The New Old Order

...15...

...It calls for a "fullfledged transformation of the economy," advocating a "new social market economy based on the principles of liberty, economic efficiency, private property, social justice, and a government that will participate in production...

...Pedro and God were above watching, they would insist, and in her shrill voice the candidate would invoke her dead husband's name again and again...

...20 He and his fellow "yuppies" moved quickly to sign an accord with the outgoing government in which they agreed not to touch the army hierarchy...

...Three weeks after the election, when her top economist Francisco Mayorga announced plans to gradually introduce a new currency, the c6rdoba began to plunge in value, while food prices soared...

...In return for the cardinal's implicit endorsement of her candidacy she named as minister of education one surround VOLUME XXIV, NUMBER I (JUNE 1990) 33Nicaragua A young "plantain queen" calls for the fulfillment of the accords to demobilize the Contras of his closest allies, Sofonias Cisneros...

...between the established political figures and an ambitious younger generation of would-be leaders...

...The ability of the "yuppies" to control events in Nicaragua will depend greatly on their ability to overcome the more extreme factions of the UNO coalition and achieve the demobilization of the Contras...

...After ten years of revolution, "social justice" forms part of the national vocabulary even for the Right...

...As little as they shared ideologically with Godoy's centrist PLI, he did represent the class of old-time politicians to which the Communist and Socialist leaders belonged, and at least he was not the leader of the most reactionary wing of Nicaragua's business class...

...A month later thousands of public employees were on the picket line...

...UNO's Political Council, a governing body made up of one representative from each of the parties, presided over by Godoy, was determined not to let Cdsar run the show...

...For an analysis of the polls and why they did not work in Nicaragua see "After the Poll Wars: Explaining the Upset," Envio (March/April 1990...

...diss...

...Others attributed it to an embarrassing letter he had written to Contra commander Enrique Bermddez, asking him to not demobilize before the elections...

...The CORDENIC faction recognizes that to insure political stability, change must be gradual and must result from negotiations with the Sandinistas...

...The coalition included several factions descended from the old Conservative Party, Virgilio Godoy's Independent Liberal Party (PLI, which broke away from the pro-Somoza Liberals in 1944), the decades-old Communist, Socialist and Social Christian parties, and a number 30NACLA REPORT ON THE AMERICAS 30 NACLA REPORT ON THE AMERICASof new parties founded on little more than the ambition of their leaders...

...Amid the hodgepodge of white wooden crosses and aging marble headstones bearing the names of Argiiello, Cardenal, Pallais, Lacayo, Oyanguren and other families of the Nicaraguan political elite, stands a tall, very rusted iron cross...

...NACLA REPORT ON THE AMERICAS 36 The New Old Order 1. La Prensa (Managua), Nov...

...People flocked to the banks, and the black market, which had been practically eliminated in 1989, flourished...

...The president is known to look to Cardinal Miguel Obando y Bravo for counsel...

...Carlos F. Chamorro, Violeta's youngest son and editor of the Sandinista daily, Barricada, wrote: "It is not a casual coincidence that the stab in the back came while her highness and her pawns were traveling in Europe...

...Such a broad ideological spectrum fit poorly under one roof, particularly because it pitted two of Nicaragua's largest political egos, Godoy and Communist leader Eli Altamirano, personalities not used to sharing the limelight, against political unknowns from Violeta's inner circle...

...Three weeks before the election, campaign manager Lacayo and Jaime Bonilla, PLI representative to the Political Council, got into a fist fight at an UNO rally in front of UNO supporters, international observers, and journalists...

...Obando often appears as her shadow at press conferences and public events...

...It should only control institutions that have a strategic role in the econNACLA REPORT ON THE AMERICAS There is a bottom-line agreement among these diverse forces: destroy the Sandinistas, and roll back the revolution...

...6 After the FSLN-led revolution in July 1979, key members of the traditional elite accepted positions of leadership in the new government...

...5 According to former Carter aide Robert Pastor, "the Nicaraguan moderates did not know what to VOLUME XXIV, NUMBER 1 (JUNE 1990) 29Many voted for Chamorro in the same way they would light a candle in front of the image of a saint do after the mediation [failed], but they had an additional cause for disillusionment: They had thought that the United States would remove Somoza...

...Another Obando ally, Humberto Belli, founder of the right-wing U.S...

...The FAO did not fare much better than UDEL...

...The right-wing parties and COSEP, for example, would like to throw out the constitution, completely reorganize or eliminate the Sandinista-led army, and privatize the state sector...

...4, 1989...

...The Chamorros were one of a handful of wealthy families in the city of Granada who organized the Conservative Party in the 1850s to vie for national power with their Liberal counterparts from Le6n...

...La Prensa, November 22, 1989...

...By September, he was named to the campaign committee by Lacayo, Violeta Chamorro's son-in-law and most-trusted adviser...

...COSEP also turned on the government, calling it a Marxist-Leninist clique bent on destroying private enterprise...

...For a more detailed analysis of the "Plan Azul y Blanco" see the July, 1989 Spanish-language edition of Envio, published by the Instituto Hist6rico Centroamericano in Managua...

...Current vice president Virgilio Godoy continued to participate in national politics as the minister of labor, although he became increasingly critical of the government as the years went by...

...Despite the unifying image of Dofia Violeta, there are several fundamental rifts within the UNO coalition: between the orthodox Left and the traditional Right...

...4 Following UDEL's disintegration, and the groundswell of support for the FSLN's armed struggle, the elite opposition regrouped in another umbrella organization, the Broad Opposition Front (FAO), which included several predecessors of the political parties which now make up UNO...

...Division characterized UNO in opposition, and it will likely characterize it in power...

...In less than a year both Chamorro and Robelo had resigned...

...The extended U.S...

...But the gathering was deadlocked over her running mate: longstanding politician Virgilio Godoy of the PLI vs...

...A former president of COSEP, Dreyfus set up CORDENIC to prepare the economic policies and programs the opposition could implement once it took power...

...Besides Dreyfus, three other CORDENIC members hold key positions in the new government, as do several CORDENIC associates...

...16, 1990...

...Some of their data on general questions, however, coincided with the Gallup poll...

...The most powerful sector of the Chamorro administration, headed by Antonio Lacayo, has long recognized that the FSLN, as the most organized unified force in the country, would remain the key to ensuring political stability...

...The FSLN's core support came from the middle class, particularly those with some higher education...

...The FSLN imposed an extremely severe austerity program in 1988 and paid dearly for it two years later...

...8 COSEP, whose own "White and Blue Plan" was announced last summer, argues adamantly for a radical freemarket economy, eliminating entirely the state-owned sector known as People's Property...

...Contras se creen los conquistadores," by Kenneth Freed, reprinted from The Los Angeles Times in Barricada, April 29, 1990...

...Will they accept other concessions that Dofia Violeta will undoubtedly make in order to avoid civil war...

...During the final weeks of the FSLN administration, spontaneous land takeovers occurred on the outskirts of Managua by people who feared they would have little chance of receiving housing from Dofia Violeta's administration...

...legislation distributing vehicles and houses to state employees and party members...

...UDEL was a multi-class coalition of several political parties, unions and COSEP, that included workers and small-businesspeople, as well as members of the traditional elite...

...7 By 1983 nearly all of the traditional elite leaders had either joined the political opposition, left the country, or joined the Contras...

...By Saturday morning, Violeta Chamorro was certain to head the ticket-the politicians could agree on her because she was not linked to any party beyond her Conservative lineage...

...It will be virtually impossible to reconstruct Nicaragua if the winning party does not integrate all Nicaraguans into its project...

...Presidential adviser Alfredo C6sar and economic wizard Francisco Mayorga, today the president of the Central Bank, helped draft the program for the revolutionary Government of National Reconstruction...

...By 4 p.m., after the Communist and Socialist parties threatened to quit, Godoy was finally chosen.' COSEP leaders swallowed their anger, but were determined not to be snubbed a month later in the selection of candidates for the National Assembly.' After several days of emergency meetings, UNO settled on a list favoring COSEP-linked parties on the Right: PNC, APC and PDCN...

...For more analysis on the Church's role and Church-state relations see "Iglesia y estado: pugna entre poderes...

...The challenge for UNO was to present one list for the alliance rather than individual lists for each of the 12 legal parties, none of which alone would stand a chance against a united FSLN bloc in the National Assembly...

...The majority had predicted an FSLN victory and the only polls that came close to the actual results were those most criticized for their shoddy methodology and political leanings (primarily the polls done by La Prensa and CID-Gallup...

...They introduced her at rallies as the salvation of the country, as Nicaragua's "Maria," as the white dove of peace...

...Despite their own ideological and personal differences, the politicos found common ground in their resentment of "upstarts" like Alfredo C6sar and campaign manager Antonio Lacayo...

...In interviews at rallies throughout the campaign, UNO partisans admitted to having no idea of the coalition's program or even what UNO stood for...

...Most PPSC members left the alliance to join the independent Social Christian Party campaign...

...Outraged, Chamorro's transition team refused to turn over keys to Godoy...

...Ten years of revolution do not erase fifty years of dictatorship, nor two centuries of control by a handful of families, nor the overwhelming influence of religious symbolism in a small underdeveloped country...

...3 Across the country, this is exactly what Nicaraguans are doing -including my Sandinista neighbors who have buried a cache under a tree near their house...

...3. The political tango between the Somozas and the two parties forced the opposition to use business, civic and underground organizations to challenge the dictatorship...

...Barricada, Nov...

...In the Nicaraguan system, voters do not cast ballots for individual representatives but for the list of candidates presented by each political party...

...During the campaign Mayorga had promised to control inflation and raise salaries, without lay-offs, within the first 100 days of the new administration...

...The Nicaraguan elections threw most pollsters into a tailspin...

...Not pretending to be an expert, because I am not, but serving as a bond of unity and a bridge between a team of experts, the people, and the politicians who have gathered around me to found a republic...

...Press conference Jaime Bonilla (PLI representatative), International Press Club, Managua, April 30, 1990...

...8 HE FIRST MAJOR INTERNAL BATTLE OF the UNO campaign began on a Thursday morning last August in a steamy room around a long U-shaped wooden table at UNO headquarters...

...There are now more armed Contras inside Nicaragua than at any time during the war...

...These divisions will be particularly significant in the National Assembly, where although UNO won a considerable chunk-52 of 92 seats-it did not achieve the required 60% to alter the constitution, and will have considerable difficulty voting as a bloc...

...Pensamiento Propio (Managua, July 1984) and "Las iglesias y su opci6n politica," La Crdnica (Managua), May 24-30, 1989...

...16, 1989...

...But for the moment Dofia Violeta remains for many Nicaraguans "La Santa," the only political figure capable of bringing about national reconciliation...

...The importance of this cultural inheritance was not lost on the strategists of the National Opposition Union (UNO...

...From the Left, the Communists, Socialists and PPSC are equally critical of the UNO plan...

...When it joined in U.S.-sponsored negotiations with Somoza in 1978 aimed at achieving his resignation-what the FSLN called "Somocismo sin Somoza''--the organization split...

...1989 and Greenberg-Lake polls, Dec...

...Any government in Nicaragua must strive to address the needs of the poor, if only in words, in order to achieve legitimacy...

...In November, while Chamorro was on tour in Europe seeking aid for the campaign and C6sar was in the VOLUME XXIV, NUMBER 1 (JUNE 1990) 31Nicaragua VP Virgilio Godoy, chief of the old politicos: Violeta denied him an office in the executive suites United States speaking on college campuses, the Political Council voted 12-2 to remove C6sar from his campaign post...

...Political analysts also observed a "punishment vote" from a sector that sympathized with the FSLN, but was upset by the government's errors and voted for UNO to "teach the Frente a lesson...

...As she was rocked and jolted by the hundreds jogging alongside, she grimaced in pain-she suffers from a debilitating bone disease-and stretched out her arms in supplication...

...Communist Party leader Eli Altamirano describes him as "a sea snail who's come back to Nicaragua looking for a shell...

...Economic concerns still take a back seat to ending the threat of civil war...

...UNO's "Agenda for Economic Recovery," written mainly by Mayorga, is a vague and contradictory document which promises a home for every family and the elimination of extreme poverty...

...observer team) Managua, Jan...

...Dofia Violeta also brought family members and lifetime friends, some with no political experience, into her government...

...13, 1989 and Jan, 24, 1990...

...If the Sandinistas win the election they will need us, and if we win we will need them," Lacayo said before the election...

...The state here owns everything from motels for amorous rendezvous to barbershops," explained Augustin Jarqufn, a member of Chamorro's transition team...

...Pressured from all sides internally, it must also deal with Nicaragua's eternal headache, the United States...

...And Francisco Rosales, who worked under Godoy in the Sandinista Labor Ministry (until he resigned to protest official encouragement for FSLN party control over the unions) is the new minister of labor...

...C6sar is also an inlaw of the Chamorro family...

...In one of the more ironic twists of history, after the election Bush is said to have asked Gorbachev to keep sending oil to Nicaragua...

...The U.S...

...Later Chamorro informed him that he would have to set up shop elsewhere...

...Violeta Chamorro herself was a member of the first junta, along with Sergio Ramfrez, Daniel Ortega and Moisds Hassin from the FSLN, and Alfonso Robelo representing the business community...

...One must understand this to understand Nicaraguan politics, and particularly the election campaign of 1989-1990...

...Completely new parties, such as the Neo-Liberal Party (PALI), were offered as many slots as parties with considerable political weight, such as the Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), one of the best organized in the country with its own newspaper and foundation...

...While the Liberal Party became the dictatorship's official political vehicle, Conservative factions played along, helping to keep the Somozas in power for nearly half a century...

...Since then, Liberal/Conservative rivalry has been at the heart of much of Nicaraguan political culture...

...The grey cement slab covering the grave is chipped and overgrown with weeds...

...15, 1989...

...Robelo left when the junta voted to expand the Council of State (the revolutionary legislature) to include the Sandinista mass organizations, thus assuring the FSLN an absolute majority...

...Rice and beans are too expensive and maybe she won't be any better than the nine [comandantes], but at least we can hope...

...The need for consensus affects us all...

...businessman-cum-politician Enrique Bolafios of COSEP, the most strident anti-Sandinista voice in the country...

...Although the embargo was lifted soon after Chamorro's victory, the Bush administration appears more interested in Eastern Europe...

...There are 143 municipalities in Nicaragua and 178 parishes...

...The new health minister, Ernesto Salmer6n, a political unknown, is a pediatrician who treats Dofia Violeta's grandchildren as well as Daniel Ortega's children...

...Other than the FSLN, the Catholic Church is the only organization that covers the entire national territory...

...Will they continue to abide by her decision to keep Humberto Ortega at the head of the armed forces...

...VOLUME XXIV, NUMBER 1 (JUNE 1990) 35Nicaragua Nicaraguans have successfully thrown out one government by arms, another by the vote, and if the men and women on the street are pushed hard enough, they may not think twice about tossing Violeta out on her ear...

...6. Robert A. Pastor, Condemned toRepetition: The UnitedStates NACLA REPORT ON THE AMERICAS 38 and Nicaragua, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987...

...Several of these same individuals today occupy the most powerful posts in the Chamorro administration...

...Although the UNO program has much in common with the standard IMF structural adjustment package -privatization, cuts in subsidies, and measures to encourage foreign investment-it also devotes considerable space to proposals for improving social services such as aid to orphans, widows and veterans, expanding access to education and health, and providing credit to family businesses...

...2 The UNO alliance won 55% of the vote, but this alone did not give the coalition a mandate, nor does it assure that Violeta Chamorro will be able to govern without some accommodation with the Sandinistas...

...Francisco Mayorga, who authored UNO's economic program, is president of the Central Bank...

...Known as the "yuppies" of the Chamorro administration, they all hail from CORDENIC (Commission on Nicaraguan Recuperation and Development), a think-tank of eight businessmen and intellectuals founded by Foreign Minister Enrique Dreyfus in 1988...

...The elite's honeymoon with the FSLN did not last long...

...Alfredo C6sar resigned as president of the Central Bank in 1982 over the government's fiscal policies and confiscations of property...

...Humberto Ortega as head of the armed forces.' 5 The UNO Political Council continues to protest the advisers' influence over Chamorro's decision-making...

...It was hard enough for the Communists and Socialists to accept a ticket headed by one of Nicaragua's most powerful families, but Bolaiios was beyond the pale...

...Many Nicaraguans, worn out after nearly ten years of war and an economic crisis that brought inflation to over 30,000% in 1988, voted for this symbol in the same way they would light a candle in front of the image of a saint or drop a coin in an offering box...

...See Barricada, April 26, 1990...

...Author's interview with Horacio Boneo (member of ONUVEN, U.N...

...2. See CID-Gallup poll, Oct...

...Greenberg-Lake is a Washington-based polling firm that has accurately predicted several elections in Latin America...

...A crowd of Bolafios' supporters spent the afternoon cursing the tall bushes which hid their view of the building...

...Meanwhile, the outgoing FSLN government approvedomy because of the service they offer or their impact...

...To the chagrin of Violeta's advisers and the alarm of international observers, Godoy told at least 60,000 enthusiastic UNO supporters to "maintain a massive presence" outside the polls on election day until the full count was in...

...Polls done by diverse groups showed that the bulk of UNO's support came from the poorest sectors and the organized Right...

...LRebeli6n en la granja...

...HE NEW GOVERNMENT CARRIES WITH IT the legacy of Nicaragua's traditional elite: 100 years of internecine warfare, accommodation with an occupying U.S...

...I just want a change," said one elderly woman who had voted for the FSLN in 1984 and waited for two hours in the afternoon sun with her grandchildren to see Chamorro in Granada...

...Some Nicaraguans are counting...

...Some of them, including Enrique Dreyfus, currently Violeta Chamorro's foreign minister, worked through the Superior Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP), a right-wing business group which later played a major role opposing Sandinista rule...

...Some estimate that as many as 150,000 who voted for Ortega in 1984, switched alliances...

...2 The battles continued...

...The team of experts assembled by C6sar became UNO's negotiating commission during the transition period between February 25 and April 25, and the core of power in the new 32 NACLA REPORT ON THE AMERICAS NACLA REPORT ON THE AMERICAS 32government...

...C6sar, in exile since 1982, returned to Nicaragua on June 11 of last year and, despite the little following his Social Democratic Party (PSD) was able to attract, quickly became one of UNO's most powerful and visible figures...

...It did not take long for him to regain his prominence...

...Senate finally approved a $300 million aid package in May, but it will arrive late for the planting season and is nowhere near what is needed to rebuild the country's war-ravaged infrastructure...

...9. ITZTANI Research Center, Bi-weekly report to CRIES, Sept...

...He had mentioned this in previous speeches, alarming observers who feared outbreaks of violence between FSLN and UNO supporters...

...And according to reporters who have visited the zones, they look like they're planning to stay put...

...The fundamental question facing this administration is whether it will receive enough outside economic aid to fulfill campaign promises...

...The minute Chamorro stepped off the plane, she gave a press conference naming C6sar as her "principal adviser" and charging him with the task of putting together a team of "experts" for the "government of national salvation...

...9 HE WEEK BEFORE CHAMORRO'S INAUGUration, teachers went on strike along with electrical workers and bus drivers, and the water workers threatened to cut off Managua's meager supply...

...11-17, 1990...

...army, pacts with the Somoza dictatorship, and a semi-feudal political style based on personal patronage and family bonds...

...This firm, which worked in collaboration with the Nicaraguan research institute, Itztani, predicted an Ortega win by 51...

...Some of the Contra leadership has vowed to resist...

...The UNO Political Council was not consulted nor even advised of all the terms of the agreement...

...Gilberto Cuadra, president of COSEP and candidate for minister of construction, and Jaime Cuadra, COSEP member and candidate for minister of agriculture, both declined the posts before being officially sworn in...

...NACLA REPORT ON THE AMERICAS 28"Here comes La Santa," people exclaimed as she emerged from a cloud of dust one hot Saturday afternoon in Conservative Party stronghold Granada...

...The running mates rarely appeared together in public, and when they did, such as at a closing UNO rally in Matagalpa on February 18, they travelled in separate caravans and openly contradicted each other in their speeches.' 4 Fist fights on the campaign trail soon became battles over ministries, debates over economic policy, and competition for control of the National Assembly...

...La Prensa, April 25, 1990...

...Antonio Lacayo, named minister to the presidency, is seen as the real power behind the throne...

...And the Communist and Socialist parties have threatened to join the FSLN in the opposition...

...A four-foot-high poster of her dead husband trailed dutifully behind, carried nailed to a pole by one of the faithful...

...Author's interview, March 29, 1990, Managua...

...occupation from 1912-1933 (with only a brief interruption in 1927-1928) at first favored the Conservatives, but later bestowed power on the Liberal Somoza family...

...Representatives from all the parties that had come together in April 1989 as the "group of 14" (12 legal parties and two which had no legal status) were meeting to choose their candidates for president and vice president...

...Others began collaborating with the FSLN, such as Alfredo C6sar, then the general manager of Nicaragua's most important sugar mill, later a leader of the Contras, and today the secretary of the National Assembly and one of Chamorro's key people...

...I act and speak as a woman," Chamorro stated before the election...

...6 This last clause is the future battlefield...

...7. In October 1981, in response to these charges the FSLN government jailed four COSEP leaders-among them Enrique Dreyfus, currently the foreign minister...

...On April 25, as mandated in the accord reached between the new government, the FSLN and the Contra leadership, the rebels began moving into "security zones" in the north of the country, under United Nations supervision...

...Later this same phenomenon would occur in relation to the Sandinista government, when the right-wing opposition went outside the political parties to voice their dissent, in particular to the Catholic Church led by Cardinal Obando y Bravo...

...8. Godoy was labor minister in the Sandinista government until 1984 when he resigned to run for president...

...The act did not require thought or analysis,just blind faith that it would somehow change things for the better...

...Dofia Violeta cited health reasons at the time, and later claimed the FSLN's dominance had made her nothing but a figurehead...

...5. See Henri Weber, Nicaragua: The Sandinista Revolution, (London: Verso Editions, 1981...

...only when production cannot be undertaken by the private sector...

...The World Court (International Court of Justice) estimates that the United States owes Nicaragua approximately $17 billion in damages...

...Dofia Violeta, as she is known, was dressed in white from head to toe, riding in a white cart reminiscent of the pope-mobile...

...Contra commander "Franklin" addresses his troops: Will they and the United States keep on fighting...

...His meteoric ascent to political prominence did not win him many friends in UNO, especially among the -political figures who had never left the country...

...While the ruling Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) promoted a macho image for Daniel Ortega-as fighting cock, cowboy, yankee dragon-slayer and superman of Nicaragua-UNO built its campaign around a living symbol: the widow of a national martyr...

...3 Dofia Violeta and her close circle of advisers, however, are the political descendants of a faction of the Conservative elite that had a falling out with the dictator after the 1972 earthquake, due to Somoza's interference in construction and finance, their primary domain...

...See Gianni Beretta, "Las Heridas de Managua," II Manifesto (Rome) March 31, 1990...

...The battle continued for the next three days...

...The politicians in UNO seem to have carefully calculated this move....This is not 'technical restructuring,' but a settling of political accounts...

...This close team of male "experts," who would later become the core of power in her new government, surrounded her constantly during the campaign, shielding her from interviews, television appearances, and debates where pure symbolism would not hold up...

...La Prensa blandly attributed the coup to "technical restructuring...

...The group of 14, or actually 12 legal parties, became the group of 11...

...Will the Bush administration accept that Chamorro's victory will not mean the elimination of the FSLN...

...The dead do not die in this country of three and a half million people...

...It proposes to achieve this by cutting subsidies, privatizing social services such as transportation, opening the country to greater foreign investment, and encouraging in-bond assembly plants (maquiladoras) and free-trade zones...

...La Crdnica, Jan...

...However, it fell apart in 1978, shortly after Chamorro was assassinated, almost certainly on the orders of the dictator...

...While members of the new government fought over office space and Chamorro prohibited mini-skirts and the use of the word "compahiero" in the presidential offices, prices skyrocketed...

...The members of the elite who were willing to challenge Somoza came together in a cohesive political group in 1974 when Pedro Joaquin Chamorro, then editor of the leading opposition newspaper La Prensa, formed the Democratic Union of Liberation (UDEL...

...The conflict between the presidential and vice presidential candidates was never more marked than at the UNO closing rally on February 18, 1989...

...It is very difficult to obtain exact figures on the current size of the state sector, but the new administration intends to dramatically reduce it, beginning with enterprises in the red...

...Obando's church became a platform and organizing base for the Right...

...Harvard University, 1985...

...think-tank Puebla Institute, long reputed to be CIAlinked, was named vice-minister of education...

...4. For more on UDEL, see Mark W. Everingham, "Economic Development under Dictatorship and Revolutionary Coalition," XV International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Miami, Florida, Dec...

...peacekeeping forces are unarmed and have no method for disarming the rebels other than verbal persuasion...

...25, 1989...

...The most serious conflict of the campaign, however, was consistently between the class of old-time politicians like Virgilio Godoy and the Communist and Socialist leaders, and the advisers around Dofia Violeta...

...2 2 The U.N...

...He left the country the following year to help Ed6n Pastora organize the Contras' southern wing and went on to join the political directorate of the Nicaraguan Resistance in 1987...

...The tombstone is marked "Pedro Joaquin Chamorro Cardenal-Nunca Claudic6" (He never gave up...

...Where they differ greatly is on how fast to move and how far to go...

...The United Nations observer mission reported shouting matches between Godoy and Lacayo at rallies...

...The UNO Agenda for Economic Recovery" in Regionnews from Managua, April 1, 1990...

...Another influential relative is Carlos Hurtado, who heads the Government Ministry (formerly the Ministry of the Interior...

...In Chamorro's speech immediately following Godoy, she openly contradicted her running mate asking voters to "go peacefully and vote and then return to your homes to await the results...

...Our blessed Nicaragua, instead of burying her children in fratricidal wars, will bury her arms," Chamorro declared triumphantly in her inauguration speech...

...C6sar was appointed secretary to the junta...

...A housewife with no political experience, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro was paraded in rallies and marches in much the same way that the Virgin Mary is carried in religious processions throughout Latin America...

...For a detailed account of how and why COSEP's relations with the new revolutionary government soured, see Julio Sergio Ramirez, "'Private Sector Associations in Central America," (Ph.D...

...The Chamorro government has little margin for error...

...and between the professional politicians and the crew of close friends and relatives that surrounds Dofia Violeta...

...COSEP, it seems, has been displaced just like the oldline politicians, though partly by their own doing...

...EARLY ON THE MORNING OF APRIL 26, THE new president's first day in office, Virgilio Godoy and a crew of 18 of his staff arrived at the presidential offices ahead of Dofia Violeta, and began to divide up office space...

...Two COSEP members were appointed to Chamorro's cabinet, but they resigned even before they were sworn in, to protest the retention of Gen...