Protestant Ethic and Imperial Mission The Latin American Case
The Catholic Church in Latin America was once the undivided ally of the conservative landowning sectors of the bourgeoisies. Today, ideological splits divide it, cutting across ranks of...
...Even today among evangelicals there is irrepressible enthusiasm and excitement about a hoped for imminent return to the Chinese mainland -- and considerable contingency planning and formulation of strategies for the return...
...In the accentuated development of Pentecostal sects both Brazil and Chile differ radically from the other countries REVOLUTIONARY...
...In response to God's leading...
...In order to make Vol...
...London: Lutterworth, 1969...
...World Vision International is an associate member...
...In Brazil and in Mexico in 1930 the mission-created Methodist churches acquired administrative independence from the parent denominations in the United States...
...Protestant America and the Pagan World: The First Half Century of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1810-1860...
...The interest in this area seems Ito have grown out of biblical preoccupations of the missionary ideology itself: the focus on the holy land, on the Islamic religion as the beast of the Apocalypse and on the conversion of the Jews as a precondition for Christ's return...
...A brief look at Protestantism in Brazil and Chile illustrates the role of missions and missionspawned churches in advancing culture changes made necessary by the emerging industrial mode of production...
...A full study of the entire document in the light of objective realities of United Methodist missions seen against the latest developments in the world market, the latest innovations of the multinational corporation and the international banks, might show that religious internationalists and capitalist internationalists are both undergoing conscientization -- employing similar techniques for complementary goals...
...If you have served since January 31, 1 955...
...World Radio Missionary Fellowship has over 130 persons in Ecuador managing HCJB radio "Voice of the Andes...
...Among the leading independent agencies are the American Friends Service Committee, Baptist Bible Fellowship International, Southern Baptist Convention (the largest of all U.S...
...Like other changes in family structure, the reduction of family size meets requirements of the industrial mode of production...
...26-30...
...Fortunately, the severe tensions caused by unemployment, increasing exploitation of labor and natural resources in the underdeveloping satellites and the growing strength of organized resistance to imperialism, have permitted the surfacing in Latin American Protestantism of progressive intellecturals, populists and revolutionaries...
...They spent $60.7 million overseas the same year...
...VI, No...
...Bogota, Colombia: FERES, 1962...
...Trans World Radio has over 30 mission employees in the Netherlands Antilles where they operate a radio station at Bonaire...
...New York: New American Library paperback...
...Most member boards have work in Latin America...
...world power in the 20th century...
...foreign missionary movement did not get under way until 1810, though many a preacher in New England and elsewhere in the United States had exclaimed already upon the wonders being wrought by the movement initiated in Britain some years earlier, when William Carey left for India in 1792 to "take the gospel to the heathen...
...DOM reported an income of $11.9 million in 1969, plus other receipts totalling $5.3 million and foods and other goods valued at $20.3 million, and a stateside expenditure of $3.3 million...
...denominations (e.g., Methodist, United Church of Christ, Episcopal, Presbyterian -- organized in the Department of Overseas Ministries of the National Council of Churches) is to reduce the missionary role, particularly in Brazil, where their social action concerns brought political problems from the rightist military dictatorship...
...Is it not possible that the missionary ideology of obedience to a benevolent God stands behind the secular ideology of obedience to the benevolent necessity of capital growth...
...Chile today presents a different situation for imperialism, as its leftist coalition government under Salvador Allende struggles to halt U.S...
...Of two high-ranking Presbyterian army officers, one was given dictatorial powers to "straighten out" a district which caused political discomfort for the regime...
...corporations at home and abroad, and (3) the continuing exploitation of raw materials...
...In a total population of'92 million, there are over 3.6 million communicant members of the various Protestant denominations and sects and a total Protestant community of perhaps seven million persons...
...These essentially took the place of the family at the center of Protestant life and engineered a radical shift away from male hegemony towards equality of husband and wife and children...
...At the same time, the Catholic Church faced a severe shortage of priests and had few workers in the migrant slums...
...It is for this reason we are trying to arrange a great city-wide crusade in Santiago, the capital city...
...patterns of education in Methodist schools...
...Carries on promotional activities in support of missions, serves as accrediting agency and government representative for affiliates and coordinates the work of independent conservative evangelicals...
...Missionary Motivation Through Three Centuries," Reinterpretation in American Church History...
...More or less simultaneously, cultural imperialism, through a variety of institutional mechanisms including religion, serves to provide associational and value infrastructures aiding the emergence of a highly exploitable labor force, efficient functionaries, client elites and enlarged middle sectors able to support expanded consumer production...
...Thus in the Thus the latter years of the 19th century the influential emphasis Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, health, under the leadership of John R. Mott, adopted the new indu, slogan "the evangelization of the world in this "social generation...
...churches, however, for the support of expensive educational institutions...
...First, the severe crisis in capitalism deprived religious organizations of the funds which the vast economic surplus permitted them during the preceding years...
...The liberals entered into dialogue with Rome...
...increasing the efficiency of the existing structures...
...In this respect Pentecostalism displays the characteristics of a movement rather than an association or institution...
...The relation of the gospel" which emerged in this period to labor movements merits investigation...
...The liberals worked within international or multilateral ecumenical organizations such as the World Council of Churches, while the conservative evangelicals pursued nationalistic and anti-Catholic paths within their own form of interdenominational cooperation...
...This phase of expansion and dominance in foreign missions persisted until the Depression of 1929 when two factors caused a halt...
...In the rest of the country the concern for westward expansion and missions to civilize the "heathen Indians" limited interest in foreign mission efforts...
...The following people contributed to this issue: David Bellin, Penny Ciancanelli, Susan Draper, Kathy Huenemann, Sharon Niederman, Jenny Roper, Marta Sanchez, Hoby Spalding and Tom Trainor...
...The efforts of British Anglican and Scottish Presbyterian missionaries were minor in comparison, and were more or less confined to British sailors and commercial communities, Scottish immigrants and the indigenous Indian tribes of Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Chile...
...In the letter they deplored the negative reactions on the part of the U.S...
...g. The conscious or unconscious role of the missionary in the continuing influence of United States policy and culture in Latin America...
...But when it comes to routine jobs requiring honesty, patience and assiduity I entrust them to crentes...
...imperialism...
...V, pp...
...Among its 45 member agencies many work in Latin America...
...In the article, "The Colonial Case of Puerto Rico," in the October 1971 (Vol...
...This is God's timing and His project...
...Wilems p. 173...
...Second-class postage paid at New York, N.Y...
...The decline of export agriculture and the rise of production for domestic consumer markets in these countries required massive urbanization of populations...
...The highly emotional state in which it can occur is arrived at in Pentecostal meetings through group prayer...
...which sponsors Evangelismin-Depth throughout Latin America), the Oriental Missionary Society and Overseas Crusades, Inc...
...But most work in the years from 1823 to 1860 was bible distribution under the auspices of the American Bible Society and the British and Foreign Bible Society, two non-denominational voluntary associations...
...Pentecostal belief holds that no one can be considered "converted" or "saved" unless he or she has had this deeply emotional experience which includes speaking in tongues...
...Coupled with this pre-millenarian radical By March of next year a massive program of evangelism will penetrate China Mainland by means of two powerful radio stations...
...Willems reported a conversation with one entrepreneur who said, whenever I am faced with some service requiring great responsibility, things that demand competence, vision, and initiative, I would not choose a crente [Protestant...
...Yes, missions is being revolutionized...
...Political withdrawal of this type is highly significant in both Brazil and Chile, an asset to the military rulers of Brazil and an obstacle to the popular government of Chile...
...OUR MISSIONARY INVOLVEMENT It seems neither necessary nor wise to engage in general withdrawal of present missionary personnel...
...The great surge of U.S...
...much to the contrary, it has its topos to the north of the Rio Grande...
...The first arose in the late 19th century in the growing cities of the United States among peoples who had come to the city from rural areas of this country or Europe...
...Cited in text...
...Key North Aerican strategists of conservative evangelical foreign missions seized upon Pentecostal methods of evangelism, in opposition to the institution-centered path of the historical churches, as a means of reinvigorating their own brand of religious imperialism...
...Send me the facts...
...Phillips, Clifton Jackson...
...Followers of the New Faith: Culture Change Front cover: Archbishop Casariegos of Guatemala blessing Ford police cars purchased with a U.S.-AID loan...
...relevant...
...El protestantismo en America latina...
...It has been the growing anti-American, nationalistic sentiments for self-determination which have enabled points of view from within the church to come to the surface...
...Both Willems and Christian Lalive d'Epinay, a Swiss sociologist of religion who investigated Chilean Pentecostalism, indicate that this rapidly growing phenomenon is a protest movement...
...it's relevant...
...ne ___Year in school_ y______State 7ip of Latin America, where Protestant growth has occurred primarily in the historical churches...
...Statistics occasionally inconsistent...
...Subscription: $5 per year for individuals, $10 per year for institutions...
...Revised and enlarged...
...The illusions of Pan-Americanism through the OAS and the Alliance for Progress has only demonstrated the harsh reality of a conflict of interests and purposes between USA policy and the Latin American peoples...
...Protestantism seems to perform the function of channeling and validating these changes with its own brand of ethical and supernatural sanctions...
...For these and other reasons Chile in recent years has moved toward greater governmental control of basic industries and institutions, and has recently opted to move toward socialism...
...Some of the technical agricultural centers -- for example El Vergel (Methodist) in Chile and the College of Agriculture (Presbyterian) in Minas Gerais, Brazil -- effectively promoted important technological innovations...
...The experience has great potential for establishing a new identity, producing a "rebirth" of consciousness and laying a base for resocialization...
...we recognize that real dialogue between our churches will only be achieved when the total political, social, economic, cultural and ecclesiastical structures are drastically altered or changed in order to insure justice...
...commercial activity...
...Haven of the Masses: A Study of the Pentecostal Movement in Chile...
...investment, (2) the development of middle class markets for consumer goods manufactured by U.S...
...In the former, some ten percent of the total population is Protestant, and in the latter live some seven million Protestants, one-half of all those in Latin America...
...Edi tors REPORT OF THE LATIN AMERICAN TASK FORCE World Division Board of Missions United Methodist Church HISTORICAL OBSERVATIONS The North American missionary movement began to play a highly significant role in the development of Protestantism in Latin America during the 19th century...
...Latin American Church Growth...
...As important as the scientific practices they taught was their effort to break down the prejudices against manual work among the bourgeoisie and middle sectors...
...This is the mission arm of the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE), which is based in Wheaton, Illinois, the fundamentalist company town...
...e. The influence of United States dominated mass media upon the culture of Latin American countries...
...The Brazilian Protestant thinker Rubem Alves has clearly distinguished between the entrepreneurial ethic of early Protestantism and the "functionary ethic" taught by the new faith in Latin America...
...in the speed of the jet and the intimacy of TV and radio...
...8 (December 1970), pp...
...Zero in on your field of interest through area seminars on Asia, Africa...
...The Southern Baptists, an evangelical conservative organization, are sending more, however, as are the numerous agencies affiliated with the Interdenominational Foreign Missionary Association (IFMA) and the Evangelical Foreign Missionary Association (EFMA...
...Mimeo...
...I______aiamm ___________________ a1__ I..1 FAR EAI I NAME BROADCASTING CO., INC...
...This base is necessary for the evolution of the market structures that mark the capitalist development of underdevelopment...
...Grand-Sacconeux, Switzerland: Centre Europe-Tiers'Monde, 1970...
...and salvE conservat The missionary consciousness -- both in the EFMA and missionaries and in their supporters who stayed home -- grew out of the main themes of New TowEngland puritanism...
...IV, No...
...Missionaries played a key role in the earliest U.S...
...In Chile the Protestant ideological option in its Pentecostal form (see box) has attracted nearly ten percent of the country's population -- a larger proportion than7 Growth in Latin America the Protestant growth rate between 1960 and 1967 was 11 percent per year in Brazil and 8.5 percent in Chile...
...Of the communicants, 2.5 million are members of the Pentecostal sects and 1.1 million are in the historical denominations -Lutherans, Presbyterians, Baptists and Methodists...
...Only recently, however, has there been a challenge to that influence...
...Editors PROTESTANTISM IN LATIN AMERICA Here [Latin America] the Christian becomes the hybrid of a well-defined ideological and economic system...
...Protestantism in Latin America: Its Ideological Function and Utopian Possibilities," Ecumenical Review, Vol...
...Brazil's economy can be characterized as one primarily dominated by U.S...
...While11 3_ 5__ __ =_ r...
...Nashville: Vanderbilt, 1967...
...Tawney, R.H...
...Indeed, there were more North American missionaries in China by 1850 than there were British, and until the Chinese People's Republic was established by the Communists in the 1949 China remained the dearest concern and cherished goal of the missionary movement, always having a larger contigent of missionaries than any other part of the world...
...This basic shift in the dependent economies of the two countries in turn engendered massive population shifts toward the metropolitan industrial centers (or in the Brazilian case toward agricultural frontiers as well...
...In relief matters is represented by the World Relief Commission of the NAE, which the Chilean government was investigating last summer for illegal currency transactions...
...Moreover, the observations of missionaries in the Middle East provided a data base on the region as a starting point for later oil and commercial interests and for intelligence operations in the era of U.S...
...Protestant effort came after the defeat of Spain in 1898 when droves of missionaries entered Cuba and Puerto Rico with the armies of occupation...
...I would perhaps ask somebody who is not as constant and wellbehaved as the crentes...
...Thus imperialist development of underdevelopment in its technological-industrial phase expands its domination without providing jobs for the increasing numbers of rural workers who stream into the new metropolises of the Third World...
...diplomatic relations with the Chinese Empire after Britain defeated Imperial China in the' Opium War...
...4. That the World Division utilize well informed missionaries who have a highly developed sociopolitical critical awareness, to travel extensively throughout the United Methodist Churches as interpreters of the changing situation in the mission task in Latin America...
...Elders will be jailed on any flimsy excuse so as to frighten the people...
...The deteriorating urban conditions and growing militancy of the new industrial working class caused sufficient alarm to the nation's elites to generate interest in social reforms...
...PRESENT STRUCTURAL PATTERNS OF RELATIONSHIPS Under the pressure of events taking place in Latin America with the concomitant effect on the churches as to their own understanding of mission, the basic fact is being revealed that there are almost no15 common interests and purposes between the USA and the Latin American peoples...
...If things in Chile...
...Among the majority of Latin American Methodists the model for society as well as for the church was the North American model and not their own...
...Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968, pp...
...Modern North American Pentecostalism has two currents...
...Editors WHO IS PRAYING FOR CHILE...
...Monterroso, Victor M. and Johnson, H.A...
...They drew new meaning and utility from the social-structural changes accompanying the industrial mode of production...
...10027...
...The "younger churches" which conservative and mainline Protestants have fostered are today more and more persistently accused of colonialist attitudes and practices...
...This has not come primarily from pressures within the church but from influences from secular society...
...In 1969 EFMA reported 6,611 affiliated missionaries overseas, and its agencies received $64.6 million total income, of which $47.7 million were spent overseas...
...It came with European and North American immigrants...
...IFMA Interdenominational Foreign Mission Association...
...See accompanying document...
...This drastic change in direction is an effort to build a new society, a society based on a new man with new values, a society with a more equal and just distribution of wealth and opportunity, a society in which there are no privileged classes, a society based on justice and solidarity...
...The second selection is from CABLE, the bimonthly publication of Overseas Crusades, Inc., an EFMAaffiliated sending agency with 58 missionaries spread through Brazil, Colombia, Greece, Mexico, the Phillipines, South Vietnam and Taiwan...
...Some estimates put communicant membership in the Chilean Protestant groups at ten percent of the total population of ten million...
...The Pentecostalist sects are protest movements against the existing class structure, while the historical churches, to the extent that they include members of the middle and upper classes, clearly accept such traditional values as educational and occupational achievements, wealth, political power positions, and the like...
...Our brief examination of the effects of Protestant missions in Brazil and Chile in light of the contemporaneity of U.S...
...Second, the massive unemployment and social dislocation at home required urgent attention from the theologians of the American Way of Life...
...The Protestant population now represents over five percent of the region's total population, though in many countries it is smaller...
...A History of the Expansion of Christianity...
...The easy alliance of right-wing dictatorships and evangelical missions has its basis in the historic role of missionary movements as organizers of a new cultural base...
...and the "cultural," concerned with bringing education, democracy and progress from North America...
...This activity dovetailed with the population control programs actively advanced by the U.S...
...Though the historical churches in both countries pioneered in the educational and technical fields, only in Brazil did Protestantism produce a recognizable intellectual elite...
...New York: Harper Brothers, 1943, 1945...
...Both currents provided an equally utopian cast to capitalist development and imperialist expansion...
...The independents encompass some 11,000 overseas missionaries and accounted for $100 million in receipts during 1969...
...EFMA Evangelical Foreign Missions Association...
...1-15...
...The U.S.-sponsored missions also introduced North American models of education...
...His faith is not utopian...
...This history will illuminate the process of cultural imperialism through missions which, as G.B...
...2. That the Board of Missions cooperate with both religious and secular groups which can help to provide the necessary expertise for the examination of the United States presence in Latin America...
...The other will Broadcast from Luzon in the Philippines...
...From the beginning a small minority from within the churches has pushed for liberation from U.S...
...Learn in dialogue with faculty members who have had worldwide on-the-field experience...
...XXII, No...
...These expressions of missionary activity strongly reflected their North American heritage...
...Cited in text...
...Tawney, focusing on the British experience rather than that of the continent which had drawn Weber's attention, built on the criticism of Weber's work...
...Specifically, he discovered that the main concentrations of Protestants in both countries are in the large cities whose rapid growth in the mid-20th century was touched off by the simultaneous decline of agrarian commodity export economies and rise of light industrial production in national metropolitan centers...
...In the earliest period of the foreign missions, the nation already played a significant role in international trade, undertaking police actions in defense of U.S...
...III, pp...
...Capitalism in Chile has resulted in a much more unjust distribution of property and wealth than it has in the United States and we face its effects daily...
...Without Christians," he added, "any revolution in Latin America will be partial...
...The prospect that the unemployed masses of Latin America, Asia and Africa may be diverted from the revolutionary struggle into otherwordly preoccupations has caught the attention of U.S...
...press and corporate interests to Salvador Allende's Popular Unity government...
...Chile and Brazil have the largest Protestant populations...
...In 1970, there are many autonomous and even totally independent Protestant religious organisations in Latin America...
...In turn the relationship between the UMC and the Latin American churches is necessarily affected by the basic fact of this divergence of interests and purposes...
...Church property will be confiscated...
...bibliography on p. 32) (continued from p. 13) BIBLIOGRAPHY Alves, Rubem...
...The Pentecostal sects which in both countries enjoy the bulk of Protestant membership have only minimal missionary support by comparison with the historical "mainline" churches...
...Their new environments provoked extreme crises around identity loss and social disorientation...
...These are (1) the development of industrial areas for direct U.S...
...conservative evangelical Presbyterians under the leadership of Carl McIntire, who organized the pro-war Washington march to which Nguyen Cao Ky was invited) has held high offices in Pernambuco state and the federal government...
...The first selection is part of a letter sent to President Nixon by a group of predominantly Catholic and Methodist missionaries in Chile, July 1971...
...Liberalism attained hegemony in American Protestantism...
...In 1846 and 1856 the northern Presbyterians initiated missions in Chile and Colombia respectively...
...But to believe things will remain status quo, one would have to be ignorant of the way Communism works...
...The tendency in the liberal "mainline" or "historical" U.S...
...Beaver, A. Pierce...
...This "low profile" approach combined with a series of "joint ventures" puts the conservative evangelicals squarely in step with up-to-date techniques of corporate imperialism...
...Thus began the Christian missionary movement...
...Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1969...
...Revolutionary...
...and Latin American churches, but rather to raise consciousness, correct old inequities, adopt a more progressive stance in making North Americans aware of the structures of dependency affecting Latin America...
...Culture et dependence en Amerique latine: Note sur la place et le programme d'une sociologie de la culture integree a une sociologie de la dependence...
...Copyright c 1972 by the North American Congress on Latin America, Inc...
...According to Church The anthropologist, Emilio Willems, in 1967 published the results of his research on Protestantism and culture change in Chile and Brazil...
...As the various illusions under which the Board of Missions has operated began to be recognized at home and abroad, strong motivation for change resulted, although there is no clear consensus as to the direction of that change...
...nt vU tw* CUnnin - L. l~yGJOt.n * r _ lics of Latin America has the highest percentage of Protestant Christians...
...Director of Admissions Dept...
...Half of Latin America's Protestants live in Brazil...
...In Peru, where Catholic influence maintained a prohibition against the importation of contraceptive devices, missionaries imported them in quantity for inexpensive resale to Protestant as well as nonProtestant women...
...merchants aided the missionary program with free transportation of personnel and supplies plus donations for mission support...
...LETTER TO PRESIDENT NIXON The position we missioners are taking is based on our active participation at many levels in the Chilean reality and on a consequent understanding of the reasons for the option for socialism, the goals and positive values involved and the various forces at work here...
...The following article and documents assembled by the NACLA Church Wealth and Power Project, sketch the background and character of the Protestant case of cultural imperialism...
...Bl--9 seWarrsse _ ; Z l...
...in a canoe on a crocodileinfested stream...
...Hillis, the General Director of the organization, errs in speaking of Allende as a Communist, since he is a member of the Socialist Party...
...PENTECOSTALISM According to the Christian Bible, the followers of the risen Jesus were gathered in Jerusalem on the Jewish festival of Pentecost, disoriented by the loss of their leader...
...Christians around the world who have been burdened for the people of China are thrilled with this Open Door for missionary radio...
...14-15...
...1832 and in Argentina in 1833...
...big capital to deflect the rebellion of colonized peoples long enough for them to build an international base...
...In Brazil it first appeared in the Baptist churches and in Chile in the Methodist churches...
...Damboriena, Prudencio, S.J...
...ew1 MOODY BIBLE INSTITUTE 820 N. LaSalle St., Chicago, Illinois 60610 YES I I am interested in Missionary Radio...
...missions operating in Chile, indicate the ideological distance which exists between the historical churches and the conservative evangelicals with respect to social change in the Third World...
...Missionary penetration in the Caribbean in the early years of the 20th century was clearly identified with military, commercial and political expansion in the same region...
...and the Rise of Protestantism in Brazil and Chile...
...As is clear from the document there is no intent to dissolve the structural tie between U.S...
...DepicMA va^4 Let us turn now to an examination of the history of U.S...
...V, No...
...can be used to meet this challenge...
...Cited in text...
...A nationalistic impetus to match the British effort soon jelled in the United States...
...ard the end of the 19th century, the social changes wrought by industrialin the United States transformed the ideemphasis of the mainline churches...
...10025 or Box 226, Berkeley, California 94701...
...284-352...
...2. This requires a program of education directed to the United Methodist Church dealing with issues raised by: a. The role of United States political, economic, military,.cultural and ecclesiastical power, as they create and perpetuate links of dependency...
...Protestantism in general and Pentecostalism in particular provided many with a radically new identity structure and an associational context that could confront the problems of urban or frontier life...
...wSS1 ! E _ 3 z 3 L D | SZEXDgXWEEsES=ESl S z Z = E i _ Z z =3 X = E 9E E _ s z ADS 3E 3 _ ; 3C ___ __ __ A_ A_ A_ A___ AS ultimately Pentecostals formed their own organizations independent of the historical churches, many of the differences between those in Chile and those in Brazil are traceable to the denominational peculiarities of the churches in which they arose...
...Four of the country's 21 state governors terian Gueirros family (allied with U.S...
...In both countries the Pentecostal sects are preponderantly working class or lumpen...
...Coordinates the foreign mission programs of 33 member communions or affiliates and operates Church World Service, a major relief agency...
...Missionaries (not all) will be told they are persona non grata...
...Their prior concern is that their jobs be sufficiently flexible to allow time for evangelistic activities such as preaching on the streets and distributing tracts...
...believes our days of open opportunity are numbered...
...This economic penetration has implications for the institutions of the society -- religious, governmental, educational, cultural, legal, military, and labor...
...Cited in text...
...penetration has been the adoption by certain groups of U.S...
...The full text of the letter was carried in the Sept...
...In 1910, Protestant missionaries in Latin America numbered some 2,000 and by 1930 about 3,000...
...The Presbyterians initiated work in Brazil in 1859, the Methodists in 1867 and the Baptists in 1881...
...New York: Harper Brothers, 1961, 1962...
...Protestantism taught virtues -- thrift, sobriety, honesty, industriousness and education -- which the emerging industrial mode of production rewarded with higher living standards...
...In any case it must be admitted that while Christian missions had little if any impact religiously on the Middle East, they provided Western educational models which had a radical impact on the cultural goals of the Arab world (as missionary education did everywhere...
...capital since World War II has taken the form of a highly technological-industrial mode of production...
...No revolution can exclude and reject such forces...
...NACLA NEWSLETTER, Vol...
...The schools tended to reflect the values and style of the U.S...
...Protestant missions have founded or otherwise inspired in Latin America serve to allay the social crisis generated by the changing structures of imperialism's world market...
...missionary ideology at this juncture reflected this concern...
...It's also on the 30th floor of a Tokyo skyscraper . . . in the basement of a London inner-city flat...
...missionaries and still heavily financed by North Americans...
...imperial interests...
...INDEPENDENT AGENCIES In addition to the agencies affiliated in the above groupings there are 421 independent organizations which send missionaries overseas...
...Willems, Emilio...
...The North American church was exported with particular cultural forms of theology, liturgy and institutional organization in such a way that even though the sending bodies and the missionaries themselves were not conscious of it, they were part of a process which included in a decisive fashion political and economic aspects whose serious consequences are increasingly evident...
...As at the turn of the century, there was little difference between the two sectors in their uncritical acceptance of U.S...
...The desire to have mission activities continue in a "business as usual" stance is evidenced and expressed by many...
...Missionaries from a church which affirmed the culture in the United States continued to affirm that culture to the point of establishing churches which bore few traces of the cultural heritage of.Latin America itself revealing that the expression of the Christian faith through the missionary movement was tied to the U.S...
...6) of the NACLA Newsletter, two engravings by Jose R. Alicea were mistakenly attributed to Jose Manuel Torres...
...MOODY BIBLE INSTITUTE 820 N. LaSalle Street, Chicago...
...This belief held this for this the notice to happen, the gospel of Christ had first to be secular preached so that every person on earth had the tion move opportunity to hear and believe...
...You'll thrill as you see the project develop...
...school systems although increased government standardization in recent years has forced the elimination of some U.S...
...In the world market, changing modes of production in the metropolis generate reciprocal changes in the satellites...
...Growth capital, previously focused on the occupation and incorporation of territories in the western United States, now turned to direct foreign investment...
...In the place of an attitude of struggle, he falls into a dualism which accepts the oppressive structures as "the will of God...
...VI begin with the Jan., 1972 issue, there were only eight instead of ten issues in Vol...
...BOX 1 ADDRESS WHITTIER, CALIF...
...Their EFMA-IFMA axis and numerous independent agencies channelled a share of the postwar economic surplus into rapidly multiplying missionary programs unmatched by the mainline churches...
...Lalive, pp...
...Edi tors BRAZIL AND CHILE Two Latin American countries which concern U.S...
...Provides extensive and varied technical assistance for related agencies...
...It is this ascetic quality which most sharply differentiates the Latin American Protestant life style from the more hedonistic currents of the region's mainstream...
...Write for a colorful FREE BOOKLET that tells the entire story...
...In the meantime, the Church must participate in the common struggle of humankind in breaking these unjust structures...
...Catholic missionaries...
...New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969...
...Hageman, Alice...
...Some of the missionary personnel are threatened because they feel that the criteria under which they were recruited and sent out has altered so drastically that they are no longer supported by the Board in their work...
...But Presbyterians and Congregationals in New England and the middle Atlantic states, with far-flung commercial ties, readily responded to the call to missions...
...Pentecostal conversion, however, often diverted the social protest of the unemployables into expectations of the imminent millenium, a safe alternative to radical political struggle...
...The end product of the repressive self-discipline and passive acceptance of social processes which themselves are the occasion of Protestantism in Latin America is Alves's "functional ethic" which "channels human energy not towards creating something new, but rather toward9 TWO RESPONSES TO CHILEAN SOCIALISM The following statements, both from U.S...
...Resocialization of converts in a hostile environment required tight-knit and disciplined congregational units...
...If you guessed the thousandmile long banana-shaped country of Chile you were a hundred per cent right...
...SUBSCRIPTIONS: $6 per year for individuals ($11 for two years...
...The intense interest shown by evangelical mission strategists today in Pentecostal methods of expansion reflects the concern of their supporters in the newer sectors of U.S...
...Tawney and Michael Welzer with European and Anglo-American Protestantism...
...exciting...
...The conservative, evangelical sectors of American Protestantism (those more or less of the Billy Graham stripe) predominate in these increased numbers...
...In10 Brazil, where one-third of the Protestant population belongs to the historical denominations, a sample of these groups found 44 percent in the middle sectors and 56 percent in the working class...
...Over the past two decades Pentecostal strength in Chile increased from some 80,000 to nearly 500,000...
...or are in service now, check coupon below to receive facts on the GI Bill...
...sending agencies in terms both of personnel and budget), and the Wycliffe Bible Translators (second largest U.S...
...Protestantism has also tended to favor smaller families, an aim which it has sought to achieve through the promotion of birth control...
...In 1969 the overseas personnel of its affiliates totalled 5,976...
...agency in terms of personnel).5 churches soon followed suit: in 1819 the Method- emphasis ist Episcopal Church founded a missionary society for the s and by 1836 it had begun work as far away as saved, we Argentina...
...Phillips, pp...
...In 1823, the year after the United States extended recognition to the new republics in Spanish America, and in the same year that President James Monroe warned European powers against territorial ambitions in the Americas (the Monroe Doctrine), emissaries of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Congregational) visited Argentina to study the possibility, never realized, of establishing a mission there...
...Latourette, Kenneth Scott...
...In Chile, the expansion of Pentecostal religious and Marxist political movements are chronologically parallel but ideologically antagonistic...
...imperialist elites through the Agency for International Development, military civic action programs, the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations and numerous other non-profit organizations...
...Train in actual mission situations as a part of your in-depth field work...
...trade in the Mediterranean as early as 1801-1805, in Sumatra in...
...This shift resulted from Protestants' moral intransigence regarding traditional male sexual prerogatives...
...68-129...
...Cambridge Mass.: East Asian Research Center, 1969...
...Please send: complete information 0 facts on GI Bill Year in Name school__ Street State Zip WORLD VISION MAGAZINE / JUNE 1971 anywhere else in Latin America...
...The second and more important means of entry was through missionaries, primarily from the United States, who sought to convert nominal Roman NACLA'S'LATIN AMERICA EMPIRE REPORT (formerly NACLA NEWSLETTER) Vol...
...Copper, the basis of the Chilean economy, has been controlled for decades by foreign interests...
...imperialist elites...
...Director of Admissions Dept...
...go true to Communist form, we will have only a score of months before the noose begins to tighten...
...exciting...
...congregations converted on of the approaching millenium into the notion of progress...
...For many new arrivals the only "welcome wagon" in the cities was the everpresent street corner evangelist...
...Specific social reforms and general progress took the place of "salvation" and "pre-millenial" ideas, respectively...
...Moody Bible Institute offers the only professional training program designed exclusively for the missionary radio technologist in the fields of broadcast engineering and two-way communications...
...V. All subscriptions will run for ten issues...
...Read, William R...
...spreading the good word.14 The following selections from the United Methodist Task Force on Latin America illustrate the developing consciousness of Third World issues in some of the mission boards of the mainline Protestant churches...
...IFMA income was $32.8 million while overseas payments amounted to $19.3 million in the same year...
...A great upsurge of missionary effort followed World War II and as of 1969 the total number of missionaries from the United States and Canada had risen to over 10,000...
...This is missions today...
...While this has been a limiting factor in obtaining conversions, in Wilems' words, the industrial revolution in Brazil and Chile inevitably leads to a more egalitarian family structure...
...V, pp...
...Even the two Latin American churches which became autonomous in 1930, Brazil and Mexico, did not come appreciably closer to attaining de facto autonomy than those churches which remained organically an integral part of the North American Methodist Church...
...c. New religious developments in Latin America, including movement toward autonomy, self-determination, the rise of Pentecostalism, the reform movements within the Roman Catholic Church and the stance taken by traditional and conservative Evangelicals...
...This is not to say that these structures lose their own "Brazilian" character (always colonial to some degree), but rather that the structures of Brazilian society are in a state of crisis...
...The initiation of missionary efforts in South America came as the United States undertook to secure its economic interests in Ibero-America through recognition of the newly independent nations and the enunciation of the Monroe Doctrine...
...More trustworthy figures, however, suggest a total of 650,000 communicants in a Protestant community of over a million persons...
...The crente's individualism blocks any perception of his dialectical relationship to the social structures which even he may perceive as unjust and oppressive...
...113-151...
...Christianity in a Revolutionary Age...
...Home Missions . . Jewish Studies...
...Illinois 60610 YI Nan city are Protestant -- 18 percent of the governors compared with a Protestant population which is liberally estimated at eight percent of the national total...
...A member of the Presby9W1 Es I want to be a part of the missions training program...
...Rick Edwards * Reprinted in the CRC NEWSLETTER, Cuba Resource Center, Box 206, Cathedral Station, New York, N.Y...
...Helpful survey performed with the goals of Catholic "counterintelligence" in mind...
...New York: Charles Scribner Sons, 1958...
...churches shifted their domestic mission to humanitarian works such as education, recreation and settlement houses in the strial cities...
...2 / Feb., 1972 Published monthly, except May-June and July-August, when it is published bi-monthly at 160 Claremont Ave., New York, N.Y...
...Address all mail to Box 57, Cathedral Station, New York, N.Y...
...90608 CTY I want to know more about this OPEN DOOR to Red China...
...The question to ask is in what ways has Methodism historically provided the national myths which justified imperialism...
...In Chile, Protestantism became primarily a sectarian Pentecostal development of the lower classes, the historical churches failing to develop to any significant degree...
...Even in the educational institutions, where a significant contact with Latin American culture took place, all too often Latin Americans were led to assume North American cultural values...
...It is strong in urban ghettoes among black and Puerto Rican migrants...
...Please send me the free colorful booklet and Information on current developments...
...A new and extensive mart must be opened for our manufacturers of all kinds, and even the literary will find an increased demand for their labors...
...Full-time pastors will be listed as parasites and told to get a job...
...economic and religious expansion, indicates a relation between the planned diffusion of religion and the successive phases in the structure of the capitalist world market...
...Urbanization, or for that matter, "modern" agriculture and agribusiness on the rural frontiers -- by removing individuals and families from the material basis of their traditionMissionaries at work ....13 al Catholic world-view and value system -- produced identity crises in massive proportions...
...Several of the largest missionary boards of mainline Protestantitism have responded by adopting a Third World" critique of imperialism and dependency and by retrenching in missionary deployment...
...The resultant information should be made available to the churches and to the generalspublic and utilized through all means possible for both informing and educating people...
...Moreover, Chile is in a state of cultural and economic overdependence on foreign powers...
...Catholic missions -- which consciously or unconsciously serve the needs of U.S...
...when the group dispersed into the city, they discovered they could speak to foreigners in their own languages...
...The constellation of values transplanted by the missionaries from Notth American soil to Latin America constituted an anti-sensual "neo-puritanism" not wholly dissimilar to forms of asceticism already found in limited degree in Brazil and Chile...
...On the other hand, throughout the 19th century there was a heavy missionary commitment in the Middle East, with no equivalent U.S...
...In the years that followed the ideological division, the United States steadily improved its balance of payments, and by 1915 became a creditor nation, financing world capitalism instead of being financed by it...
...In this period fundamentalists lost ground in the control of the historical churches...
...With a few creditable exceptions, the Brazilian Protestant elite has been warmly embraced by the rightist military dictatorship which runs the country for its bourgeoisie and buys off the middle sectors...
...conservatives kept their distance...
...158-240...
...While still marginal to the Protestant and Pentecostal mainstreams, ISAL and MISUR (Church and Society in Latin America and the Urban Mission, respectively) are Protestant and ecumenical equivalents to the growing Catholic left...
...Up to this moment the Marxist government has not closed churches and Christians have not been denied permission to hold services...
...The imperialist expansion of U.S...
...A sober and loyal work force is an infrastructure condition for the exCity -8 pansion of U.S...
...This unique program combines Bible, missions and technical training, and leads to a Bachelor of Science degree in Missionary Technology APPROVED UNDER NEW GI BILL...
...Beahm, William M. Factors in the Development of the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1941...
...Among its members with programs in Latin America are the Assemblies of God (Pentecostal), Christian and Missionary Alliance, International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, Latin America Mission, Inc...
...In the latter he prepared some of the regime's most severely repressive decrees...
...From this divergence came today's gulf of separation between the conservative, evangelical heirs of the fundamentalists, and the liberal Protestants of the mainline churches...
...Member boards and affiliates reported a total of 8,279 overseas personnel in 1969, $118.3 million income and $58.1 million in overseas expenditures...
...i. The opinion on questions related to United States policy toward Latin America and Latin American policy towards United States...
...Protestant conversion and resocialization provided one important set of means and sanctions enabling these people to establish a new identity and to adapt to the requirements for a productive role in the neocolonial industrial metropolises...
...New World Outlook, (April 1970), pp...
...In these times the country began to provide more foreign missionaries than its chief competitor in the field of religious exports, Great Britain...
...Continued effort should go into a program of "conscientizacion" with missionaries...
...Others saw tremendous long-term commercial advantages accruing to the United States through foreign missions...
...Cited in Text...
...The Task Force also endorsed the document "Illusion and Reality in InterAmerican Relations," which United Presbyterians approved in 1969...
...Protestant evangelism combined with education and technical assistance programs (sponsored by religious groups but often with government financed assistance) form one part of a broad complex of programs of cultural penetration in Latin America -- including also U.S...
...f. The total impact of current United States church missions programs...
...The Brazilian colonos and Chilean inquilinos (tenant farmers) were forced to leave their traditional homes in regions characterized by authoritarian social structures and traditionalist Catholic identity and value systems...
...The U.S...
...This is the kind of missionary activity you're looking for...
...165-185...
...Its 64 members include both denominational and nondenominational agencies, and are conservativeevangelical in orientation...
...3. That the World Division have among its missionaries in Latin America some whose basic responsibility would be to collect information about all aspects of United States involvement in the country where they work and to feed back this information to the Board of Missions and the Board of Christian Social Concerns so that it might be utilized in properly informing the United States Church and the United States public...
...STATE ZIP WORLD VISION MAGAZINE IJUNE 1971 was the "humanitarian" motif of concern salvation of heathen souls which, if not would burn in hell...
...cultural milieu...
...Many of them are organized in "faith missions" (agencies which send missionaries but are not tied to any denomination...
...Protestant ideologies to legitimate new life-styles and social roles necessitated by the crisis...
...With some exceptions they felt that the missionary undertaking favored business...
...Study in Anthropology, Inner-City Ministries, Literature Evangelism, Modern Languages, Communications (just to mention a few...
...Right...
...1 (January 1970), pp...
...Other dJlajo'i I'oteutant JtUiiion goa#ing9 DOM-NCCCUSA Division of Overseas Ministries of the U.S...
...It was not until the second half of the nineteenth century," wrote mission scholar Kenneth Scott Latourette in 1943, "that Protestant missions from the United States assumed significant dimensions in Latin America...
...The U.S...
...Protestant Colonialism in the Caribbean...
...penetration of the economy...
...While glossolalia and faith healing are important aspects of Pentecostal practice, the distinguishing doctrinal emphasis is on the "baptism of the Spirit...
...Max Weber's Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, writes sociologist Milton Yinger, was not a general theory of the cause of modern capitalism, but simply an attempt to show that the Protestant ethic could be assigned an important place, along with many other factors, in the development of capitalism...
...Monrovia, California: Missions Advanced Research and Communication Center for the Missionary Research Library...
...The Chilean people's social protest receives from Marxism a political, atheistic content, and from Pentecostalism it receives an a-political and religious content...
...Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil...
...B. As part of this program of information and education, we recommend: 1. That the United Methodist Church in the United States establish contacts with a wide range of persons, opinions and viewpoints in Latin American countries rather than depending on limited sources of information and contact...
...foreign missions...
...Italian Waldensians (a movement repressed by the Catholic Church in the 12th century which later identified with the Protestant reformation) settled after 1850, first in Uruguay and then in Argentina...
...The concerns of U.S...
...Religion and the Rise of Capitalism...
...These are the new religious forces which made Cuba's Premier Fidel Castro so optimistic when in Chile he granted an interview to Latinamerica Press, a news service founded by U.S...
...In the years after World War I, the first century of Protestant effort in Latin America was marked by the creation of autonomous national churches of the evangelical type...
...Shaw pointed out, consists of "teaching the natives to wear pants so we can pick their pockets...
...d. Liberation movements outside the church...
...When the half naked millions of Asia shall attain Christianity, and with it, all the new wants which the necessary change in their social condition will produce, the soil of our country, as rich and vast as it is, will be scarcely adequate to supply them...
...Such missions readily adapt to the anti-democratic military regimes of Brazil and Bolivia...
...They remained financially dependent on the U.S...
...Hundreds of ships will spread their sails to the eastward of the cape of Good Hope, destined for the shores of Asia and the isles scattered in the southern ocean and commerce will pour her wealth, gathered in the old world, into the lap of the new...
...It's reaching masses everywhere with the gospel, and relating to individuals with love...
...19-23...
...They also urged Nixon to "scrupulously respect Chile's right to choose and work out its own destiny, refraining from intervention of any kind...
...The evangelical conservatives, however, created their own organizations at this time to resume the expansive thrust of the missionary movement in the post war period...
...Willems found plant managers and other employers in Brazil and Chile repeatedly testifying to the loyalty, efficiency and honesty of their Protestant employees...
...11, 1971 issue of IDOC INTERNATIONAL, North American edition...
...The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitaliso The Relationships Between Religion and the Economic and Social Life in Modern Culture...
...this is missions today Missions no longer exists only in the shadow of the mud hut...
...EXPORTING RELIGION The cultural expansion of the United States through Protestant missions paralleled the country's economic expansion through trade and investment...
...Not content simply to stress the importance of schooling, the missionaries founded a multitude of educational and technical training centers...
...h. United States church investments in firms operating in Latin America...
...From the earlies missionary beginnings Brazilian elites manifested greater openness toward conversion to Protestantism than did their Chilean counterparts...
...The missionaries made a concerted attack on the Latin American family structure, the all-important foundation of social identity in traditional Latin society...
...We recommend that institutions and programs, presently receiving funds and personnel from the World Division, particularly those of social benefaction such as literacy training, community development and food-for-work, be carefully and critically evaluated periodically to determine their direct and indirect impact on the struggle for social justice...
...Missionary activity in the Pacific and the Far East (Hawaii and China) followed the trade routes of the Atlantic Coast merchantmen, and the missionary role in role in Hawaii was integral to the eventual absorption of these islands by the United States...
...O.C...
...One form of adaptation to this crisis of U.S...
...Alves pp.11-1 2 ). Certain differences between Brazil and Chile in the patterns of Protestant development suggest variations which might be observed in other Latin American countries...
...Another in a long list of studies on religion and social control financed by the Rockefeller Foundation...
...dominance and paternalism within the church structures, but no serious challenge arose so long as the missionary movement could remain under the protective prestige of a general Latin American climate favorable to the U.S...
...12 per year for institutions ($22 for two years...
...North American dominance is still evident in many areas of institutional and church life...
...In 1810, a group of students united in a secret society at Williams College persuaded a convention of the Congregational Churches to create the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions...
...Both the millenarian ation motifs persist today among the tive evangelicals associated with the IFMA...
...Escalation of the foreign missionary effort after 1888 (when the Student Volunteer Movement was founded) accompanied the securing of a domestic12 industrial base...
...There were even Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian immigrants from the southern United States...
...For several reasons, church-related schools catered to those who can afford private schools and primarily served middle-class society...
...10025...
...As in China, some may be given the choice to "deny or die...
...This current gave rise to existing Pentecostal denominations like the Assemblies of God or the Church of God and also to the major Pentecostal movements of Latin America...
...In fact, they attempt to reconcile class tensions and antagonisms in their own structures...
...Protestant Missions: preliminary notes...
...Europe, Latin America...
...Vii, pp...
...There are still other Presbyterians, Methodists and even one Pentecostal with seats in the federal Chamber of Deputies or Senate...
...Williams, p. 218) Pentecostal forms of protest, however, represent rebellion in an extremely alienated form which cannot possibly remove the social injustices these people suffer...
...Participating churches represent mainline Protestantism...
...together with intensive training and practical experience...
...Moreover, the tight-knit Protestant (but especially Pentecostal) communities provided reinforcement for life-styles conducive to successful migrant adaptation to the urban working class...
...Samuel Hopkins (1721-1803) awesome developed pre-millenarianism, the belief that the zation ii world was on the verge of a thousand-year reign ological of peace (the millenium) to be ushered in by the changing returning Christ...
...Frank, A. Gunder...
...In this period the dominant religious faith of the country also became an export item...
...224-225) Pentecostal Protestantism fits the objective situation of the class where it has taken root...
...Christian Lalive d'Epinay "Culture et dependence en Amerique latine" Protestantism entered Latin America in two ways...
...imperialist strategists today -- Brazil and Chile -- are areas where Protestantism thrives...
...Then they were inspired -- as if touched with tongues of fire -- by the Holy Spirit: they were experiencing glossalia, speaking in strange tongues...
...Dick Hillis wFVJL n...
...You can use the air waves, created by God, to take the Gospel message beyond the walls of the Bamboo curtain...
...3 Catholics to their evangelical faith...
...Because these may be our last days of opportunity, we urge you to pray and give that we might see thousands turn to Christ...
...William Ruschenberger, a naval officer, commented in 1838, To what extent our trade in the East would be augmented by the conversion to Christianity of Siam, Cochin-China [Indochina], China ad Japan, it is impossible to conjecture...
...In Mexico, Central America and the Andean Republics, sustained missionary efforts began only after the mid-century mark...
...Church Growth Series...
...and has spread widely in Catholic and mainline Protestant circles in this country, as well as among conservative evangelicals...
...In this interview*, the Cuban leader declared that revolutionary Christians are the "strategic allies" of Marxists in the construction of socialism...
...Some of the most wellknown are the Andes Evangelical Mission (in Bolivia since 1907), the Central American Mission (entered the five Central American countries between 1891 and 1900), Evangelical Union of South America, Gospel Mission of South America, Missionary Aviation Fellowship, Orinoco River Mission, South American Indian Mission, and Latin America Mission (mentioned also under EFMA...
...GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS We recommend the following basic policy for the Board of Missions: A. In 1. relation to the United Methodist Church: The World Division has a primary responsibility to inform the church in the United States concerning Latin America and to interpret the situation there in the light of the basic criteria for mission outlined above, particularly as it is affected by United States policy and influence...
...See Methodist Task Force Report, pp...
...259-260...
...MISSIONARY RADIO It's a technical world we live in . .. and this technology can be the means of speeding the gospel to the ends of the earth...
...SMALLER ASSOCIATIONS Of two smaller associations -- The Fellowship of Missions and the Associated Missions of the International Council of Christian Churches -the latter is to be noted chiefly for the leadership of right-wing preacher Carl McIntire, friend of Nguyen Cao Ky and many others...
...The transforming drives of action," writes Alves, "are sublimated into passive virtues like patience, conformity, long-suffering and submission...
...Since there are differences in the Christian community in understanding this mission, the nature of the issues might require the Board of Missions to assume positions which may result in increased conflict rather than consensus...
...imperialist expansion...
...These are the major umbrella groupings on the evangelical right...
...missionaries who introduced the "new faith" had succeeded in inculcating characteristic values of the culture-religion of the American Way of Life...
...investment...
...he engages in millenarian combat for the realization of a Christian society already present on certain parts of the globe...
...Major in Foreign Missions...
...Later, R.H...
...Lalive d'Epinay, Christian...
...The general shift in the nation's attention generated an imperial fever as witnessed by the 1898 war with Spain and subsequent capture of the last remnants of the Spanish colonial empire...
...In general., the early 'North American missionaries were quite evangelical and pietistic....These expressions of mission were characterized by two approaches: the "evangelistic," concerned principally with the conversion of heathen...
...Overseas activities leveled off or declined until after World War II...
...It proceeded by two years the official closing of the western frontier, and mirrored a growing concern to control the overseas sources of industrial raw materials...
...One is located on Cheju Island in South Korea, just 250 miles from Shanghai...
...The second current arose in the 1960's in elite universities and seminaries (perhaps Yale Divinity School...
...The document does not recognize that dependency is a secondary phenomenon generated by the needs of the imperialist metropolis...
...Religious activists turned their attention to domestic concerns...
...Conservative evangelicals have turned more and more front line responsibilities over to nationals in the younger churches (something the historical churches began to do four decades ago...
...Cited in Text...
...Today, the mass media, which offers a more centralized control of the process of socialization and resocialization, has increasingly taken over the cultural penetration, thus maintaining the target population in a fragmented, unorganized mass...
...Presbyterian Scots settled in the River Plate region after 1825 and Welsh independents in Patagonia in 1865...
...Benjamine Moraes (see accompanying document), a Presbyterian pastor-lawyer, aided in the drafting of federal laws related to a new constitution proclaimed by the dictatorship...
...THE ROLE OF THE BOARD As the Board of Missions broadens its understanding of God's mission to include the transforming of social systems, increasingly it will be judging programs and policy, in the light of their impact upon the struggle for justice in the world...
...by Dr...
...Certainly U.S...
...b. New political developments in Latin America, particularly as they affect social justice...
...Their ethic is at variance from that of mainstream Protestantism in a lesser emphasis on work efficiency...
...In times of high employment in Chile they advertised in the press for Protestant workers...
...His findings support the contention of this article that the churches and sects which U.S...
...They are driven by the decay of dependent agriculture or the replacement of labor intensive agriculture by capital intensive forms of production...
...National Council of Churches...
...According to Willems, the Pentecostalists refuse to accept the traditional symbols because these are symbols of the upper classes...
...or on the back of a plodding burro...
...fiscal control continued through the missionaries, who had a large voice in the allocation of resources through a variety of decision-making bodies...
...Entire families left for Brazil after the South suffered defeat in the American Civil War (1861-1865...
...Protestant secondary schools attracted the patronage of upper and middle class families in both countries, exposing many who had no interest in evangelical religion to Protestant values...
...Numerous colegios Americanos (American high schools) still dot the landscape of the region, providing training in commercial skills as well as basic high school studies...
...Edwards, Rick...
...Your God-given abilities...
...S S S...
...Neither scholar, however, focused particular attention on the relation between imperialism and the missionary diffusion of Protestantism...
...The notion of salvaed from the spiritual to the material...
...Their accomodative attitude makes them less attractive to those who seek redemption from the evils of a social order which is felt to be unjust...
...At the same time the constituencies in the United Methodist Church and in the Latin American Methodist Churches have become increasingly polarized...
...The day will come when pressure will be so great that Christians will have to go underground...
...Today, ideological splits divide it, cutting across ranks of bishops, priests and ordinary believers...
...The liberal theology of the "social gospel" emerged as a more secular variant of traditional thinking about the mission of the churches...
...Also the Brazilian middle sectors, particularly in the southern states where the German immigrant presence may have been influential, were always more open to Protestant evangelization than was the case in Chile...
...2 vols...
...In slightly altered form the report was accepted by the Board of Missions in January as an internal study document...
...The Methodist Episcopal Church's missionary society began limited work in Argentina in 1836 and Uruguay in 1839...
...One factor in this division is the rise of Protestanism, a movement promoted in Lat-n America primarily through the efforts of U.S...
...Weber, Max...
...Advanced technologies need to exploit labor power even more efficiently, requiring fewer and fewer workers to produce greater and greater quantities of goods...
...We hope to have radio spots and nationwide T.V...
...Isn't it all the more surprising that where Christianity has flourished Marxism has done so well that they voted in a Communist president...
...Essays in Divinity, Vol.V...
...By providing free education to Protestant children, the mission schools both weakened the traditional structure of privilege (which limited education to the children of the elite) and prepared their own youth for productive roles in the emerging industrial society...
...Moody Bible Institute 820 North LaSalle Street Chicago, Illinois 60610 WORLD VISION MAGAZINE / SEPTEMBER 1971 Get involved in MBI's missions training rogram...
...The bifurcation of the U.S...
...By 1969 figures there are 2,170 North American Protestant missionaries in Brazil (more than in any other country in the world) and in Chile 296...
...From the standpoint of "a sociology of development," writes Christian Lalive, "Pentecostalism -- like any kind of a-politicism -is an ideology of order and not change...
...Since World War II missionary numbers have burgeoned...
...They also have sought a supporting role for themselves in the application of technology -- computer datafying, conversion strategy, and mass media techniques -- to promote conversions and foment church growth in the underdeveloping countries...
...Another Presbyterian directs the activities of the Servicio Nacional das Informacoes (SNI, the Brazilian CIA) for Sao Paulo state -the Brazilian equivalent of New York...
...North American Protestant Ministries Overseas, 1970...
...Rubem Alves has charged that its net.affect on the followers of the new faith is a suppression of all creativity rather than the release of the transforming (capitalist) impulses associated by Max Weber, R.H...
...Immigrants from Germany who belonged to the Lutheran and the Reformed churches settled in Southern Brazil in the second quarter of the 19th century...
...Instead of producing sectarian schisms it has tended to operate as a current in the ecumenical renewal movement...
...It consists entirely of non-denominational mission societies representing conservative-evangelicals...
...Pentecostalism arose in both countries through the inspiration of preachers from the United States...
Vol. 6 • February 1972 • No. 2
