Grenada: The Revo in Reverse
SCHOOL, SANITATION, POSTAL AND MOST other services ground to a halt during the second week of December, when Grenada's 7,000 public employees walked off the job. The issue at hand was...
...One Grenadian citizen took up the slack in the true spirit of free enterprise...
...We have a tradition of rural cooperatives and grassroots credit unions...
...At the same time, the U.S...
...But even when offered sizeable subsidies in addition to being "allowed to operate freely" few were inclined to come in and "develop" Grenada...
...officials say is the key to the country's future are just as disenchanted...
...Yet when sanctions against the white minority government in South Africa came to a vote in the United Nations, Grenada was of a small minority of states who cast its vote on the U.S...
...AIDsponsored efforts to balance the government's budget failed pitifully...
...military did make some efforts to win hearts and minds with what the Agency calls "highly visible activities...
...The subservience of the Blaize administration to U.S...
...AID nevertheless released the $4 million...
...They reduced corporate taxes, eliminated the country's moderate but progressive income tax and a variety of other indirect taxes, and replaced them with a property tax and a complex and cumbersome 20% value-added tax...
...Things like this are the real local base of development...
...One legacy of the revolution is that now people understand things like that much better...
...The political price of fulfilling the entire retrenchment quota was more than the Blaize administration was ready to pay...
...9 No exact accounting exists of how the first $10 million was spent, at least not in AID's documentation system...
...stewardship, Grenada is deeper in debt than at any time in the nation's past...
...they were much more motivated...
...A substantial portion was used to repay loans from the IMF, local commercial banks, and other lenders to finance the airport and other construction...
...Author's interview, Nov...
...AID spent another $1.5 million to install a new sewage system for the luxury tourist strip along Grand Anse Beach...
...2. Author's interview, Nov...
...Many private factories get tax concessions and are still operating at a loss after five years, but the same people don't consider them failures...
...There was little doubt in the minds of strike leaders that he was referring to the United States...
...As the World Bank developed the concept of structural adjustment and became its leading proponent, AID adopted World Bank language and began referring to its own economic policy reform projects as Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) grants, Two SAP grant agreements for Grenada were signed in June, 1986 ($4 million) and July...
...The fellow in charge of the hospital said they want an ultrasound machine, but it's not really needed...
...while upgrading of hospital staff and facilities could justify higher charges.'2 In spite of the fiscal reforms, Grenada's budget deficit remained stubbornly high...
...Besides increased fees and some new equipment, emphasis was shifted away from decentralized, primary and preventative care...
...The largest expenditure was $22.1 million for completion of the Point Salines airport, a non-military facility which was nearly finished under the PRG by Cuban construction workers and engineers, working alongside Grenadian craftsmen and trainees...
...6. AID replaced Grenada's Richmond Hill mental hospital, where 17 patients had been killed by an errant U.S...
...We've saved one of the world's great natural attractions from pollution...
...personnel, including army construction brigades, peace corps volunteers, and retired IRS officials, were visible in nearly every village and government office...
...An AID memorandum prepared for the June 1988 CGCED meeting stated, "The government has been reluctant to implement fully its planned civil service retrenchment plan and it has yet to join in the Tight Consultative Group arrangement...
...The same officials rarely mention the country's 30% rate of unemployment or the growing number of Grenadians pushed by economic necessity to emigrate...
...The experience of the past decade has sharpened awareness of the multifaceted power of the United States, and the near-impossibility of any one Caribbean state breaking free on its own...
...Ultrasound machines are part of the basic equipment of most hospitals and many private obstetrical practices in the United States...
...AID also made available $500,000 for "small, high-impact community self-help projects...
...Asked in 1988 to list U.S...
...But according to the director of Grenada's NDF, "AID puts so many conditions on a project that they stifle it...
...government was already in the process of abandoning its protégé nation...
...That's why when people hear these announcements they say, 'Here comes more of that radio money',because that's all it is radio money...
...Millions more came from other foreign donors and lenders, along with help from the Commerce and State Departments, the White House and committees of powerful U.S...
...The first three grants, two for $5 million in 1984 and one for $7 million in 1985, were called "Economic Stabilization Grants," following the terminology of the IMF...
...With all the speed and hustling you see today, you don't see as much of this kind of cooperation as during the PRG....The PRG didn't have much time or much money, but we had our own government...
...Grenada finally got an obstetrical (but not an allpurpose) ultrasound machine through Project HOPE, but still had to make do with a few used X-ray machines (and none in the outlying islands), too few syringes, solutions, medications and gloves...
...The 200-300 jobs these provided were far outweighed by the jobs lost as a result of public sector lay-offs and discontinued social programs and public enterprises...
...Even with its tremendous influence and vast resources, the United States was unable to produce genuine economic progress in a country only twice the area of the District of Columbia with a population of only 110,000...
...Following U.S...
...The fact that half the country's households still lack access to running water and electricity did not appear to alter On's views...
...Country people are more willing to sit all day by a machine," Orr explained...
...Orr declared proudly...
...A major condition was the reform of Grenada's tax system, for which AID brought in U.S...
...It's as if the people who work for AID don't feel we should get anything, and that their job is to block aid...
...What can you expect from the Americans...
...military crews filled in the bullet holes in the walls of the dormitory where most of the 24 Cubans killed in the invasion had died, painted the facility blue and white, and erected a tall security gate and a sign beckoning, Welcome to the l-lotel California...
...companies currently operating in the country, AID and Embassy officials could name only four...
...In contrast to the Cubans, HOPE's work centered in the capital, and placed little emphasis on long-term training...
...side, against sanctions...
...They've been raising people's expectations when they should have been telling them to prepare for hard times ahead...
...officials report that Grenada's annual per capita income has risen from the post invasion-low of $907 to $1,378 in 1988...
...Since then, AID has not created a very palatable situation for the private sector.' '2 AID officials in Washington spoke of the government of Grenada and its ailing 71-year-old prime minister with thinly-veiled contempt...
...AID's $4 million grant for 1986 carried the explicit requirement that Grenada cooperate with the World Bank in planning its structural adjustment program...
...George's with its backdrop of mountains and picturesque harbor...
...George's, Grenada, and Washington, Feb...
...After 6,000 U.S...
...The prime minister found that a call to the White House or State Department reminding Washington of the ever-present threat of "communism" usually resulted in the release of enough cash to lubricate the squeaky wheels of the rickety government apparatus...
...But in less than three years its sales were growing fast, to about $2 million (Eastern Caribbean dollars, about $769,000] yearly in European and regional markets...
...Hence, FY87 funds conditioned on these actions remain undisbursed...
...Investors realized even if AID did not that chances of making a profit are slim in a small country where the costs of importing and exporting are high, and where most people remain too poor to be good customers for products sold locally...
...intervention, nearly all of these programs were discontinued...
...AID's grant conditions also directed Grenada to participate in the Tighter Consultative Group (TCG), the subcommittee of the CGCED regional working group established by the World Bank and other multilateral agencies to monitor Eastern Caribbean economies) 3 The government did meet some of AID's public employee lay-off requirements, but by the Spring of 1988, Grenada had still not submitted to the structural adjustment conditions laid down by AID and the Tighter Consultative Group...
...1987 ($7 million...
...The issue at hand was $9.25 million in back wages which, according to the late Prime Minister Herbert Blaize, could not be paid because "foreign sources" had failed to deliver on promised funds...
...7 A TOP AID PRIORITY WAS TO DISMANTLE OR sell all government-owned enterprises...
...It embodied the type of economic activity that the PRG hoped would enable the country to increase its earnings and reduce its dependency on expensive food imports...
...The new system was so poorly understood by Grenadian officials that, when they tried to explain it in public, U.S...
...One week they bomb and mash up our buildings, and the next week they're repainting schools and giving out candy and helicopter rides to our children...
...3. AID officials were stalling the release of $5.8 million of a $7 million budgetary support grant because the country failed to comply with AID's structural adjustment program and was unwilling to cooperate with the World Bank-led economic coordinating committee for the Eastern Caribbean the Tighter Consultative Group (TCG) of the Caribbean Group for Cooperation in Economic Development (CGCED...
...After the U.S...
...But it now seems clear that Blaize was to be dumped much in the same way the United States abandoned Jamaica's Edward Seaga...
...Grenada's health system is a case in point...
...Private entrepreneurs were then expected to expand the high-priced hotels and revitalize the industry...
...The AID memo ended with a terse warning to the Grenada government to "maintain a strong position against wage increases...
...There's fat in all areas education, health, public works, agriculture, everywhere but there's no willingness to tighten belts...
...His inability to govern had already led to reduced U.S...
...A rural development worker said, "We hear over the radio all the time that the United States is giving us so many thousands of dollars for this project or that...
...AID even brokered an agreement with the IMP whereby Grenada was allowed to cancel part of its IMF agreement in order to avoid having to implement the Fund's strict austerity conditionalities.The govemment was required to repay only what it had already borrowed...
...The country's gross domestic product has registered overall growth yearly since 1985...
...Even in small business promotion, described by AID as a top priority, local enterprise has gotten short shrift...
...of trying...
...government-sponsored business, finance and insurance companies, OPIC and Eximbank...
...He did not mention that some homes in the nearby Grand Anse Valley still had to get along with no plumbing facilities at all...
...support...
...The U.S...
...sources still stubbornly claim success in their "rescue" of Grenada...
...The last remaining official in charge of the special AID mission remarked, "This government has no political backbone...
...Among the many imaginative means AID prepared for turning public services into commodities, were license fees for market vendors, fees for veterinary services to farmers, and charges for birth certificates, for the right to reside in Grenada, to become a citizen or to renounce citizenship, as well as higher charges for cemetery plots, especially for those on hills...
...Real development has to involve people directly in planning projects and setting priorities...
...If AID was unable to script a foreign investment success story in Grenada, it was not for want...
...The interest of U.S...
...But "hard times" were the opposite of what the United States had promised...
...consultants nearly always had to step forward...
...officials said, had the misguided notion that just because certain services were paid for by taxes, they ought to be offered free...
...But by the time the experts and bureaucrats take their share, we don't see any of it...
...consultants.'° By 1985 the only part of the economy that was growing was the government payroll...
...Total AID allocations for social services and basic human needs, including education, health, agricultural research and extension, and community self-help added up to less than 7% of AID spending in Grenada...
...HERE'S NOT TOO MUCH INTEREST HERE in working hard," U.S...
...In 1988, the U.S...
...5. A British and a Finnish firm were also involved in airport work under the PRG...
...Unable to force the government to implement its austerity program, AID turned to the World Bank and the IMF to help carry out the job...
...But as of 1988, according to Robert Evans, who supervised the first phase of airport construction, "The current government of Grenada has not initiated any capital project of its own: The roads, the airport, the harbor project, the health visiting stations, now have been re-named, but they were all begun by the PRG...
...According to Lyden Rhamdhanny, one of a considerable number of local landowners and entrepreneurs who supported the Bishop government, the closing of the agroprocessing operation was a foolish loss...
...We can't just sit back and wait for money...
...Those who participated in Grenada's revolution have not forgotten the sense of satisfaction, hope and national and Caribbean pride that it evoked...
...Grenada government and AID representatives met several times with the IMF, but no agreement was acceptable to the Fund was reached...
...nongovernmental agency...
...People need to learn and think about the problems involved in things like, for instance, how water is treated and supplied, instead of taking that sort of thing for granted or looking to foreign so-called experts...
...One AID memo notes that fees for delivering babies, at an average of 1000 births per year, could yield $26,000 annually...
...8. The assumption underlying this philosophy was summed up in a 1982 AID consultants report outlining the implications for AID programming worldwide of Reagan's private sector development strategy: "The operating hypothesis...is that market mechanisms, when they are allowed to operate freely, will provide incentives to which the private Sector will respond...
...AID allotted $2.1 million to compensate the British company, Plessey, and the Finnish firm, Melex, for damage and loss of their airport construction equipment...
...But when it came time to sell these factories, hotels and other facilities, few buyers were interested...
...Cuba's construction equipment was confiscated without reimbursement...
...PRO health education programs and insurance plans, such as those provided to cooperative farmers and their families, were eliminated or drastically reduced...
...The reform team maintained that hospital and other "proprietary services" could be performed better by the private sector...
...You can walk into a clinic here, get your eyes checked, and not be charged...
...A part-time construction worker expressed with a bitter laugh an opinion widely shared among Grenada's poor, "The same ones who've been exploiting we [poor people] are back in power now...
...Under AID tutelage, Grenada's economy was re-shaped according to principles of privatization, free trade, and market-driven development...
...Army 360th Civil Affairs Brigade...
...It used to be that we'd work up to three in the morning sometimes," a former government employee said, "and we didn't complain because we wanted to get the work done...
...Charge d'Affaires Leary has since been replaced by Ford Cooper...
...In the meantime, AID took over the complex that had housed Cuban airport workers...
...Blaize died suddenly a week later...
...Mass-based associations, such as the National Youth Organization and the National Women's Organization, were disbanded...
...U.S.AID Fiscal Reform Project Memo 17, April 1986...
...This has not been our experience...
...Anything the PRG started, good or bad, they want to get rid of," said a community nurse...
...further cuts were planned...
...The country's tax system, after being thoroughly re-designed by AID consultants, has largely collapsed...
...Teeth that could be repaired are once again extracted...
...They get you in the lumber yard, they get you in the supermarket, at the bank, in your insurance, and now they can get you in your taxes, too.', Many Grenadian business people the "private sector" that U.S...
...companies in Grenada's investment opportunities stretched only as far as funds available through AID for construction and consultation contracts...
...In addition, Leary said, "They ask for things they can't afford...
...He reported with pride that the Grenada NDF Board of Directors was composed entirely of businesspeople, including 11 bankers...
...troops brought Grenada's four-andahalf-year experiment with a pro-socialist government and a mixed economy to an end on October 25, 1983, the island was flooded with more than $102 million in development assistance from the U.S...
...But AID officials quickly realized, as had the PRG, that a modern airport was essential to Grenada's tourist industry and commerce.5 The airport was opened by Ronald Reagan on the first anniversary of the invasion, complete with a plaque thanking the U.S...
...24, 1987...
...Grenadians, U.S...
...they ought to meter it...
...Blaize, the man the United States helped put in power after "rescuing" the island in 1983, was forced to recall parliament, which he had suspended in August to avert a vote of no confidence...
...Many of the country's most dynamic young leaders, particularly those who were associated with the previous government or who spoke critically of the new one, were laid off, denied licenses to practice their professions, or even forced into exile...
...The PRO was formed and led by the New Jewel Movement, which took power from the eccentric autocrat, Sir Eric Gairy, in a nearly bloodless coup on March 13, 1979...
...This clearly offended his sense of economic propriety...
...However, this resulted primarily from what one economist described as "force-feeding" with foreign aid funds, and a fortuitous and probably temporary jump in the prices of two major exports, nutmeg and bananas...
...business executives, former IRS employees and business consulting firms...
...AID Mission Director Peter On acknowledged that under the new tax system, "the government hasn't been able to capture any of the benefits of economic growth...
...One of the first to go was the Spice Isle canning plant, where local produce had been processed into jams.juices and sauces for local consumption and export...
...According to a Grenadian physician who worked with both, "HOPE people were brought in to replace the Cubans, but most of them were here, living in luxury, for only three or six months...
...Since the PRG had raised Grenadians expectations for better health care, education and government services, to gut them to the extent that AID wanted would have been political suicide for P.M...
...Thanks to dental drills Cubans installed in parish clinics, many Grenadians had tooth cavities filled for the first time...
...political goals is painfully obvious...
...9. U.S.AID, Program Assistance Approval Document for Project 543K603, July 18, 1985, cover sheet...
...But he insisted that the underlying problem is, "Grenada has been living at a standard above its means...
...of State George Shultz in 1983, after sighting Grenada's capital of St...
...bomb, with a new facility large enough to have "regional capacity...
...U.S AID Bureau for Program and Policy Coordination, Private Sector: Ideas & Opportunities, June 1982...
...Everyone had a sense of belonging, so there was more willingness to come out, on Sundays if necessary, to get things done...
...Other recommended revenue sources were higher fees for lab tests, dental care, and X-rays...
...Embassy in Grenada, March 1988...
...In June 1988 a harried AID official, charged with overseeing the Agency's structural adjustment funding in the Eastern Caribbean, received a telephone call from Blaize, inquiring whether and when Grenada would receive several million dollars that Blaize said had been promised by Reagan's AID chief Alan Woods.3 When the official asked his superior what to say to the prime minister, he was told, "If he [Blaize] doesn't get the message that we don't take him seriously anymore, tell him to turn up his hearing aid...
...AID was willing to pay to prop up the Blaize government, said the Agency, because of "common political, security, and economic interests...
...23, 1987...
...Vyra McQueen, general secretary of the Grenada Teachers Union, is from the countryside and has taught in Grenada's schools for 23 years...
...Discussion at the U.S...
...During 1984-1986, AID financed repairs of more than 50 buildings, mainly schools, by the U.S...
...or PRO, was the official name of the government headed by Maurice Bishop...
...Most Grenadians, whether they were supportive, critical, or, as were many, critically supportive of Bishop and of the PRG, at least had thought of it as Grenada's own government...
...If people want something, like a radio or a stereo, they've got to put out effort...
...Under the PRG [the People's Revolutionary Government, led by Maurice Bishop] the government was much more aggressive in support of economic programs, but Grenada was squeezed out of access to foreign capital...
...Said Grenada Chamber of Commerce president, George de Bourge, "We're told that the leftist regime was intending to stifle the private sector and that the present one is trying to support it...
...Dismayed, the Agency adopted a "get tough" stance, imposing structural adjustment conditions that were increasingly specific and severe with each cash transfer...
...Agency for International Development...
...Among those slated for disposal were a carpentry shop, machine shop and central garage, the printing office, the electricity and telephone companies, a quarry, a housing construction materials plant, and small factories for grinding spices and coffee and for processing perishable produce...
...4 At that time, the U.S...
...advice, Grenada simply stopped payment on its debts to East Germany and Libya...
...business consortium Caribbean/Central America Action helped out, as did the U.S...
...But after administrative costs were deducted and the fund divided among 140 communities, the impact was often not so high...
...People in Grenada are not lazy," McQueen says...
...Today most of the drills are no longer in service, for lack of funds to buy replacement compressors...
...Nevertheless, AID was proceeding with plans for another industrial park farther from the capital...
...business executives...
...The Reagan administration called it a Cuban base, citing this as one justification for the invasion...
...Although much of our funding goes to the public sector," says Peter Orr, who took over as AID mission chief in 1988, "that is to help the public sector to create a climate that will be attractive to both foreign and local investors...
...But before AID could tack a "for sale" sign on the country's public property, there were more urgent tasks at hand...
...Now those same people are feeling the brunt of the economic pressure...
...and June 1988...
...The government discontinued support of several other small enterprises associated with the PRO...
...This plan was more likely to succeed, the AID mission director said, because investors would be able to persuade people there to work for lower wages...
...From this new headquarters, AID supervised road resurfacing, repair of port facilities, sprucing-up of the waterfront tourist center, renovation of the main market square and health clinics, and rehabilitation of some of the buildings destroyed during the invasion.6 Many of these projects were needed, and U.S-financed construction gave a temporary boost to Grenada's economy...
...Blaize...
...During the two years after the invasion, AID spent at least $37 million on "emergency" construction and reconstruction...
...But the benefits of these windfalls accrued mainly to U.S...
...They've got to learn this...
...4. Author's interview, June 13, 1988...
...Now that AID is largely gone, perhaps Grenadians will find a way to unite with their neighbors to develop their rich resources in their own interest...
...contractors were paid nearly $1.8 million to build the Frequente Industrial Park by converting warehouses into factory buildings to be rented by private manufacturing companies...
...AID and the U.S...
...If the United States had not pumped millions into Grenada's economy, or if AID had enforced its structural adjustment plan, officials would not be able to cite even these dubious indicators of improvement...
...Official U.S...
...officials, too much of that real estate was government-owned, even though nearly all the country's industry and commerce, and 80% of its farmland remained in private hands under the PRG...
...The canning plant employed local people, provided a market for small farmers, and made use of local crops that would otherwise have gone to waste...
...5 Under the government led by Maurice Bishop, literacy, teacher training, and other programs linked schools and communities, mobilized local skills, and served as focal points for political activism and debate...
...4 While scrimping on funds for social needs, AID failed to tap the most valuable resource of all the skills and ideas of Grenada's people...
...Interviews with AID officials in Bridgetown, Barbados, St...
...B ESIDES THE MONEY SPENT ON EMERGENCY construction and on attracting investors, AID transferred $22.2 million in cash directly to the government in the five years following the invasion...
...Like Michael Manley, Blaize's successor will inherit a decaying economy, unpayable debt, and strong foreign pressure to submit to further "structural adjustment...
...The strike ended December 11...
...a rural schoolteacher asked...
...Among the most thoughtful critics of the U.S...
...The Bishop government had its act in gear...
...personnel understood Grenada so poorly that the tax system they designed proved impossible to implement and has had to be amended annually...
...It has also revealed the hypocrisy of "aid" programs designed to assist the givers, and the futility of "development" strategies that steer resources to the rich...
...his reputed corruption, banning of books and calypso lyrics, and blatant manipulation of parliamentary process were an increasing embarrassment to his former patrons...
...AID funding in Grenada had been slashed to about a fifth of the amount spent in the year following the invasion...
...In connection with these transfers, AID negotiated five separate grant agreements, each made conditional upon economic policy changes designed "to promote private sector-led growth" and provide "a more secure basis for undertaking structural adjustment...
...7. There was no doubt about the commitment of NDF director Charley Bishop to private sector-led development...
...The popular health and social welfare projects, developed by the PRG with help from other Caribbean nationals and volunteers from Cuba, Europe, and a few North American nongovernmental agencies, inspired many Grenadians to contribute time and skills, working unpaid overtime or as volunteers...
...Grenada: The Revo in Reverse To boost the myth of successful "rescue," U.S...
...At the end of 1988, many of the new factories remained empty shells...
...Five years after the invasion, several investors had come and gone, and at least two were under threat of prosecution for taking advantage of the pro-business climate and AID credit with fraudulent get-rich-quick schemes...
...Agricultural productivity continues its long-term decline, and Grenada's manufacturing sector remains small and stagnant...
...T'S A LOVELY PIECE OF REAL ESTATE," remarked then Sec...
...AID personnel in Grenada, busy packing their files and computers, also blamed the Grenada government for the country's sad condition...
...There is a lot of money paid to Americans for consultant fees, but little for local loans...
...AID allocated $12 million for one project to aid small and medium-sized enterprises in the Eastern Caribbean...
...In the opinion of U.S...
...A taxi driver expressed a widely-held view: "This government's still running off of the steam generated by the revo...
...approach to development in Grenada is businessman Lyden Rhamdhanny: "What the United States has brought to Grenada is window-dressing, not real development...
...contractors, foreign-owned shipping companies, and Grenada's tiny elite.' "It's like the whole country's in a coma," observed one young man, who recounted the three-year search which finally won him a steady job...
...The People's Revolutionary Govemment...
...Hard drug use, household burglary, and violent street crime, all of which were rare a few years ago, are becoming widespread...
...chargé d'affaires, John Leary, observed, "Water here is traditionally free...
...VEER THE UNITED STATES CAME IN, PEOple were expecting dollars to fall from the sky, just like the leaflets that fell during the invasion," said a school teacher who, like many others, lost her job under the post-invasion government...
...Today, after six years of U.S...
...For just under $10, paid well in advance, he offered a "health insurance policy" that promised a seat on the next outgoing plane to any Grenadian facing a medical emergency...
...It linked agriculture the main source of wealth and livelihood forcenturies to industry, one of the keys to the country's development...
...AID tried to put most of the country up for sale, but there were no takers," Robert Evans observed...
...They advertised the opportunities for profit-making, and wined and dined prospective investors...
...Increased charges would remedy "people go[ing] to the hospital when they have headaches because it costs them nothing to do so...
...The Agency spent approximately $44 million on public projects to attract and benefit the foreign private investors who, AID says, should be the "prime mover" in any economy.8 In one such project, U.S...
...Critics say much of the money was absorbed by graft and payments to U.S...
...The United States called the plant a failure because it was not yet making a profit...
...They're very willing to take action...
...The government claims some was used to replace PRG health and social welfare projects...
...The income statistics are based on unreliable census estimates and do not reveal the extent to which a small sector of the society has prospered while the majority have remained impoverished...
...HOPE was probably the most appreciated AID project in Grenada, and still has a presence there, but most of its funding was phased out by mid-1988...
...Now a lot of people are going home grumbling at three in the afternoon...
...AID fiscal reformers advised the government to make up for the fall in tax revenues from corporations and the rich by charging more for services used mainly by the poor...
...Cooperatives engaged in farming, food processing, fishing, and handicrafts were discouraged and denied access to credit, which was directed ineffectively to private businesses...
...It would be hard to find an issue on which more Grenadians were in agreement than that of the need for strong sanctions against apartheid...
...Unemployment, estimated by AID at 30%, is at an all-time high...
...Chargé d'Affaires John Leary told a visiting delegation in 1988...
...forces that liberated" Grenada...
...Commerce Department, the White House Office of Private Sector Initiatives and the U.S...
...A safer and relatively inexpensive alternative to X-rays, ultrasound machines are used to detect and diagnosis potentially dangerous complications of pregnancy, as well as kidney stones, structural lesions, and some types of tumors...
...Part of the funds was supposed to be channeled to small and "micro" enterprises through National Development Foundations (NDFs), established under AID guidance...
...To fill the gap left by the eviction of Cuban health professionals, AID brought in North Americans from Project HOPE, a U.S...
Vol. 23 • February 1990 • No. 5
