Better Never Come
Could the American be his s visa?, implored a 19-year-old waiter to the visitor sitting at one of his tables in a Montego Bay hotel. If he didn't make it to the States, he would never earn...
...6. Philip Wheaton andJeb Mays, eds.,Jamaica: Caribbean Challenge (Washington: EPICA Task Force, 1979), p. 49...
...6, Nov-Dec 1979...
...22 38 Corporations & Oov...
...XIII, no...
...9 and 11...
...11-14...
...As the 1976 election neared, political violence reached unprecedented levels and a virulent anti-communist crusade emerged from all corners- the U.S...
...5. On the role of bauxite inJamaica's economic and po30JanlFeb 1981 litical life, see "Caribbean Conflict: Jamaica and the U.S.," NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol...
...25NACLA Report ing links with Cuba, part of its emergent third world nationalism, reinforced fears of a "communist threat," alienating many of the local capitalists and professionals who had been active members of the PNP...
...The tangible desperation to "go a foreign" encountered by the tourist last winter was a measure of the hard times--irregular, if any work and even yam prices soaring...
...A series of "mysterious" events--a contaminated flour shipment that led to the deaths of 11 people--and a continuous round of rumors - Kingston's water supply allegedly poisoned- reverberated through the city, heightening the sense of chaos...
...Allan Eyre, "Land & Population," p. 9. 20...
...8. Ken Post, Arise Ye Starvelings, p. 160...
...IMF-Is Manley Fault" was the charge raised in opposition strongholds...
...5. For the early history of the Jamaican peasantry and of the sugar industry, see G.E...
...Jamaica 1979 (Kingston: Government Printing Office, forthcoming), p. 16...
...The Extended Fund Facility loan agreed to in May 1978 required a 30% devaluation during the first year of the agreement, $180 million in new taxes, restriction of wage increases to below increases in the cost of living, liberalization of price controls sufficient to insure a 20% rate of return on capital, and drastic cutbacks in government spending, including the reduction of government subsidies on basic foodstuffs like flour and saltfish...
...Allan Eyre, Geographic Aspects, p. 57...
...II, no...
...The continual upward pressure on import prices of manufactured capital and consumer goods as well as foodstuffs was aggravated by the sharp rise in the price of imported oil following OPEC's formation...
...Manley et al., as cited in Ken Post, Arise Ye Starvelings, p. 119...
...6. Shirley Smith, "Industrial Growth," p. 28...
...Allen Ehrlich, "East Indian Cane Workers," pp...
...4 (Dec...
...Cumper, "Two Studies in Jamaican Productivity," SES, Vol...
...And tourism, another key foreign exchange earner, virtually succumbed to a well-orchestrated campaign, involving the U.S...
...The Jamaican Labour Rebellion of 1938 and its Aftermath (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1978...
...It was through the mounting number of dead, the widespread appearance of sophisticated weapons, and the Gleaner's sensationalistic coverage that the violence achieved its intended effect: mass hysteria...
...Allen S. Ehrlich, "East Indian Cane Workers," p. 56...
...What did materialize, however, was a drastic reduction in living standards as median real wages plummeted by up to 35% in 1978 alone...
...Gisela Eisner, Jamaica 1830-1930 (Westport: Greenwood Press Publishers, 1961...
...Individuals $14 $24 Students & Unemployed 12 20 Educ...
...transnationals and in the White House, was similarly adverse...
...Contracted wage increases averaged 50-60% in late 1974 and through 1975 and began to exceed substantially cost of living increases...
...3 (May-June 1978...
...and Ken Post, Arise Ye Starvelikngs...
...And lest anyone fail to get the message it was repeated in reggae rhythms on every rickety porch and street corner...
...In other words, socialism in Jamaica would mean only democratic reform of the capitalist system -ultimately to include, according to party and government pronouncements, state ownership of the economy's "commanding heights," worker participation in corporate profits and decision-making, and equitable distribution and productive use of idle lands...
...Most of this money was transferred illegally...
...Subsequent to its first radical pronouncements, the government went out of its way to explain that the new order being pursued was already alive and well in countries like West Germany...
...In international forums, Manley grew more outspoken about the inappropriateness of IMF prescriptions in "developing" countries...
...Private household workers and craftsmen were, respectively, the first and second most numerous immigrant groups...
...Socialism is running the country now...
...travel agents, to discourage vacationing in Jamaica...
...XIV, no...
...Io ikrtn ., * GREI T O6 Finance the Hon...
...SHOCKER...
...THE NEW WAVE It was, of course, the rural and urban working class and petty producers who bore the brunt, albeit unevenly, of economic crisis...
...5 (SeptOct 1980...
...diss., Brown University, 1976), pp...
...But widespread unrest persisted...
...But as unequivocally reformist as its programs were, Jamaica's brand of social democracy was not well received in bourgeois circles...
...It thus set the stage forJamaica's eventual march down the infamous IMF path...
...More than any other factor, it was the IMF program that delivered the knock-out punch...
...The decision to go to the lending agency capped the fall from grace of the party's left-wing which had pushed instead for greater state intervention in the economy as part of a process of continued reform...
...Eyre, "Land and Population," p. 9. 27...
...But among the hundreds of Jamaicans leaving home for good each day, a disproportionate number carried the credentials of the middle strata-professionals, technicians, civil servants, small businessmen and middle management personnel...
...CITY STATE ZIP Back Issues 1 thru 15, each $5.00...
...A PR CENT devalution and S$180.3 million of new taxation GA F r' T ' 1 were announced by the Minister of dn...
...andJamaican press (specifically, the Daily Gleaner), the private sector organizations of the national bourgeoisie, the Jamaica Labor Party (JLP) and the U.S...
...Behind the reference to "disadvantaged peoples" is a conception of societies that are innately poor and where, due to presumed "backwardness," too many babies are born...
...7 and Elsie Lefranc, "Peasant and Community in Jamaica," (Ph.D...
...55-78...
...6. 11...
...The Gross Domestic Product continued to decline (continuing its movement since 1974) as production Prime Minister Michael Manley (left) at 1979 Nonaligned Meeting in Havana with Grenadan Prime Minister Maurice Bishop, UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim and Cuban President Fidel Castro...
...2 (1980), p. 119...
...Inside the country, local industrialists were less than enthused by labor's quick gains under the stimulus of reform...
...Cumper, "Labor Demand and Supply in the Jamaican Sugar Industry, 1830-1950," Social and Economic Studies (SES), Vol...
...displeasure, and then the complete cut-off of international commercial bank lending as the situation became increasingly unstable...
...Mona MacMillan, The Land of Look Behind, (London: Faber & Faber, 1957), p. 167...
...Barricading themselves behind wrought iron gates against the intruders, among them the sons and 29NACLA Report brothers of the women who cleaned their homes, the middle strata grew increasingly uncomfortable...
...The government's grow*A fuller discussion of the origins of and early reaction to democratic socialism appears in "Caribbean Conflict: Jamaica and the U.S.," NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol...
...Eric Bell, in the i C .. d , I ISF ., , House of Representatives on May 9. q. " ,d ' -. d,, 6 y t!.i * BEER UP TO 5 5 ' -. I d-.6 d. (-h i- 15 ab, Shock to society the L C L dea change rae and rees inle SAL COHOL UP TOO...
...Most of the working poor, however, condemned neither the man nor his program, but readily acknowledged that 21/2 years of IMF-imposed austerity was the price Jamaica paid for its attempt to buck the system...
...By 1978, there was another sharp increase in the number moving abroad...
...Ransford W. Palmer, Caribbean Dependence on the U.S...
...She was anxiously hoping for word from relatives in New York that they would try to arrange a visa for her...
...in just 21/2 years, those agreements brought the process of domestic reform to a complete halt and simultaneously shattered the living standards of the vast majority of Jamaican workers...
...As became clear toJamaica's National Planning Agency chief, nothing less was being asked than "a thorough reorientation of the government's policies...
...press and U.S...
...IMF YANKS THE BELT TIGHTER The complete exhaustion of foreign exchange reserves by the end of 1976 provoked a bitter sruggle within the ruling party and government...
...In a previous Report, NACLA challenged this bogey of the immigrant job-stealer and demonstrated that the presence of a vast reserve of immigrant labor has actually prolonged the life of certain industries in New York City...
...At that time, emigration of the middle strata was dominated by its bottom layers: between 1967 and 1976, the country's notoriously lowpaid nurses comprised fully one-third of that flow...
...2. Franklin Abrams, as cited in Ransford W. Palmer, Caribbean Dependence on the U.S...
...Allan Eyre, "Land and Population in the Sugar Belt ofJamaica" (Dept...
...diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1975), p. 119...
...Allen S. Ehrlich, "East Indian Cane Workers in Jamaica," (Ph.D...
...15% devaluation, $180.3m new taxes I.M.F...
...8. Elsie Lefranc, "Peasant and Community," p. 211...
...II, no...
...THE LAST STRAW Left-wing influence in the party and government resurged as the pointless hardships imposed by the IMF created widespread anti-PNP sentiment and fueled the opposition's attacks...
...Prime Minister Michael Manley sounded the trumpets: "The 24 NACLA ReportJanlFeb 1981 days of capitalism are over...
...2. Karl Marx, Capital, Vol...
...1), p. 4-5...
...Furthermore, while the PNP marshalled workers' hopes- and capital's fears - it chose not to organize the kind of struggle necessary to bring about fundamental change, thus placing the country at the mercy of capitalist reaction...
...Were it not for the "socialism" of Michael Manley and his People's National Party (PNP), the brutal conditions of the International Monetary Fund loan package would never have come to pass...
...owes more to the disadvantaged peoples of the world than to its own...
...NAME STREE Subscription Rates (4 issues) 1 Yr...
...The final blow to the balance of payments was the suspension of foreign aid as a demonstration of U.S...
...Until recently, life in Jamaica had offered them the best of all possible worlds: the "informality" of the tropics and all the amenities of North America, homes and gardens cared for by the vast army of working poor, and weekend excursions to north coast beaches and to the shopping malls of Miami...
...XV, no...
...2 Yr...
...Unemployment, already 218,000 in 1977 soared to 299,000 in 1979, an incredible 31.1% of the labor force...
...2. Norman Girvan, Richard Bernal and Wesley Hughes, "The IMF and the Third World: The Case of Jamaica, 1974-80," Development Dialogue, No...
...4. For a full discussion of the incentive legislation, see Owen Jefferson, The Postwar Economic Development of Jamaica (Kingston: Institute for Social and Economic Re- search, 1972), pp...
...it is also likely that restored "investor confidence" will generate new growth for a period of time...
...The large-scale movement from this small, but highly visible, mostly urban sector of Jamaica's labor force was not unprecedented...
...Obscured, ignored, denied in this "charity" approach are the vast changes introduced in these societies by the expansion and domination of capital from its base in industrial countries like the United States...
...5. Girvan, Bernal and Hughes, "The IMF and the Third World," p. 132...
...Land capture in the countryside, the growth of Rastafarianism in the urban slums, and the mushrooming of anti-imperialist and socialist thought in and around the university reflected the raised expectations for social change...
...A young cocktail waitress who also worked in the hotel's "Plantation" dining room, was less direct...
...Measures to further restrict immigration will extend the burdens of undocumented existence to many additional migrants, but they will not stem the tide...
...4 In July 1977, Jamaica signed the first of two 26JanlFeb 1981 loan agreements with the Fund...
...Jim Phillips, "Fe Wi Land a Come: Choice and Change on a Jamaican Sugar Plantation," (Ph.D...
...Economic sabotage was also decisive in the sharp decline in foreign exchange inflows...
...178 * MONDAY, MAY 22, 197kJanlFeb 1981 Democratic socialism was an attempt to address, from within the framework of capitalism, the legacy of development familiar to third world countries--chronic and widespread unemployment and poverty and their attendant effects...
...Already in the mid-60s this "bad man" culture assumed a political character as party politicians recruited street gangs to establish and defend party turf in sufferer communities...
...The attempt to cope with rising prices and rising unemployment through additional foreign borrowing siphoned off an increasing share of foreign exchange in debt service...
...In an attempt to weaken the government's stance on its production levy, the U.S...
...6 The "IMF shocker," so dubbed by the Daily Gleaner, did indeed thoroughly reorient government policy, shifting the balance decidedly in favor of the private sector and increasing the profitability of investment...
...See also, "The PNP Experiment in Social Reform," Jamaica: Caribbean Challenge, pp...
...Stanley Reid, "An Introductory Approach to the Concentration of Power in the Jamaican Corporate Economy and Notes on its Origins," in Carl Stone and Aggrey Brown, eds., Essays in Power and Change in Jamaica (Kingston: Dept...
...Although, they argue, the postwar program of import-substitution had once achieved impressive growth rates, the domestic market has been long exhausted...
...But the backlog of third world experience with yet another failed "take-off' tactic does not bode well for Jamaica's working people...
...TheJamaican Labour Rebellion of 1938 and its Aftermath (The Hague: Mar- tinus Nijhoff, 1978), pp...
...But Jamaica's "experiment" also points to the inevitable complicity of social democracy in the brutalization of rural and urban workers...
...I (New York: International Publishers, 1967), p. 642...
...The new wave has also drawn off highpaid professionals and management personnel in large numbers...
...The opportunity to do so first came in December 1977...
...And as the "good life" increasingly fell prey to new taxes, import restrictions and four more years of economic crisis, the numbers climbed higher...
...But political violence reached striking dimensions in 1976- part and parcel of the effort to discredit the government and ensure its defeat at the polls in December...
...Allan Eyre, Geographic Aspects, Chs...
...8. Girvan, Bernal and Hughes, "The IMF and the Third World," p. 129...
...BETTER NEVER COME 1. Cited in Philip Wheaton andJeb Mays, eds.,Jamaica: Caribbean Challenge (Washington: EPICA Task Force, 1979), p. 68...
...In the previous decade, a sub-culture of street violence had crystallized in the burgeoning sufferer communities of the KMA, and the forages of lumpen and working poor youth, led by their top-ranking "rude boys," increasingly extended into the enclaves of the well-to-do...
...When world recession and inflation further menaced the possibilities for economic growth, thus threatening PNP popularity, the government sought to corral discontent and consolidate its support by championing this movement for social change...
...On November 1, 1980, the office of prime minister passed to JLP leader Edward Seaga, the man who had promised "deliverance"-from economic crisis and from "communism...
...Ultimately, victory fell to the party "conservatives," those who sought to strengthen the hand of the private sector in an IMF solution to the crisis...
...Like most third world countries, Jamaica's balance of payments was already burdened by international inflation...
...Agencies 42 78 Add for Foreign Mall $4 (yrly...
...Neither criminal nor political violence was a novel phenomenon...
...r M r 'a 0P works, skills training, limited land redistribution, and health and education programs were aimed at the chief victims of 25 years of modernization- the rural poor and urban sufferers...
...This discussion is based chiefly on interviews with several former employees of Jamaican government agencies concerned with agricultural development...
...diss., University of Michigan, 1969), p. 89...
...See also Elsie Lefranc, "Peasant and Community," pp...
...The path to economic deliverance, he and the national bourgeoisie allege, is the "Puerto Rican model" of export-led industrialization...
...Public Wall graffiti proclaim the various political currents...
...Even before "socialism started running the country," Jamaica had dismayed its American "benefactors" by unilaterally imposing a production levy on bauxite and by its lead in organizing a bauxite cartel modeled after OPEC...
...If he didn't make it to the States, he would never earn enough to build a home in Jamaica for his family...
...Reaction in the corporate headquarters of U.S...
...In the documented flow to the United States, most INS categories of immigrant workers--clerical, sales, craftsmen, operators, private household, other services, farm and general laborers -showed an increase of 100% or more between 1977 and 1978 alone.' And some sources suggest that the undocumented movement is equally large...
...For a fuller discussion of these developments, see Allan Eyre, Geographic Aspects, Chs...
...Post Office Box 792 Riverside, California 92502 Each issue of Latin American Perspectives is a comprehensive, self-contained book on one of Latin America's most urgent topics...
...ta 27NORTH AMERICAN EDITION 40' V ,UM NO 7,ODY A 5 OO fell off in private and public enterprises...
...1 (1954) p. 75...
...increased sharply...
...XII, no...
...7. NACLA interview with former government official...
...Foreign and domestic companies, displeased with even a diluted democratic socialism, failed to expand investment and, despite the IMF stamp of approval, international commercial banks held back new lending...
...In Kingston's "greater city of poor people" (so described by Marcus Garvey in 1938), political graffiti scrawled across vacant walls identified the culprits of economic collapse...
...7. Shirley Smith, "Industrial Growth, Employment Opportunities and Migration Within and From Jamaica, 1943 to 1970," (Ph.D...
...Economy (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1979), Ch...
...Further dt-adw tmallim H.a At,beh f0i am ld: alaWk "d.1 15 pm cn duriri tLa .et war will be anlWed by - k. my et wbk' H e Cabl- had iond 6 NACLA Report 28 VOLUME NO...
...Cutbacks in government spending, wage "restraint" and currency devaluation are standard procedure in Fund agreements...
...immigration legislation has been pending for several years, and is apparently on the agenda of the new Congress...
...GAS $3 PER GAL...
...p. 176 and Lambros Comitas, "Occupational Multiplicity in Rural Jamaica," in Viola Garfield, ed., Proceedings of the American Ethnological Society: Symposium on Community Studies in Anthropology, (Seattle: University of Washington, 1963...
...Many of the local industrialists who closed down operations and/or curtailed new investment likewise sent their liquid assets abroad, as did the upper echelons of the frightened middle strata...
...Social and Economic Facts of Migrationfrom the West Indies (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962), p. 25...
...What they forget to mention is that in Puerto Rico, this strategy has borne fruit in a 40% rate of unemployment...
...Shirley Smith, "Industrial Growth," p. 42...
...As foreign companies operating on the island slowed new investment to a standstill, the remittance of profits to company headquarters in the U.S...
...diss., Yale University, 1974),Chs...
...Hard times were certainly not new to Jamaica's working poor but, in painful contrast to the promise of "democratic socialism," the past few years had been harder still...
...As the political and economic situation deteriorated, criminal violence escalated...
...With Manley re-elected in December 1976 and economic crisis settling in, middle strata migration soared...
...Economy (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1979), p. 89...
...But the economic recovery that theoretically was to follow, completely failed to materialize...
...Despite the well-known implications of an IMF-sponsored recovery, and the existence of other options (pushed by the Left), the "socialist" administration of Prime Minister Manley led Jamaica's working people straight to the sacrificial alter of the IMF...
...This economic sabotage was widely identified, both inside and outside the Jamaican government, as one phase of a multi-level "destabilization" campaign, jointly organized by Washington and the Jamaican opposition...
...To ensure the primacy and increased profitability of "free enterprise," allegedly necessary to economic recovery, IMF credit is always conditional upon "belt-tightening" in the debtor countries...
...For quite some time, discussion of the "reform" has been permeated by a notion of "them or us...
...OwenJefferson, The Postwar Economic Development of Jamaica (Kingston: Institute for Social and Economic Research, 1972), p. 92...
...Such a "choice" arises from the supposed costs to Americans of "liberal" immigration policy-in overburdened social services, heightened racial tensions and, above all, unemployment...
...MANLEY ON THE SIDE OF REFORM In a movie to mobilize popular support behind its two-year-old rule, the PNP government in October 1974 declared its commitment to social democracy in Jamaica...
...Seven months later, before the government could make any real headway on its alternative economic path, it was defeated at the polls...
...The trials it experienced clearly point to international capital's low tolerance for reforms, particularly in underdeveloped countries where they have tended to breed demands for even more radical social change...
...On WISCO's early history, see Ken Post, Arise Ye Starvelings...
...See NACLA, Vol...
...XII, no...
...CONCLUSION The overhaul of U.S...
...Foreign Air Mall $10 (yrly...
...Interestingly, this violence never spilled into "better" neighborhoods, remaining primarily a tragic war between sufferers...
...of Government, UWI, 1976), p. 45...
...The pattern of migration from the underdeveloped to the advanced capitalist countries will only change when the form and content of international development is no longer determined by capital's unceasing drive for profit...
...Other Single Issues, $4.00 (Add handling charge of $1.00 per order) Discount of 20% on orders of ten or more...
...When Jamaica failed another performance test in December 1979, the Fund demanded incredibly harsh new conditions for continued loan support: "a major reorganization of the structure of government administration, a paring down and rationalization of the public enterprises and massive government cuts," among others.s Having nothing to gain from further austerity, the Manley administration broke off negotiations with the Fund in March 1980, and turned to pick up the pieces of democratic socialism...
...2 (March- April 1981...
...In other words, the loan conditions overturned every fundamental aspect of the government's reforms...
...Following its electoral victory in 1972 on the platform that "Better Must Come," the PNP had rapidly enacted a series of reforms...
...Implicit in the posing of this choice is an equally uninformed assumption about the causes of migration...
...State Department...
...More ominous to the bourgeoisie than the sharp rise in labor costs, however, was the apparent growth of a political Left - the left-wing of the PNP and a vocal and recognizable communist party--sanctioned by democratic socialism...
...3. Shirley Smith, "Industrial Growth, Employment Opportunities and Migration Within and From Jamaica, 1943 to 1970," (Ph.D...
...1954...
...Both moves in the spring of 1974 were heartily endorsed by Jamaica's own industrialists...
...The PNP government's albeit limited inroad into the private sector, problematic in itself from the point of view of capital, was moreover stimulating demands for far more radical change...
...companies cut back bauxite and alumina production and exports in those two years...
...But it was the capital strike of 1975 and 1976 that precipitated the enormous increase in the outflow of foreign exchange...
...Barbara Boland, "Population and Migration," p. 16...
...Davison, West Indian Migrants...
...3. For an analysis of the increased foreign indebtedness of the Jamaican state over the past decade, see Richard L. Bernal, "Transnational Commercial Banks, The International Monetary Fund and Capitalist Crisis in Jamaica 1972-80," Paper presented at the Conference on Finance Capital and Dependence in the Transnational Phase: A Latin American Perspective (Mexico City, 1980...
...In the following year, the number of managers and administrators moving to the United States quadrupled...
...Cited in Ken Post, Arise Ye Starvelings, p. 124...
...129-32...
...101-2...
...Owen Jefferson, Postwar Economic Development, p. 34...
...Inst...
...7. N.W...
...A national minimum wage was introduced in 1974 (initially set at J$20/week but later increased toJ$24 to soften the IMF blow...
...Some were already on their way out in 1975 and 1976, their departure prompted by whipped-up fears of encroaching communism and by the seeming loss of social order as violence gripped the island, especially Kingston...
...As the government prepared to accept the loan package, the Prime Minister let it be known that his Ministry of Mobilization was to stop mobilizing: education and organization would only increase resistance to IMF austerity requirements...
...3. On the Puerto Rican experience, see the forthcoming NACLA Report on the A mericas, Vol...
...References MIGRATION'S MOTOR 1. Ken Post, Arise Ye Starvelings...
...Moreover, the balance of payments deficit actually worsened over the period in which the agreements were in force...
...9 and 11...
...But she too found little solace in her seasonal employment, in the irregular paychecks that would never cover the cost of the nursing education she aspired to...
...Duncan as the party General Secretary, the post he was forced to resign two years earlier after opposing the move to the IMF...
...Allan Eyre, Geographic Aspects, p. 140...
...9. Cited in Elsie Lefranc, "Peasant and Community," p. 215...
...It also reflected the complete faith that in America money is always easy to come by...
...Allan Eyre, Geographic Aspects, p. 144...
...7 As it became apparent thatJamaica was once again at least rhetorically bucking the system, the IMF jolted it with an additional shock...
...43-4...
...Although the campaign did not succeed in losing Manley the election-in fact, he was returned on a landslide victory--it did hurl Jamaica into profound economic crisis, evident in the dwindling of foreign reserves and in the layoffs and shortages that were a by-product of capital's boycott...
...As one New York Times reporter recently put it, "The debate in Congress may turn on whether, in the short-run, the U.S...
...At the Non-Aligned Conference in Havana in August 1979, he pulled out all stops with regard to foreign policy in a bid to win financial support from oil-producing third world countries...
...Ibid., pp...
...Maunder, Employment in an Underdeveloped Area: A Sample Survey ofKingston,Jamaica (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1960) 10...
...WHERE SUGAR IS KING 1. R.B...
...But Manley's willingness to give aid and comfort to the "enemy," -his warm praise for the Cuban revolution and his vocal support for a Cuban military role in Africa--made his government intolerable to the powers-that-be in the United States...
...109-10...
...9. W.F...
...4. NACLA interview with former government official...
...On the origins and development of political violence in Kingston, see "Jamaica: Roots of Electoral Violence," in NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol...
...or ,h ,,Io...
...So while some among the middle strata have already repacked their bags and headed home to Seaga, it should not be long before "exportled growth" produces new outflows of labor...
...diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1975), p. 1. 4. On the small cultivator's attitudes to land use, see Allan Eyre, Geographic Aspects of Population Dynamics in Jamaica (Boca Raton: Florida Atlantic University Press, 1972), Ch...
...6. Ibid., p. 126...
...THE OTHER SIDE STRIKES BACK Domestic and foreign opposition made itself felt in 1975 and 1976 in a series of events that precipitated the severe economic and balance of payments crises of those years...
...FUTURE ISSUES ON: * Mexico * Central America Military and State 0 Social Classes History of Latin America Minorities PEASANTS I: APITAL ACCUMULATION AND RURAL UNDERDEVELOPMENT SSUE 18, SUMMER 1978) PEASANTS II (ISSUE 19, FALL 1978) AUSM AND IMPERIALISM IN THE CARIBBEAN: A/COLOMBIA/TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO (ISSUE 20, WINTER 1979) VIEWS ON DEPENDENCY (ISSUE 21, SPRING 1979) ATE AND DEVELOPMENT POPULAR MOBILIZATION SSUE 22, SUMMER 1979) CAPITALIST CRISIS AND WORKER'S CHALLENGE (ISSUE 23, FALL 1979) BRAZIL It SUE 24, FORTHCOMING) 3Y ON WOMEN Available 0,4 rf k hAlil1 POPULATION AND IMPERIALISM - WOMEN IN REVOLUTION (ISSUE 15, FALL 1977) CULTURE IN THE AGE OF MASS MEDIA (ISSUE 16, WINTER 1978) THE CARIBBEAN, BOLIVIA, & BLACK FOLKLORE (ISSUE 17, SPRING 1978) Send Subscription To: Latin American Perspectives c/o C.M.S...
...Inside Jamaica, the new mood was reflected in the re-election of D.K...
...f 1.US$l.00...
...9. Barbara Boland, "Population and Migration," Economic and Social Survey...
...When Jamaica narrowly failed a "performance test" stipulated in the first agreement, the Fund cut off credit, forcing the government to negotiate a new loan package...
...On the "occupational pluralism" of the Jamaican peasantry, see Elsie Lefranc, "Peasant and Community...
...3 (May-June 1978...
...241-46...
...of Geology and Geography, University of the West Indies [UWI], Occasional Papers No...
...But, they continue, production of (non-traditional) exports for foreign, especially U.S., markets will permit renewed growth and rapid development towards a modern industrial economy...
...Their numbers swollen by 20 years of modernization, the middle strata took third place in the migrant stream to the United States in the first years after Congress revamped its rules in 1965...
...Taking full advantage of the new bid for funds, the agency imposed upon Jamaica what its own staff called "shock treatment...
...It is likely that infusions of American aid and easy IMF-credit (now being negotiated) will soon permit a limited rebound from the economic lows of the Manley years...
...But in the case of Jamaica, mere belt-tightening would not do...
Vol. 15 • January 1981 • No. 1
