Population Control in the Third World
Barclay, William & Enright, Joseph & Reynolds, Reid T.
INTRODUCTION The following paper is a critique of the imperialistic aspects of U.S.-supported population control programs in the Third World. We would like to make clear that while this paper...
...One-minute TV "spots" have also been prepared by the Bureau stressing the dangers of the population explosion and "aimed at the higher level policy-maker...
...Planned Parenthood - World Population was originally founded by Margaret Sanger with a quite different orientation than it has today...
...The bonds would generate $80,000 of interest a year...
...Elmo Roper Drr rrDi Roswell L. Dr Gilpatric James Reston Dr Richard N. Gardner Dn n David Lilienthal Dn Tn Caryl P. PC John Cowl PP-WP John J. S PC Donald H. PC Eugene R. PC, PP-WP Lammot Copeland gm PP-WP du pont Psloan _Chas...
...but rather to the way this essential human right has been manipulated by U.S...
...HENRY ITTLESON, JR., Chairman, C.I.T...
...PART 2 THE ECONOMICS OF POPULATION CONTROL The argument connecting high birth rates with underdevelopment is simple and compelling -- if you are ignorant of history, don't understand imperialism and believe the Pax Americana has the best interests of the world at heart...
...If population were not to grow so rapidly, some of this capital could be invested in new "more developmental" areas such as roads, electricity, etc...
...Admit it or not," says one Population Council official, "the genocide faction has a lot of evidence on its side...
...NYT, July 15, 1970)- 16 - Another modern method, the intrauterine device (IUD), is still not very popular among affluent white women...
...The new members brought their corporate outlook with them, placing primary emphasis on bringing population control to the masses...
...Of course, we are doing something about this aspect, also, through programs like that of the Population Reference Bureau...
...1. Let us look first at the racial, or rather racist, themes in the argument for population control...
...Simon Kuznets, "Population and Economic Growth," op...
...6 The Osborns, "whose family seat still sits, like a prince's castle on the Rhine, atop a tugged crag overlooking the Hudson River" 7 have retained their avid concern for the number of children the poor and nonwhite are producing...
...One reason for this is that development via dependent capitalism employs a great deal of capital intensive technology as opposed to labor intensive technology...
...cit., pp...
...The important ones and their value are summarized as follows: Subsidies to key personnel...
...Also, while these rates were similar to those currently being experienced in countries like Argentina, they never approached the current levels in Mexico and Central- 11 - America...
...In addition to being a director of the Campaign to Check the Population Explosion, he was co-founder of the Population Crisis Committee with Draper, is a director of Planned Parenthood-World Population and chairman of the Population Reference Bureau...
...In our criticism we have demonstrated that he popular economic rationales for population control programs are extremely limited...
...empire...
...Also included on the board of directors of the Population Crisis Committee is a member of the Mellon clan, a Rockefeller, aerospace executive James S. McDonnell, Jr., Mrs...
...The Campaign to Check the Population Explosion uses five arguments to sell population control to the public: race, crime in the streets, pollution, fear of revolution and need for economic development in the Third World...
...In fact...
...Subscription Price: $5 per year for individuals...
...Is all this of more than academic interest...
...and they hava always seen female methods as the high priority ones for research...
...The new injection methods are currently being tested among extremely oor lower class residents of Tegucigalpa, Honduras, Bahia, Brazil, and Santiago, Chile, among other places...
...The Rockefeller Foundation has been active in population control research since the middle 1930's...
...Specifically, it is argued that having fewer children will enable a family to appreciably increase its level of saving...
...Such models are used to evaluate the expected returns on various investment programs -- in this case the comparison is between the return on money invested in a population control program as compared with either the return on some other investment or the aggregate return on all new investment...
...In the quest for efficiency, adequate birth control is not made available and many women have bad experiences with the pill and IUD because of the imperfections of these devices and the inhuman manner in which they are distributed...
...1 Robert H. Ebert PC RULING CLASS TITS OF DIRECTORS OF POPULATION ORGANIZATIONS tC, r' I7a whole represent a brilliant cross-section of our ruling class with a few of the best brains money can buy thrown in for window dressing...
...The people who ruined America are the Rockefellers, Fords, Mellons and du Ponts -- the very people who are sponsoring birth control as a means to dodge pollution control...
...former Vice Chairman...
...William H. Draper, Jr., a former investment banker, ambassador to NATO, and a U.S...
...Let us emphasize, however, that we do not think it appropriate to oppose the use of birth control because this might increase misery and therefore hasten the revolution...
...It's a long way from the early 1950's when population control was only a gleam in the eyes of John D. Rockefeller III and a few obscure demographers...
...The third man, Strauss, is a founding member of the Population Council...
...But the goal is to attract people between the ages of 18 to 25 who have only had a few children...
...Progress has been made in increasing food supply, but not nearly enough in reducing population growth...
...But we cannot buy that progress with $90 million a year, because the attitude of the country is such that they are not prepared to make the effort...
...Because of their poverty they are prone to malnutrition and to many illnesses and infirmities...
...ruling class...
...James Ridgeway, editor of Hard Times, sums up the contradiction between the pollution rhetoric and the population control solution: The neo-Malthusian doctrine which now is emerging from the ecologists among the conservation groups and the technocrats at the World Bank looks pretty much like a narrow manipulative scheme for advancing the interests of the U.S...
...12-15, 1969...
...10017 PHONE: (2121 9866469 C- I'm interested...
...Attorney General HAROLD W. BOSTROM, Vice President, UOP Transportation Equipment Group JACOB BLAUSTEIN, former Delegate to the United Nations THOMAS D. CABOT, Chairman, Cabot Corporation JOHN COWLES, President...
...1), 1967 (p...
...President's Materials Policy Commission...
...However, since we are making no great effort to upgrade medical facilities in general in the Third World, such as we are making in the population control area, there is the distinct danger that the channeling of scarce personnel and time into population control will lead to increased mortality as well as decreased fertility...
...l 4 Predictably, the new commission would not investigate the difficulties resulting from the fact that the United States, with 6 percent of the world's population, consumes 50-60 percent of the world's nonrenewable resources...
...It is normally argued that the return on an investment in a population control program (measured by aggregating the "value" of all "prevented births") would be greater than the return on some alternative investment program...
...Very simply, this argument states that under rapid rates of population growth a large portion of new investment is necessary to maintain a given level of per capita investment, and thus provide for growth in per capita income...
...Second-class postage paid at New York, New York...
...REINHOLD NIEBUHR, Professor Emeritus, Union Theological Seminary FRANCIS T. P. PLIMPTON, former Ambassador and Deputy U.S...
...This is why current programs aimed at population control might be interpreted as hoaxes, while more effective programs would require greater coersion...
...Now, no one denies it is easier to feed three children than to feed eight, but it is a cruel foax in a country like Colombia to imply that obtaining an unreachable luxury like a car depends upon family planning...
...29, 1970, p. 24...
...It is clearly liberating to be able to engage in sex without the fear of conception...
...The Foreign Assistance Program, Annual Reports to the Congress, FY1966 (p...
...This argument seems more plausible...
...Now, it can be argued that this situation is an unfortunate by-product of social stratification, not something to raise a fuss about...
...As far as safety is concerned, there is apparently still some controversy about it...
...Special favors, such as granting of extra vacations or leaves of.absence with pay after completion of a difficult task or when ill, or simple entertainment by superiors to express their appreciation, will boost the morale of the workers and their confidence in their superiors...
...to the United Nations ROCKEFELLER PRENTICE ELMO ROPER...
...The roots of ruling class interest in population control can be traced at least to Malthus, running through social Darwinism to the eugenics Vol...
...It is often assumed that this is simply coincidental, since the more effective modern contraceptive methods have been female ones...
...The last section of the paper examines the impact of population control programs in the Third World...
...Such an argument is based on an inadequate analysis of the saving behavior of the Third World poor...
...Afterall, there must be something in return for all this and there is: economic development, the good life with the material possessions of the white West...
...Like Draper, Moore is a crucial link within the population establishment...
...But with demographic policy in the hands of the imperialists and their accomplices the goal is an efficient and rapid lowering of aggregate fertility...
...As we have noted, ruling class foundations provided the early impetus for population control...
...11 This committee (which also included investment banker Joseph M. Dodge and former chairman of the board of Rockefeller's Chase Manhattan Bank, John J. McCloy) was the first major government policy group to come to such a conclusion...
...The provision of attractive uniforms and badges will increase the workers' prestige and will be generally welcomed by them, while provision of raincoats, bicycles, and so on will increase their efficiency...
...This is partly because Third World governments will be more receptive to "international aid" in a sensitive area like population control...
...The Latin American Program of the Population Reference Bureau, Population Reference Bureau, Washington, D.C., 1968, p. 3. 29...
...The Sierra Club, in cooperation with Ballentine Books, Inc., recently published The Population Bomb by Paul Ehrlich...
...Four other men were associated with the Rockefellers...
...industrialists...
...If the Third World develops via capital intensive technology this will mean growing markets for the imperialists...
...And finally, class distinctions between doctor and patient in highly stratified societies lead to a tragic situation of disinterest, neglect, and even malpractice on the part of the upper class physician when dealing with large numbers of lower class people i situations such as family planning clinics...
...wife on PCC) PC donor PRB...
...The fifth argument, economic development, points to some of the larger interest involved...
...There is, however, considerable delay in the restoration of ovulatory cycles when desired...
...This was accomplished through training and travel grants to individuals and program grants to selected leading universities...
...1967...
...34-63...
...Simon Kuznets, "Population and Economic Growth," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 111, no...
...But its not the poor who exploited the resources of this continent and turned the waterways into open sewers...
...Such arguments should be familiar to students of imperialism's "sociology of development" -- all that is required is to have the entire population think and behave like the native bourgeoisie...
...There are two ideas of revolution at work behind the population establishment's propaganda...
...1970, p. 20...
...Our own national interest demands that we go all out to help the underdeveloped countries control their population...
...Unfortunately, this approach has seldom been pursued...
...Of 94 signers of the ads, over one third (34) are part of the population establishment...
...Behrman, Fertility and Arbor: 1969, Leslie Corsa and Ronald Freedman (eds...
...private philanthropy's basic job is more important than ever...
...341-42...
...We will begin to attack the problems of misery and injustice when we attack their root cause which is exploitation of the many by the few, of the weak nations by the strong nations...
...SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Demographic explanations of poverty have always been useful to exploitative forces...
...As the varied activities of Hugh Moore and General William H. Draper suggest, the interlocking nature of the population establishment, like all complexes within the U.S...
...United States A.I.D...
...A related matter is the demographic policies of the current socialist countries, especially Cuba...
...But again, the program is money in exchange for sterilization...
...However, when the final move was made to bring population control into the "vital center" of U.S...
...But it is only a sample of things to come, when famine will claim tens of millions of lives unless the situation can be remedied...
...At first the people who will most likely participate in this program will be in their 50's and 60's and already have five or six children...
...Also important in the transition to public policy was the creation of a constituency within the academic world which had an interest in government spending on population control...
...The attractiveness of this simplistic explanation of poverty detracts attention from more radical and threatening explanations -- that the poverty of the many is due to exploitation by the few...
...More coercive programs do appear to have the potential for rapidly reducing fertility...
...Underneath the graph the ad declared "And the Population Explosion is an Underlying Factor...
...Despite the prevalence of high fertility norms, probably no traditional society has achieved the maximum biological level of fertility...
...Binay R. Sen, former Director-General of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization...
...The arguments that we will deal with are made within the framework of bourgeois economics...
...The $1,000,000 Ford grant is only a pilot project...
...Even if population control is something force-fed to the Latin American nations, is it not obviously also in their best interests...
...The signers of the New York Times ad include George Champion of Chase Manhattan Bank (Rockefeller...
...The hard sell then goes on to describe cities "packed with youngsters -- thousands of them idle, victims of discontent and drug addiction...
...3 1 Despite this, the IUD had already been used for three years at the same Humacao, Puerto Rico, clinic of pill fame, as well as in Buffalo, New York...
...2. E. Digby Baltzell, The Protestant Establishment, New York: 1964, p. 200...
...8. The Population Council, 1952-1964, New York: 1965, p. 21...
...Our criticism is based on the fact that U.S...
...The ever mounting tidal wave of humanity now challenges us to control it, or be submerged along with all our civilized values," states Dr...
...All the humanitarian rhetoric in the world can not mask the fact that the exploiters are asking the exploited to control their fertility so that the exploitation can continue...
...Many who have no interest in serving American imperialism and who would reject the racist rationale for population control programs in the Third World nevertheless believe that there are sound technical reasons why current levels of population growth in the Third World impede economic development and therefore think that population control programs are desirable...
...8 / December 1970 NACLA 50e NEWSLETTER P.O...
...IV, No...
...See also Agency for International Development, War on Hunger, Aug...
...4. Frederick Osborn, Preface to Eugenics, New York: 1940, p. 42...
...The Latin American Program of the Population Reference Bureau, Op...
...Population Crisis, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Foreign Aid Expenditures of the Committee on Government Operations, United States Senate, Ninetieth Congress, Second Session on S. 1967...
...Salaries relatively higher than the prevailing scale will attract and keep the better workers...
...See, for example, the New York Times for May 11, 1969...
...2 9 I15 - THE DISTORTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH Of course, the response to all this can easily be -- so what...
...This section of the paper concludes with an analysis of the population control establishment as an interlocking directorate...
...concluded that the United States had the necessary resources -but only if we could rely on Third World supplies...
...2 1 That is, among Third World countries some of the most impressive gains in per capita income are being made by relatively high population growth rate countries and some countries with relatively low levels of population growth are not experiencing significant growth in per capita income...
...But the important question is not whether growing masses of poor will make the revolution...
...It was while heading the 1958 committee, General Draper later wrote, that he first became aware of the importance of population control for the Third World.l 2 In fact, his interest was so great that he soon became a militant disciple of the population explosion and co-founder of the Population Crisis Committee...
...If the "poor," i.e...
...The time to act is now...
...More over, these rates are accompanied by low rates of growth in per capita product, starting from a low base...
...2 8 This quote makes crystal clear what we mean when we say that population control has been subtly and sometimes not so subtly force-fed to Latin American nations...
...It has been a very convenient coincidence and perhaps a good example of "sexual politics...
...The institiionrl and business alilitians re purely descriptive carrying no implication of uthoristion or prticipation by the orgonizoion nated.- 10 - population control...
...1941-2004...
...cit., p. 297...
...Another way of saying this is that there are more consumers per producer than there would be with lower dependency ratios...
...3 2 Shortly thereafter, programs were also begun in Sunflower County, Mississippi (home of Senator James Eastland), 3 3 and among indigent women in Atlanta...
...Allexpense-paid trips to the capital or even to foreign countries for population "conferences" in plush hotels usually serve to make employment in the population field highly desired...
...support for population control...
...T.4 NAME ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP DR...
...However, it is unclear how relevant this historical evidence is for the contemporary Third World which is experiencing far greater rates of population growth...
...L. Burdick mott '< PP-WP William H. Draper PCC, CCPE Swensrud Parran Cordelia Scaife PC / CHART NO...
...That the vast majority of illegal abortions are risky and brutal is testimony to the strength of their motivation...
...Certainly the growing demand for industrial goods that resulted from growing markets was not dependent on population growth to any major degree...
...minorities is increasingly seen as a solution to many problems...
...No evidence is offered, probably because little or none exists, to demonstrate that a population increase leads to an increase in the crime rate...
...Box 226, Berkeley, California 94701 The NACLA NEWSLETTER is published ten times a year by the North American Congress on Latin America...
...It includes development of new methods, experimentation with untried plans, frank evaluation of different ways of tackling problems...
...The solution always: "Birth Control tackles the problem at its source...
...And write us for more information and ideas on how you can help...
...STERILIZATION AND THE FORD FOUNDATION The Ford Foundation is in the process of developing an experimental program in sterilization for Latin America...
...A May 11, 1969 New York Times ad begins "How many people do you want in your country...
...1 6 At least a quarter of the rest are members of the international Sponsors Council of Planned Parenthood-World Population, while two others were closely associated with the same organization...
...Needless to add, very few, if any, members of the U.S...
...we have not demonstrated that there are no valid reasons why rapid population growth might constrain economic development...
...3) This particular campaign represents the final push which culminated in Nixon's legitimization of population control and pollution as areas of action for his silent majority...
...1 issu e...
...There is no' strong positive relationship among the developed countries either...
...Outside the biomedical area the emphasis is on improved delivery systems, i.e., more efficient means of disseminating and administering current population control technology...
...Of course, medical experimentation is always done on lower class or lower status groups...
...ruling class rushed to aid this then-radical cause...
...170-93, pp...
...Of particular importance is the fact that, while only three members of Rockefeller's Population Council signed the ads, (Eugene R. Black, Detlev Bronk, and Lewis L. Strauss) two of these three are long time servants of the Rockefeller interests...
...Possible the most appropriate approach is the historical since it views economic development as a process rather than a static condition...
...In the United States, black people have long charged that family planning is a euphemism for race genocide...
...That is, if the population grows by 30 percent in a decade you need to invest enough to produce roughly 30 percent more food, clothes, bicycles, etc...
...PP-WP PP-WP PP-WP PCC PP-WP PCC...
...Lammot du Pont Copeland of du Pont...
...Special favors...
...Under revolutionary socialism there should be work for all and consumption for all...
...b)e kt-OD (s D - 17 - almost everyone involved in the population field to treat population control as an independent variable -- as the solution to poverty, illiteracy, hunger, etc...
...And in a few short years millions more of them will pour into the streets at the present rate of procreation...
...An even broader criticism of contraceptive experimentation is that women are always its object...
...Many of the individuals and institutions who received these grants provided the personnel and influence which finally involved AID in population control...
...Albert D. Lilienthal, David E. Loeb, John L. May, Cordelia Scaife Moore, Hugh Nureen, John Osborn, Fairfield Prentice, Rockefeller Rock, John Roper, Elmo Schmidt, Adolph W. Strauss, Lewis L. Swensrud, Sidney Vanderbilt, Wm H. Wehle, Robert G. PRB PRB...
...in Costa Rica set up a similar program...
...THE POPULATION CRISIS COMMITTEE Concern for military security and availability of raw materials has had an important influence on the development of population control policy...
...See also Dr...
...A more important indication in this direction may be found in various recent speeches of World Bank head Robert McNamara, who attributes even greater developmental significance to population control than AID has...
...Delays in ovulation from 12 months to 21 months are not uncommon and the time required for the establishment of a regular ovulatory pattern, posttreatment, is still not certain...
...2 Osborn wrote the preface to Madison Grant's The Passing of the Great Race, which, along with Spangler's The Decline of the West, represented the flower of white racism for the period...
...There are two quite different sets of reasons why this might be so...
...Readers who are not interested in the technical arguments can skip to the next section of Part II...
...Within the ruling class, two styles of population control promotion are apparent...
...The ads asWilliam E, .ori- nnn Moran, Jr...
...First and most obvious is the image of screaming hordes of non-white peoples who are going to take away the "good life" that the U.S...
...12), 1968 (p...
...It says, "Another Child...
...To look more closely at this rehtoric, let us turn to the Campaign to Check the Population Explosion ads...
...While the imperial drive for raw materials and the interest in population control abroad converges, at home the population controllers are building a coalition with the conservation groups...
...there are societies where 20 to 40 percent of the infants die before their first birthday...
...David Dempsy, "Dr...
...Sterilization is Ford's ace in the hole for controlling oppressed people in the Third World and in the United States...
...of N.J...
...Popular control of industry and its waste products...
...sources, while by 1968 this had grown to about 55 percent, with the National Institutes of Health adding another 12 percent...
...In short, young, impoverished Latin Americans, desperate for a few extra dollars to survive, will be bought by the Ford Foundation...
...Thus, investment in population control programs is "economically rational...
...AID apparently has even more money than it can spend in the field of population control...
...Tracing the development of the Population Council reveals more than a ruling class involvement in population control...
...Among other ruling class families, the ads draw on the Mellons, duPonts, McCormicks, Vanderbilts, Cabots and Tafts...
...There may seem to be two different styles of work and activity among ruling class members of the population establishment...
...The materials distributed from a Latin American address receive a more sympathetic reception in Latin America and gain access to groups which it would be infinitely more difficult to reach from the Population Reference Bureau's headquarters in the United States...
...Hopefully modern technology can enable all the world's people to realize this age-old desire to control their reproduction...
...Given the generally non-developmental nature of "new investment" under dependent capitalism (e.g., another automobile assembly plant, tourism, etc...
...3. The complete political opportunism of the population control campaign becomes apparent in a June 15, 1969 ad which begins "Warning: The water you're drinking may be polluted...
...l0 What this means in practice is that during the 1950's, when President Eisenhower considered birth control for the Third World too delicate a subject for official U.S...
...Here is where the desperate poverty of the Third World nations makes the temptations of American imperialism hard for many people to resist...
...Please send me more information...
...But we also suggested that population control might very well be in the real interests of imperialism in that (a) it diverts attention from more adequate analyses of misery and underdevelopment...
...CCPE...
...Firstly, one or more of the economic rationales for population control (mentioned above) might be valid under dependent capitalism...
...Cordelia Scaife May of the Mellon clan...
...The New York Times, Sept...
...While imperialism's primary gain from supporting population control is ideological obfuscation, it is reasonable to ask whether their programs will have a "real" effect -- i.e., reduced fertility -- and why this might be in the interest of imperialism...
...Again we have a line of argument based on gross oversimplifications about the nature of the development process...
...Report on Intra-uterine Contraceptive Devices," Studies in Family Planning, III (April, 1964), pp/ 1 1 - 1 2 . 32...
...there is much less analysis of whether and to what extent population growth stimulated economic growth...
...PLANNED PARENTHOOD - WORLD POPULATION While the Population Council is certainly a key ruling class organization in the population control drive, Planned Parenthood - World Population has also been useful...
...As the name suggests, a dependency ratio is a rough measure of economic activity and consumption -- a high dependency ratio implies a large proportion of youth who consume but do not produce...
...The connection between poverty and family size exists, but it is the difference between dividing inadequate resources among three children or among eight...
...So far a major share of the burden has been shouldered by the U.S...
...There is no more graphic illustration of the role racism, chauvinism and imperialism play in the field of population control...
...1, 1968, Part 3, pp...
...ruling class and their Third World allies and be grasped by the masses of people in the underdeveloped world...
...This decline is not, however, due to imperial adventures abroad or racism at home, for as the ad goes on to say, "Youngsters account for almost half the crimes...
...Hopefully they will institute humane programs which will increase human freedom both through birth control and the appropriate form of economic development...
...Another ad combines racism and fears of revolutionary upheavals: "The ever mounting tidal wave of humanity now challenges us to control it, or be submerged along with all our civilized values...
...Membership in the Council on Foreign Relations is also indicated...
...Sanger and her colleagues were considered radicals during the inter-war period for their insistence on family planning as a part of the feminist movement...
...157-89, p. 167...
...The first choice for the project is the Dominican Republic...
...In many ways, the wives and daughters of academics and government bureaucrats would be better subjects for experimentation...
...186, 190...
...Civilized values belong to West Europeans and white Americans while the Black, Brown, Red and Yellow people of the world account for the "tidal wave of humanity...
...This does not necessarily mean that Third World women desire large families...
...But it is just such middle and lower-level functionaries that make an empire run smoothly...
...The clinical program at Humacao, Puerto Rico was instrumental in establishing the effectiveness of the pill...
...3 4 A few poor white women were involved in this one as well as Black women...
...Promotion and advanced study...
...The almost unlimited funds available in the population control field make it relatively easy to "buy" native medical and paramedical personnel and to divert them from other medical problems of "lower priority...
...While the Gaither Committee report has never been made public, it is also believed to have dealt with military preparedness in the western hemisphere, the heart of the U.S...
...Finally, we will not discuss in any depth the importance of birth control for sexual liberation...
...Simon Kuznets, "Economic Aspects of Fertility Trends in the Less Developed Countries," in S.J...
...numerous tables and projections concerning U.S...
...Besides serving on the Population Crisis Committee, he is also a director of Planned Parenthood-World Population and the-4 - Campaign to Check the Population Explosion...
...The "surplus population" that seems inevitable under this development strategy could quite possible act as a constraint on further development...
...Besides, there are many disadvantages for lower class women in being the subject of experimentation...
...imperialism...
...PC donor PP-WP PP-WP...
...The Campaign to Check the Population Explosion, whose propaganda we analyze below, is said to represent the crude, demagogic and perhaps racist element, while men like Rockefeller, and organizations such as the Population Reference Bureau and the Population Council, are the educators and humanitarians...
...India has also instituted a bribery-sterilization program...
...119-26...
...There may be certain countries that feel that their level of population growth is too rapid and that population control would be a "developmental" investment...
...7 deaths every minute...
...In 1965, the Bureau established its Latin American Department thanks to a five-year grant from the Rockefeller Foundation...
...l Expanding on this theme, President Nixon said that the "quality of life" in the 1970's would be better if there were fewer of us...
...That is, this form of development is not able to provide for all of the people...
...officials to urge that population control programs in the Third World be a precondition for receiving economic assistance...
...Thus, a "freedom of choice" policy has been neither especially effective in achieving large fertility declines nor in promoting liberation...
...To the extent that programs stay within the bounds of the explicite U.S...
...Cit., p. 9...
...The $80,000 would be used to guarantee any individual $5 or $6 or $7 per month for the rest of his or her life -- IF THE PERSON AGREES TO BE STERILIZED...
...A revolution requires more than the increase of human misery...
...A 1964 Population Council report on the IUD pointed out its experimental nature and potentially dangerous side-effects...
...Let us briefly sketch what might be the "real" economic and political benefits to imperialism from successful population control programs...
...Historically, the growth of developed capitalist economies has been positively associated with population growth...
...delegate to the United Nations Population Commission, demonstrating the bi-partisan nature of population control...
...We do not, however, wish to totally dismiss the importance of this argument...
...CCPE...
...it is difficult to say which is the preferable destination for investment capital...
...William S. Gaud, administrator of AID, when testifying before the Senate in February of 1968 said: There are a number of other countries where we would like desperately to see more progress...
...Thus, these populations have a higher proportion of dependent children than they would-have with lower levels of fertility...
...Thus, the financing of population control policy shifted from elite foundations to government agencies, through the lobbying efforts of the U.S...
...Evaluating the returns on different investments is especially problematic because of the difficulties of accurately measuring the performance of various types of capital investment in the Third World...
...only that they are reluctant to imploy panaceas, whether they be modern birth control technology such as the pill and IUD or the middle class family ideal...
...In the following paragraphs we will abstract from any particular development situation to examine the general validity of several technical economic justifications for population control programs...
...ruling class to serve its own interests rather than one arising from the needs of the underlying population at home or abroad...
...1969, p. 28...
...The Population Council and the Ford Foundation were particularly important in the creation of this constituency...
...Agency for International Development (AID...
...Qne of the most prominent eugenicists was Henry Fairfield Osborn, scion of an old ruling class family, naturalist, and one of the founders of the American Museum of Natural History...
...Whether or not the programs succeed in decreasing the birth rate they serve an important ideological function, one that has been attractive to ruling classes at least since the time of Malthus...
...chaos...
...PP-WP PC...
...As might be expected, the influx of blue blood signalled a shift in Planned Parenthood - World Population's approach...
...First, dependent children do not consume as much per capita as adults and, secondly, Third World children do participate in productive activity...
...We will look behind the academic and humanitarian rhetoric to the ideological attractiveness of population control and its special relevance for the development of dependent capitalist economies...
...Many traditional societies have had a variety of social norms and practices which influence the rate of population growth...
...This means a tragic and unnecessary death every 8.6 seconds...
...PART 1 THE POPULATION COUNCIL In what follows, we trace the path from eugenics to birth control through the involvement of the Rockefeller and the Osborn family, the development of the Population Council, and the use of private wealth to create a public committment to further ruling class ends in the field of ppulation control...
...Later it was finally deemed safe for affluent white women and is now widely used by them...
...NORTH AMERICAN CONGRESS ON LATIN AMERICA (NACLA) Vol...
...Slightly higher salaries than the prevailing scale, bonus payments, uniforms, badges, diplomas, etc., all help to create a loyal and enthusiastic cadre of population control workers...
...A country which is able to successfully extricate itself from imperialism may correctly believe that it can find more productive areas for capital investment than "demographic investments" and for this reason implement a population control policy...
...Hard Times, June 23-30, 1969, no...
...JOSEPH WOOD KRUTCH, Author FOWLER McCORMICK, former Chairman, International Harvester Co...
...2 0 This is true for Europe and Japan, where population growth resulted almost entirely from natural increase (primarily a decline in mortality), as well as North America and Oceania, where a substantial portion of population growth was due to immigration...
...ruling class, makes concentrated effort and maximum impact of this "vocal minority" possible...
...This would be due to the choice of a more appropriate development technology and the more uniform distribution of goods under socialism...
...The Population Crisis Committee continued to push for government action on the Draper Committee's recommendation, finally achieving success during the Johnson Administration...
...From the level of pamphlets aimed at lower class women to the highest governmental discussions of population, the intimate connection between poverty and population growth is continually stressed...
...While John D. Rockefeller III was moving into the population control business, his brother Laurence was concerned with seemingly more-down-to-earth matters...
...They are in normal health, have adequate levels of nutrition, are capable of making informed decisions about what is being done to them, and are of a similar social class as the physician...
...Before it is too late...
...James THURMAN W. ARNOLD, former Assistant U.S...
...LIST 1: SIGNERS OF THE CCPE ADS AND THEIR POPULATION ORGANIZATION AFFILIATIONS Abrams, Frank W. Bergman, Walter J. Black, Eugene R. Bostrom, Harold W. Bronk, Detlev Burdick, C. Lalor Canfield, Cass Copeland, Lammot duPont Cowles, John Draper, Gen...
...representative to the U.N...
...A White House panel has recommended that the United States Government spend at least $100 million a year on family planning aid to underdeveloped nations...
...These models of high rates of population growth in less developed countries focus on issues such as the dependency ratio, investment requirements and the developmental return on investment in population control programs...
...Biological Aspects of Fertility Regulation," in Behrman, et al., Fertility and Family Planning, op...
...It is also clear that the ruling class has worked hard to develop a non-elite committment to population control...
...In 1952, John D. Rockefeller III called a conference on population problems to be held in Williamsburg, Virginia...
...Possibly its most important limitation was that it failed to refer to the imperialist political context of the struggle for Third World development...
...Laurence, along with such men as William S. Paley (CBS), George P. Brown (United Shoe, First National Bank of Boston, New England Telephone and Telegraph, etc...
...5. ibid., p. 43...
...ruling class feels for its control and use of raw materials and military security...
...Frank W. Abrams, of Standard Oil of New Jersey...
...The "Population Establishment" is operationally defined by membership on the board of at least one of the following organizations: Planned ParenthoodWorld Population, Population Crisis Committee, Population Council, Committee to Check the Population Explosion and Population Reference Bureau.- 18 - 17...
...Swartz, et al., " The Introduction of Contraception in an Urban Public Hospital," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 97 (1967), pp...
...Quite possible...
...In this instance, the "New Class" scientists/ technocrats are joined by the old-fashioned property owning elites...Now they talk aboutTHE NEW YORK TIMES Document IN THE NEXT FEW SECONDS...
...2) This series of ads has probably been the largest publicity campaign on the population explosion and presents typical arguments concerning this issue...
...THE IDEOLOGY OF POPULATION CONTROL The previous section has been both limited and abstract...
...Predictably, the Committee's report claimed that population growth was retarding development and threatened the peace of the world -- just what the Population Council, the Population Crisis Committee, etc., had been claiming for years...
...Most analyses are made within either an historical or a "comparative statics" framework...
...HUGH MOORE, former Chairman, St...
...At least one Planned Parenthood Clinic in a Black neighborhood has been burned to the ground 1 7 and some members of the population establishment concede that racism provides some of the drive for population control...
...Oil, coal, chemicals, paper -the industries which have fouled the continent from one end to another...
...a . CHARLES P. TAFT, former Mayor of Cincinnoti WILLIAM H. VANDERBILT, former Governor of Rhode Island MARK VAN DORENi, Author T ROBERT G. WEHLE, Treasurer, POPULATION BOMB Genesee Brewing Compony KEPS Those signin g Ihis statement do so in their personal and individual Oapacity...
...In any event, any "problem" which comes to such prominence and results in such widespread agreement on a solution deserves to be examined in more detail than has previously been the case...
...The NACLA Staff --- 14 - PART 3 PUBLIC FUNDING Anyone even marginally involved in the Latin American population field is aware that the initiative came, and still continues to come, from the United States...
...is declining...
...The two images appear together because they are intertwined in the counter-revolutionary consciousness of our ruling class...
...12), 1969 (p...
...policy -- freedom to choose the family size you desire -- most Third World people will continue reproducing at current or slightly lower levels...
...6. Current Biography, November, 1941, p. 64...
...Birth control information follows...
...1 Harry E. Fosdick PP-WP Rockefeller Prentice PCC, PP-WP FOR LEGEND SEE LIST No...
...Thomas Parran, an officer in assorted Mellon foundations...
...Men are almost always the scientists and administrators in charge of contraceptive experimentation...
...Their representatives now ask that the masses control the size of their families so that the plunder can continue...
...10 for institutions...
...Our own national interest demands that we go all out to help the underdeveloped countries control their populations...
...Population control programs do, however, serve the ends of corporate elites who are hoping for a form of Third World development that will be both profitable and non-threatening...
...However, such programs would require greater doses of misleading propaganda and possibly "more thorough" birth control techniques such as the not-yet-operational contraceptive additive to water supplies, mass innoculations with long-term effectiveness and nonreversible sterilization...
...While this is partly due to poor maternal health, the more significant factor is the variety of social norms and practices which limit fertility...
...1969, pp...
...Perhaps we could organize a good experimental program among our overseas government representatives...
...and Mrs...
...All in all, at least 11 signers of the ads are closely connected to Rockefeller interests...
...IV, No...
...ALBERT D. LASKER DR...
...Relatively small amounts are channeled to "respectable" historical and comparative studies of the social and economic importance of demographic phenomena...
...Laurence Rockefeller served on the U.S...
...While it appears that Cuba does not yet have a fully developed demographic policy, they have accomplished what no other Latin American country has -- access to safe abortion and birth control for all women as part of a free comprehensive public health service...
...We have seen the crudities and oversimplified rationales behind imperialism's drive for population control in the Third World...
...Reasonable salaries...
...ruling class...
...Black, President of the World Bank from 1949-62, is with Chase Manhattan Bank and Bronk is trustee of Rockefeller Brothers Fund and past president of Rockefeller University...
...David E. Lilienthal, TVA...
...The high abortion rates in Latin America are testimony to the fact that many Latin American women are experiencing unwanted pregnancies...
...This, of course, is the image which is supposed to scare white Americans into voting more money for population control, just as it works to get more money for armaments...
...In addition a new emphasis was given to controlling fertility in the Third World.- 5 - Even in the 1950's the Rockefellers understood that population control was the "answer" and with Laurence as President, The Rockefeller Brothers Fund quickly became one of the chief sources of support for John's fledging Population Council...
...Such antiideological thought is ridiculous...
...I NACLA NEWSLETTER3 - movement of the early 1900's...
...the Third World, organize to control their own destiny and development, many of these resources will become less accessible to the United States...
...just to maintain current per capita consumption levels...
...Public Opinion Analyst LESSING J. ROSENWALD JONAS SALK, M.D., Director, The Solk Institute for Biological Studies ADOLPH W. SCHMIDT, Governor, T. Mellon & Sons r.P WtltIAM SHCKIeY . Nhl In'Lrt...
...But again, money is not the whole story, and shortly thereafter, a field office was established for Latin America in Bogota, Colombia: The Bogota office was set up as a first base of operations in Latin America...
...We cannot afford a half dozen Vietnams or even one more...
...Rockefeller himself served as the first president of the Council and was succeeded by Frederick Osborn in 1957...
...and Frank Pace (Time-Life Inc., Continental Oil, etc...
...and Detlev W. Bronk, a long time Rockefeller associate...
...We did not argue that they are necessarily invalid, only that their validity has not been adequately demonstrated...
...cit., p. 200...
...Even today This article is a revision of a paper presented at the Population Association of America meeting in April, 1970...
...Many involved in the population control business certainly do not run the American Empire, and may even feel uneasy about its more blatant policies such as the Viet Nam War...
...Rockefeller has officially served only on the Population Council and has never been a crude propagandist for population control...
...Total Population Council funds for the six years amounted to $4.5 million...
...In fact, one of the surest indicators of social stratification is the division between who is experimented on and who does the experimenting...
...It seems reasonable to assume that the provision of safe abortion and birth control facilities would be a task that could be justified in terms of individual freedom and family welfare...
...viii-ix in the Preface...
...Minneapolis Star & Tribune GENERAL WILLIAM H. DRAPER, JR., former Ambassador to NATO MARRINER S. ECCLES, former Chairman, Federal Reserve Board HENRY C. FLOWER, JR...
...8 In 1959 he became chairman of the executive committee, a position he held until 1968...
...Furnished accomodations and household servant...
...Guess again...
...Urge the speeding up of Government action in the population emergency...
...D Please send me_ free reprints of this ad...
...general, served as chairman of this committee which recommended that "the United States assist those countries with which it is cooperating in economic aid programs, on request, in the formulation of their plans designed to deal with the problem of rapid population growth...
...3. Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race or the Racial Basis of European History, New York: 1918, pp...
...and the World Bank will possibly mean greater funds for population control...
...Most of the criticism is also made within this framework...
...Frederick Osborn was a prominent member of the Williamsburg conference and became a charter board member and first vice-president of the Population Council, the organization which grew out of the conference...
...Let us repeat that we are not opposed to birth control...
...9. ibid., p. 20...
...3 (June 22, 1967), pp...
...By the 1960's, former President Johnson was telling the world that "$5 invested in birth control is worth $100 invested in economic growth...
...Misery is not the missing revolutionary precondition...
...One of the most glaring indicators of this is the high levels of under-employment and unemployment in the Third World...
...PP-WP PCC PC...
...However, it is more likely that this "surplus population" might aggravate political constraints to development via dependent capitalism...
...Hsu, "Personnel Problem in Family Planning Programs," in Bernard Berelson, et...
...But by sexual liberation we also mean the abolition of the exploitation of women which can be aided by their gaining more adequate control over their reproductive function...
...In oversimplified form, this latter argument would be that growing masses of "surplus population" would make the revolution...
...As one might expect, the greatest research outlays are for more sophisticated technology (e.g., contraceptives which require lower motivation on the part of the user...
...Despite the superficiality of the comparative statics approach, it has given rise to more sophisticated models which purportedly demonstrate that population growth is a constraint on economic development...
...19 Is sue...
...FOOTNOTES: 1. Lyndon B. Johnson, Speech to the United Nations, June 25, 1965...
...In contrast to the coordinating functions of men such as Moore and Draper, John D. Rockefeller III works more quietly...
...Nothing could be more misleading and ultimately more tragic than to avoid facing the real problem because it is so much easier to work toward less people rather than less exploitation...
...The major concern here flows from the recognition that the United States is able to obtain cheap and plentiful supplies of raw materials from the Third World...
...These factors are in addition to the two more obvious reasons for imperialism's fear of population growth mentioned earlier -- interference with the need to militarily dominate the Third World and the increased pressure growing population puts on the raw materials that imperialism obtains from the Third World at very favorable terms...
...al., (eds...
...We think that it definitely is, because the theme of population control for the Third World and for U.S...
...189-96...
...The penchant of American social science for quantitative analysis has introduced grossly oversimplified and quite erroneous assumptions about the nature of economic development, even economic development via dependent capitalism...
...In this section we would like to further analyze why imperialism proclaims the necessity of population control...
...For one thing, the money pouring into the population control field sometimes has the effect of funneling alwaysscarce medical and paramedical personnel into that field at the expense of other medical problems...
...161-70...
...2 4 Aside from the above macro-demographic-economic models, studies of differential fertility -- which normally demonstrate that the "modernized strata" have lower fertility -- are also used to justify population control programs...
...Thus, Secretary of Commerce Maurice Stans could announce that one of the prime concerns of a new commission on raw materials would be the "unprecedented premium" that the world's rapid population growth places "on the limited resources of this planet...
...The first four arguments are revealing for the insights they provide into the methods and motivation of the population controllers...
...General Draper is an important link between organizations within the population establishment...
...The massive increase in AID funding for population control combined with the declining interest in other health programs in countries with already high mortality rates, seriously calls into question the humanitarian rhetoric with which the U.S...
...For example, a booklet widely distributed by the Asociacion ProBienestar de la Familia, an AID financed private birth control clinic in Bogota, shows a picture of a happy family with three children and with a good home, television, car, tricyle, etc., and the words: "This family planned its future...
...T h is Population Control in the Third World...
...Can these academics predict with any accuracy whether in 20 or 40 years there12 - will be a labor shortage or surplus, or what the productivity of labor will be...
...These have been necessary to maintain or increase population size in face of the normally high and fluctuating mortality levels in traditional societies...
...Its present annual budget of $13 million is financed by grants from both public and private resources...
...In the population control field, the history of experimentation with the contraceptive pill is well known...
...However, this negative association is reduced to insignificant levels when developed and less developed countries are correlated separately...
...In dependent capitalist societies where unemployment and underemployment are rampant, a secure job in an expanding new field is a godsend for the lucky individual who obtains one...
...Possibly most prevalent are a variety of social norms favoring high fertility...
...We would like to make clear that while this paper criticizes current population control programs in the Third World, we believe that it is a basic right of societies, families and individuals to control their reproduction in accord with what they feel to be their best interests...
...A Bill to Reorganize the Department of State and the Department of Health, Education and Welfare," Feb...
...A more thorough analysis of the role of demographic phenomena under socialist development is a task for another paper...
...The problem here is whether the "demographic investment" is much less developmental than the "new investment...
...In that country a person is given a transistor radio if he or she agrees to be sterilized...
...From the beginning, the Population Council claimed that "the relation of population to material and cultural resources of the world presents one o the most crucial and urgent problems of the day...
...Population controllers explain poverty, misery, and especially the gross disproportions in welfare under capitalism by demographic behavior -- the poor are poor because of excessive breeding...
...b) it may increase markets for export by aiding development via dependent capitalism...
...The ad continues, "We cannot afford a half dozen Vietnams or even one more...
...Though we realize the danger of simplistic comparisons between the industrial revolution in the West and the present situation in the Third World, it is significant that this historical material is seldom introduced in arguments for population control...
...Author's field observation...
...We hope the foregoing analysis has shown the superficiality of this distinction...
...In Minimum contribution for one-year subscription: $5.00...
...Agency for International Development, Office of Population, Population Program Assistance, Washington, D.C., Oct...
...PP-WP PP-WP PP-WP CCPE PC = Population Council PRB = Population Reference Bureau PP-WP = Planned Parenthood-World Population PCC = Population Crisis Committee CCPE = Campaign to Check the Population Explosion POPULATION PROPAGANDA The domestic propaganda used to sell population control is directly related to the historical development of the program...
...However, it is not clear that funds invested in tourism or luxury goods for the adult bourgeoisie (for example) would have greater developmental returns than schools...
...Clearly the achievement of sexual liberation requires much more than adequate birth control technology, but it is a sad irony that the development and dissemination of birth control technology has been accompanied not only by exploitation of Third World peoples, but also by the exploitation of women...
...In 1952...I helped found the Population Council...
...politics, John D. Rockefeller got the nod for co-chairman of President Nixon's committee on Population and Family Planning...
...The levels which are now considered moderate were, at that time, unprecedented...
...The ad goes on to claim that the "quality of life" in the U.S...
...Investment: A similar line of argument about the relationship between population growth and investment is also used to justify population control programs...
...But what do the birth controllers promise those who will put up with U.S...
...It is "designed for poorer, uneducated women...
...foreign policy...
...It does appear, however, that the lack of research and testing of new male-oriented birth control technology is mainly due to the sexist nature of medical research...
...Nevertheless, in the West during the nineteenth century unprecedented economic development was accompanied by moderate rates of population growth...
...417 deaths every hour...
...policy toward the Third World...
...But on the other hand, the difficulty that population controllers are having peddling their wares suggests that they are not attractive to many women...
...651-52...
...While the conservatism of the U.N...
...its population control budget began with $2.1 million for fiscal year 1965 and increased to $45.4 million in fiscal 1969.25 This was in addition to at least $50 million in foreign currencies spent by AID in the same field...
...Think about it in time...
...At the time we started work, any government participation would have been politically unthinkable...
...You can bet they're not talking about the kids in Great Neck, Grosse Point or Scarsdale, but in case you have any doubt, the ad clinches it by claiming "You go out after dark at your peril" and then comes the punch line: "Birth Control is an Answer...
...Eventually hundreds of millions of dollars could be used as a self-generating source of funds for massive sterilization programs...
...PP-WP CCPE PC PP-WP PCC...
...In a December 1969 attempt to help foundations evade taxation, Rockefeller outlined the use of private wealth and power to create public policy in the area of population: Government programs in social and other fields have grown tremendously, but that does not mean that private effort is less critical...
...A world with moss starvation in underdeveloped countries will be a world of chaos, riots and war...
...Financial Corp...
...To demonstrate this, we will analyze a series of full-page ads appearing in the New York Times during the years 1968-70.15 These ads were sponsored by the Campaign to Check the Population Explosion and were chosen for three reasons: (1) They are the product of the combined efforts of prominent members of the Population Council, the Population Crisis Committee, the Population Reference Bureau, and planned Parenthood-World Population, four of the most influential population groups...
...In the body of the paper we deal with national, cultural and racial aspects of this exploitation, but we have not fully analyzed 'sexual exploitation...
...Making rough adjustments for this, Kuznets has concluded that high dependency ratios are associated with levels of per capita product only about 20 percent lower than would be obtained with low rates of population growth...
...surrounds its population control programs...
...racism and imperialism while retaining the old social order...
...The program was administered by a man named Victor Morgan...
...1 9 4. The last two themes, fear of Third World revolutions and the lure of economic development are closely intertwined...
...For example, the Population Reference Bureau has been distributing a soap opera dramatizing overpopulation since 1966...
...After the pill had "proved" itself among Puerto Rican women, it was tried out in the continental U.S., at clinics in lower class MexicanAmerican neighborhoods of San Antonio, Texas, and Los Angeles, California...
...John L. Loeb and Hugh Moore...
...The emphasis during this early period was on giving women control over their bodies through the use of the best medical means to assist in the spacing of births...
...To sum up, it appears that population control is a program developed by, and to serve the interests of, the U.S...
...involvement, the Population Council relied on ruling class sources for funds...
...This fantastic budget increase occurred when the fiscal pinch of the war forced a decrease in most AID programs with such notable exceptions as "public safety" programs -- a euphemism for bolstering internal police forces in Third World countries...
...More specifically, modern abortion and birth control technology has a potentially large role to play in the emancipation of women and men which has nowhere been fully realized...
...Estimating the future value of an investment program requires some knowledge about the future -- the quite distant future when we are talking about children...
...racism, were instrumental in establishing the immigrant quota system which was to end Southern and Eastern European "mongrelizing" of the U.S.'s Anglo-Saxon heritage...
...This is aimed at the poor...
...The Ford Foundation offered him $1,000,000 to set up a pilot project in one country in Latin America...
...It appears that significant declines in birth rates are achieved only when broad-based modernization and development are underway -- i.e., when smaller families become economically and socially rational in the light of improving standards of living...
...John D. Rockefeller III, "Why I Believe in Philanthropy," The Readers Digest, Dec...
...l 1 8 2. The Campaign to Check the Population Explosion also attempts to blend racism and white middle class America's fear of "crime in the streets...
...However, this conceptualization requires some adjustment when fitted to Third World reality...
...Wm H. Eccles, Marriner S. Flower, Henry C. Foote, Emerson Fosdick, Harry Emerson Foye, Arthur B. Gardner, Richard N. Gruening, Ernest Hauser, Philip M. Kyle, Richard S. Lasker, Mrs...
...In 1958 President Eisenhower set up a committee to study the Military Assistance Program and military security in the western hemisphere...
...13 Just as, according to Malthus, the poor were going to devour all the food, so now the poor throughout the world threaten the prodigious consumption of raw materials by the "developed" capitalist world...
...III, New York: 1968, Appendix 3, "Economic Models and their Usefulness for Planning in South Asia.," pp...
...It was only in the post-World War II period that the ruling class became interested in and involved in Planned Parenthood - World Population as an organization...
...Provision of uniforms, badges, raincoats...
...And a perfect breeding ground for Communism...
...During the next six years, Population Council funds more than quadrupled to $18.3 million, with the Fords providing $8.4 million, the Rockefellers adding $5.4 million and the Mellons joining in to the tune of $2.9 million...
...We are opposed to the increasing tendency on the part of Esta familia plane su futuro Esta familia no planeo su futuro Menos se les puede dar a cada uno @8 6 S@C8 Cuantos ma's nihios se tienen...
...To oversimplify, we will argue that countries that are forced to attempt development via dependent capitalism are, in a certain sense, "overpopulated...
...A CHILD WILL DIE FOR LACK OF FOOD!Every day about 10,000 people-most of them children-die in the underdeveloped countries as a result of illness caused by malnutrition...
...sponsored population control programs will achieve their explicit goal -- a rapid decrease in fertility -- but this is not inconceivable...
...According to the Population Council's 1965 progress report, Frederick Osborn set up the first offices, organized the Council into the demographic and medical programs, recruited the first staff members, and served as the chief executive officer during the first six years...
...Our conclusion about the potential effects of population control programs is based on the study of comparative demographic transitions...
...Many Third World people, attracted to jobs in the population field for humanitarian reasons and with a sincere belief in the importance and benefits of population control programs are manipulated by the United States for its own purpose...
...This is only a small fraction of the $15 billion we've already spent on our Food for Peace Program...
...Family Planning: A World View, Ann pp...
...Benefit-cost analysis: The origin of Johnson's equation of $5 invested in birth control with $100 in economic development is benefit-cost analysis...
...However, the history of male dominance in almost all societies (imperialist and colonial included) leads us to suspect that there are some social reasons for the phenomenon...
...But no matter how hard we try, we could not sensibly obligate $50 million this year...
...Lawrence Seaway Corporation ALLAN NEVINS, President, American Academy of Arts & Letters DR...
...Thus, a March 23, 1969 ad declared in hugh letters, "This is the Crime Explosion" above a graph showing crime rates for the last few years...
...Copyright 1970 by the North American Congress on Latin America, Inc...
...7. Baltzell, op...
...ibid., p. 13...
...WINTHROP W. ALDRICH, former U.S...
...To do this, we will look at the historical development of ruling class interest in population, the propaganda for population control and the fallacies in this propaganda...
...Tell me how I can help...
...The first eugenicists, tilling the fertile soil of U.S...
...What does the ad recommend -- pollution control programs...
...However, it is conceivable that from a very pragmatic American viewpoint it could be argued that less people is the goal and that every little contribution helps...
...and Feb...
...Fortunately, it was not too successful...
...Because "overpopulation" is primarily a contradiction of imperialism, countries which extricate themselves from imperialism should not find demographic phenomena to be a major constraint to development...
...Concentration should be primarily on changing the attitudes of these countries...
...THE GUINEA PIGS Another complication is that new, possibly dangerous methods of contraception are tested experimentally among the poorest sectors of Latin American and other populations...
...The historical portion of the paper makes one basic point: the population explosion is, to a large extent, an issue created and pushed by the U.S...
...3 With the rise of Nazi Germany, many of the eugenicists realized that they had to tone down their more blatantly racist rhetoric, and thus Henry Osborn's nephew, Frederick, suggested in 1940 that "...today resentment on the subject of hereditary classes is very near the surface...
...See also, Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations, vol...
...But with the impending demise of AID we need not expect a cutback in U.S...
...Report of the U.S...
...Harvey Leibenstein, "Pitfalls in Benefit-Cost Analysis of Birth Prevention," Population Studies 23 (1969), pp...
...Before passing to an analysis of the operation of population control programs in Latin America we should suggest the implications of the above analysis for development via revolutionary socialism...
...Chart I shows the interlocks among the population organizations and the connections between the directors of these organizations and prominent ruling class interests...
...Simon Kuznets, Modern Economic Growth: Rate, Structure and Spread, New Haven: 1966, pp...
...For example, IUD acceptors are13 - neither given adequate warning about possible sideeffects nor do they have sufficient follow-up care...
...8 / December 1970 Published monthly, except May-June and July-August, when it is published bi-monthly, at 160 Claremont Ave., New York, New York 10027...
...The paper deals at some length with the rationale for population control programs in the development of dependent capitalist economies...
...Protestant Missions: preliminary notes...
...A "demographic transition" is the movement from an "underdeveloped" demographic profile of high bitth rates and moderate and declining death rates to low birth and death rates yielding moderate rates of population growth -- about one percent per annum...
...The comparative statics analysis is most convincing at an intuitive level -- i.e., we know that the developed countries have lower rates of population growth than the less developed countries...
...While the ad admits that there are two reasons for pollution and "one is the increase in waste products," the "basic cause is the rising population of the United States" along with the "rising flood of humanity" abroad...
...William Draper as U.S...
...This public committment has facilitated the rapid growth in government funding of population programs...
...Creating demand for family planning where little exists has been a tough problem, but our almost limitless funds make the problem of buying "native" personnel quite manageable...
...In the 1952-68 period, Ford used $11.6 million to help set up a dozen university centers focusing on population problems...
...economic dependence on foreign sources of raw materials, and warns that population growth in Third World countries "presses hard on available natural resources...
...This early work often got Sanger and her cotworkers in trouble with the repressive sex laws of the period...
...174-90...
...In fact, "internationalization" of U.S...
...The most important component of high mortality has been infant mortality...
...However, if you believe in the naive idea that all men.and women are created equal and that no one is inherently worth more than anyone else, then this question of who gets experimented on takes on crucial importance...
...For the U.S...
...The situation requires a crash program-a vastly stepped-up effort to control population growth...
...It was now necessary to emphasize "that eugenics is not in opposition to efforts to improve the environment, but in many cases a necessary supplement to their success...
...ibid., 19...
...This is the world we live in-because world population growth has already out-run world food supply...
...In 1964 an experimental program was begun among Black women in Harlem Hospital, New York City...
...10025 P.O...
...Ehrlich is a Stanford biology professor and one of the best known prophets of doom among neo-Malthusians...
...The AID population control budget reached $100 million in fiscal 1971...
...Some methods, recommended for a Taiwanese program are described below: Incentives are especially important to family planning programs at the promotional stage...
...CCPE...
...High dependency ratios are also supposed to be a constraint on investment, "draining" scarce investment funds into schools and toy factories rather than into more "productive" sectors of the economy where they would have a greater "developmental impact...
...Thus they are more susceptible to complications from experimental contraceptives than women in normal health and/or women with access to adequate medical facilities Also, informed, affluent North American women are in a better position to decide wether or not a particular method is dangerous...
...The influx of new board members included such men as William H. Vanderbilt, Eugene R. Black (long-time servant of Rockefeller interests), Lammont du Pont Copeland and David E. Lilienthal...
...One of the favorite ads hysterically warns the inhabitants of the American Eden about the barbarian hordes at the gates: "A world with mass starvation in underdeveloped countries will be a world of chaos, riots and war...
...imperialism has taken the birth control idea and technology and used it in a self-serving manner that we will analyze in this paper...
...On the other hand, there is at least the implicit recognition that revolution in the Third World means that the destiny of these nations will be taken from the hands of the U.S...
...PP-WP PP-WP CCPE CCPE PP-WP PRB PRB PP-WP PRB PP-WP PP-WP...
...Although the major academic justification for population control is economic development, the relationship between the two is still poorly understood...
...Our review of a few arguments for population control will not be definitive, but we will suggest that the arguments are generally weak and that they certainly do not justify either the hysterical propaganda or present government programs...
...might inhibit it from matching the World Bank's effort, Nixon's recent appointment of Gen...
...In the past five or six years, the population explosion and the proposed response -- population control -- have become household words and political cliches in the United States...
...Guttmacher is the Evangelist of Birth Control," New York Times Magazine, Feb...
...From a humanitarian viewpoint this is a dissturbing possibility...
...Most recently in November, 1969, President Nixon appointed Draper as the U.S...
...2 3 But because capital is scarce and performs poorly under dependent capitalism it is not hard to see why it might be in the interest of imperialism to attribute this poor performance to rapid population growth...
...It is this possibility which is the factual basis of the fear which the U.S...
...Ambassador to Court of St...
...There were few experiments conducted on the wives and daughters of middle class people, for example academics or government bureaucrats...
...Prophets of famine and demographic doom for the Third World suggest that the population explosion is above politics -- or, as a recent propaganda campaign claims: "No matter what your cause, it's a lost cause without population control...
...AID, in its ever present attempt to be subtle, has called the program, "Family Planning Insurance...
...UPI Dispatch, Senate Subcommittee on InterAmerican Affairs, Hearings, March 1, 1968...
...9, 1969...
...9, 1969, p. 32...
...Dependency ratios: It can be easily demonstrated by an abstract model that high fertility and moderate mortality levels such as those being experienced by many Third World countries yield young age structures...
...We feel it is a smokescreen which is being used to avoid facing the real problems...
...Population Commission suggests that strong pressures will be brought to bear...
...The question is whether these growing masses of poor would be another political constraint on imperialism...
...It is quite possible that imperialism would be prudent to believe its own propaganda -that overpopulation brings communism," or at least that it increases the political instability of the empire...
...2 7 So it seems that money is not a problem, but rather the gentle persuasion of the affected nations...
...General Draper's investment banking partner, H. Rowan Gaither, had headed a similar committee during the early 1950's...
...3 6 These are all examples of manipulation of the birth control issue...
...The implication is clear...
...A North American businessman recently approached the Ford Foundation with a "creative" population control project...
...The facing page shows a family with eight children living in misery in a shack, and the words: "This family did not plan its future...
...The apparent exactness of these models is based on very hazy assumptions about the "value of prevented births" and a limited view of the potential of other investment programs...
...PP-WP PP-WP PP-WP PCC...
...ruling class, the conditions for its own rule -- continued access to and control of large areas of the Third World -- are the conditions necessary for the existence of civilization itself...
...President's Materials Policy Commission which began its 1952 report by asking whether or not the United States had the raw materials necessary to "sustain its civilization...
...However, there is still widespread fear of undesireable side effects as evidenced by recent congressional hearings and the subsequent decline in pill sales URGING FAMILY PLANNING IN COLOMBIA: Billboard sponsored by anonymous businessmen on corner in downtown Bogota...
...Readers of this newsletter will realize how attractive the investment argument might be for imperialists in Latin America who actually appropriate a much larger portion of investment capital for their own interests than babies do...
...Take a few minutes to wire, write or telephone anyone in Washington you think might be helpful...
...CAMPAIGN TO CHECK THE POPULATION EXPLOSION EMERSON FOOTE, CHAIRMAN CAMPAIGN TO CHECK THE POPULATION EXPLOSION 60 EAST 42ND STREET NEW YORK, N.Y...
...Indian villagers and Latin American barrio residents will not find that an IUD will lead to a comfortable nest-egg at their neighborhood branch of Chase Manhattan...
...To summarize, we have briefly reviewed a variety of technical arguments which purportedly demonstrate that rapid rates of population growth are a major constraint on economic development in the Third World...
...HAROLD C. UREY, Nobel Prize Winner FRANK W. ABRAMS, former Chairman, Standard Oil Co...
...These include late marriage, late weaning, religious taboos on intercourse at certain times, infanticide, and traditional abortion and birth control "technology...
...Hugh Moore, a director of Campaign to Check the Population Explosion and founder of Dixie Cup Co.,paid to advertise this book and has poured more than $750,000, through the Hugh Moore Fund, into advertising campaigns for birth control...
...In addition to Osborn and Rockefeller, charter members of the Council included Lewis L. Strauss, former Secretary of Commerce and a director of RCA...
...We are not aware of an adequate revolutionary socialist analysis of the question, although this paper suggests some of the lines that such an analysis would take...
...It seems unlikely that U.S...
...foreign aid via the U.N...
...As iS typical with their "innovative" social policy, it has been passed on to the government where outlays for the program have increased several fold, with no end in sight...
...and (c) it may increase political instability resulting form "overpopulation" which would threaten the imperial system...
...Martin, "The Use of Intra-uterine Devices in Sunflower County," Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association, Jan...
...To promote competent field workers to be supervisors and offer them opportunities for advanced studies or a study tour abroad will improve the quality of their services and attract more qualified workers to join the program.30 This personnel strategy, of course, is eminently succesful in getting people to do things "our way...
...The ad was paid for by Hugh Moore, founder of Dixie Cup...
...The $1,000,000 for the pilot project would be invested in Housing Bonds...
...Provision of furnished accommodations at headquarters and employment of a servant to keep house for field workers are important measures to keep up the morale and efficiency of personnel...
...By the 1970's of course, it was taken for granted by all concerned that the growing population of the Third World threatened the resource base of the world...
...Even a liberal senator such as William Fulbright has taken this position...
...3 5 What all of these examples have in common is that the subjects of the experimentation belong to social groups judged to be "worth" less than the affluent white American...
...Subsidies ranging from US$10 to US$30 a month per person to one or two key personnel at the county-municipal level and from US$20 to US$50 per person per month to a few important persons at the provincial and central levels will certainly ensure their full cooperation and wholehearted support in the still sensitive field of family planning...
...DETLEV BRONK, President, Rockefeller University MRS...
...J. Walter Thompson Co...
...Thus the opposition to revolution is posed as civilization vs...
...The "Latinized" image created by the Bogota base is of the greatest psychological significance, and greatly diminishes any likelihood of the identification of the PRB as a foreign "imperialist" organization or a "tool" of U.S...
...Family Planning and Population Programs, Chicago: 1966, pp...
...In the 1952-58 period, the Ford Foundation provided $1 million and the Rockefellers kicked in an additional $3.2 million...
...Thus by 1965 the Agency for International Development (AID) had entered the picture, providing 11 percent of the total Third World population control funds coming from U.S...
...Madison Avenue techniques of creating demand are being used extensively in the population field...
...2 2 By this analysis, too many babies is hardly an adequate analysis of Third World poverty...
...Too often, due to humility, obedience, and ignorance, the lower class women on whom we experiment are less able to make informed decisions on the dangers involved...
...Caryl P. Haskins, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a ruling class foreign policymaking body...
...William H. Draper, "Forward" to People in Crisis, Population Crisis Committee, n.d., p. 5. 12...
...23, 1968...
...During this same period, however, Frederick Osborn reiterated his belief that "privileged" individuals should produce more children...
...The rhetoric of the population control campaign flows naturally, and perhaps inevitably from the hallowed North American traditions of racism, counterrevolution and pragmatic liberalism...
...Population growth must be controlled and food supply must be increased...
...However, it cannot be assumed that population phenomena would be irrelevant for development under socialism...
...Box 57, Cathedral Park Station, New York, N.Y...
...190-91...
...Latin America is used as a case study of how the United States has fomented population control programs in the Third World...
...Another example is the growing tendency of U.S...
...Joaquin A. Nunez, "Experiencias Clinicas con un Anticonceptivo Inyectable," paper delivered to the XIII Congreso Medico Nacional, San Pedro Sula, Honduras, Feb...
...Experimentation with new contraceptive methods is carried on exclusively among exploited groups of the population...
...List 1 presents the relationship between Campaign to Check the Population Explosion ads and members of the population establishment...
...Nicholas H. Wright, "Evaluation of a Plastic Intra-uterine Loop in a Postpartum Family Planning Program, " Public Health Reports, 83 (1968), pp...
...And a perfect breeding ground for Communism...
...Meanwhile, cousin Fairfield was active in Planned Parenthood-World Population and Frederick helped found the Population Association of America...
...Sheldon J. Segal has noted that "An extremely low pregnancy rate has been obtained with this procedure (the same injection used in Honduras...
...Our own militarist and imperialist drives suddenly vanish and the sole problem in Vietnam becomes-- too many Vietnamese...
...The normal view of this process emphasizes how economic growth facilitated population growth (primarily by creating favorable conditions for mortality declines...
...There is more than a semantic similarity with McNamara's notorious cost effectiveness analysis which has brought the world the Edsel, Vietnam, and now economic development via World Bank loans...
...This is the major explanation of the recent growth in importance of population control programs in U.S...
...Total AID expenditures on all health programs other than population control decreased from $126 million in 1966 to $77 million in 1969.26) Or perhaps the popu- lation "explosion" in the Third World is seen as such a critical problem that AID plans to attack it with increased mortality as well as decreased fertility...
Vol. 4 • December 1970 • No. 8
