Opening Up the Files: Chile Declassified
Kornbluh, Peter
"It is not a part of our country's history that we are proud of." -Secretary of State Colin Powell, answering a question about the morality of U.S. policy toward the September 11, 1973 military...
...Prompted by the efforts of Spanish lawyer and former Allende adviser Joan Garc6s to hold the former dictator accountable for human rights crimes, Spanish authorities subsequently invoked a bilateral Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) with the United States-an accord mandating international cooperation and reciprocity in criminal investigations-and requested that the U.S...
...Indeed, their recalcitrant attitude toward to their headquarters for further evaluation-breaking the Chile Declassification Project threatened to the established IWG procedures for the Chile transform a precedent-setting exercise in openness into Declassification Project...
...Once in their possession, the yet another cover-up of history...
...tranche of documents in June 1999, and officials let it taining to operational support for the regime after the be known that Langley did not intend to produce any coup...
...1 1 "The CIA is hiding key Government," Tenet explained his controversial decidocuments," the New York Times editorialized on sion...
...Opening Up the Files 1. "Prisoner Pinochet," The Nation, December 11, 1998...
...Rather Clinton urged all nations to "give terrorists no support, than provide documents directly to Spain, the new head no sanctuary...to act together to step up extradition and of the State Department's Policy Planning Office, prosecution"-exactly what Spain was attempting Morton Halperin, proposed that the administration to do...
...Reno to open the files and cooperate with the Spanish On November 30, Secretary of State Madeleine inquiry...
...Augusto Pinochet next to the army's second in command Guillermo Garin at fact that most of these documents had the cathedral in Santiago, Chile...
...The letter is dated August 11, 2000...
...These documents covered 1968 though 1973 tions to bring down Allende...
...At the same time, congresseveral weeks before Pinochet's arrest (ironically on the sional demands and the position of the families of anniversary of the Letelier-Moffitt assassination) Pinochet's U.S...
...been identified and quoted extensively in the Senate reports on Chile 25 years As the CIA's obstruction of the Chile Declassification earlier, Pavitt concluded that the records revealed too Project became publicly apparent, advocates of the pro- much about the basic modus operandi used by the CIA ject charged the Agency with whitewashing history...
...Adolf "Hal" Eisner read them at the State Department...
...before the September 11, 2001 attack on the Pentagon...
...Thirty years after the infamous coup that brought the Pinochet regime to power the now accessible TOP SECRET written record kept by U.S...
...Our role in the election was limited to an effort to denigrate Allende and his Popular Unity (UP) coalition during the cam- paign...
...None of these files contained any material of evidentiary value for Spain's effort to prosecute Pinochet...
...During a "joint sify operational records on Chile...
...They are also being used to rewrite the history books on the U.S...
...But in June only the any of this material...
...9. The National Security Agency continues to keep secret six documents on the Horman case...
...involvement in be declassified in the final release, then scheduled for Chile also threatened to jeopardize the moral basis of mid 2000...
...policy and Pinochet's human rights atrocities, Washington's holdings on that Page two of the summary of all contacts between COS and cou plotters...
...Faced with forceful public and presidential pressure, The CIA's intention to cover up the most egregious the CIA rapidly retreated...
...7 The CIA declassified several hundred valuable reports, At meetings of the IWG, Agency representatives David intelligence assessments and cables documenting the Kamerling and Walter Hazlett surprised their colleagues Pinochet regime's internal deliberations and repressive by arguing that documents on covert action in Chileoperations but withheld thousands of other records per- to undermine Allende and then to support Pinochetwere "not relevant" to the tasker...
...Albright convened a meeting of her top advisors to "There is a struggle going on in here," a White House determine what the United States should do...
...Questions such as: *What role did the United States actually play in the violent September 11, 1973, coup that brought Augusto Pinochet to power...
...The projected yield of declassified documents, the IWG determined, necessitated a multi-phased release of records...
...In addition, State Department officials quietly approached the Archivist of the United States, John Carlin, to write a strong protest to National Security Advisor Berger...
...2 Certainly, prosecuting Pinochet interests and that Washington, for the sake of stability seemed to support the President's call for more aggres- and Chile's sovereignty, should respect the Chilean sive international efforts to counter terrorism...
...Secretary Albright recommended this who did not want to set a precedent of searching secret proposal to National Security Advisor Berger...
...State and the NSC...
...They agreed, as one official told me in confidence, to "declassify what we can so that we can say we did our share...
...Leary chaired an Interagency Working Group (IWG) responsible for monitoring and implementing the review and declassification, which held its first meeting in February 1999...
...The other boxes contained thousands of pages of legal files on the prosecution of the anti-Castro Cubans who participated in the Letelier-Moffitt car bombing...
...For the foreseeable future, lawyers, human rights investigators and historians will be sifting through the collection, looking for evidence of all kinds of wrongdoing...
...In fact, the Clinton administration stonewalled for more than a year before producing four boxes of "files" in response to the Spanish MLAT request...
...1 3 ther delay the remainder of the documents pertaining to Both inside and outside of government, everyone Pinochet in the CIA files," six Congressmen wrote to involved in the Chile Declassification Project-memCIA Director George Tenet...
...The documents suggest that Mr...
...After they informed her that the final release would be postponed again until the fall, she petitioned the chairman of the IWG, William Leary, to release the records relating to her case as scheduled...
...The idea was to quickly and jointly evaluate documents that involved more than one agency-presidential records generated by the CIA for example-to determine what portions needed to be censored...
...5. Tranche I was delayed several days because Henry Kissinger learned of the release in late June and had his office call National Security Advisor Sandy Berger to request an entire set of the documents so that he could review them in advance of the public release...
...4. The official I interviewed recalled the argument advanced by the Chile Desk officer: "If it was just the Pinochet years it would look unbalanced to the Chileans...
...The project would "shed light" on three major categories: "human rights abuses, terrorism, and other acts of political violence in Chile...
...role in the 1973 overthrow of Chilean democracy and the rise of a 17-year military dictatorship...
...victims, and advocates President Clinton signaled the Agency that it was time of openness-understood that the CIA's position threatfor full compliance and maximum disclosure...
...archives to satisfy an MLAT request, and the December 1, State Department spokesman James President's NSC adviser on Latin America, James Rubin announced that the United States would "make Dobbins, who preferred to see Pinochet return to public as much information as possible, consistent Santiago rather than stand trial in Madrid...
...Tenet made this statement in a lengthy letter to Congressman George Miller, responding to a call from Miller protesting the withholding of documents on Chile...
...xCar-ic* c:^ *L- +*m...
...government has thus far withheld...
...Like the wall of remembrance to Pinochet's victims in the National Cemetery, and the statue to Allende near La Moneda, the Chile archives constitute a monument to history...
...The White House agreed, and released the documents on the Teruggi and Weisfeiler case at the same time...
...Berger met with Tenet on July 27 and insisted that the CIA agree to a re-review, conducted outside the Agency, of hundreds of Directorate of Operations records...
...the principle of government transparency in U.S...
...foreign policy...
...In July 1996, Spain initiated unique legal proceedings against Pinochet and his men...
...country are particularly voluminous...
...To assist in computer and archival searches, the declassification directiveprincipally drafted by Halperin's deputy, Theodore Piccone-included a contextual narrative, a list of key human rights cases and known perpetrators of abuses...
...For the next eight weeks U.S...
...role in Chile...
...policy of his first term-and open the files to the Americans, assisting the Spanish case...
...Internally, Director Tenet issued a broad Washington's international diplomatic initiatives toward declassification guideline for searching Directorate of Germany and Switzerland to fully acknowledge and Operations files on covert actions in Chile, dating from redress the dark side of their own histories in the 1962 to 1975...
...covert action records for the second release in the fall, Tranche II: Some 1,100 records released on October covering the 1970-1973 period of clandestine opera8, 1999...
...In a December 1, 1999, letter to the author, the agency stated, "The documents date from September 1973 through February 1974 and do not contain information which identifies who may have been responsible for Mr...
...On the 30th anniversary of the coup, the documents will assist Chileans and North Americans alike in revisiting the past and setting the historical record straighta record severely and deliberately distorted by former officials such as Henry Kissinger, Richard Nixon and others...
...The CIA records were heavily edited leading to complaints that it was impossible to ascertain the actual sensitivity of the documentation...
...Pinochet-and his North American supporters-appear unlikely...
...If, in the end, we are unable to take to trial those who were responsible," observes one survivor of Pinochet's torture camps with simple eloquence, "at least memory will provide a historical trial for them...
...CIA papers on its Security Agency which also determined it would keep covert action in Chile between 1970 and 1973, includ- secret much if not all of its relevant holdings...
...On U.S...
...as the U.S...
...Tens of thousands of once secret pages will contribute to what Chilean human rights activists call "the cleansing power of the truth," offering the accountability of a collective historical memory where judicial accountability for Gen...
...But as the final declassification neared, the CIA leadership reneged on its commitment to openness...
...Finally, the CIA's mutiny constituted a direct analysts compiled, reviewed and carefully arranged challenge to the President's prerogative to determine and close to 800 records, including cables, proposals, bud- defend the public's right-to-know...
...sources and methods...
...The CIA pro- Our role in the election was limited to an effort to denigrate Allende and his Popular Unity (UP) coalition during the cam- duced not a single page of paign...
...Since Allende's inauguration, U.S...
...And, what role did Washington play in the efforts of millions of Chileans to bring the dictatorship to an end...
...This has been an incredibly divisive issue at precedent" in international law would not benefit U.S...
...For a student of this history, the declassified documents offer an opportunity to be a fly on the wall as U.S...
...Moreover, the declassified CIA records, in particular, have also provided evidence for Chilean victims to file civil lawsuits against U.S...
...Horman's death or the acircumstances surrounding his death...
...So it should cover Allende also...
...But at the same time the United States has the most to offer in bringing Pinochet to justice, it also has the most to hide...
...Another held Pentagon documents on a Contra operation in Honduras called "Condor" that was unrelated to Chile's Operation Condor...
...intelligence know about Operation Condor, the Chilean-led network of Southern Cone secret police agencies that organized international acts of state-sponsored terrorism to eliminate critics of their regimes...
...declassification session" in early August 1999 at the NARA building, both CIA and NSA officials simply T he CIA is known as the agency that keeps the announced that they would have to remove the records secrets...
...Could U.S...
...policy toward The CIA was joined by the ultra-secret National Allende's election and government...
...At the State Department, key offices mobilized to press Secretary Albright to privately express her concerns to the White House...
...operations "had never been officially acknowledged...
...What did U.S...
...The secret police, DINA, for attachment provides a summary of the amounts approved by the the release of the first Committee and the purposes for which these funds were used...
...This article is adapted from his new book, The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability, to be published in September by the New Press...
...covert intervention and the Nixon/Kissinger efforts to foment political violence to overthrow Chilean democracy...
...Vol XXXVII, No 1 JULY/AUGUST 2003 29CHILE: THIRTY YEARS LATER gets, memcons, meeting minutes and memoranda relating to dozens of covert programs, particularly coup plotting and destabilization operations between 1970 and 1973...
...involvement in Chile---overt and covert-since the 1960s and the scandals generated by U.S...
...12 We urge you to declassify without any fur- employed worldwide...
...victims could not be ignored...
...3 Vol XXXVII, No 1 JuLY/AUGUST 2003 27CHILE: THIRTY YEARS LATER (o2 * Ak yve...
...But one official lofted the idea of doing a broad review of thousands of documents long hidden in the vaults of the CIA, National Security Council (NSC), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), National Security Agency (NSA), Pentagon and State Department, and declassifying them for the general public in the United States and Chile...
...New York Times editorial, "Exposing America's Role in Chile," October 6, 1999...
...The date-range covered 23 years of history, from 1968 through 1991...
...Initially, policy makers intended the scope of the declassification to address only Pinochet's seventeen-year dictatorship, 19731990...
...He urged the White House to "make every possible effort to convince the CIA to follow through on the commitments it made...
...9 But, in an April 6, 1999 status report, ments specific to the cases of murdered and disappeared "Declassification Review of Documents Related to U.S...
...In June, George Tenet ordered the new head of the Directorate of Operations, James Pavitt, to "prepare an assessment of the proposed release of the 1962-1975 material and its potential impact on current operational equities...
...On or about September 11, Berger talked to Tenet again and told him the White House was overruling the CIA's decision to withhold hundreds of revealing records...
...Over the next nine months, a team of CIA Holocaust...
...Indeed, secret U.S...
...The release of the documents was postponed again for the Agency to prepare...
...Prosecuting Pinochet, as one former senior intelligence official told the New York Times, would effectively "open up a can of worms" in the top-secret record of U.S.-Chilean relations...
...Prepped by his staff, even bers of the IWG, families of U.S...
...6 The delay resulted from discovered copies of several hundred revealing CIA a major behind-the-scenes battle between the White and NSA documents in the classified holdings of the House and the CIA over Director George Tenet's deci- Nixon and Ford Presidential libraries and submitted sion to renege on the Agency's commitment to declas- them to the IWG for final review...
...The Horman family, and many others have waited patiently for these records...
...Given the extensive U.S...
...28CHILE: THIRTY YEARS LATER dictatorship...
...In one of his first internal memos on the declassification process, "IWG on Chile Documents," William Leary wrote to the CIA, DOJ, DOD, FBI and State Department that the "NSC would chair joint declassification sessions to facilitate such review by 3rd agencies...
...In its ing those used by the Church Committee for its reports initial search the NSA found over 660 records responin the mid 1970s, should have been declassified in this sive to the tasker, many of them intelligence inter- tranche...
...officials have detected and deterred the September 21, 1976 car-bombing that killed Orlando Letelier and Ronni Karpen Moffitt...
...In a response to Blanton dated November 30, 1999, Berger wrote: "I have received assurances that CIA material reviewed and released in the final phase...will include relevant operational records, such as documents related to covert action, documents associated with the Church Committee hearings in 1975, and operational files disseminated outside the Directorate of Operations...
...His staff at the National Security Council's could simply undertake a major declassification Office of Democracy, review-Clinton had Human Rights and to be C f C willmee October to authorized similar brief him on UW tion and stress t t4 unreservedly Humanitarian in favor of military intervention which will receive bor projects on El Affairs and the all-out support...
...In a government's efforts to have Pinochet released and major speech to the United Nations General Assembly returned to his homeland...
...he United States possesses extensive, detailed, and highly classified government archives-tens of thousands of pages of sensitive CIA reporting, DIA analysis, NSA intercepts, and State Department cables covering the conduct, and misconduct, of most governments abroad...
...7. I reported this conversation in the Washington Post Outlook section, "Still Hidden: A Full Record of What the U.S...
...Salvador, Honduras State Department's and Guatemala during human rights bureau saw the benefits to U.S...
...I want to assure you," President Clinton wrote to Congress in April of that year, "that we will continue to respond as fully as we can to the request for assistance from the Government of Spain...
...As one offi- with U.S...
...but the Bureau for Western Hemisphere Affairs at the State Department argued that to avoid the appearAITRAL INTELLIGENCE AGEN "WASHNTWMo...
...none of them were...
...Each of the documents was then actually marked with a stamp: DECLASSIFIED AND APPROVED FOR RELEASE, JULY 2000...
...But they were stymied by Chileans and Spaniards, indeed to the world commutwo NSC officials: chief legal council Jamie Baker, nity, all at once...
...The preaide admitted privately in the aftermath of Pinochet's vailing position was that establishing a "Pinochet arrest...
...Many of the documents name names, revealing atrocities and exposing those who perpetrated them...
...Thirty-six members of Congress, led by Congressman George Miller, called upon Clinton to provide Spain with "material and testimony that the U.S...
...We are in no way trying to shield itself from any historical accountability for events withhold information embarrassing to the United States in Chile in the early 1970s...
...That they did not comply with the President's request at that time is most unfortunate," she wrote in May 2000...
...Not even the coup itself fit the Agency's defin1. This Agency did not conduct covert action operations ition of "an act of political in support of either of the two democratic candidates who violence,"the CIA officials opposed Salvador Allende in the 1970 presidential election...
...At the NSC, William Leary reviewed the CIA records...
...Horman, Teruggi and Weisfeiler records were released, To the chagrin of the intelligence community, the and IWG again postponed the declassification of 16,000 National Archives Records Administration (NARA) other documents until the fall...
...and contained information on U.S...
...1 4 With the exception of CIA records on covert political operations between 1962 and 1968 that fell outside the defined date period of the President's tasker, and two dozen or so highly sensitive documents on a particular covert operation, both the NSC and State Department evaluations recommended that the CIA collection could and should be declassified...
...In April the date was postponed to June...
...In July when the "The failure to release these records," the Executive CIA was supposed to turn over these documents to the Director of the National Security Archive, Thomas State Department for processing, Tenet informed the Blanton, wrote to the White House in September, "will NSC that hundreds of promised operational documents be immediately viewed, nationally and internationally, would be withheld from the final release, then scheduled as a cover-up of the past and an effort by Washington to for September 14, 2000...
...The attachment provides a summary of the amounts approved by the - e Committee and the purposes for which these funds were used...
...Albright placed a telephone call to the President's National Security Advisor, Sandy Berger, to discuss this proposal...
...government officials debated crucial decisions and issued nation-changing orders, and to observe the minute-by-minute, day-by-day process of how those orders were implemented in Chile...
...The bound volumes contained some 5,000 tion that the CIA was "not legally obliged" to search its State Department cables, memoranda and reports files on clandestine operations in Chile because those focused on the regime's abysmal human rights record...
...8. Interview with a member of the Interagency Working Group...
...As Human Rights Watch executive director Kenneth Roth wrote to Clinton: "Pinochet is wanted for crimes against American citizens, and even crimes on American p soil" and pressed his administration "to speak out in favor of prosecuting this tyrant...
...What support did the CIA covertly provide to help the Pinochet regime consolidate...
...files record every aspect of the General's abuses from the Caravan of Death to Operation Condor-potentially pivotal evidence in Spain's case against him...
...The documents also permit a reexamination of many if not all of the outstanding questions that haunt this history...
...The arrest of the former dictator on October 16, 1998, brought intense public pressure on the Clinton White House to take a stand in the Pinochet case...
...policy has been to documentation on its piv- maintain maximum covert pressure to prevent the Allende otal post-coup assistance to regime's consolidation...
...Horman was detained and released on or about 20 September 1973, but that his whereabouts were unknown...
...This was the most egregious act of international terrorism committed in Washington D.C...
...Notwithstanding the Gen...
...Already the documents have been used in Chile to advance judicial investigations into the human rights atrocities of Pinochet's military and to hold regime officials accountable for their crimes...
...I think ened to sabotage the credibility of the entire program...
...Henry A. Kissinger The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs SUBJECT: CIA's Covert Action Program in Chile Since 1970 1. This Agency did not conduct covert action operations in support Of either of the two democratic candidates who opposed Salvador Allende in the 1970 presidential election...
...In late November 1998, Secretary of State Madeleine Albright gathered her advisers in her office for a meeting on what to do about the detention, six weeks earlier, of General Augusto Pinochet in London...
...officials...
...as potentially responsive consists of classified signals Originally, the Tranche III records were to be part of reports, the release of which would reveal intelligence a massive, final release scheduled for April 2000...
...The Clinton administration had come under tremendous pressure-from Congress, Pinochet's North American victims, and the international community-to support Spain's effort to extradite the former dictator for crimes against humanity...
...citizens: Charles Horman, Frank Teruggi and a Human Rights Abuses in Chile," the Defense hiker named Boris Weisfeiler who disappeared in Department noted: "[A]ll the information identified January 1985...
...directly to Spain...
...It was solely made because, in their aggregate, October 6. "The CIA needs to understand that full dis- these materials present a pattern of activity that had the closure of Washington's role [in Chile] is in America's effect of revealing intelligence methods that have been interest...
...Members of the IWG, who had devoted literally thousands of man-hours to the Chile project, initiated a substantive behind-the-scenes effort to force the CIA to meet its commitment...
...More than 24,000 documents, including several thousand records the CIA reluctantly gave up, were eventually declassified that shed significant light on what Washington knew of the military's atrocities, and what policies, actions and operations it undertook in Chile...
...What motivated President Nixon and his National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger to authorize and oversee a campaign to overthrow and undermine Chilean democracy...
...intervention in Chile smelled of spokesman Mark Mansfield publicly announced that the hypocrisy in a project designed, in large part, to assist CIA "recognizes its obligation to release documents Chile in its work on truth and reconciliation...
...Under this policy the 40 Committee the regime and its liaison has approved since January 197.1 financiall support totaling $6,476,166 for Chilean political parties, media, and private relations with Chile's sector organizations opposed to the Allende regime...
...What assistance did the CIA give to the murderous secret police, DINA...
...On October 7, Agency aspects of U.S...
...fr Reiase MEMORANDUM FOR: Dr...
...It noted that "as the U.S...
...officials at the National Security Council, the State Department and the CIA hammered out the language of a presidential "tasker"-a directive establishing the guidelines and timetable for a special "Chile Declassification Project...
...3. For Rubin's announcement, see the Washington Post, December 2, 1998...
...you are entitled to know what happened back then," he The Agency's lth hour reversal cast a black shadow responded to a question about the CIA and the Chile over the project's mission to provide a historically honDeclassification Project at a press conference in early est and accurate accounting of Pinochet's abuses, as well October, "and how it happened...
...Ronni Moffitt, Orlando Letelier and Charles Horman upset Chilean democracy, we want to help [thenall petitioned the President and Attorney General Janet Chilean President] Frei...
...cepts of Chilean military communications during and Tranche III: A special release on June 30, 2000, of after the coup, as well as documents on the Horman approximately 1,900 mostly State Department docu- case...
...Therefore NSA does not antici- Claiming processing delays, the White House moved pate recommending declassification and release of the declassification date to June...
...10...
...No one at the meeting wanted to provide evidence from secret U.S...
...2050s operations to destabilize the The project was coordi- use during his confirmation nated out of the National Security Council by the Senior Director of Records Management, William Leary...
...policy toward the September 11, 1973 military coup in Chile and its relevance to the invasion of Iraq...
...Under this policy the 40 Committee has approved since January 1971 financiall support totaling $6,476,166 for Chilean political parties, media, and private sector organizations opposed to the Allende regime...
...The dispute over 30 NACIA REPORT ON THE AMERICASCHILE: THIRTY YEARS LATER these documents represented a classic battle over the sanctity of secrecy vs...
...It would look like we were just going after the right...
...In a NARA letter dated July 30, Carlin warned that "such a last minute reversal will fundamentally undermine the overall integrity of the project and will result in a significantly incomplete public record of these important historical events...
...presses countries like Germany, Switzerland, and Guatemala among others, to acknowledge and rectify their mistakes of the past, the CIA's position that we must hide our own can only undermine the credibility of our policy...
...12...
...Between June 1999 and June 2000, three so-called "tranches" were actually published: Tranche I: 5,800 records released on June 30, 1999.5 The declassified documents chronicled the first five years of the Pinochet regime from the September 11, 1973 coup to 1978--the most repressive period of the NACIA REPORT ON THE AMERICAS ance that "we were only going after the Right," as one official remembered this argument, the United States should declassify documents on alleged abuses during the Allende era as well-a decision that inadvertently opened the door to the release of records on U.S...
...In a conversation with CIA and the NSA refused to review these papers for the author in mid 1999, one CIA official took the posi- declassification...
...laws and the national security and law cial characterized Dobbin's position: "We don't want to enforcement interests of the United States...
...he value of these records cannot be overstated...
...archives Peter Kornbluh heads the Chile Documentation Project at the National Security Archive and is a member of NACLA's Editorial Board...
...role in his rise and consolidation of power...
...to undermine foreign governments...
...6. The NSC repeatedly promised Joyce Horman that the final declassification would take place in April, and that all remaining records, among them CIA and Pentagon documents long sought by the family, would be released...
...And the families of NACIA REPORT ON THE AMERICAS 26CHILE: THIRTY YEARS LATER An armed Allende wearing an army helmet with his personal security detail at the presidential palace under siege on September 11, 1973...
...Its effort to about covert action in Chile" and promised they would hide the seamy, violent aspects of U.S...
...did in Chile," October 24, 1999...
...That call marked the initiation of the Clinton administration's Chile Declassification Project--a substantive, if problematic, effort to exhume the secrets of state Vot XXXVII, No 1 JuLY/AuGusT 2003 25 Vol XXXVII, No 1 JULY/AUGUST 2003 25CHILE: THIRTY YEARS LATER on Pinochet's repression and the still-controversial U.S...
...4 "On behalf of the President," states the NSC tasker distributed on February 1, 1999 to all national security agencies, "we now ask your cooperation in undertaking a compilation and review for release of all documents that shed light on human rights abuses, terrorism and other acts of political violence during and prior to the Pinochet era in Chile...
...operatives and officials provides a unique monument to a dark and still debated history that demands to be remembered...
...officials such as Henry Kissinger and the late former CIA director Richard Helms in an effort to hold the United States accountable for bloodshed in Chile...
...Subsequently, the public dissemination of the fourth and final release of records took place on November 13, 2000...
...Over the next month, an official from the NSC and an official from the State Department read through the heavily censored set of contested documents brought over from the Agency...
...policy has been to maintain maximum covert pressure to prevent the Allendb regime's consolidation...
...The CIA, NSC, NSA and Pentagon all should have released records on our case last June or last October...
...insisted...
...nrrnrisi sidered by- both ie-UP and ;cite to determine whether . CIA Director's selective summary of three years of massive covert government of Salvador Allende, prepared for Henry Kissinger's hearings as Secretary of State...
...To press this request, the original judge in charge of the Chilean case, Judge Garcfa Castell6n traveled to Washington in January 1998 and received cordial treatment from U.S...
...The Archive's letter is dated September 16, 1999...
...2. Author interview...
...Since Allende's inauguration, U.S...
...One box was filled with a thousand pages of Chilean newspaper clips, which the Spanish judge had not requested...
...government supply records on Operation Condor and other human rights abuses by the Chilean and Argentine dictatorships...
...2. Funds channeled to opposition foices in c*.rr...
Vol. 37 • July 2003 • No. 1
