Washington's Not-So-Quiet Diplomacy
Doggett, Martha Lyn
HAS THERE BEEN A SEA CHANGE IN THE Reagan Administration's policy toward Chile? Something has happened since Langhorne Motley, then assistant secretary of state for inter-American affairs,...
...0 Jeane Kirkpatrick is said to remain loyal, though she has not gone on record on the issue for some time...
...Elliott Abrams and the U.S...
...Laboring for Unity i. Cited in Jorge Barria, El movimiento obrero en Chile (Santiago, 1971), p. 44...
...Finally, AID acted as a conduit for $1 million earmarked by Congress for "democratic activities" in Chile (see box...
...52 No one knows how far it will go, but it is U.S.-style democracy abroad, the NED has been controversial from its inception...
...John Dinges and Saul Landau, Assassination on Embassy Row (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980), p. 3 9 1 - 3 9 3 . 36...
...6 8 Notably, the statement falls short of calling for free and open elections, accepting by implication the restricted process outlined in the controversial 1980 constitution...
...Since the Reagan Administration came to power, the Pinochet regime has been granted $1.5 billion from the World Bank and $2.1 billion from the Inter-American Development Bank...
...Washington Post, February 16, 1985...
...Ambassador in the days following the burnings were telling commentary of the new signals coming from Washington...
...In Chile, CAPEL is working with the Catholic-sponsored Funda- ci6n Civitas to provide non-partisan voter education...
...Elliott Abrams, then assistant secretary for human rights, was said to argue privately for stepping up pressure on Pinochet...
...John Kerry's groundbreaking hearings on drug running rightfully traced the traffic through Panama, only to be transformed into a pep rally for Noriega's ouster...
...Theberge died of a heart attack while vacationing in Jamaica last January...
...Saying it "was time to send a signal," Washington expressed displeasure at the renewal of a three-month old state of siege.' 9 Pinochet's critics in Congress and the human rights community were "encouraged" by the move, a positive trend that quickly proved short-lived...
...Regardless of the impact on their pocketbooks, that symbolism was not lost on the Chileans...
...When is the appropriate time to stop the painful cycle of U.S...
...government to act as a unit," as one academic put it...
...Policy," Foreign Affairs Spring 1986, p.838-839...
...8 Secondly, Morrison says there is dissension over how hard the United States should push: "There is no serious argument that there is either democracy or human rights in Chile, but the Administration-and it's not the first to make this mistake-confuses capitalism with democracy...
...Perhaps more telling is the opposition of congressional liberals such as Edward Kennedy, who told the same gathering that "the time for the United States to restore relations with the military of Chile is after the military has made its commitment to democracy, not before...
...1, January-February 1982 and REPORT ON THE AMERICAS Report4 v4, te Americas 38 "Chilean Economy: Not a Leaf Moves," Report on the Americas, Vol...
...NACLA telephone interview with Col...
...New York Times, December 11, 1987...
...4. Servicio Informativo Confidencial (Santiago), July 1987...
...Hakim, "Key Concerns," p. 76...
...the Chilean Government has steadfastly refused to deal with this clear-cut example of international terrorism, which we believe to have been committed by senior Chilean officials...
...La Epoca, (Santiago) October 17, 1987...
...2. The Economist (London), June 6, 1987, p. 4 3 . 3. El Mercurio (Santiago), May 17, 1987...
...Decrees No...
...observed a House Banking Committee staffer...
...LAST DECEMBER PINOCHET GOT WHAT critics suggest amounts to a $250 million campaign donation from the World Bank...
...But the bipartisan attack on Panama in the last few months has brought the art of rhetoric, destabilization and meddling to new heights, as even progressive and liberal political leaders join the chorus...
...A State Department official says the policy has not wavered...
...The position of the third major actor, the Treasury Department, is complex and vacillating...
...role in bringing Pinochet to power, what role is appropriate in easing him out...
...NACLA interview with Jennifer White, foreign affairs assistant to Rep...
...Mark Falcoff, whose conservative credentials are not in question, outlined three phases in the Right's assessment of Chile in a 1986 Foreign Affairs piece...
...But within one week new legislation was passed requiring Washington to certify improvement in respect for human rights...
...These grants total $200,000 and include funds for population research and for the University of Chile...
...Even some who recognize a danger in politicizing the multilateral lending process find it appropriate for the United States to register a protest by abstaining or voting No...
...attempts to enlist support for a protest vote in December unleashed a backlash within the bank...
...It's that we feel that . . . you can't call somebody names and then expect them to talk to you...
...6 The American Institute for Free Labor Development (AIFLD) received $256,435 in FY 87-88 to "assist Chilean unions in democratic development...
...Kennedy and other liberals, who only agreed in 1987 to a month-long tour by four officers under the U.S...
...The National Republican Institute's first Chile project is a nationwide opinion poll in conjunc- tion with the Conservative think-tank Centro de Estudios Pfiblicos...
...Chileans have got to solve it themselves," concluded one longtime observer...
...Hoy, November 9, 1987...
...Miami Herald, February 28, 1985...
...subsidies to the tune of $22 million to Chile's opposition and multi-party coalitions promoting voter registration and education...
...2 9 Congressional right-wingers found Barnes' participation in the religious service particularly offensive...
...delegates were again casting Yes votes...
...In question are U.S...
...January 26, 1988, Washington, D.C...
...Something has happened since Langhorne Motley, then assistant secretary of state for inter-American affairs, proclaimed in February 1985 that "The destiny of Chile is in very good hands...
...NACLA interview with Virginia Bouvier, April 5, 1988, Washington, D.C...
...military embargo...
...9. Principios No.145, (Santiago: Communist Party of Chile) May-June 1972...
...policymakers feared the Chileans might testify about CIA connections, possibly even involvement in the crime...
...The irony is that Treasury was relying on the same congressional critics of U.S...
...The Administration was saying, 'we mean it.' " WHILE INSISTING THAT THE CHOICE OF A presidential candidate-the 1980 Chilean constitution allows for only one-is a decision over which they have no control, U.S...
...Boston Globe, December 16, 1987...
...It seems the terms of Congress' bipartisan consensus are an acceptance of intervention...
...The men-"understood to have been checked for any report of links to human rights abuses'--visited the United Nations, West Point and a Nebraska farm...
...Dragan Stefanovic, Editor in Chief of the Spanish and Portugese edtions of Military Review...
...interests...
...New York Times, January 27, 1986...
...Federal prosecutors on the case followed up in January 1988 by submitting a list of questions to a Chilean judge implicated by FernAndez Larios in the cover-up...
...La Epoca, October 23, 1987...
...F OR MUCH OF CHILE'S POLITICAL OPPOSItion, the arrival of Amb...
...Policy Toward Chile," Chile on a Path to Change (Washington, D.C.: Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA), September 24, 1986), p.69...
...The Chileans pulled out all the stops," said one observer...
...At the National Security Council, Kim Flower says the government's decision was taken at the cabinet level, "as it should be," but insists that there was no difference of opinion and that the NSC, banned by its charter from taking political positions, had no opinion one way or the other...
...In "The Reagan Administration's Record on Human Rights in 1985," the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights and the Watch Committees found that "Volio did shoddy work, in contrast to his predecessors...
...For a discussion of policy during the first Reagan term see Peter R. Kornbluh, "Chile-U.S...
...On August 2, 1985 Santiago and Washington signed a treaty allowing NASA to expand an existing airport on remote Easter Island to be used as an emergency landing site for the space shuttle...
...E 2. Programa de la Unidad Popular, Santiago, 1969...
...The committee also received $135,000 in 1987 to conduct an opinion poll...
...Bruce Morrison, January 26, 1988...
...The Administration's efforts to cast military-to-military links as encouraging democracy does not seem to have won many converts...
...THAT ABOUT FACE WAS TO BE TRAGICALly reinforced in July...
...8. Author's interview with textile union representative, Santiago, September 1972...
...130-142...
...Some Administration critics take a more pragmatic view of the State Department's new-found zeal in pursuing the matter...
...Toby Roth's aide Jennifer White, who fondly remembers her two-hour tea with the general and his wife, who baked bread for her guests...
...Anti-communism . . . is a dangerous basis for opposing Pinochet, precisely because it could be quickly turned around and become the rationale for supporting him...
...Falabella, La diversidad sindical, p. 4. 16...
...Washington Post, March 16, 1986...
...While in Chile last July, Robert S. Gelbard, deputy assistant secretary of state for inter-American affairs, who is a leading ar- chitect in Administration Chile policy, sought to hold a joint dedication of the completed facility with the Chileans...
...Andersen, "Staying the Course," p.183...
...S During treaty negotiations the Chilean foreign minister urged a halt to the U.S...
...That same day the Miami Herald talked of a "welcome about face...
...In a somewhat more extreme but also widely shared version, the persistence of the Pinochet regime is a demonstration that the logical and perhaps inevitable alternative to Marxism in the Third World is some sort of fascism.' P LEASED BY THE INDIRECT ADMISSION that quiet diplomacy was in one analyst's words "a time-consuming failure," Democrats have been willing to join Republicans in closing ranks against the dictatorship...
...It is not that I do not think that if they made the right sounds they would have an influence...
...Even though we mucked it up in 1973, that doesn't mean we should go down and muck it up again, even if some Chilean leaders are coming up here and asking for help...
...The Costa Rica-based Inter-American Institute of Human Rights received a $1.2 million grant to provide nonpartisan voter education designed to increase registration for the coming plebiscite...
...4 8 L ARGELY UNNOTICED IN THE UNITED States, one final joint venture may prove newsworthy in years to come...
...While sympathetic, some conservatives shy away from openly embracing the regime...
...Since 1981, the Chilean Navy is again participating in yearly joint maneuvers...
...resolution was adopted by consensus on March 12, calling for an end to torture and the excessive use of force by security and police agents...
...2 4 A conservative Sovietologist and one-time CIA consultant, Theberge was a political appointee who also headed the U.S...
...New York Times December 25, 1987...
...New York: LCHR and Watch Committees, January 1986), p.43...
...Yet the mainstream Right position became that Pinochet had simply become an "embarrassment...
...Interviews with actors and observers on all sides of the issue suggest that the alliance is tenuous at best, and that, pending developments in Chile, its days may well be numbered...
...Connecticut's Bruce Morrison calls the Administration's stance toward Chile "a good cover" for its Central America policy...
...Abrams is not alone in this theme...
...By spring 1986 Secretary of State George P. Shultz had indicated his intention to replace Theberge with someone more inclined to step up pressure on the regime...
...support for Chile in multilateral lending institutions, see W. Frick Curry, "Subsidizing Pinochet: Aid and Comfort for the Chilean Dictatorship," International Policy Report (Washington, D.C.: Center for International Policy) September 1985...
...4 2 B UT THE PENTAGON HAS FOUND OTHER ways to circumvent the spirit of the ban and, perhaps in some cases, also the letter...
...8. La Epoca (Santiago), November 1, 1987...
...3 9 The Administration has never ventured such a certification...
...Once a "Senate stand-in" on Chile for the Administration, Jesse Helms was accused by the State Department in 1986 of sharing U.S...
...There has certainly been a consistent policy in support of a democratic transition...
...But nobody accuses them of being in the pro-Pinochet camp...
...Christian Science Monitor, November 7, 1986...
...In 1984 a leaked "internal Embassy report" described Chile's cooperation as a "favor" to the United States...
...2 6 The Administration had also reversed its opposition to appointment of the UN's Special Rapporteur for Chile, lobbying hard for Fernando Volio, the conservative Costa Rican who took over the post...
...Targetting one of the few available pressure points, the human rights community has focussed attention on MARCH/APRIL 198835 35 MARCH/APRIL 1988 Rerti 01 th Am0eric s Chile these periodic votes in the World Bank and the InterAmerican Development Bank...
...Washington Post, February 5, 1987...
...The Chicago-directed economic boom of 1977 to 1981 impressed these rightists, who he says "identified several positive political trends...
...dominance more than any drug-dealing dictator or progresREFERENCES "Me or Chaos" 1. Clandestine press conference attended by APSI and others...
...7 While the abandonment of Kirkpatrick-style tolerance for authoritarians of the Right would be a welcome change, U.S...
...A 1984 amendment to GSP and OPIC legislation blocks benefits from countries that systematically violate workers' rights to organize and bargain collectively...
...APSI, June 29, 1987...
...Labor rights are not really the issue," a Chilean official said...
...In a speech at O'Higgins Park demonstration, November 19, 1987, and repeated to the press on December 21, 1987...
...national interests to renew aid...
...Bouvier, "U.S...
...NACLA telephone interview with Marvin Schwartz, Chile Desk, AID, February 1988...
...The Administration and others believe that Chile's economic system is wonderful and any concern about human rights must be balanced against the extraordinary efforts and effective results of the economy," which he describes as "robber baron capitalism...
...Denying that the envoy was a loose cannon, he said "Barnes went with instructions...
...If violence continues and grows in Chile, Washington may well calculate that its only alternative is to support Pinochet...
...an outspoken regime critic, says there is disagreement on two major points...
...Created along with NED in 1983 were two institutes linked to the Republican and Democratic parties...
...The opposition press seemed to recognize that it was a problem not about to go away...
...P ERHAPS THE MOST INTERESTING ASPECT of the convergence is the shift in thinking on the right...
...Statement by Department of State on the Letelier-Moffitt Case," October 16, 1987...
...There is no Peace Corps program, but Fulbright scholarships and some cultural exchanges through the United States Information Agency (USIA) have continued...
...The unnamed "foreign aggressor" was none other than his erstwhile ally, the United States...
...You can argue that the Administration has not done enough," says Kenneth D. Wollock of the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, a group involved in Chile that he says is "loosely affiliated" with the Democratic Party [see box...
...Rodrigo, a photojournalist, had gone to a Santiago shantytown to document an antigovernment demonstration...
...A former foreign minister, Fernando Volio was known to be supportive of U.S...
...Bruce Morrison says while the "philosophy is flawed, having put Pinochet there, this approach is more expedient, and in this case maybe it's better to be expedient so that more Chileans can vote.'7 Such tolerance for "expediency" and the heavyhanded intervention it sometimes implies seems to MARCH/APRIL 1988 37 Chile have infected both sides of the aisle...
...States of exception which limit freedom of assembly, association, and ex- pression are not compatible with a legitimate electoral procedure...
...Washington's Not-so-Quiet Diplomacy 1. El Mercurio (Santiago) February 24, 1985...
...Fortyeight hours after Pinochet lifted the state of siege, but with no appreciable change in human rights conditions in Chile, the Administration reverted to its former policy...
...7 While acknowledging there is more consensus on Chile than when he arrived in Congress five years ago, Bruce Morrison (D.-Conn...
...The human rights situation had improved slightly in Chile," explains Ed Long...
...Leavenworth, Kansas, also hosts a Chilean officer, who serves as liaison between the two armies as well as Latin America editor of Military Review, a monthly Army publication with Spanish and Portugese editions distributed in Latin America...
...6 An aide to conservative Wisconsin Republican Toby Roth said the Administration "took the easy way out in response to pressure from the Harkins of Congress...
...Army Command and General Staff College at Ft...
...On the importance of U.S...
...The former secret police official, Armando Fernandez Larios, pleaded guilty to acting as an accessory to the deaths and named two superiors he said orchestrated the crime on orders from Pinochet...
...Radio Cooperativa, December 20, 1987...
...According to one account, U.S...
...Spanning some 20 pages, the report appears to be a comprehensive overview of the rights picture, acknowledging "reliable and documented reports of torture" and an "increase in politically motivated kidnappings, unauthorized searches and threats...
...El Mercurio, October 17, 1987...
...Until that time comes, I will be the last to permit them...
...If the will is there, they can do it...
...See "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices in 1987," Submitted to Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S...
...Another $1.2 million was granted by AID to the Costa Rica-based Inter-American Center for Electoral Assist- ance and Promotion (CAPEL), a group affiliated with the Inter-American Institute of Human Rights...
...He's an eloquent spokesman for democratic change...
...Despite resistance from Pinochet boosters like Jesse Helms, Shultz prevailed and the new ambassador rapidly made it clear that business would not be as usual at the Santiago Embassy...
...Some seek to "strengthen institutional links between Chilean and U.S...
...6 T HE STATEMENT UNLEASHED A FIREstorm in the Chilean press...
...intentions...
...NACLA interview with Rep...
...New York Times, August 3, 1986...
...Agency for International Development...
...Curry, "Subsidizing Pinochet," p. 4. 53...
...Prepared Statement of Elliot Abrams, Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, Before the Subcommittee on International Development Institutions and Finance of the Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs Committee, House of Representatives," July 30, 1986, p. 6 . 74...
...4. Memoria anual de la direcci6n del trabajo, Ministry of Labor, Santiago, 1970...
...investors designed to guard against losses from social turmoil, war or revolution...
...Abrams, "Prepared Statement," p.6...
...National Republican Institute...
...Addressing the House banking subcommittee in July 1986, Assistant Secretary Abrams said "The strengthening of the far Left in Chile resulting from [a failure to return to democracy] could have a negative impact on some still fragile democracies elsewhere in the region and jeopardize U.S...
...The State Department wanted a top person with an excellent track record, a career diplomat of the highest capacity...
...Angering some junta members, Barnes is said to have first made the rounds of opposition political parties...
...policy, though we've come to that consensus for different reasons," says Ed Long, an aide to Senate liberal Tom Harkin...
...Some analysts have argued that sincere efforts by Barnes and others in behalf of a democratic opening have been "diluted by the approving signals the Defense Department continued sending Pinochet...
...3. NACLA interview with Ed Long, legislative aide to Sen...
...It is that consensus-growing Latin American unity expressed in multilateral diplomatic initiatives such as the Cartagena debtors, Contadora and Esquipulas--that threatens U.S...
...AMES D. THEBERGE, THE U.S...
...Ambassador in Santiago are known to have advocated a No vote but are said to have met opposition at the National Security Council...
...This linkage of Central America and Southern Cone policy emerged as early as 1982, promoted from what many will find surprising quarters...
...It's not that we support or endorse Pinochet," says Rep...
...In justifying the project NASA said it would permit the agency to fufill its "performance commitment to the Department of Defense...
...Washington Post, February 8, 1985...
...Policy," p. 2325...
...The State Department responded by accusing the Chilean government of foot-dragging: Its responses have been limited to rejection of our diplomatic notes without offering any potential solutions to the problem and to making public defamatory comments about U.S...
...0 Sources:FBIS-LAT, January 4, 12 and 29, 1988 El Mercurio, January 8, 1988...
...Quoted in Gonzalo Falabella, La diversidad sindical en el regimen militar (Santiago: Programa FLACSO No...
...New York Times, January 17, 1988...
...First Class Marco Morales, Public Affairs NCO, School of the Americas, Ft...
...Washington Post, March 13, 1985...
...and 2,347 of October 19, 1978...
...The project, costing some $18 million, includes the installation of sophisticated radar and communications equipment to be regularly staffed by 4-10 North Americans and more during launches...
...New York Times, February 6, 1985...
...ally in the global struggle against Soviet Communism...
...Peter Hakim, "Key Concerns in U.S...
...WOLA Update, Vol...
...The federally funded InterAmerican Foundation, involved in Chile since just before the 1973 coup, funds a dozen projects for a total of $1.2 million yearly...
...The statement, reportedly approved by Reagan and Shultz, asks that Chileans be "given the chance to select their leaders under conditions marked by respect for basic guarantees and freedoms...
...But as important as the money are the political maneuvers that led up to the World Bank vote, in which the United States ultimately abstained...
...Report on Human Rights in Chile (Washington, D.C.: Commission on Human Rights, Organization of American States, 1986), p. 226...
...But as soon as the banks got their money, Treasury did an about face and began to argue that it couldn't possibly punish its model debtor nation...
...Toby Roth (R.-Wisc...
...Since 1981 the United States had avidly blocked attempts to denounce Chile, yet now Reagan representatives were leading the pack...
...The Reagan Administration's Human Rights Record in 1987" (New York: the Watch Committees and the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, December 1987), p. 34-35...
...See Bouvier, "U.S...
...Among the recipients are a community outreach wing of the Vicariate of Solidarity, a farm credit program and an organic gardening project...
...2 Some argue that the shift is more one of style than of substance, and that contradictions in U.S...
...2,346...
...Last July he also reportedly yanked a cabinet minister at the eleventh hour from a scheduled meeting with the U.S...
...National Democratic In- stitute: Activities 1984-1988...
...7, no.1, p. 1 7 0 . 7. NACLA interview with Ed Long, January 20, 1988...
...Scoring maximum political points, the paper found the regime's use of legal technicalities to deny extradition "unacceptable" and said that "greater Chilean interests and the prestige of the armed forces demand that this affront to Chilean tradition be corrected...
...Gen...
...Seeking perhaps to improve Pinochet's showing in next fall's plebiscite, the government has launched a number of public works projects...
...4 In May 1987 Fernandez received a seven-year jail sentence, but was released last September under the witness protection program...
...The uneasy state of U.S.-Chilean relations have led some analysts to predict that the Easter Island facility could be "used as a lever of pressure" or that "Pinochet could hold the U.S...
...In many ways, we've seen the rise and fall of the Kirkpatrick doctrine...
...S NE ADMINISTRATION MOTIVATION MAY be that the unsolved murders remain the major obstacle to renewed military relations between the two countries...
...By February 1985, Abrams' views were public and he was quoted as saying that in Chile's case "quiet diplomacy" had been ineffectual.' 6 Some conservatives reasoned further that late U.S...
...But like NED, AID is unwilling to provide details in order to protect the Chileans involved, it says...
...The document was printed in full, along with the Foreign Ministry's rejection of all accusations and counter-charge that the North Americans were confusing the role of the Chilean government with that of the independent judiciary...
...Lamenting that legislative restrictions have tied the Administration's hands in Chile, Elliott Abrams told the House banking subcommittee, "We have in fact very limited real influence...
...The general has refused to receive Deputy Secretary Gelbard on his last two summer visits, calling him an "intruder...
...NACLA telephone interview with Janet Ray, Public Information Officer, Ft...
...Later, Reagan's quiet diplomacy was seen as 30REPORT ON THE AMERICAS REPORT ON THE AMERICAS 30 tacit approval...
...Los Angeles Times, January 1, 1987...
...International Financial Institutions Act, Title VII, Human Rights, Section 701...
...At times Treasury has been particularly sensitive to congressional accusations that the Administration is violating the Harkin Ammendment," observed Virginia Bouvier, a Chile expert at the Washington Office on Latin America...
...And the approach advocated by liberals raises troubling questions about the U.S...
...Anrlisis, November 9, 1987...
...T HE FIRST SIGN THAT THE ADMINISTRAtion's criticism might be more than rumblings came that same February when the United States abstained on a Chilean loan application at the InterAmerican Development Bank...
...The democracies of the Western world owe a debt of gratitude for what the people of Chile did in 1973...
...Barnes has personally lobbied Sen...
...The Administration's Central America policy, goes the argument, cannot command any credibility if the same standards are not applied to right-wing dictatorships such as Chile and Paraguay...
...Mark Falcoff, resident fellow at the conservative American Enterprise Institute, says that the country is important for ideological reasons: Liberals regard it as a treasured exhibit in their case against the anti-communist thrust of postwar U.S...
...New York Times, July 14 and 15, 1986...
...Ibid...
...Minimally, most Democrats and Republicans agree that the human rights situation is bad and that Pinochet must give way to a democratic "Silent diplomacy has been replaced by a more open and urgent diplomacy" MARCH/APRIL 198829 MARCH/APRIL 1988 29 Chile transition...
...Human rights monitors are now welcome at the Embassy, a development which has made a difference in cables coming out of Santiago...
...In "Participacion es poder," (Santiago: Comit6 Textil CORFO, 1972...
...Further, a climate of freedom and fair competition must be established many months before the actual balloting takes place...
...According to the National Guard's Public Affairs Office, no joint maneuvers have been held since 1985 and no more are planned...
...They want to hit Pinochet with any means they can and the Letelier-Moffitt case just happens to be there," said one Chilean exile who requested anonymity...
...Amb...
...The ambassador had "planted the American flag in the midst of a Communist activity," according to Jesse Helms...
...42, November 1986), p. 67...
...5 7 The structural adjustment loan, the regime's third in as many years, is not earmarked for any project and will go directly into the treasury, ostensibly for servicing Chile's $26 billion foreign debt...
...Martin Andersen, who recently joined the National Democratic Institute, says that "As in the watershed year 1973, Chile's prospects for democracy are, once again, in many respects ours to lose...
...Jan Shinpoch, "The International Banks and Chile," Report on the Conference, Chile: Human Rights and U.S...
...AMBASSAdor in Santiago from 1982 to 1985, had been called the junta's "fifth man" by the Chilean opposition...
...16, no.4, July-August 1982...
...2 3 The Administration's stance proved a prelude to what is widely viewed as a turning point...
...A year later, the country was dropped from both the Generalized System of Preferances (GSP) and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC...
...Washington Post, December 25, 1987...
...Embassy in Managua in the sensitive period from 1975 to 1977...
...Quintana survived and was sent to Canada for treatment...
...policy toward Chile, rightly or wrongly," says Peter Hakim...
...By means of its "voice and vote" the government is required to oppose loans by multilateral lending agencies to countries which engage in "a pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights" unless those loans "serve the basic human needs of the citizens of such countries...
...Foreign Broadcasting Information Service-Latin America (FBIS-LAT), December 4, 1985...
...foreign policy: the extinction of democracy there proves the unmitigated evils of covert action...
...Hernin Felipe Errazuriz, Santiago's envoy in Washington, said the allocation "jeopardizes [our] clean electoral process" while the daily El Mercurio found the "economic interference I. regrettable...
...Barnes attempted to secure Rojas' removal to a better hospital, facilitated the arrival of the boy's mother in Santiago and attended the funeral, which was tear-gassed and dispersed by soldiers...
...There's a general consensus of support for U.S...
...space program hostage...
...La Epoca, December 19, 1987...
...triggered by Chilean intelligence agents...
...421-423...
...Of the National Endowment monies, Cong...
...Pamela Constable, "Pinochet's Grip on Chile," Current History (Philadelphia), January 1987, p. 3 8 . 56...
...2 8 The actions of the U.S...
...Yet the subtleties in Administration policy have not escaped the Chileans...
...The Peoples Republic of China is said to have been pivotal in rallying support...
...21, nos.5-6 (SeptemberDecember 1987...
...that the regime is not aiding or abetting international terrorism...
...Latin America Regional Reports, Southern Cone, June 28, 1985...
...The symmetry question has remained a theme in U.S...
...Miami Herald, April 6, 1986...
...Pinochet are accusing Washington of imperialistic meddling...
...loans to Chile to ensure approval of replenishment funds for the multilateral development banks...
...While criticizing some Admininstration actions taken in "the name of fighting communism," Sen...
...I think REPORT ON THE AMERICAS 34 they would.I just do not know whether they can sustain them and continue to do it without winking, and it is that winking that bothers me...
...See Holly Burkhalter, "Trade Law: Sanctions Among Friends," Report on the Americas, Vol...
...When that time comes, I will be the first to support restoring those relations...
...interests and perhaps even infiltrated by communists, Santiago dismissed Jimmy Carter's criticisms...
...12, no...
...According to the Defense Department's Public Information Office, the Chileans also participate in "various low level exercises" and an annual joint security conference...
...198, December 10, 1973...
...6 ' Further, Hakim says that since the Harkin Amendment requires the government to oppose lending to Chile, "the Administration clearly has made a conscious decision to ignore it...
...4 Since 1983, Reagan has unsuccessfully requested IMET funds for Chile...
...Department of State, December 17, 1987...
...3 JUST HOW DEEP IS THE SO-CALLED CONsensus...
...Noriega's days are numbered...
...2,345...
...Relations: Tea and Normalization," Report on the Americas, Vol...
...His choice was Harry G. Barnes, a well respected career diplomat who was ambassador to India...
...When the tough question gets called, they're more afraid of communism than they are supportive of democracy...
...I do not feel comfortable leaving too much up to the Defense Department's communications with the Chilean military," said Peter Hakim of the Inter-American Dialogue at a 1986 conference...
...Washington Post, March 5, 1982...
...4. NACLA interview with Kenneth D. Wollock, Executive Vice-President, National Democratic Institute, Washington, D.C., January 25, 1988...
...Benning, Georgia, has three Chilean instructors on staff, who until recently received a per diem out of IMET funds...
...Prior U.S...
...The new Reagan team had, after all, gone far in reversing Chile's ostracism by the Carter Administration, but the Chilean government, it appeared, was not moved...
...Tom Harkin (D.-Iowa), January 20, 1988, Washington, D.C...
...Harry Barnes in November 1985 was a turning point in relations with Washington...
...The staff college, which receives some IMET funds, last trained Chileans in 1974...
...Hakim, "Key Concerns," p. 70...
...Policy, July 7-9, 1985 (Washington, D.C.: WOLA), p. 37...
...Senate, by the Department of State, February 1988...
...2 In the early months of 1986 the press was editorializMARCH/APRIL 1988 31 Chile ing about the long overdue change in the Administration stance...
...Last summer the institute sent a team of experts to provide technical as- sistance on polling and voter registration to the Campaign for Free Elections...
...Spoken before a gathering of CEMA-Chile, an official women's organization, October 21, 1987...
...Allende diplomat Orlando Letelier and his U.S...
...As a result of compelling documentation of labor rights abuses presented by Americas Watch, the AFL-CIO and other unions, a special probationary status was created for Chile in late 1986...
...At presstime NED was unwilling to confirm details of the package, though reliable sources indicate that some $600,000 is earmarked for the Committee for Free Elections headed by Christian Democrat Sergio Molina...
...6 7 Some $60 million or 7% of Chile's exports enter the United States under the GSP...
...There has to be a certain amount of civility...
...Some within government-Ambassador Barnes among them-have lobbied forcefully for greater contact between the two militaries, including International Military Education and Training (IMET) monies...
...Reproduced in English in New Chile, (New York: North American Congress on Latin America, 1972), pp...
...NACLA interview with Jennifer White, January 22, 1988...
...6. Martin Andersen, "Staying the Course in Chile," SAIS Review, Winter-Spring 1987, Vol...
...Barnes in the festivities...
...These "modest steps toward liberalization" ended abruptly as the Chilean economy took a downward spin...
...For a discussion of the Chilean opposition to the project and its political implications, see Bouvier, "U.S...
...A Chilean lieutenant is also stationed at the Northern Warfare Training Center at Ft...
...From NASA Fiscal Year 1985 estimates as cited in Curry, "Subsidzing Pinochet," p. 4. 50...
...Pinochet's Air Force was thus able to purchase $11,000 worth of emergency ejection devices...
...intelligence with the Chilean government...
...When a reporter pointed out that its set of generic prerequisites for a fair election sound more like Scandinavia than Chile under the dictatorship, a government source expressed optimism about what REPORT ON THE AMERICAS 36 could be accomplished in the months before next Fall's vote...
...conservatives were "so relieved by [the Allende government's] disappearance, as to overlook, sometimes scandalously, the vast human costs that attended its extinction...
...Apprised a year later that his troops were not participating in "regular NATO exerMARCH/APRIL 1988 I 33 Chile Washington-Style Aggression ( N THE OTHER SIDE IS THE FOREIGN aggressor who, as an act of revenge or misinformation, is trying to aid those who are committing treason against the fatherland...
...Christian Science Monitor, January 26, 1988...
...U.S...
...support for Anastasio Somoza was partially to blame for the 1979 Sandinista victory and if Washington did not promote a democratic transition, Chile may well become "another Nicaragua...
...Pinochet was not describing the Soviet Union in his New Year's address to the nation last January...
...Los Angeles Times, August 10, 1986...
...According to Peter Hakim, "while this preoccupation [with communism] may have worked to Pinochet's disadvantage this past year, there should be no doubt that this could readily be reversed...
...Silent diplomacy has been replaced by a more open and urgent diplomacy...
...policies in Central America...
...The ills of democracy can best be cured by more democracy," he told his Chilean hosts as he presented his credentials...
...While the Boston Globe reported that some Treasury officials supported the loan on technical grounds, the department is known to have opposed earlier loan applications on human rights grounds...
...MARCH/APRIL 1988 39 Repot o&#n z Ameri Chile 63...
...The signatories were: Christian Democratic Party, Socialist Party (Nufiez), Socialist Party (Almeyda), Humanist Party, Radical Party (Luengo Section), Radical Party (Silva Cimma Section), MAPU, Christian Left, Popular Socialist Union, Social Democratic Party, National Democratic Party, Liberal Republican Party and Worker-Peasant MAPU...
...Los Angeles Times March 15, 1986...
...policy is still primarily motivated by anti-communism and Cold War containment, and in Chile's case, a desire to exclude many of those in Allende's Popular Unity coalition from a role in the postdictatorship period...
...Benning, GA, February 26, 1988...
...taxpayers' dollars to support repressive regimes...
...5. Mark Falcoff, "Chile: The Dilemma for U.S...
...Yet the groups deemed the Administration's United Nations policy on human rights in Chile "self-contradictory," citing abstentions in the UN General Assembly, where "hard-line conservative" Vernon Walters holds sway...
...They won little support, either because "Chile's excellent debt repayment record and stringent economic adjustment program made it an exemplary candidate for continued aid," or because some were reluctant to introduce political considerations into lending decision-making...
...Some forceful messages have been sent, only to be undercut by others...
...meddling...
...and that it is in U.S...
...Penetrating the wall of silence surrounding the World Bank and Administration decision-making is difficult, but in a series of interviews a plausible, if incomplete, scenario emerges...
...Policy," p. 23...
...But a small cadre of Pinochet supporters remain...
...Christian Science Monitor, March 18, 1986...
...Decree No...
...sive polity...
...Pinochet doesn't have a Congress to worry about...
...According to Jack Andersen, the Chileans had agreed to participate "at a time when the Pentagon is finding it 'harder and harder' to talk other Latin Americans into participating.'"6 In 1984 Reagan bypassed certification procedures by reclassifying replacement parts for Chile's U.S.-made aircraft as "safety-related...
...New York Times, December 2, 1984...
...Miami Herald, December 23, 1985...
...4 7 The U.S...
...6 Yet liberal Democrats question the union's fortitude...
...It's a cop-out, basically.' 6 COMING ON THE HEELS OF THE WORLD Bank abstention, rights activists were buoyed by the Christmas-eve suspension of Chile from U.S...
...2 U.S...
...Designed by Congress in 1983 to promote cises and training," as he had been led to believe, the governor withdrew Arkansas from the program...
...The Washington Times account of the incident, published November 16, 1987, was confirmed by a State Department source...
...6 3 Meanwhile, Reagan's abstention seems to have pleased no one...
...7 7 Does that imply a replay of 1973...
...trade preference programs...
...55 WITH MOST AVENUES BLOCKED BY CONgress, U.S...
...Rodrigo Rojas de Negri, a 19-year-old Chilean resident of Washington, D.C., had travelled to his homeland after a 10-year exile...
...Statement on Support for Democracy in Chile," U.S...
...In early March 1986 Barnes arrived in Washington with the draft of a resolution to be placed before the UN Human Rights Commission in Geneva condemning Pinochet's human rights record...
...Denied access to a hospital burn unit, Rojas died four days later...
...emissary...
...The Administration had pinned its highest hopes for quiet diplomacy on the Southern Cone militaries, but Pinochet had just refused to budge...
...Finally, by 1982, fearing Chile might be "another Nicaragua," U.S...
...Reached for comment, a Pentagon spokeswoman said that since IMET funds covered "housing and subsistence allowances" for individual Chileans, "this is not considered direct assistance to Chile," which is banned...
...Bruce Morrison (D.-Conn...
...conservatives and the Chilean government have blamed Barnes for the perceived turn-around in U.S...
...Mark Falcoff writes that Chile's "peculiar" brand of anti-communism has "invalidated" Reagan policies...
...investments currently insured by OPIC will not be affected, while new ventures would be ineligible...
...2. Washington Post, March 30, 1986...
...Washington Post, October 11, 1987...
...Associated Press, Santiago, Chile, May 16, 1985, as cited in Curry, "Subsidizing Pinochet," p. 4. 52...
...The Christian Democratic La Epoca opined that Washington's refusal to let the case drop implies "a permanent state of tension between the two countries, which obviously affects the 32REPORT ON THE AMERICAS REPORT ON THE AMERICAS 32 Sen...
...clear that NASA's project was already used as a politi- cal football on at least one occasion...
...9. Falcoff, "Dilemma," p. 839...
...Significantly, the report finds that "the right of citizens to change their government remains severely restricted" and criticizes several aspects of the plebiscite process, political parties law, voter registration procedures and restrictions on political advertising...
...Boston Globe, December 16, 1987...
...The countries of Latin America are understandly chary about letting political criteria creep into lending policy and simply do not oppose each others' loans...
...Tom Harkin predicts that if Pinochet wins the Fall 1988 plebiscite-a likely outcome given his control of the electoral process-debate will break out over what to do next...
...But the United States had to find some way to make a point...
...Washington Post, December 30, 1984...
...We have very few carrots and few sticks available...
...The GSP permits developing countries to export certain products to the United States duty-free, while OPIC is a federally backed insurance program for U.S...
...19 HE HARKIN AMENDMENT, ALSO KNOWN as Section 701 of the International Financial Institutions Act, prevents the use of U.S...
...The Chileans' salaries are all paid by the Chilean military...
...Barely a year after Motley's remarks, Secretary of State George Shultz classified Chile as one of the hemisphere's "odd men out," along with Cuba, Nicaragua and Paraguay...
...16, no...
...That Panama, especially, should stick in Washington's craw is perhaps understandable...
...Volio has also come under fire for exceeding the rapporteur mandate...
...7. Andlisis (Santiago), September 21, 1987...
...9. Interview by Nibaldo Mosciatti, November 1987...
...Loss of GSP benefits is estimated to cost Chile only $5 million in additional duties annually, prompting The Washington Post to call it "a largely symbolic gesture against the Pinochet government...
...Despite Administration efforts, the Nos or abstentions were less numerous than in a similar vote in 1986...
...8. NACLA interview with Rep...
...Bruce Morrison, who has sponsored legislation to slap economic sanctions on Chile, said "they're trying to have it both ways...
...Two other allocations guarantee Chilean savings and loan associations financing low income housing up to $5 million and funnel food for primary school students through private voluntary organizations...
...also see Virginia M. Bouvier,"U.S...
...role in the hemisphere...
...But there's greater urgency now," he confided in January...
...Ibid., p. 845...
...This should offer some comfort to Pinochet, who has reduced the plebiscite one notch by referring to it as "a consultation...
...Morrison, January 26, 1988...
...policy toward Chile still abound, giving rise to charges of zigzagging, mixed messages and insincerity...
...First Marcos, then Baby Doc...
...In light of the U.S...
...Other beneficiaries of the $1 million allocation are reportedly a Church-sponsored registration campaign, the opposition press and sectors of the labor movement...
...conservatives, many now ensconced in the Reagan Administration, began to reconsider their unequivocal support for Pinochet, as many Chilean conservatives also moved into the opposition...
...Agency for International Development and the U.S...
...Wollock believes NDI's 1985 Washington conference on "Democracy in South America" was pivotal in promoting unity within the Chilean opposition, a process which led to the National Accord...
...In contrast to their earlier criti- cism of NED, congressional liberals such as Sen...
...campaign...
...As such, the Administration's behavior serves to illustrate its "tremendous difficulty in getting the U.S...
...8 This desire to exclude the Left, particularly the country's second largest party, the Moscowaligned Communists, has animated Washington policy ever since...
...Abrams and others would argue for more carrots in the form of IMET funds and the like...
...Believing that its survival is not dependent on good relations with the United States, the Pinochet government nonetheless views itself as a U.S...
...By several accounts the Administration tried to postpone the vote, lobbying both the bank staff and European allies...
...2 " Two other abstentions followed in the World Bank, but by June U.S...
...NACLA telephone interview with Peter Hakim, February 19, 1988...
...Pete Davis, Country Director for Chile for the Inter-American Region, Pentagon, February 22, 1988...
...Policy Toward Chile," Ibid., p. 21...
...NACLA phone interview with Ludlow "Kim" Flower, Director of Latin America, National Security Council, February 1988...
...assistant, Ronni Karpen Moffitt, died following the explosion of a car bomb in Washington, D.C...
...Kennedy and Rodrigo's mother, Ver6nica de Negri security of Chile to a worrisome degree...
...Interview conducted by Canadian union representative Osvaldo Nuhez, Santiago, July 1987...
...Pinochet refused to show up when Gelbard in- sisted on including Amb...
...By the end of the Administration, it will appear as nothing more than a small blip on the screen...
...6. Quoted in La Nacidn (Santiago), July 26, 1972...
...Leavenworth, Kansas, February 26, 1988 and Lt...
...Barnes is seen as an enemy of the regime...
...4 3 The U.S...
...In the first major development since 1979, a Chilean Army captain testified voluntarily in a Washington courtroom in February 1987...
...non-governmental organizations," according to AID's Chile desk officer...
...To do this the foreign aggressor is spending millions of dollars, which is unacceptable interference, and which I am sure our people thoroughly reject...
...National Endowment for Democracy...
...Curry, "Subsidizing Pinochet," p.3...
...Since 1970, Chile has informed their foreign policy views...
...7 Socialism was, after all, on the agenda in Santiago in the not-too-distant past, and as the Washington Post observed " . .. Pinochet's repressive tactics could be leading to an upheaval that would give radical leftists a chance to regain the power they lost in 1973...
...But the general made his own showy visit to the island in September, taking along his wife, daughter, grandchildren, several cabinet members, bodyguards and a bevy of press...
...7 " For some members of Congress , this "regret" justifies certain kinds of intervention in Chile, through channels such as AID, the National Endowment for Democracy and the American Institute for Free Labor 0 Chile's rights record: An embarrassment to Washington Development, a policy that raises difficult questions for those committed to non-intervention and self-determination for all nations in the hemisphere...
...They've focused their wrath on him," said a government source in January...
...National Guard has also held joint exercises with the Chileans...
...Sources close to the Army say Pinochet's most intimate and trusted generals are Roberto Guillard, Sergio Badiola (mayor of the Metropolitan Region and the capital), Santiago Sinclair (vice commander-in-chief of the Army), Eduardo Ibafiez (mayor of Concepci6n), Washington Garcia, Jorge Ballarino and Bruno Siebert (minister of public works...
...Bilateral programs under the Agency for International Development (AID) terminated in May 1981, but a few AID-administered projects continue...
...Greeley, March 2, 1988...
...For a sensitive reflection on Rodrigo Rojas' life and death, see Claudia Dreifus, "Rodrigo's Last Trip Home," Mother Jones (San Francisco), October 1986...
...The legislation is S.709 and HR 1561...
...Washington, D.C., January 22, 1988...
...government sources consistently point with pride to the document released by the State Department last December 17...
...In fact, not one loan presented to the board has been blocked in the bank's over 40-year history, although some controversial projects have been withdrawn or stalled indefinitely...
...Two further AID efforts fall under its "Democratic Initiatives" office...
...NACLA telephone interview with Peter Hakim, Director, Inter-American Dialogue, February 19, 1988...
...Jeane Kirkpatrick's distinction between friendly authoritarians and unfriendly totalitarians is under sniper fire from hidden positions at State," wrote the Wall Street Journal on March 17...
...This is an interesting response by a government supposedly concerned with countering terrorism...
...Pinochet rebuffed their attempts at negotiation, but the accord, which excluded the Left, found backing in Washington...
...The Administration's desire to remove Pinochet is still overshadowed by its desire to isolate the Left...
...Early resolution of the now 12-year-old case seems unlikely, since as a Chilean source put it, "It's very touchy within the military...
...3. This estimate is derived from the results of CUT national elections and membership votes for UP party slates...
...On last December's vote, see Boston Globe, December 16, 1987...
...Andersen, "Staying the Course," p.174...
...But times have since changed, necessitating a symbiotic relationship between liberals and the State Department on this issue...
...Neither approach required any "special, costly favors...
...La Epoca, October 10, 1987...
...assistance to Chile has been reduced to token amounts...
...The $285 million in U.S...
...ACCORDING TO CLOSE OBSERVERS, U.S...
...The debate turns on whether Washington is using its considerable leverage for good or evil, not on whether it should unilaterally seek to determine the course of events in other nations...
...Last October, a Chilean court denied the Letelier family's request to re-open the case...
...5 (September-October 1987...
...With no bilateral assistance and commercial bank lending severely curtailed, continued multilateral lending is paramount if Chile is to continue servicing its foreign debt, one of the highest per capita in the world...
...The litany of human rights and democracy for Nicaragua would win few converts if not balanced by similar demands for Chile...
...The argument is that reform-minded officers could help ease Pinochet out and that the Pentagon program could, in the words of one spokesman, help "inculcate our views of how a military operates in a democratic society...
...This atmosphere would be marked by easy and equitable access to the mass media, especially television, by unrestricted dis- cussion of political issues, broad freedom of as- sembly, early announcement of the rules of any electoral proceeding, facilitation of registration by prospective voters, and freedom for citizens and political groups to campaign peacefully in favor of their ideas...
...Despite improvements, Reagan policy as well as that of its congressional opponents remains ambiguous...
...Hoy, December 7, 1987...
...attempts to extradite those implicated in the affair have consistently failed, and some fault President Carter for refusing to follow through on announced retalitory sanctions...
...NACLA interview with Rep...
...The State Department's recently released 1987 report relies heavily on the documentation of Chilean human rights groups, primarily the Church-run Vicariate of Solidarity...
...Greeley, Alaska, and the center sent a group of 11 soldiers on a joint mountain climbing expedition in early 1988...
...Washington Post, July 6, 1986...
...NACLA telephone interview with Public Affairs Office, Ft...
...Yet from a time when the new Reagan team busily tried to alter Chile's pariah status and dismantle post-coup congressional sanctions, now Washington liberals talk of a bipartisan foreign policy consensus on Chile...
...This doesn't mean the individuals involved don't mean what they say, but the policy has given the Administration some breathing space...
...The Esquipulas peace process--Central Americans solving Central American problems-fundamentally challenges the Monroe Doctrine at a time when even longtime friends such as Gen...
...that the Chilean government has taken steps to prosecute those implicated in the Letelier-Moffitt deaths...
...6. Such as Carlos Huneus...
...2 With bilateral aid curtailed, Chile's access to funds from multilateral lenders is crucial, and one of the few ways the Administration has been able to provide financial support to the regime.2 By August 1986, 11 opposition political parties, prodded by the Catholic Church, had signed a National Accord outlining a democratic transition...
...Liberal and conservative members of Congress alike are proud of the last two years of dictator-toppling...
...5. APSI (Santiago), June 22, 1987...
...In his 1988 New Year's address, Pinochet obliquely referred to the "foreign aggressor," while allowing that the United States-which he did not name-might be acting on the basis of "misinformation...
...Yet the Administration feels the statement places it firmly on record in favor of clean polling...
...Execu- tive Vice President Ken Wollock says his National Demo- cratic Institute (NDI), chaired by Walter Mondale, does non-partisan political development work abroad, designed to support "new and fragile democracies in emerging countries...
...7. Ibid...
...Policy," p.22...
...3 2 In their annual response to the State Department's country reports, Americas Watch and the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights praised the "positive work of Harry Barnes, who has broadened the Embassy's contacts with democratic figures and shown consistent human rights concern...
...1 4 T HE REASON MOST FREQUENTLY CITED for Reagan's retreat from his early abrazo of Pinochet is what is simply described as "symmetry...
...Gonzalo Falabella, Labour in Chile Under the Junta, 1973-1979 (London: University of London, Institute of Latin American Studies, 1981), p. 4 . 5. Author's interview with Ministry of Labor staff, Santiago, 1972...
...Chile has the wherewithal to respond quickly...
...There are three other known exceptions to the military ban...
...In 1981 the new Reagan government successfully repealed the 1976 Kennedy Amendment barring military assistance to Chile...
...Convinced that the Carter Administration was working against U.S...
...Information Agency's international visitors program...
...Washington Post, March 5, 1982...
...Many observers point to the general's lack of "reciprocity...
...The World Bank has become a symbol of U.S...
...Information Agency, which is responsible for monitoring the program...
...As one Chilean press account put it, Pinochet's September trip was undertaken partly to 'reassert Chilean' sovereignty over the land," according to a Washington Times report...
...Hoy (Santiago), December 1987...
...Tom Harkin sponsored this package...
...Miami Herald, July 10, 1986...
...policy, steadily gaining adherents...
...now Gen...
...Falcoff, "Dilemma," p.843...
...Language similar to the U.S...
...Ibid., pp...
...One million dollars will be spent by the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), which received the money from Congress via the U.S...
...THROUGHOUT 1987 AND EARLY 1988, SEVeral issues remained at centerstage in U.S.-Chilean affairs, among them the 1976 "murders on Embassy Row...
...It was, after all, the Panama of Omar Torrijos which success- fully forged a solid regional consensus behind Panama- nian dominion over the canal...
...NACLA telephone interview with Sgt...
...Edward Kennedy observed in a Los Angeles Times op-ed: "As we learned to our regret in Nicaragua, American support for dictatorship of the Right is an invitation to dictatorship of the Left...
...9 From 1973 to 1977 he says that U.S...
...Kornbluh, "Tea and Normalization," p. 47...
...New York Times, February 5, 1987...
...An aide to Sen...
...6 2 In December's vote the Chileans were successful in closing ranks with other developing countries against the U.S...
...The New York Times reported last December that Pinochet "avoids all but the most passing diplomatic contact with Harry G. Barnes . . . ""0 N A JANUARY ARTICLE ON PANAMA, THE New York Times quoted a State Department official about the changed thinking within the Reagan Administration toward dictatorships...
...HE CHANGE IN STYLE AND MESSAGE WAS apparent within months...
...The implication was that the regime's hands were tied...
...The School of the Americas, located since 1984 at Ft...
...The role played by congressional liberals is not surprising...
...In August 1985, "Operation Pegasus" brought five Arkansas guardsmen to Chile...
...On July 2, he and Carmen Gloria Quintana, 18, were doused with a flammable liquid by a Chilean Army patrol who then set them afire...
Vol. 22 • March 1988 • No. 2
