutions Country & Amount Involved US US$ 145.0 million US$ 31.0 million United Kindom US$ 40.0 million France US$ 20.0 million Conclusion In this discussion of the Argentine foreign debt, international, U.S...
...More importantly, these institutions with their vast stores of economic intelligence and the political influence of enormous sums of capital, serve as one of the most strategic nerve centers of private finance capital...
...In September 1955 (when Peron was overthrown), the leadership of the political movement which Dr...
...p = preliminary *The IBRD places the debt at 147 while statements from the Peronist Government prior to the September coup recognized only 99.4...
...This inflationary policy opened up the market in two ways: it triggered a wave of bankruptcies on the one hand, and spurred the acquisition of more local companies on the other...
...4, No...
...Each corporation and its parent was put through a systematic investigation to uncover the needed information...
...8. Eduardo F. Jorge, Industria y concentracion economic (Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 1971), p. 115-20...
...The nationalized U.S...
...In order to assure the transportation of unspoiled meat to Europe, technological inovations permitted the founding in 1882 of the country's first frigorifico (meatpacking plant), the River Plate Fresh Meat Company...
...These acquisitions included companies in almost every sector of industry, particularly automotive, chemical, petrochemical, metalurgical and tobacco...
...A historical survey would also be necessary to draw conclusions about the trend in local-parent relations...
...The new alliance between the industrial bourgeoisie and the proletariat was embodied in the two Peronist governments (1945-1955) which set Argentina on a course characterized by rapid industrialization, the consequent growth of the industrial bourgeoisie and the rise of the proletariat to a position of power after decades of repression...
...Second-class postage paid at New York, N.Y.3 landowners...
...Private Bank Loans Financial groups often work through multilateral and U.S...
...53) and Pepsi (No...
...Germany's investments were confiscated as indemnities.13 This left the United States as the major foreign investor...
...FOOTNOTES 1. In 1958 the Peronist Liberation Movement (Movimiento Peronista de Liberacion) was formed and in 1962 the People's Guerrilla Army (Elercito Guerrillero del Pueblo) became active in Salta...
...This was the system's basic objective: separate the masses from their leader in order to divide and defeat them...
...But this should not deceive us, because Peronism, and FREJULI even more, have a predominantly bourgeois character...
...North American capital made 70 percent of all new direct foreign investment between 1959 and 1969.30 By 1973 the book value of U.S...
...It is as exploitation of man by man...
...cit., Part 2, p. 3. 12...
...This program offered by Peronist workers will permit all national and popular sectors to participate along with our movement in the construction of National Socialism...
...Ganadera y Forestal -Estancia el Ombu S.A...
...b) "Argentina's Third World Priests Called to Arms," NACLA's Latin Amer- ica and Empire Report, Vol...
...25 The U.S...
...In the case of the most recent financing operation consummated abroad, Carlos Brignone, the Central Bank President, met with foreign bankers late in 1971...
...Therefore law firms are crucial to placing each company in a financial interest group...
...National capital, still under the control of the export-oriented landowning class and commercial bourgeoisie which were tied to British imports, was largely confined to the production of perishable consumer goods...
...but necessary, because in these times of stormy waters, | JUSTICIALISM seeks to overcome class divisions in society, fishermen are working feverishly with their red nets...
...corporations in maintaining a foot-hold in the highly sensitive petroleum industry...
...It therefore gave rise to a major contradiction within the Argentine ruling class...
...2 Obviously, in little more than one month's time the debt did not jump $700 million...
...15803 (1961) opened wide the doors to foreign capital...
...IDB loan...
...ERP: We do not deny that there are important progressive and revolutionary sectors of the people within the Peronist Movement which make it explosive...
...12, No...
...6. International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics, July 1973, p. 10...
...lending agencies...
...25 0.4 1.1 0.5 Petro(208) chemical 0.3 Rubber 0.2 Industrial (NA) Construction -0.1 Steel 236t 84 0.7 0.6 3.2 Food JWT AB (17) K/C 0.9 Publisher 199 1,2 -3,0 Industrial 24c 320 JP SO (36) Construction 0.7 Electrical 9c 600 Appliances 2.0 Food 0.9 Electrical Appliances 0.6 Food 220 1.3 -0.7 (91) Production and marketing element with 10 foreign firms which together hold over 1011 patents.l1 Large share of Cldlass Arg...
...50) was absorbed by Ligget & Myers in this way and I.A.F.A...
...The enemy's economic power is still intact, but their military power has been weakened by the activity of the armed24 organizations which have disputed their repressive capacity and caused a marked weakening in their political and moral fiber...
...Agency for International Development has played a crucial role in the Inter-American Development Bank...
...This requires us to determine what are the forces interested in the change needed by our society and what are those opposed to change because they benefit from the present situation...
...Stabilization was described as maintenance of a satisfactory level of economic activity while achieving a reduction in the balance of payments deficit...
...share...
...We see that liberation does not occur through the development of isolated revolutions in each country...
...His study indicates that a farmworker's real wage fell from an index of 100 in 1948 to 63.1 in 1972 and that a worker's real wage fell to 54.7...
...holds license of 9 US corps...
...It has endorsed J. D. Peron and Isabel de Peron as presidential and vice-presidential candidates for the September 23rd elections...
...Therefore, to guarantee the continuation of the struggle, this National Plenary Session has also decided to organize around these positions adequately and efficiently throughout the country...
...Prods...
...9. Ibid., p. 41-5...
...At first glance Krieger Vasena could appear to be a nationalist who fought off the inroads of foreign capital...
...2 (June 1967), p. 134...
...Strikes had already begun to occur during Peron's gradual surrender to imperialism after 1952...
...More importantly, we fully agree with his strategic concept of the development of the revolution: to create two, three, many Vietnams and one of them-or several--in Latin America...
...g) Within the framework of this structure, Argentina has reached a crisis characterized by stagnation in the development of production, advancement of the process of monopolistic concentration, accelerating deterioration of small and middlesized producers, incessantly increasing external debt, an income distribution increasingly detrimental to the popular classes, and unemployment which is growing slowly but surely...
...Since that time the Republic has made purchases from the Fund totaling the equivalent of SDR* 714 million 6 (see Table 3...
...The fluctuations on .Ww l e All the ursteeities hri been oered n id sod outside the United States, thiralnouicirn t appears stes ematteroj record ,.:ly...
...At the same time such measures assure foreign capitalists that profits can easily be remitted and keep the Argentine market open to "free trade...
...and automobiles.32 These sectors are precisely those which have been completely monopolized by foreign corporations (see Table 5) and the U.S...
...banks and corporations who invariably put up a dollar total equal to that of the Eximbank...
...JUSTICIALISM agrees with socialism in its acceptance of I positive law as opposed to natural law when the latter allows the "Dogmatic socialism, on the other hand, is materialist...
...The first gave foreigners the same rights as local investors, opened up new industrial sectors (automotive and petrochemical), granted special privileges to investments in the exploitation of raw materials (petroleum) and exempted imports of certain capital goods from custom duties...
...state intervened in 1971 to avoid bankruptcy (debt close to US $40 million) when courts reject repayment plan...
...They must be resolved by taking an unconciliatory, critical attitude...
...The distinctive features of the Argentine economic structure are the following: a) The capitalist form of production is dominant...
...for Argentina the current rate is over 90 percent...
...Tre & Rubber (US...
...COMMENTS: includes a broad range of information on licensing and technical agreements, financing, market position and past history...
...The second led the landed oligarchy to launch a campaign against the "Indian peril" in order to expand the area of cultivated land under their control...
...objectives, produced to a great extent by the success of the Cuban Revolution, has forced the imperialists to employ even more covert methods of exploitation...
...6) We have maintained that the objectives of the people's camp should be set in accordance with their capabilities (political, ideological and organizational) and should take into consideration the enemy's ability to impose his contrary interests...
...As for the army: we will develop an active campaign of ERP: As to trade-unions, there we will fight for the in- propaganda and agitation among draftees, calling on them not to dependence of the workers' movement from Campora's fire on the people or to participate in repression...
...To place the electoral results in proper perspective one must remember that the masses, who remained indifferent to the electoral campaign, were forced to choose between different bourgeois options because of the clever structuring of the electoral process by the military dictatorship, and because of the weakness and errors of the revolutionary forces, which prevented the presentation of any truly representative and authentically anti-imperialist slates...
...La Cantabrica (No...
...98) -S.A...
...These terms are fairly attractive to a prospective borrower, both in view of high domestic lending rates and other international or foreign lending mechanisms...
...IDB News Release, December 17,1970...
...In the present period in our country, it is clear that the enemy camp is made up of the forces already mentioned-monopoly imperialism closely allied with the upper financial, industrial and agricultural native bourgeoisie...
...The Frondizi administration was a perfect reflection of the policies advanced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which first appeared in Argentina in 1958...
...But his policies contributed handsomely to the designs of foreign capital and he is one of its most influential representatives in the political and economic affairs of Argentina...
...The Corporation requires annual financial statements and "stipulations regarding accounting and financial reporting are written into IFC investment agreements.,I8 Periodic visits, consultations and reports also help the IFC to keep effective control on the performance of the enterprise (see Table 5...
...See Israel Yost,"The Food for Peace Arsenal," and Tom Bodenheimer, "Food for Profit," in NACLA Newsletter, Vol...
...We will broaden as much as possible the legal activity of the organization at the center and on all fronts...
...The impact of the world-wide depression of 1929 on the Argentine economy precipitated the Radical government's downfall and the establishment of the Uruburu dictatorship...
...Besides the references listed below in specific column notes we consulted such primary sources as corporation records (annual reports, prospectuses, proxy statements) and U.S...
...50 Plecardol 51 Ledesma 52 Fate 53 Fasm 54 Lever 55 Molnos Concep...
...A case in point is the so-called peso stabilization program of Krieger Vasena which in 1967 received $400 million in foreign support...
...Piccardo (No...
...firms...
...They promise to maintain "our" Christian way of life, the parliamentary system, private enterprise and the presence of foreign capital...
...I, No...
...Their operations are therefore closely scrutinized by these creditors and largely reflect the requirements of foreign capital...
...Their gaining of a hegemonic position will be the best guarantee for the uninterrupted development of the liberation process and the achievement of the transition to socialism...
...In 1955 the military successfully carried out a coup with the support of the large, industrial, landholding and commercial bourgeoisie (which had recovered its control over the trade surplus) and imperialism, which would soon invade the lucrative Argentine market with new capital investments...
...The primary force behind the post 1955 thrust of imperialism has been the United States...
...Presently it controls 90 percent of Argentine invest ients in Brazil where its largest subsidiary (Moinha Santista) ranks in that country's top 20 industrial firms...
...Public health plans whose goal is disease prevention...
...We have understood this fact in the same 29 way as other fraternal guerrilla organizations that have continued to function...
...Under Illia foreign corporations were left standing with large amounts of profits which they could not transfer abroad...
...For this reason (and this is a synthesis of our political analysis at the moment), due to the experiences we have gone through, we are assuming total responsibility today for supporting the unity of the people under the leadership of JUAN DOMINGO PERON...
...The military took advantage of the disorganization and confusion reigning in the working class and the population in general to attack and subdue the people's organizations...
...In the face of the advances made by the revolutionary forces, the bourgeoisie, their coun- terrevolutionary Armed Forces and their fascist gangs are angry and desperate...
...Production agreements with Geigy (Sw), B.F...
...International lending institutions, within this context, serve the dual purpose of subsidizing private industry and deceiving the consumer...
...Running counter to this sad performance, the masses continued to develop their capacity for struggle through new organizational forms and methods...
...and "adequate domestic participation"l 7 -the government's Banco Nacional de Desarrollo lent $7.3 million and a new stock issue equivalent to $10.9 million was placed on the local market.* The IFC does not press for representation on the company's board of directors...
...12-13...
...SOURCES AND COMMENTS The data for composing the Top 120 chart was drawn from numerous sources...
...The strategy of the right had been mapped out by Lopez Rega, the Minister of Social Welfare and Peron's private secretary (see box...
...By taking this path, we will discover the principal contradiction of this stage of the struggle...
...receives tech...
...In 1898, for example, it came to 40 or 50 percent of all overseas investment by the United Kingdom, then the major source of international capital...
...Therefore we, as revolutionaries, have the obligation to act with caution yet firmly and decisively...
...The strength of the enemy camp lies in its economic and military power...
...6, (June 8, 1973), p. 19.29...
...2. Much of the background information and supporting data for this article can be found in Ed Daniels, "From Mercantilism to Imperialism: the Argentine Case...
...What is the position of the ERP in this regard...
...The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of this new period and the possible evolution objective reality will take, in order to determine the methods, tactics and tasks that will enable us to continue to increase our revolutionary forces while keeping our eyes on the strategic objective: i.e., the seizure of power by the workers and the people to build socialism...
...It is the relative strength of these opposing, yet temporarily united groups which will determine the direction the Peronist Movement will give to "national socialism"--either toward socialism applied to Argentine reality, as the left sees it, or towards welfare capitalism, as the right sees it...
...U.S...
...The very attitude of the masses-even when they supported FREJULI-showed complete indifference to the electoral circus until a short time before the elections...
...The reactionary forces, guided and led by the imperial centers, orchestrated the cultural disfiguration of a people in constant struggle...
...Fortune (July and August, 1972) and Forbes (May 15, 1972) for foreign parent sales and income...
...Three million people, led by the Peronist Youth, FAR, Montoneros and militant trade unions, were fired upon by thugs who were supposedly acting as security forces under the orders of rightwing Peronist and ex-Colonel Jorge Osinde...
...CH: You have said elsewhere that the people who assassinated Rear Admiral Hermes Quijada form a group that split from the ERP called "August 22nd...
...This means contracting new debt to repay old and/or putting off repayment by agreeing to higher interest charges...
...Private Ar 20 Argentinos 90 Noel Leonard WG <50 1847 20 Monheim (NA) 91 Centenera Bunge y Born Ar >50 1934 20 (384) 92 Bonalklde Private Ar 1917 19 93 Schcolnlk Private Ar 1919 19 94 Cinzano Francesco It >50 1922 19 Cinzano (NA) 95 Perkins Massey Ferguson Ca <50 1914 Dinfia Ar <50 (1,029) 96 Corcemar Private Ar 1.8 97 EatonEjes Eaton US 100 1961 18 (1,036) 98 Ingeniola Deltec US 94 17 Esperanza M (NA) 99 Flota Fluvial Private Ar 17 100 Swift State Ar 1907 16 101 Odol Private Ar 1958 16 Arg...
...5) cancelled in 1973 due to over- charging and double-pricing...
...Johnson y Higgins S.A...
...This figure also represented 33 percent of aggregate investment of the United Kingdom in the same region...
...Seventy-four percent of all patent or licensing contracts are held by foreign corporations...
...Despite their present weakness, if we are to rout them totally, to annihilate them, we ought to have a military force superior to theirs and we still don't have it...
...In 1952 Law No...
...Part 1," NACLA Newsletter, Vol...
...Raising working class income to at least the 1955 level as a percentage of the national income...
...but it will enter a socialist era, but I am speaking about National disagrees as to the type of solutions which the problems implied Socialism, not internationalist and dogmatic socialism...
...telephone and electric companies had a combined worth of $ 125 million...
...After supplier credits the next largest part of the debt-17 percent-is to international organizations-the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the International Finance Company, and the Inter-American Development Bank...
...Yet the increased consciousness of U.S...
...NA *Capital figures not available, 1964-1972...
...Holds license from Continental Can (US) on royalty basis since 1961...
...22 patents...
...d) Agricultural reform with the elimination of latifundias and expropriation of agricultural and livestock corporations, and implementation of an agricultural program that maintains the principle, "land to those who work it...
...On the military plane: -Retirement of the military clique responsible for the period of dictatorship...
...in association with Badische Anilin und Sodafabrik, WG) Founded in 1817 with Belgian capital, Bunge has played a crucial role in Argentine history...
...Natl...
...Mercantilism was the historical moment when incipient capitalism sought to destroy feudal patterns and create the basis of modern industry...
...Juan Carlos Esteban, Imperialismo y desarrollo economic (Buenos Aires: Editorial Palestra, 1961), p. 81-2...
...by ideological discussion with our brothers and sisters in struggle where we neither give nor seek concessions...
...Their present tactic approximates to a large extent the position taken by the Peronist Youth (see below) and emphasizes that a transformation towards socialism will only be possible if the working class is organized at its base and develops its own methods of struggle independent of the bureaucratic and reformist union officials...
...Yet the Peronist Movement itself is heterogeneous and must contend with the different class interests and ideological perspectives represented by its constituencies: corrupt political bureaucrats and union officials on the one hand, and the militant unions, the Peronist Youth and the armed groups on the other...
...His government authorized 28 contracts with foreign companies which covered exploration, drilling and exploitation of oil and gas reserves...
...Ex-Im loan...
...On the international political plane: -Denunciation of all political, economic and military pacts and agreements that have alienated our sovereignty...
...THE LANDED OLIGARCHY'S LAST STAND General Uriburu guaranteed the interests of the landholding and commercial bourgeoisie...
...They included Clarisa Rosa Lea Place Ana Maria Villarreal de Santucho members of the ERP and the armed Peronist organizations who Alfredo Elias Kohon Jorge Alejandro Villa were being held in the Trelew naval prison...
...Agency for International Development (AID) Between 1953 and 1971 Argentina received $136.0 million from the U.S...
...We know that the safety and freedom of our fighters must be defended through mobilizations of the people and our own activity...
...TABLE 5: Foreign Control of Argentine Industrial Sectors, 1972 Number of Percent of Sector Foreign Firms Production Petrochemical 5 100 Pharmaceutical 16 48 Cosmetics & Toiletries 5 44 Paints 4 70 Automobiles 8 97 Engines 2 60 Non-ferrous metals 2 85 Compressed gases 2 60 Cigarettes 5 100 Fertilizers 1 100 Tires 3 83 Source: see footnote 29, p. 14...
...FREJULI candidate, Hector Campora, won the presidential elections on March 1 Ith with 52 percent of the vote...
...Our government would then be held responsible for officially compensating the U.S...
...The enemy are pulling back, but they have not been annihilated...
...157 (July 13, 1972...
...enjoy the benefits of production and profit...
...asst...
...6, June 1972...
...IDB News Release, December 21, 1972, p. 3. 22...
...SOURCE: Jorge M. Katz, "Patentes, corparaciones multinacionales y tecnologia," Desarrollo Economico, Vol...
...Nor would be it revolutionary to advance a program which declares itself to be revolutionary while formulating minimum objectives, viewing the balance of forces as something static, and giving the enemy a chance to breathe and reorganize, while making no plans to affect the enemy's sources of power...
...This.would be infantile...
...93) , Garfunkel (No...
...Holds tech...
...Participation by the Armed Forces in the tasks of National Reconstruction...
...Down with repressive laws and complete freedom of expression and organization for the people...
...The persistence of strikes during the three Radical administrations (Yrigoyen 1916-22, Alvear 1922-28, Yrigoyen 1928-30) led the government to severely repress revolutionary elements of the working class...
...Bureaucratic union officials and old-line Peronist politicians (see boxes on Jose Rucci and Jose Lopez Rega) have traditionally maintained a dialogue with the military dictatorship and bourgeois civilian governments...
...ERP agreed to suspend operations against the government and the police as long as the latter did not attack them...
...45 (April-June, 1972), pp...
...The other solution, the only hope for true independence, is to socialize the land and the external and internal commercialization of agricultural production in order to capture the large surplus value, which now flows to the agricultural sector...
...NACLA/East River Plate Project (see footnotes on p. 32)21 Toward a Common Strategy for Socialism The presidential elections on March 11th, 1973 saw the victory of the Justicialist Liberation Front (Frente Justicialista de Liberacion, FREJULI...
...The collaborationists of this period, Vandor Alonso, Taccone and company, did not vacillate in their support of the military dictatorship and accompanied Ongania on his trip to Tucuman on July 9th, 1966, awakening and inspiring hope in broad sectors of the masses...
...Produces 32% of energy...
...Arturo Jauretche, Reforno al colonialismo, 2nd ed...
...Under these circumstances, the workers strengthened their unity behind the leadership of Peron and initiated the period of the heroic days of "the resistance," which eventually led to the recapture of power...
...The International Cooperation Agency...
...Licensing agreement with Volvo (S) in 1970...
...38patents...
...Deltec is another good example of how the Top 120 listing misrepresents private corporate concentration and power...
...The U.S...
...532 patents...
...Figure represents combined totals for Cities Service, Continental Oil, Uniroyal and Witco Chemical...
...ERP: As well as being a repudiation of the military dictatorship, to us it also reflects the persisting ideological influence of the bourgeoisie...
...Co., Ltd., (plus the British govt...
...At the same time a worldwide system of commerce and mineral extraction grew: all operations had to produce a favorable balance in gold, the accumulation of which contributed to material conditions for the development of the capitalist mode of production...
...Both strategies deepened Argentina's dependency on the international market through increased exports and imports, and reinforced the country's need for additional capital from the powerful public and private financial institutions of the United States and Europe...
...On the contrary, the position of the revolutionary sectors is that the Peronist Movement will lead to socialism...
...Many of these credits are rotating+ in nature and will be carried over for yet another period of time (see Table 2...
...1 Other smaller groups, such' as the one centered in Cleveland, also have an interest...
...and 6) the growing deficits incurred by IAPI in the commercialization of cereal exports forced an inflationary expansion of the money supply, a process which by 1952 began redistributing income at the expense of the working class...
...108) and Fabtl Fluanlera (No...
...Financiera -Argenmin S.A...
...Nationalization of foreign banking interests and bank deposits...
...The latter were guaranteed a fixed export quota for "chilled" beef and in return granted a privileged position to certain British imports (especially coal) in the Argentine market...
...It could not sustain the attacks of the repressive forces of the government if isolated from the bulk of the working class which remained in the General Workers Confederation (Confederacion General del Trabajo, CGT...
...22 patents...
...In spite of this limitation, at present the people's camp is on the offensive...
...III...
...in association with Farbwerke Hoechst...
...one which formulates attainable objectives...
...Motors2 US 100 1925 125 (28,264) 12 CAP Private Ar 1935 120 13 MolinosdelRio Bunge y Born Ar >50 1897 118 delaPlata (384) 14 Nobleza British-Am...
...International Finance Corporation The International Finance Corporation, the investment arm of the World Bank, sees its existence as "indicating an unusual consensus on the part of some 83 member governments concerning the need to encourage private enterprise and private investment in the developing areas...
...mass media and has the backing of the military...
...Ex-Im loan...
...31st ad., 1971...
...These include the following: a $19 million loan to finance a gas pipeline to bring Bolivian gas to the Argentine border (the loan, guaranteed by the Bolivian Government, involves a contract insuring sale of gas to Argentina for twenty years...
...In this sense, the people's triumph had brought military as well as political consequences...
...Following the election, Campora called for a halt to all guerrilla activity...
...2 First, between 1810 and 1820, England drained the area of its gold reserves in order to undermine and break the power base of the local commercial bourgeoisie...
...IFC's authority, however, is guaranteed through its administration of the entire sum of capital advanced by the consortium it heads...
...Project loans are tied to and only cover the cost of goods TABLE 7: U.S...
...7/September, 1973 Published monthly, except May-June and July-August, when it is published bi-monthly, at 160 Claremont Ave., New York, N.Y...
...TABLE 2: Long-Term Private Foreign Investments in Argentina, 1931-1955 [millions of US$ @ 1950 Prices] Year Great Britain United States Other Countries Total 1931 4,294 1,436 1,910 7,640 1934 3,481 1,536 1,903 6,920 1940 2,958 1,108 1,504 5,570 1945 2,271 907 1,082 4,260 1949 338 447 955 1,740 1953 357 494 1,019 1,870 1955 402 558 900 1,860 Source: Juan Carlos Esteban, Imperialismo y Desarrollo Economico (Buenos Aires: Editorial Palestra, 1961), p. 79...
...2 (April 1970) and Vol...
...ERP: Its leaders and spokesmen have stated them clearly: to reconstruct the country-to pacify it through a national justicialist revolution, which they also call national socialism...
...Montoneros: Also known as the Armed Peronist Organization...
...2 2 Three key decisions improved the position of foreign concerns by promoting the concentration and monopolization of industry under their control...
...BND'has min, share...
...former Secy...
...II, No...
...38 patents...
...Gotabanken, Svenska Handelsbanken...
...TABLE 3: IMF Credits to Argentina, 1957-1972 [US$ million] Year Amount Year Amount 1957 75.0 1970 58.8 1961 100.0 1972 69.5 1962 100.0 1972 119.4 1967 125.0 TOTAL 647.7 Source: see footnote 26...
...Guarantees of free medical attention for all the country's inhabitants...
...48 patents...
...Basing ourselves on what has already been said, we can show that on the level of the country's economic structure the principal contradiction is the confrontation between the alliance of monopoly imperialism with the native oligarchy (upper industrial, financial and agricultural bourgeoisie), and the working class and other sectors of the people...
...is part of Italian state-controlled IRI group...
...This change was accomplished at the expense of thousands of European peasants who were thrown off the land and absorbed by the industries of the urban centers to produce surplus for the capitalists...
...Law No...
...3 77 Ever since 1955 the penetration of foreign capital has sought to undermine state monopolies...
...In recent years, the military dictatorship has been the basic political expression of this camp, since the only political parties which could be counted on to represent their interests faithfully could not obtain a consensus of the people sufficient to grant control of the state administrative apparatus...
...See FAR...
...This was the basic method of penetration and domination which they carried out through their native agents, who in the name of civilization, assassinated and vilified the national struggles and sentiments of our people...
...AID), to U.S...
...1,472 patents...
...This did not compare, however, to the workers' reaction to the Aramburu dictatorship and the Frondizi, Guido and Illia governments...
...The petty and middle bourgeoisie, conscious of the fact that their interests would be subordinated to and absorbed by foreign monopolies, yet doubtful regarding future growth possibilities under Peronism, vacillated in its adherence to the government...
...continued from p. 20) FOOTNOTES 1. La Nacion, May 18, 1973...
...18,701) 7 Ferroe...
...recovery of the remains of companero Felipe Vallese...
...483 (May 2, 1972), p. 20...
...The government's declared objectives were anti-inflationary...
...Fighting Trade Unions Unity, Solidarity and Organization -For the immediate and unconditional return of Peron -For the seizure of Power -For National Liberation Since the struggle for independence the Argentine people have sought the political characteristics that would unite them to all the peoples of our continent, reflecting their own national sentiments and leading them to the development of a basic IndoAmerican culture...
...We will courage soldiers to desert, and to join the ERP...
...Three Alberto del Rey Jose Ricardo Mena survived...
...Domestic decision-making, and policy adoption and implementation are manipulated from abroad as the price to pay for foreign assistance...
...The data on strikes was taken from the Yearbook on Labor Statistics of the international Labor Organization, 15th ed., 1955...
...In 1965 he met Isabel Martinez, Peron's third wife, during one of her visits to Buenos Aires and returned with her to Madrid as her private secretary...
...The first was filled by the massive immigration of 6.3 million Europeans (primarily Italians and Spaniards) between 1856 and 1932...
...the British companies were valued at $ 96.3 million...
...2. The Plan resolved the contradiction between the agrointerests and manufacturing by opening the latter to foreign capital and suppressing the import laws which protected the young substitution industries...
...20-21...
...Finsider (It...
...This massiveness, however, lacks sufficient organization and preparation...
...Supplier credits for required imports become a "standard operating procedure...
...For all this, assuming the responsibility we have as workers for national and social liberation and recognizing the crisis of the capitalist system, this Plenary proposes the exchange of this exploitative system for one whose basic pillars are SOCIAL JUSTICE, POLITICAL SOVEREIGNTY, and ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE...
...Ibid., p.63...
...metalurgical, mechanical and electrical appliances...
...of working for the Central Intelligence Agency...
...Advertising accounts, often shifted from one agency to another, are difficult to assess in terms of financial group affiliation or corporate control...
...e) In the present period, capitalist development is characterized by the concentration of its interests in industries with rapid technological development, which require both a large investment and a small labor force, with the consequent increase in unemployment...
...Social Progress Trust Fund loan authorizations are also included on the U.S...
...Huerta Grande Program: A ten point program drawnup in 1962 by 62 workers' organizations (Peronist...
...New foreign investments favor capital-intensive methods of production, fostering large unemployed labor reserves in order to undermine the bargaining power of unions...
...During the latter years of the Peronist administration imperialism made the oil industry one of its primary targets for concessions...
...This attack in 1955 was led by the imperialist forces-which were in a favorable position internationally-and as in all our history, with the complicity of native agents...
...These limitations, however, did not inhibit the growth of foreign control over the economy...
...Controls 38% of market...
...We agree on the fundamental points...
...But, unlike socialism,itdoes not give S Principles such as HUMAN DIGNITY, which is founded on the relationship to God that makes a "person" the conscious JUSTICIALISM agrees with socialism in its condemnation of depository of the miracle of life and a basically creative being, the "laissez faire" of the Manchester school of economic give JUSTICIALISM an eminently spiritual and ethical nature, thought, but it does not transfer "laissez faire" to the state as indicating the dominance of spirit over matter and man over does socialism...
...An intricate labyrinth of financing, manufacturing and marketing activities that extend around the globe, the company controls (with King Ranch of Texas) a large piece of the international beef market...
...94701...
...ABBREVIATIONS Nationality Ar - Argentina Be - Belgium Ca - Canada Fr - France It - Italy Lx - Luxemburg Mn - Multinational Ne - Netherlands S - Sweden Sw - Switzerland UK- Great Britain US - United States WG - West Germany International Lending Agencies Ex-Im - Export-Import Bank IDB - Inter-American Development Bank IFC - International Finance Corporation Local Advertising Companies A-I - A-I Propaganda GPA - Gowland Publicidad y Asociadas HGA - Hugo Casares y Asociadas (US) JP - Johnson Publicidad JWT - J. Walter Thompson (US) K/C - K&E/CPV Inter Group (US) KCA - K&C Asociadas de Publicidad L - Lintas Ltda...
...30 percent of the total public external debt at the end of 1971-the last year for which a detailed account is available-is supplier credit...
...To date, close to $800 million has been extended to Argentina...
...This could permit the country to build capital sources from within the country...
...Ibid., p. 13...
...V, No...
...For the first time, (under the leadership of Peron) the national masses burst onto the political scene and assume the leading role in the struggle for social revolution...
...Deltec Aigentina S.A.F...
...Their success will enable the working class to seize national leadership, go beyond the "social pact" and construct socialism...
...4. Percentages based on figures rounded to nearest thousands US...
...These reserves were therefore used to buy up local companies which could not withstand inflation or compete with foreign interests...
...State planning and control over the whole of the country's economy...
...Economic (Buenos Aires), No...
...GobainPont-a-Mousson Firestone Private Nestle Philips Motor Columbus CPC Intl...
...Are we now able to annihilate them totally...
...Between 1945 and 1949 IAPI's control over cereal exports reached 99 percent...
...In the last few months they have carried out several actions along these lines including the kidnapping of 2 military GLOSSARY: CGT: General Workers Confederation...
...ERP: As we indicated earlier, an intense internal struggle must develop at the heart of the Peronist-Frondizist government and its component parties...
...5 (May 1973), p. 9. 30...
...President Hector Campora relied on represen- tatives of the left forces in the Peronist Movement to carry out the program and mass participation was encouraged in its im- plementation...
...expropriated by first Peron govt...
...BUENOS AIRES, January 16, 1972 Translated from RESPUESTA, Bulletin of the Centro Urbano Nueva Parroquia (Buenos Aires), No...
...Campora...
...Two stipulations that the IFC makes were also fulfilled: "adequate participation by the chief sponsor in the capital of the enterprise"l 6 -Celulosa generated $17.2 million in internal funds...
...During this, whole 24 year period the purchasing power of workers dropped as their real wages diminished 27 percent...
...Formed in 1968 by militant workers to oppose the CGT which was under the control of collaborationist union officials dissolved in 1969...
...Developments this year in Argentina might suggest that the heavy capital committment by the United States could now be jeopardized...
...Secondary sources can be divided into two categories: r1112 qWR agSPECIALIZED TRADE PUBLICATIONS: Banco Shaw's Comments on Stock Exchange Possibilities in Argentiha, Bolsa Review, Business Conditions In Argentina, Business Latin America, Business Trends in Argentina, Business Week, Comments On Argentine Trade, Forbes, Fortune, Notlcias, Panorama Economico Latinoamericano (PEL), Peruvian Times, and Review of the River Plate...
...Generals Levingston (1963) and then Lanusse (1969-73) tried to reconcile the antagonistic forces which had been polarized by a decade and a half of economic denationalization and imperialist monopolization...
...Consejo Tecnicode Inversiones, S.A., The Argentine Economy: 1972 published for the Nuevo Banco Italiano (Buenos Aires, 1973), p. 317...
...It works closely with the Peronist Youth and puts an emphasis on organizing the workers...
...Former by merger of Dalmine Salta and Siderca...
...This was followed by the establishment of the Las Palmas Produce Company (1902) and the Smithfield & Argentine Meat Company (1903...
...We maintain fraternal relations with all Latin American revolutionary organizations...
...It is interesting to note that since 1960 only $811 million in direct foreign investments have entered the country...
...capital penetration and in the relatively smaller German and Italian capital inroads before World War II...
...Included in the "development loan" category are loans for specific projects and programs as well as Alliance for Progress credits...
...They stated, however, that they would continue military actions against imperialist companies and the counterrevolutionary armed forces...
...The presentation of an exclusively Peronist ticket (as opposed to a coalition) has triggered a polarization and realignment of political forces...
...By the turn of the century the gold trade had dried up and the demise of the Spanish Empire left England in supreme control of international trade, The British strategy of draining the area of its gold and currency reserves stifled the internal market and the development of a powerful, autonomous commercial bourgeoisie...
...ERP: We explained the reasons in our reply to Dr...
...Ibid...
...These loans are created solely to finance the export of U.S...
...and constr...
...capital goods and services...
...3 (May.June, 1971), pp...
...In 1971-72, beef output was lower than anticipated because of a shift in land use and adverse weather conditions which caused a dip in wheat production...
...The Peronist policy of nationalizations served the double purpose of breaking the foreign hold over basic public enterprises and the infrastructure of the economy, reducing thereby the financial service paid on them from close to $1 billion a year to about $100 million, and of promoting the development of the national industrial bourgeoisie by centralizing under its control the management of credit...
...51), Garmedln (No...
...plastics and glass...
...To get an idea of how IFC operates, let's look at the most recent commitment made in Argentina...
...But the objectives of this offensive are not unlimited...
...ERP: For us the elections were a secondary event, if you will...
...Controls were placed on foreign investment and bank deposits were nationalized...
...While objectively they ought to join the people's camp, their historical attitude is one of vacillation between one camp and the other...
...For this reason, it is proper to insist on the line of trying to win over radicalism and those who make up the APR...
...To be precise, they disliked the "modification of the coefficient derived from the difference between genuine income and disbursements for salary payments of railroad personnel...
...However it also established a new dependency on imports of raw materials, heavy machinery, advanced technology and large sums of capital...
...Min...
...But history cannot be reversed and is always enriched by peoples' struggle...
...The data collected in this chart allows us to make some observations about the structure of private capital in Argentina...
...1972 by the North American Congress on Latin America, Inc...
...When we found a firm that had private foreign financing (e.g...
...14 and all bank deposits and the foreign exchange market (which gave the Central Bank a monopoly over savings and control over the use of credit...
...Dee mronk Creditbank Getawiller, Kr , leapaser Securtie Kwtoai Foreip Tnding, Contrctis & Inlestmet Comgay (S.A.K...
...What was the basis for this decision...
...nia dictatorship...
...Locally controlled companies were identified as private, state or mixed...
...As far as posts in the next government are concerned, most of them will be held by sectors of the Movement's political branch which, despite their own vacillations derived from differently nuanced reformist conceptions, can carry forward the liberation program massively voted for on March 11 lth...
...The conditions placed on these loans are simple--we TABLE 2: Present Schedule of Argentine Foreign Debt Repayments as of Dec...
...As loyal Peronists, we have a great responsibility...
...These arguments can easily be refuted if we compare the years 1939-1955 to the years 1955-1969...
...Controls on prices were eliminated and the cost of living index shot from a base of 100 in 1958 to 1017 in 1966.38 At the same time wages were frozen...
...1 Great Britain, the most important imperialist power, pursued a policy toward the River Plate Basin in general and Argentina in particular which passed through two distinct phases...
...Commercial expansion was paralleled by the penetration of direct foreign investment and further extensions of credit for infrastructure development-both of which reinforced the export economy...
...They define themselves as Peronists whereas they label their opponents as Marxists...
...Imperialism Rides Herd in Argentina England became a capitalist country before any other and in the middle of the 19th century having adopted free trade claimed to be the workshop of the world, the great purveyor of manufactured goods to all countries, which in exchange were to keep her supplied with materials...
...158 patents...
...NACLA/East River Plate Project BUNGE Y BORN AND DELTEC Although Bunge y Born is not even listed among the Top 120, it controls five firms on this list as well as seven other smaller Argentine firms...
...Peron was a fascist and a dictator detested by all good men--except Argentinians...
...By mere coincidence, terms on all these loans were identical despite the fact that negotiations were "separate" along country consortium lines...
...Uk) LBN - Leo Burnet-Novas (US) McE - McCann Erikson (US) MDP - McDonald Publicidad OSR - Ortiz Scopesi & Ratto/Olgivy y Mather (US) RLP - Riccardo de Luca Publicidad SA - Sagarra Advertising TP - Triangulo Publicidad YP - Yuste Publicidad Local Law Firms AB - Allende & Brea BV - Estudio Beccar Varela EM - Estudio Moltedo GB - G. Breuer GG - Garber y Garber MO - Marval y O'Farrell OF - Estudio O'Farrell SO - Saravia, Odriozola & Brons SR - Severgnini Robiola Grinberg y Larrechea Geneml t - total land area owned c - area covered by plant + BND - Banco Nacional de Desarrollo, a state bank * estimate t 1,201,270.800 sq...
...So that they were going to pay us in capital goods through the revaluation of manufactures...
...meters of land owned16 The Foreign Debt: Priming The Pump Just before the Campora Government came into office in May of 1973, the then Central Bank President, Dr...
...196 patents...
...FAR: Revolutionary Armed Forces...
...Corporate giants have therefore disguised their control by assuming the names of domestic companies and placing local businessmen in management positions...
...indeed it is certain that the people did not benefit as the burden of a massive devaluation was the result...
...This leads to excessive aid to import-intensive projects...
...IDB loan...
...This period of uncoordinated "resistance" was followed in the early 1960's by the first attempts to develop a rural guerrilla movement...
...and work and the united front, and how do you plan to combine (d) the increase of the real wages of workers...
...3 9 As salaried workers constitute 74 percent of the Argentine workforce, this data reflects the conditions of a major segment of the workforce.40 The objectives of the Prebisch and Krieger Vasena Plans to reduce total consumptive capacity of workers in order to increase exports contrast with the efforts of the Peronist Administration to expand the internal market...
...Controls 22% of market...
...Can you dismiss the possibility of a coup d'etat...
...Ex-Im and IFC loans...
...But it does not transform positive materialistic as capitalism, if not more so, in its basic concept, law into an instrument for the exploitation of man by the state...
...Mobilizations transcended their purely political purpose to become instruments of power...
...public officials eager to recushion private U.S...
...cit., p. 11.32 33...
...To do this, they will continue to utilize the Armed Forces since, in spite of the contradictions within them at the moment (which we must agitate), a painstaking job of counter-revolutionary ideological formation was carried out to overcome these contradictions...
...Determining the principal contradiction is a complicated matter of major importance...
...But it would lead to an immediate confrontation with the combined forces of the landed oligarchy, the commercial bourgeoisie and imperialism...
...THE OLD ALLIANCE With the development of large landholdings for cattle and grain production geared to the international market, a new alliance was forged among imperialism, the local merchant bourgeoisie and the landed oligarchy...
...7. Figure for 1973...
...First appeared in 1970 when they executed General Aramburu whose dictatorial regime (1955-1958) was famous for its repressive policies and brutality...
...A) The Prebisch Plan sought first to discredit the record of the Peronist administrations through statistical manipulations...
...6. Daniels, op...
...This alliance, which was to dominate Argentina through the first decades of the 20th century, first sought to weaken the small artisans and farmers of the interior who favored the domestic market...
...50,000,000 Argentine Republic Floating Rate Notes 1977 Kohn, Loeb & Co Banse Commerciale Italians Cridit Lyonnais sakern Troat Cmpany Lazard Freres & Co...
...Gobain- Fr <50 1933 22 Pont-a-Mousson (1,914) 83 Garov.y Zorrq Private Ar 22 84 Cla.Arg.de Lone Star US 100 1916 21 Cemento Port...
...24) and Phem (No...
...To illustrate, while the Radical Party pushed through important labor law reforms before 1916, its record toward worker demands after coming to power left much to be desired...
...Sold to Deltec (No...
...Formed in 1968...
...Military rule was a stopgap solution which allowed them to adapt to new world conditions by reorienting part of their economic activity towards a process of import substitution through limited industrialization...
...14222, passed in 1953, only allowed for limited investments in the key automobile, petrochemical and electrical appliances industries...
...This fails to account for the betterments won by the workers between 1948 and 1952...
...New York Times, February 10, 1965...
...And "to hold the key to the banking system, is to hold the key to credit and consequently to the corporations...
...121-0 Based in Bahamas but dominated by US capital...
...the market for their industrial products...
...June 30, 1971...
...CH: In what ways do you see the struggle being waged in Argentina as part of a continental strategy for liberation...
...Strikes rose in number from 49 in 1939 to 113 in 1942, putting additional pressure on the fragile ruling alliance of the thirties...
...26 (May 1972), p. 10...
...an interest charge is included in total cost...
...26th ad., 1966...
...0.3 Sugar 532 5.6 3.9 20.6 Cement 1,500 OSR (19) 0.3 Cosmetics, 291 2.9 3.4 5.5 Toiletries, 12c 330 RLP (62) Cosmetics 574 6.1 3.3 6.8 Alcoholic MDP (48) Beverages 3.8 Sugar 0.4 Petroleum 0.7 Food 41c 3,108 (NA) 519 5.1 0.9 4.5 Tin Cans (21) 0.8 Food 0.8 Paper 32c 1,600 1,8 Alcoholic 20c 600 MDP (NA) Beverages 210 1.9 0.314 3.6 Engines 500 (9.2) 1.6 Cement 207 1,7 0.5 0.9 Axles 14c 700 (57) 2.0 Sugar (NA) -1.0 Shipping -3.5 Meat 15,000 2.6 Cosmetics / 4. Cf __ 4Ole...
...All these forces have emerged from the 18 years of struggle which followed the downfall of Peron in 1955 and have been molded by the Cuban Revolution and the Algerian and Vietnamese struggles...
...La Prensa, August 4, 1972...
...Inflation and the devaluation qf the peso made royalty payments increasingly difficult and often impossible...
...European finance capitalism, however, still remains largely undefined...
...IBRD, as the IMF, acts as consultant to governments and prepares comprehensive economic studies for use in formulating national development programs...
...In this way they clearly demonstrated that the liberation of our country can be achieved only if the workers assume their historical responsibility to lead the process of national liberation...
...He supports a star-inspired vision of a future world which is centered around a Sao-Paulo-Lima-Buenos Aires axis...
...31, 1972 [US$ million] Year Public Sector Private Sector Total 1973 544.0 1,563.2 2,107.2 1974 581.0 398.0 979.0 1975 655.0 161.5 816.5 1976 366.0 118.0 484.0 1977 344.0 77.7 421.7 1978 296.0 201.6 497.6 1979 914.0 - 914.0 TOTALS 3,700.0 2,520.0 6,220.0 Source: see footnote 26...
...The formation of the CGT de los Argentinos represented a significant advance in particular sectors of the working class...
...Exploitation of the Working Class "The liberation of the workers will only be achieved by the workers...
...So that the possibility of collecting those $1,500 million dollars that they owed us had to wait for two years at the end of which they would begin to pay back with capital goods, that Is to say, machinery, vehicles, etc...
...after 1955...
...investments acquired a relatively greater importance not because of the openness of the economy but as a consequence of a market closed to foreign capital and a government policy of large nationalizations which affected those sectors of the economy where European capitalists had concentrated much of their investments...
...Enforcement of a labor regime that allows full participation of workers in the life of their organizations and prevents fraudulent manipulation by the labor union bureaucracy...
...In 1972 a rise in electric rates set off a popular rebellion in the rich industrial city of Mendoza...
...The two tendencies differed not in their goals so much as in their methods...
...a $38.3 million loan for a bridge and highways "that will exert a major impact on the physical integration of Uruguay and the river coast areas of Argentina...
...It does this (Translated from LAS BASES (Buenos Aires), Vol...
...They must orient themselves toward obtaining more influence within the Movement and the Government in such a way that the people's interests are faithfully represented in their superstructures...
...22), Ledesma (No...
...See document of Fighting Unions...
...579 patents...
...That is, the Peronist Movement took a political position which drew these sectors to join the Front, based on certain conditions which made their incorporation feasible...
...Investigation of kidnappings, torture, murders of the people's militants and immediate punishment of the perpetrators of these crimes...
...IV (1965), p. 17...
...steel, heavy machinery and motor vehicles (Ford, General Motors, Otis Elevator, Burroughs, National Lead and seven other corporations...
...Even bourgeois governments in Latin America have insisted on at least nominal partnership in foreign companies operating within their borders...
...It is one of the three armed Peronist groups which has given critical support to the new government...
...It solidified the worker-student alliance (a significant factor given the apathy of students during the first Peronist era) and it spurred the radicalization of young priests within the Catholic Church...
...Uneconomical, it was closed down in 1953 and the outdated machinery shipped to Argentina in 1954...
...controlled funding...
...Also included are PL-480 (Food for Peace) programs for $18.2 million active in Argentina in the 1953-1961 period...
...CH: To summarize, what are your slogans for the present stage...
...Thus we come to the central problem: how to analyze a concrete situation, evaluate the balance of forces in this situation, and discover-keeping the strategic objectives in mind-what are the steps, methods, tactics and tasks that will enable us to advance, to change the balance of forces, to situate the attainable objectives in each period, to know how to profit from the enemy's contradictions, always attentive to the situation's constant evolution so as to adapt to it and advance a bit further or fall back (if such is required), but with a mentality constantly on the strategic offensive...
...Banco Toraquist (50% owned by the Algememe Bank Netherland) has min...
...de Inversiones Sudamericanas -Gestora del Sur S.A...
...Campora we said, in exactly these words, "Experience shows us that there can be no truce with the enemies of the country, with exploiters, with the oppresive army and the rapacious capitalist corporations...
...IV, No...
...Both Luis V. Sommi and Jaime Fuchs produced studies following this approach, but their data, though historically valuable, are now outdated...
...May, 1973 Translated from a document issued by the Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR...
...Some foreign firms entered the Argentine market in association with local interests which often held a majority ownership...
...2 2 This type of credit, like those of AID and the Eximbank, is tied specifically to the sale of U.S...
...10027...
...Step by step" does not mean that the advance is always slow, gradual or evolutionary...
...Quimica Hoechst S.A...
...Increased obfuscation of U.S...
...Most of the loans have been made as Export-Import Bank (Eximbank) or Agency for International Development (AID) loans...
...IV, No...
...Going over the experiences of recent years we can foresee that some of these contradictions (those that exist with the traitorous integrationist sectors of the Movement and25 the Front) will become sharper and will again acquire the antagonistic character which was somewhat diluted during the election...
...officers and executives from Firestone Corp...
...British financial interests then helped found two banks over which they maintained firm control...
...and European capital...
...US) to build agri...
...3. Conseio Tecnico de Inversiones, Business Trends, May 28, 1973...
...Power 10 233.05 Preinvestment 8 12.26 Water & 6 48.06 Export 1 6.73 Sewage Financing Gas 3 57.73 Sub-total 66 794.59 less cancellations, adjustments etc...
...Its original encouragement of an incipient industrial bourgeoisie helped to strengthen a new class which would look to other allies as soon as association with the landowning and commercial bourgeoisie no longer favored its particular interest...
...Sensing the importance of worker discontent the party pushed for universal male suffrage (passed in 1912) and its candidate, Hipolito Yrigoyen easily won the 1916 presidential election on a popular reformist platform...
...The statistics from Tables 1 through 9were culled from 23 different sources which include the following: 1) Publications and newspapers: Boise Review, Business Conditions in Argentina, Business Trends, Comments on Argentine Trade, Cronista Comercial, Herald, Journal of Commerce, La Nacion, La Prensa, London Financial Times, New York Times, Noticias, Panorama Economico Latinoamericano, and Rundt's Intelligence Weekly...
...Establishment of jurisdictions (instancias) that enable the people to participate in decisions of Government...
...We would like to thank the following people who helped prepare this issue: Ginny Barta, Carlos Diaz Ritter, Miune Kefi, Angela Perretta, Maria Rodriguez, Jane Rothenberg, Stephanie Rugoff, Marta Sanchez, Julio Velasquez...
...37 through a social stockholder system, since it recognizes private (March 29, 1973...
...A modern-day Rasputin, Lopez Rega also finds time to indulge in astrology...
...There can easily be another Trelew-style massacre...
...Controlled thru GE (US, No...
...sectors of the petty and middle bourgeoisie participated in it, although as a minority...
...According to Aldo Ferrer, in this period, that figure accounted for 8.5 percent of all foreign investment carried out by capitalexporting countries...
...Under Peron the trend was accentuated until 1952 because of the government's policy of nationalization in key sectors of the economy, restrictions on the repatriation of profits in others and also because of the reduced capital surplus of the European countries most affected by the war...
...Class Alliances And Class Struggle: 1955-1973 The ruling coalition that overthrew Peron ruled Argentina for the next 18 years...
...On October 17, 1945, masses of workers seized the center of Buenos Aires to force the military to release Peron who had been jailed because he was a threat to the reactionary sectors of the Armed Forces.4 Peronism and the Foreign Debt Argentina owed the United States and Great Britain a total of $3.5 billion and they in turn owed Argentina $700 million and $800 million respectively...
...With regard to the public debt, negotiations are once again underway to "rollover" repayments...
...Since then, grants of approximately $500,000 a year have been authorized to combat illicit international drug traffic...
...The privileges given to capital in the latter period also shifted the distribution of income towards the top 10 percent of the population...
...The stockmen . . . were split into two factions: breeders and fatteners...
...2) There remain the sectors of the middle urban and rural bourgeoisie (and the rest of the petty bourgeoisie) whose economic interests are contradictory to those of the enemy camp, since the process of monopolistic concentration condemns them to disappear as a class...
...The only blood not shed was that of the capitalists and the oligarchy, while the people saw dozens and dozens of their best children massacred and shot...
...OF Share of Electrocler (No...
...Because the military had succeeded in disqualifying Peron himself, this united front of 25 organizations ran Peron's close advisor, Hector Campora, for President...
...Since the close of World War II, over $1,000 million has flowed to Argentina through the hands of U.S...
...Credit Lyonnais: Banque Nationale de Paris, B. Francaise et Italienne pour I'Amerique du Sud, Credit Commercial de France, B. Commerciale pour I'Europe du Nord, Union de Banques Arabes et Francaises, Credit Industriel et Commercial, B. de Paris et des Pays-Bas, B. de l'Union Europeene Industrielle et Financiere, B. Francaise de Commerce Exterieur, B. Louis Dreyfus, Credit du Nord...
...and/or U.S...
...4. The currency and gold reserve drainage caused a liquidity crisis...
...What positons do the Revolutionary Workers for all political prisoners...
...Treasury and U.S...
...Since 1968, it has been IDB policy to restrict borrowers to buying required materials from those industrial countries which have contributed to the IDB's financial resources...
...Finally, to achieve both the general and programatic objectives, this Plenary Session of Labor Unions and Fighting Peronist Groups calls on the workers and the people to organize and mobilize the masses...
...ERP: We recognize Ernesto "Che" Guevara as our greatest leader (Comandante Maximo) in the revolutionary war we are engaged in...
...Inevitably these two different interpretations of Peronism have led to wide discrepancies in the programs and objectives which each group has set for the movement as a whole...
...RoyWet sokin Corporatioa The Stodrda sak I.Skaadiai s"a ks whamas, a & Co...
...1 1 The failure of the British to maintain complete control over Argentina's commerce (and by extension, over its politics), Britain's reduced world position and its limited technological and capital thrust were therefore key factors in the U.S...
...These funds are used to provide economic aid directed primarily toward immediate political and security objectives...
...The first refers to the land owned or the surface actually covered by the plant...
...2. Among top 100 U.S...
...However, in light of the steadily rising rate of inflation, a more equitable payment was made to the workers...
...Seethe IMF section of the "Debt" article elsewhere in this issue...
...Set up new plant in 1971 with financing from Polysli (WG, DM 11.2 million), Hochtlef (WG, DM 6 million), Colfe (Sp, DM 7 million) and a US $35 million bond...
...Bank of Tokyo Ltd., Fuji Bank Ltd., Sumitomo Bank Ltd...
...It should be emphasized that this imperialism is not "outside" the country...
...2) his 20% interest...
...balance of payments by making available large amounts of foreign capital...
...IV, No...
...At times, it is overt, i.e., the IMF's required "letter of intent" and the World Bank's "memorandum of understanding," but it need not be spelled out as bourgeois governments are willing to play these games and have learned what is required of them to obtain loan authorizations...
...World War II cut off foreign sources of capital and technology, offering the new industrial bourgeoisie no other solution but to seek support among the military and another disaffected sector of the population, the working class...
...economic aid is authorized via the Export-Import Bank...
...IMF, Balance of Payments Yearbook, July 1964, February 1968, March 1972, October 1972, May 1973...
...These included stabilization measures restricting credit availability, and limiting the Treasury deficit by raising the tariffs on state enterprises by 40-50 percent and taxes on petroleum products, exports and agricultural land...
...Conselo Tecnologico del Movimiento Nacional Peronista, Bases para un programa peronista de accion de gobierno...
...The broad scope of the government's proposals subjects any modification in the economic program to IMF approval.+ The IMF credit granted in itself is no small amount...
...are the words of Peron...
...Taking advantage of their larger capital reserves and more advanced technology, U.S...
...6 The widespread expansion of the country's infrastructure and production created a demand for greater labor reserves and new arable land...
...socialism, etc...
...As can be seen in Table 2 the extremely high amount due this year i largely private sector debt...
...We believe not...
...By the end of the year 11 settlements involving nine U.S...
...when the currency declines in value, capital goods increase in an inversely proportional way...
...Nationalization of foreign trade and control of foreign exchange...
...2 1 In choosing Krieger Vasena as Minister of the economy, the Ongania military dictatorship clearly demonstrated who was running the economy, indicated its willingness to deepen Argentina's dependency, and assured the free flow of capital in and out of the country...
...It intended to eliminate the deficits in the balance of payments and promote a stable GNP growth...
...and European banks, whose activities had previously been limited to the Buenos Aires region, used this mechanism of acquisition to engage in branch banking throughout the country...
...and Bear Stemrns...
...SOURCES: Mercado, Vol...
...The Illia Radical Party administration that came to power tried to stall the influx of foreign capital...
...111) and Klockner-Humboldt-Deutz (WG) In DECA (No...
...c) Self-management and workers' control in production and distribution of goods...
...Implementation of an infrastructure plan and creation of basic national industries that will make possible an in-depth transformation of our economy and revive it in the short run, eliminating unemployment...
...CH: What then, do you feel, are the real intentions of FREJULI for the next government...
...and services purchased from the United States...
...ment in underdeveloped countries...
...forthcoming, 1972...
...157 (July 13, 1972) for local sales and income...
...machinery...
...Electric Siemens 1937 1917 1910 1935 1960 US 72 UK 1.1 It Ar Ar 51 UK 100 Ar 75 25 Ar US 100 US 100 It 98 US 100 Fr >50 US >50 Ar Sw >50 Ne >50 Sw >50 US >50 US 100 Fr 77 Ar It >50 It <50 US >50 WG >50 1908 61 (3,848) 60 (2,365) 58 57 57 (3,717) 55 54 54 (NA) 54 (7,346) 52 (799) 52 (1,210) 51 (1,914) 47 (2,484) 47 46 (3,541) 46 (5,189) 46 (NA) 42 (1,500) 41 (8,274) 41 (1,792) 40 38 (NA) 38 (9,425) 37 (3,815) 49 Giol Private Ar 23 1.6 4.1 1.1 Textile 145c 3,850 JWT SR (356) 65 2.5 3.2 99.3 Tires & 3,500 McE GB (3.24) Cables 1.6 Food -3.3 Electrical 184c 7,200 SR Appliances 25 1.5 3.0 1.4 Petro- 57c 2,014 A-i (208) chemical -0.9 Shipping 0.3 Cement EM 3.8 Food (NA) 11 0.7 4.4 1.3 Telecom...
...The elections were repeated in 1963 but this time the Peronist ticket was banned from the ballot...
...3, No...
...20c (4,043 (3,3 (3, It*,0 76 Penallor Private Ar 1913 25 77 Crlstalerla Corning Glass US 53 1882 25 Rigolleau (603) 78 Sudamtex United Mer- US >50 1934 24 chants & Manuf...
...It appears that the financial spokesman for the military government did not present a complete picture...
...objectives requires increased vigilance in the struggle against imperialism...
...Slam di Tella Automotores sold to IKA (No...
...This came after several long years of deliberation and study...
...Ex-Im loans...
...While the IMF's energies in Argentina go toward general economic "stabilization," IBRD's activity has been directed toward infrastructure development (electric power and transport) and to a lesser extent agriculture and cattle raising (see Table 4...
...The $ 10 billion figure is in 1960dollar value...
...375) 85 labon Federal Private Ar 21 86 Gllette Gilette 2 US 100 1942 21 (730) 87 HIram Walker Hiram Walker Ca >50 21 (345) 88 Tabaeal Private Ar 21 89 Gral.deComb...
...On the other hand, Peronism's revolutionary sectors are themselves in the minority at the policy-making level of government...
...ERP: The election and the rise to power of a Peronist-Frondizist government represent the fulfillment of the Great National Accord (Gran Acuerdo Nacional, GAN), a plan of the military dictatorship and the bourgeois politicians of the "Hour of the People...
...We will not refer to the nature of the previous period because it has been the theme of other studies...
...The Coast Guard, Border Patrol and the political activities of the Armed Forces were placed under the Ministry of War...
...UK 85 1913 116 Tobacco (2,262) 15 Agay Energla State Ar 100 106 16 Salrarl Peugeot Fr 100 1960 100 (1,685) 17 AerollneasArg...
...government agencies (see article on foreign debt...
...Herbert Goldhammer, The Foreign Powers in Latin America, (Princeton Press, 1972) p. 194...
...Thus in order to gain a real picture of control we would have to place each of the 120 within their financial group structure...
...CH: In your reply to Campora and in our conversation, you have progressive and revolutionary sectors...
...Ex-Im and IFC loans.25 Duello 26 Pirelli 27 Sancor 28 Slam di Tellal 29 Duperial 30 Elma 31 Loma Negra 32 Insa 33 Standard Electric 34 Olivetti 35 Massallny Celascol 36 Santa Rosa 37 Firestone 38 Sasetru 39 Nestle 40 Philips 41 ltalo-Arg...
...ERP: It is true that this parliamentary government will not enjoy the full trust of the military, who have accepted it as the lesser of two evils and as a transitional arrangement to try to stop the advance of revolutionary forces, particularly the guerrilla organizations...
...Five of the remaining 42 private Argentine enterprises are controlled by a single holding company, Bunge y Born...
...3) In the present period FREJULI, the instrument which allowed us the great triumph of March 11th, is the broadest political expression of the people's camp...
...They quickly resorted to strikes to press their demands...
...In this case they will not only objectively retard fulfillment of the people's program, but they will also tend to maintain over-all dependency on monopoly imperialism...
...2. La Prensa, July 25, 1973...
...The failure of IAPI to consistently provide adequate sources of capital led the industrial bourgeoisie to waver in its support of the government and to look to foreign private and public sources to preserve its interests, assure continued industrial expansion and improve its technological base...
...To support the $850 million railroad modernization and improvement plan for 1971-1975, IBRD and Argentina signed an $84 million loan in 1971...
...Dept...
...and from Ruben Retardado, Realidad y cambio en el sindicalismo (Buenos Aires: Edicion Plenamar, 1971), p. 240-1...
...the relationship between the exploitation of workers (production of surplus value) and the transfer of capital out of Argentina by each company, and finally the impact of all these factors on the organizational level of the workers...
...Agrarian reform, the expropriation and nationalization of big capital, urban reform, a revolutionary socialist government-all essential measures for a true revolution-are totally absent from the plans and proposals of FREJULI...
...Washington reacted swiftly to the decision in perfect coordination with a campaign launched by the right in Argentina to discredit Illia...
...to wit, the severe crisis in this sector produced by the process of monopolistic concentration and the general economic crisis revealed in the thousands of bankruptcies of small and middle-sized businesses...
...Refines 17%of petroleum...
...For instance all seven Italian subsidiaries listed in the top 120 corporations are interconnected through links between their Italian parent firms...
...Thus we have a continental strategy...
...His objective was to secure credits to bolster Argentina's then sagging international reserves...
...We will center our imtalked about the political practice you will follow in the period mediate activity on mobilization of the people for: (a) freedom after May 25th...
...30 patents...
...In the stage of finance capitalism and imperialism these very interconnections-centered around banking and legal relationslink most firms to financial groups which in turn control and coordinate investment strategies, financing, use of technology, labor exploitation, etc...
...Justification for such a large debt is usually found in "developmentalist" assumptions: 1) that the larger the debt incurred the more rapid total industrial development, and 2) that industrial development, no matter what its direction, is necessarily beneficial to the population as a whole...
...the Securities and Exchange Commission...
...Licensing agreement on royalty basis with Milprint let., a sub"sidiary of Phllips Morris (US, No...
...3. Sales and income figures are rounded to nearest million US...
...This conforms with the right-wing Peronist interpretation of Marxism which sees the latter as the substitution of the exploitation of man by man with the exploitation of man by the state (see document on rightwing Peronism...
...More specifically, the sudden decline in Bank credits between 1962 and 1964 was in response to the overthrow of the Frondizi government, the cancellation of oil contracts under Illia and to the liberal Kennedy administration's overall shift from a bilateral to a multilateral strategy in U.S...
...For background on the role of foreign aid, see Hector Melo and Israel Yost, "Fun- ding the Empire: Part 1" and "Part 2" in NACLA Newsletter, Vol...
...Its program of "National Reconstruction," embodied in the "social pact" recently signed between the General Economic Confederation* and the CGT, is fundamentally based on developmentalist theories...
...Source: ECLA, Econcmic Developant and Income Distribution in Argentina (New York: United Nations, 1969)i p. 169...
...During Peron's presidency (1945-1955) he was a low-ranking Federal Police officer assigned as a guard to the presidential residence...
...It bought the commodities at low prices and sold them on the world market at high prices...
...VII, No...
...Controls 35-40% of market...
...On the economic, social and cultural plane: -Adjustment of wages and salaries to reflect the real increase in the cost of living...
...The Devaluation...
...The material is representative of the current situation with a few modifications in ranking, sales and income figures...
...The subsequent rise in credits after 1965 reflects greater political stability in Argentina and the Johnson and Nixon administrations' attempts to balance the needs of multinational corporations with those of solely domestic U.S...
...Valorega S.A...
...TABLE 6: IDB Loans to Argentina by Sector, 1961-Aug...
...I. Lenin, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism The transformation of the capitalist mode of production from its mercantilist to pre-monopolistic phase ushered in changes in the world economic system and the international division of labor...
...To understand the nature of these credits-which appear as loans to both public and private sectors-we will examine them in detail...
...An interesting example of World Bank direct interference in national policy is the recent case of the Argentine railroad credit...
...It simply forced it to proceed from a different angle...
...Compania Industrial de Bolsas S.A...
...In Aug...
...share of It and Sw capital...
...Key positions in government were then filled by old line, corrupt Peronist bureaucrats and politicians...
...They intend to carry out the most brutal repression and to crush the rise of the people and the workers such as the Ezeiza incident...
...As for the police, which supposedly depend on the executive, although they have acted in recent years as an auxiliary of the oppressing army, the ERP will suspend its attacks against them as long as they do not cooperate with the army in the persecution of guerrillas and the repression of the people's demonstrations...
...production and commerce...
...Yet this general measure of foreign penetration understates the greater degree of monopolization achieved in certain vital branches of industry (see Table 5...
...Figure for Massey-Ferguson...
...DICTATORSHIP...
...Although Krieger Vasena lifted all the restrictions on profit transfers he sustained the process of industrial denationalization by decreeing the devaluation of the peso by 40 percent...
...These 66 firms generate 67 percent of all sales of the privately owned corporations in the top 120...
...The guards lined Cacho Delfino Humberto Segendo Suarez them up in front of their cells and gunned them down...
...This caused a split in the trade-union movement and the most radical sectors broke off to form the CGT de los Argentinos (General Workers Confederation of the Argentines...
...Illia reversed the process temporarily but after 1967 the pro-imperialist policies described earlier, forced it back down to 35 percent in 1972...
...He surfaced in 1965 as a partner in a printing firm run by other ex-police officers...
...Ibid., p.61...
...The revolutionary potential of the Peronist Movement rests upon its capacity to mobilize and organize the working class and progressive sectors, both politically as well as militarily...
...The monetary reserves were then invested in infrastructure, impotrt duties were cut by 50 percent and the authority of the state monopolies was undermined in order to strengthen the position of private capital...
...The peso was devalued by 40 percent to cushion it against further internal inflation, but export duties were raised to avoid a massive influx of dollars on the open market...
...Ibid...
...So he has come to represent opportunity...
...58).102 Atanor State Ar 33 16 Dow Chemical US 25 (2,053) 103 CiLbass Private 104 FabrllFinane Private 105 Squbb Squibb Beech-Nut Ar Ar 15 15 US 100 1944 14 (830) 106 Sosala Snia Viscosa It >50 1949 14 (595) 107 Lepeit Dow Chemical US 100 1947 14 (2,053) 108 Electroclor ICI UK 33 1938 13 Celulosa Arg...
...manufacturing firms rose gradually from $21 million in 1965 to $68 million in 1969.27 Banking Law No...
...Nearly $500 million was clearly categorized for this use, while many of the credits listed under the rubrics of agriculture and preinvestment studies, were actually also utilized for the same public enterprises...
...We must always remember that "power comes from the barrel of a gun...
...share...
...OTHER SOURCES: scattered data was found in general publications from Argentina (Antropologla del Tercer Mundo, Cuestion and Primera Plana) as well as Quien es Quien en la Argentina and Consejo Tecnico de Inversiones, S.A., The Argentine Economy (Buenos Aires, Nuevo Banco Italiano, annual...
...Licensing agreements with Moeorla (US) since 1960 and Fedders (US) since 1964...
...Of course the capitalist interests that were eroded did not submit without a struggle and prolonged civil wars lasted until the 1850's...
...The authorities intend to follow a policy which will promote the financial recuperation of public enterprises, especially those in key sectors such as petroleum, railways, and electricity, and to this end they intend that any unplanned cost increases which occur during the course of the year will be duly compensated by further increases in current revenues...
...It is an enticement however to buy from the most expensive exporter in the world and subsequently reinforce yanqui imperialism's ties with Argentina...
...Often the specific objectives of development are defined abroad...
...Typesetting by Coty...
...WG) -Sulfacid S.A.LF.C...
...Regional integration" involves not only the absorption by a sub-imperialist power of the weaker economies of surrounding nations, but the dependency on entire areas on relationships cemented by, and thus subject to, U.S...
...The restrictions on profit transfers which had been effective since 1964 were lifted in 1965...
...It has penetrated deeply within the nation's frontiers, directly dominating many companies, and in other cases allying with the industrial, financial and agricultural sectors of the native big bourgeoisie...
...Thus remittances by U.S...
...Scholnik (No...
...B. The Adalbert Krleger Vasena approach stressed expansion from within...
...The nonPeronist right has rallied around two parties (the Popular Federalist Alliance of Manrique and the Radical Party of Balbin) while the left-including the Communist Party, the Popular Alliance and the Left Popular Front-has pledged its support for the revolutionary sectors of the Peronist Movement and Peron's candidacy...
...In keeping with IFC policy to "revolve its funds and bring other investors into partnership in its transactions," 1 5 an additional $27.1 million in foreign funds were lent to Celulosa: the U.S...
...Campora's request came as a result of certain guerrilla actions, among which were the kidnapping of Aleman and the execution of Iribarren...
...There is a point at which working people will no longer bear the burden of subsidizing continued expansion of power facilities so crucial to imperialist penetration...
...The United States was the only country capable of supplying such technology and took advantage of this unique position to unload outdated machinery and equip...
...Immediate freedom for the fighters for liberation...
...BND has mi...
...After the letter was posted, the Argentine Government found it necessary to10 advance the 10 percent wage rise scheduled for July to May and increase it to 15 percent...
...As can be seen in Table 6, the Bank places heavy emphasis on the construction of infrastructure facilities...
...No doubt, 1973 is exceptional...
...Between 1960 and 1971 $853 million flowed out of the country...
...To date, no one is certain as to what use these funds were put...
...A confrontation at this point in time would further weaken or even destroy the revolutionary forces (see FAR document...
...policy for both the peoples of Latin America and for those in the United States concerned with Third World liberation are clear...
Vol. 7 • September 1973 • No. 7
