U.S. Training Programs For Foreign Military Personnel THE PENTAGON'S PROTÉGÉS
NACLA
Introduction This issue of the Report documents and analyzes U.S. military training programs for foreign military personnel. While emphasizing programs for the Latin American armed forces, we also...
...And in interviews with members of U.S...
...This program was combined with other forms of psychological warfare that were conducted to woo the people away from opposition forces and to make them think that the military, and thus the regime in power, had the interests of the people at heart...
...IX, No...
...graduates of military institutions are assigned to maintain contact with foreign graduates of the same institution around the world...
...Secretary of State Kissinger backed the Pentagon option in order to forestall a complete cutoff of MAP funding...
...Country grants Eximbank articles grants Other aid Sup.Asst...
...Once you do one project all by yourself the villagers will forever after expect this from your team...
...military bases located in the Canal Zone itself, including Fort Gulick which houses the 8th Special Forces (Green Berets) and the U.S...
...Gulick in the Panama Canal Zone, has this task as its principle mission...
...These politico-economic functions are normally carried out by the resident Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) or military missions in each recipient country...
...Therefore even though the United States had poor relations with the Allende government, its influence over the armed forces remained strong...
...While MAP has declined, military exports under the Foreign Military Sales Program (FMS) have boomed to a high of $12 billion in fiscal 1975...
...Hearings, 91st Congress, 2d Session, 1970, p. 112...
...It is difficult to present the material on how U.S...
...training assistance is aimed less at hard military expertise than it is at the cultivation of internal political attitudes favorable to the United States...
...d. Propaganda Analysis: The scope, purpose, capabilities, and limitations of propaganda analysis...
...By pouring millions of dollars of aid and investment into Brazil, the United States hoped to create a new model for capitalist development in Latin America - one led by the military...
...For more on civic action see Willard F. Barber and C. Neal Ronning, Internal Security and Military Power: Counterinsurgency and Civic Action in Latin America (Ohio State University Press, 1966...
...2 When looked at in these terms, Laird asserted, "a MAP dollar is of far greater value than a dollar spent directly on U.S...
...There were two direct results of this Task Force - in 1971 the Defense Security Assistance Agency was created as the responsible body within the DOD for international security assistance...
...Assistance includes training in small arms, vehicle maintenance, road construction and jungle warfare...
...These students are handpicked by their countries to become Instructors when they return home...
...Inactivity or monotony...
...American governments to assist the military forces in their tasks...
...9 This however, did not become the major U.S...
...Beginning in 1965, the Academy offered a course in Special Air Operations (i.e...
...military training institutions and is one reason why the "Brazilian miracle" is so important for the United States...
...Army, particularly, is the model for the armies of most of the Latin American republics...
...These military governments have played a conspicuous role in initiating many new challenges to U.S...
...Department of Defense: Defense Security Assistance Agency," Government Business Worldwide Reports, Washington, D.C., October 28, 1971...
...cadets have toured academies in Central and South America, and the foreign cadets return the visits...
...Civic action was designed to bring the military into close contact with the people, particularly in rural areas (where most of the insurgency was located in the mid-1960s), by participation in development projects (construction of dams, medical stations, roads) that would promote a positive image of the armed forces...
...In fiscal year 1974, in fact, 11 of 49 MAAGs were in countries that received no MAP aid, while 12 more were in countries which received only token amounts for training purposes...
...Arms Sales to Latin America," NACLA's Latin America Report, Vol...
...According to the International Herald Tribune, a State Department source explained that Kissinger's decision was "based on his conviction that he needs to retain every possible carrot and stick in his diplomatic arsenal...
...Little information about important events...
...This system continues to take a large toll in human lives, and has provoked strong denunciations by international organizations, including the United Nations, for the systematic violation of human rights...
...All 13 governors of the Canal Zone, appointed by the U.S...
...The increased emphasis on intelligence functions coincides with a shift from rural to urban counterinsurgency, reflecting the upsurge in urban guerrilla warfare...
...Given the role of the Latin American military as defenders of internal security, more than 70% of the training courses deal with counterinsurgency operations and techniques...
...This process began in Vietnam, where the United States brought in civilian contractors to continue the war effort after * Under this amendment, a United Nations finding of human rights violations would be sufficient to cause Congress to cut off economic aid...
...planners recognized from the start that there were risks in building up indigenous military forces: their loyalties could not be controlled in every case...
...Lucian W. Pye, "Military Development in the New Countries," (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Center for International Studies, 1962), p. 31 (mimeographed...
...The curriculum also includes several sessions on the theory and practice of military civic action and related counterinsurgency activities...
...PREREQUISITES: Company-grade officers in active military service with interests or responsibilities in urban counterinsurgency operations or doctrine...
...Some U.S...
...allies in the Vietnam war by the Department of Defense under the Military Assistance, Service-Funded (MASF) program.a E. PL480, Other grants: includes local currencies generated under the "Food for Peace" program that are used for military purposes, as well as ships loaned by the U.S...
...The insurgent program and doctrine presented through propaganda doesn't have to represent the truth, since once the imagination and support of the people has been gained, the insurgent program is of secondary importance in comparison to the supreme importance of destroying the reigning order...
...military aid effort since World War II...
...Overseas Loans and Grants, July 1, 1945-June 30, 1974 (Washington, D.C.: 1975...
...They were attending their twenty-fifth class reunion.' The Hall of Fame of foreign graduates of U.S...
...The dominant position, presented by the commanders from Brazil, Chile and Uruguay, is based on the need for strong repressive force and an institutionalized rule of terror to "protect the hemisphere from the international Communist conspiracy...
...military and intelligence activities in Latin America, including the military assistance programs...
...b 1 9 5 0 - 5 4 only...
...the strengthening of the non-aligned nations...
...imperial system...
...Though various issues have been resolved between the negotiators, the question of the military bases and defense of the Canal continues to pose serious problems...
...291 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC...
...161 9 HAITI...
...For more on the administration of security assistance see David E. Lockwood, "International Security Assistance: An Analysis of Recent Developments in U.S...
...force posture, which serves in many ways the national security and foreign policy interests of the U.S...
...More than 4000 Chilean officers and enlisted men have been trained at these facilities, including the current leaders of the ruling junta...
...interests throughout Latin America...
...investment in training programs which are intended to foster long-term relationships between U.S...
...policies internationally and to promote U.S...
...community development programs...
...training programs increasingly included more sophisticated courses on fiscal planning, development policy, government administration and geopolitics...
...to improve or create closer communication between the people and the government, and to clarify the roles of civil and military agencies in the early detection and identification of the insurgent apparatus and the neutralization of the leadership.* Particular emphasis was placed on the role of the mass media in contributing to the psychological warfare effort during insurgency, "since by their nature most of these measures are rather harsh...
...In response to criticism of the MAAG role, the Director of the Defense Security Assistance Agency, Lt...
...In 1975, more than 200 foreign military personnel from 28 cwuntrim attended this School...
...Since the coup, the training program has expanded greatly, with the majority of the officer - and enlisted - trainees attending the U.S...
...12.Ibid...
...An efficient intelligence operation on the part of the government, directed toward the new urban classes, should be able to determine the extent and magnitude of the existing insurrection...
...and the U.S...
...346 COLOMBIA...
...The first foreign officer arrived from Switzerland in 1894, and since then more than 3500 officers from other countries have gone through the program...
...1. Definition of rural areas...
...2. Characteristics -Its source is not obvious, thus avoiding the resistance encountered by White Propaganda efforts...
...give-away programs at a time when the United States itself is confronted with severe economic problems...
...Bragg provided courses on the Soviet Union and Communism...
...TOTAL Panama 7.0 - 1.1 - 3.9 27.0 39.0 Paraguay 13.8 0.7 3.7 - 2.7 - 20.9 Peru 91.3 55.0 6.8 27.1 1.7 181.9 Uruguay 47.0 15.8 7.9 - 3.5 - 74.2 Venezuela 13.3 132.2 0.1 - 14.6 - 160.2 Regional/8ther countries 28.7 - 1.8 - - 40.3 70.8 AFRICA, Total 351.1 172.7 21.8 - 13.2 471.6 1,030.4 Ethiopia 206.5 36.0 12.9 - 8.1 3.3 266.8 Guinea 0.9 - # - - 22.3 23.2 Liberia 8.6 4.9 0.1 - 0.3 - 13.9 Libya 15.4 - 0.7 - - 21.8 37.9 Mall 2.8 0.5 0.1 - - 3.5 6.9 Morocco 40.4 86.5 4.0 - 0.4 71.1 202.4 Nigeria 1.5 0.3 - - 73.3 75.1 Tunisia 43.0 12.5 2.3 - 0.3 11.6 69.7 Zaire 27.1 28.5 1.7 - 4.1 251.8 313.2 Regional/Qther Countries' 4.9 3.5 - - - 12.9 21.3 EUROPE & CANADA, Total 14,328.6 1,091.8 283.7 - 358.5 1,358.9 17,421.5 Austria 97.6 47.1@ 2.7 - - - 147.4 Belgium,Lux...
...o Pentagon strategists began developing contingency plans for low-cost, low-visibility assistance and training programs designed to upgrade the capacity of local forces to overcome guerrilla movements...
...Not only are they the instruments of repressive control, but also the promoters of economic development in the various nations...
...Try to present your ideas to the (village headman) in such a fashion as to make him think it was his idea in the first place...
...training institutions, the courses are taught within a framework that promotes distrust for neutral or non-aligned policies...
...This is even more true, he argued, "in countries faced with serious insurgency or subversion...
...Northrop, for instance, has several hundred employees in Brazil, Chile, Jordan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan and Malaysia helping air force personnel in these countries to operate the F-5E "International Fighters...
...Secretary of Defense for Security Assistance within International Security Affairs of DOD...
...The various military governments of Latin America are the result of specific class configurations in each country...
...The Report also discusses the role of the Military Assistance Program, which will be phased out over the next few years...
...Military Intelligence School and West Point, among others One purpose of this training is to instill a desire for and familiarity with U.S...
...None of the programs under the jurisdiction of SOUTHCOM will be affected.14 - Training Chile's Terrorists U.S...
...Israel, a major recipient of U.S...
...General Edgardo Mercado Jarrin, the first foreign minister, who attended the U.S...
...X, No...
...As a result of varying definitions of what actually constitutes security assistance, there are often discrepancies in total military assistance figures...
...Congress, Senate, Committee on Appropriations, Foreign Assistance Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1976, Hearings, 94th Cong., 1st Sess., 1975, pp...
...Army and the other services, government agencies and allied military personnel...
...j. Includes Malta, Finland...
...those aspects of disaffection that cause defection...
...50 HONDURAS...
...the U.S...
...2. Ibid...
...According to recentlypublished Pentagon statistics, there is a total of 7,700 U.S...
...Counterinsurgency training involves the reorientation of the military away from the concept of conventional war...
...2998 TOTAL...
...5 (Emphasis added) The argument that armies can play a positive role in the development of their countries was made with renewed emphasis by Nelson Rockefeller in 1969, when he called the military "the essential force of constructive social change...
...Their problems are real and urgent and it is quite probable that today the insurgents are working in all the cities of the world taking advantage of their misery...
...Objective: To create internal disunity in order to debilitate the activity...
...Latin America Books is a service for supply of books from and about Latin America Our customers throughout the world are individuals, academics, Latin America Books acts as distributors to the trade for some institutions, librarians and bookshops...
...This technique is more important the lower the literacy rate...
...military sales or for political matters related to U.S...
...Finally, the changes taking place in Latin America today are best understood in the context of recent world developments, including: the defeat of U.S...
...In 1962, when guerrilla war broke out in Guatemala, President Ydigoras commented that "one of our great difficulties is that both sides have been trained in the same tactics by the same experts...
...Air Force Command and Staff College at Maxwell Air Force Base...
...training institutions was one reason cited by Congressional critics of the MAP program when they suc* Ten of the twelve military officers who carried out the Peruvian coup in 1968 received military training in the United States, including Major General Juan Velasco Alvarado (President until the summer of 1975), and Brig...
...As cracks begin to emerge in the once-solid relationship between the U.S...
...base rights (Turkey, Spain), or to further foreign policy objectives (Jordan, Egypt...
...Asst...
...Police Terrorism in Latin America," NACLA's Latin America Report...
...influence in the hemisphere: the creation of a new Latin American Economic System (SELA, a development organization that does not include the United States), international support for the demands of the people of Panama to assert their sovereignty over the Canal Zone, the vote of the United Nations Decolonization Committee declaring Puerto Rico a colony, policies to protect natural resources through producers' associations, and the lifting of the OASimposed sanctions on Cuba - facilitating Cuba's active participation as a member of the Latin Ameri- can community...
...Also subject to distortions...
...c. Handling Captured Personnel and Documents: Correct treatment of captured personnel for successful interrogation...
...contractor personnel stationed in 34 countries to provide technical services in connection with the Foreign Military Sales program...
...Anticipating possible problems, Assistant Secretary of State Edwin Martin pointed out in 1963: Theoretically we could put vast amounts of arms and riot equipment into Latin American hands today to stamp out rebellion...
...In addition to providing air support for ground operations and other battlerelated activities, the air forces of Latin American nations were an integral part of the U.S.-sponsored civic action program because they were able to airlift supplies and materials to remote areas in the fulfillment of civic action goals...
...Brazil ($60 million - fifth highest in the world under FMS...
...practical application of interrogation techniques e. Employee Procurement and Use: The need for government employees in areas and organizations that may possibly fall under insurgent control...
...intelligence in VIP security...
...The insurrection sharpens the interest of the public and the rumor gives an answer to problems about which you can't give complete information for the moment...
...Department of Defense tables (1975...
...Military an I gr cool I i A~lr lence U.S...
...New York Times, October 22, 1975...
...Hope For people with a sense of frustration motivated by unfulfilled desires, the rumor relieves the tension of wishing...
...document processing d. Process of Interrogation: Principles and techniques...
...Most instruction is given in Spanish...
...504 officers were enrolled in the Combat Arms Orientation Course, which is patterned after basic infantry courses given to U.S...
...Sixty percent of the participating officers have attended staff schools in their own countries before entering the ten-month regular course of instruction at the College...
...1962), became an engineer for Kaiser Engineers in Oakland, California...
...2. Reasons: Through this knowledge, to be able to employ or control rumors as the circumstances or situation demands...
...Country (In Weeks) Instructors Bolivia Bolivia Bolivia Chile Chile Chile Chile 1 5 17 12 3 10 10 Dominican Republic 18 El Salvador 1 El Salvador 3 Guatemala 1 Honduras 2 Uruguay 1 Uruguay 1 Uruguay 4 Venezuela 1 Venezuela 4 Venezuela 1 Cambodia 7 Indonesia 6 Bolivia 2 Colombia 4 Colombia 6 El Salvador 4 El Salvador 15 El Salvador 4 2 Communications maintenance 4 Tactical operations 5 Supply/logistics 2 English language laboratory maintenance 6 Tactical operations 5 Drill sergeant Purpose FISCAL YEAR 73 2 Aviation maintenance 2 Mortar maintenance 7 Supply/logistics 6 Armor maintenance 4 Tactical operations 3 Soils analysis 4 Engineer equipment maintenance 10 Tactical operations 3 Civic action 2 Language laboratory maintenance 2 Howitzer operation 4 Military police 2 Administration 1 Mine detection 4 Engineer equipment operation 1 Parachute rescue 5 Tactical operations 1 Explosive ordnance disposal 20 Long-range reconnaissance patrol 4 M60 machine gun operation and range firing Guatemala 8 Honduras 2 Honduras 3 Honduras 9 Nicaragua 8 Panama 4 Venezuela 5 Venezuela 5 Venezuela 7 Venezuela 4 Venezuela 4 Indonesia 6 Bolivia 4 Colombia 6 Dominican Republic 3 El Salvador 14 El Salvador 14 Guatemala 3 Honduras 11 Peru 10 Uruguay 3 Venezuela 5 Jordan 13 Indonesia 13 Indonesia 11 Indonesia 6 Indonesia 12 Indonesia 11 6 Tactical operations 4 Airborne 3 Communications 2 Vehicle operation 5 Engineer equipment operation 6 Maintenance 1 Maintenance survey 1 Maintenance survey 5 Explosive ordnance disposal 1 Transport vehicle maintenance 3 Underwater reconnaissance 3 Maintenance and repair of communication equipment FISCAL YEAR 75 1 Vehicle maintenance 8 Basic infantry tactics 3 Personnel records 3 Vehicle maintenance 2 Engineer equipment operations 2 Vehicle maintenance 4 Airborne 7 Counterinsurgency 3 Tactical operations 3 Repair parts supply 4 Special forces 3 Installation, operation, and maintenance of communications equipment 3 Operation and maintenance of communications system 3 Small arms repair 4 Heavy equipment repair 7 Advanced airborne techniques FISCAL YEAR 7431 Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Dominican R. Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela TOTAL 1 10 2 14 13 57 2 14 23 4 2 11 153 4 9 7 21 24 4 11 23 3 10 3 4 5 3 42 173 10 7 7 2 1 27 11 8 11 31 4 5 16 9 16 46 14 171 7 10 2 43 14 31 14 9 10 13 3 9 9 4 6 19 9 212 3 2 1 10 1 3 6 1 22 3 1 1 13 14 81 7 3 8 1 8 11 14 8 4 2 12 18 7 7 10 25 145 2 150 20 1i 173 1128 8 1 1137 5 7 28 8 5 2 4 16 2 1 1 79 References LATIN AMERICAN MILITARIES 1. Inforpress Centroamericano, Guatemala, #165, October 30, 1975...
...As Latin America continues to raise new challenges to the United States, the Pentagon is forced to adopt new mechanisms to maintain its position of dominance...
...Other figures include Omar Torrijos, leader of Panama...
...favor, however, and that is the rapport between representatives of the U.S...
...The position is currently held by Carlyle Maw, who had been Henry Kissinger's private attorney before his appointment as Secretary of State...
...Thir matmhl should be burned or dtrtro ed when it is rmbstltuted or withdrawn from Inrtruction...
...It is also the highest level U.S...
...and Latin American military personnel...
...That is to say, we are interested in that part of the population that is psychologically linked to the land...
...In a reference to Latin American nationalism, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George Brown recently stated that: "one element remains strongly in U.S...
...insurgent capabilities...
...Translation from Le Figaro, Paris...
...Quoted in Philippe Nourry, "Camping Tonight, Camping Tonight," Atlas, May, 1968, p. 19...
...One rebel leader, Turcios Lima, first attended the Guatemalan military academy, and then the U.S...
...policy: thus military aid was reduced to Peru after the government nationalized the holdings of the International Petroleum Company in 1968...
...The United States will be forced to adapt its policies to the challenges from the nationalist military governments and to the increasing unviability of the repressive military solution...
...Strategy for the Latin American Military The U.S...
...SOUTHCOM The Panama Canal Zone houses the headquarters of the U.S...
...North American and Latin American publishers...
...Objective: To cause fear and terror...
...Leavenworth also offers visiting trainees exposure to all aspects of American life through orientation tours and visits to points of interest...
...This lesser known aspect of the training program is considered extremely important by Pentagon officials who explained that the tours are "an important method of exposing a significant leadership group to American life and society at a crucial point in their intellectual development, thereby affecting their future philosophy and convictions...
...WEST POINT There is not on the whole globe an establishment more monarchial, corrupt and corrupting than this, the very organization of which is a palpable violation of the constitution and laws of the country, and its direct tendency to introduce and build up a privileged order of the very worst class - a military aristocracy - in the United States...
...Objective: Complacency, to later deal a blow to the morale by catching them off guard...
...The military is playing a critical role in the growth of nationalism...
...1448-1518...
...One of the authors of this doctrine, Professor Lucian Pye of M.I.T., wrote in 1961 that, "the armies created by colonial administration and by the newly emergent countries have been consistently among the most modernized institutions in their society...
...de Operaciones de Apoyo, Escuela de las Americas, Ft...
...Army Command and General Staff College at Ft...
...process of integration...
...g. Includes Cuba (1946-1960 only), Jamaica h. Includes $1.5 billion to French forces in Indochina (1946-54...
...Navy for an indefinite period...
...graduates include maintaining contact with former alumni from other countries...
...Contrary to what was written by Marx and the early teachings of Lenin, many communist insurgent movements of the second half of the 20th century received their initial impulse, their organization and their force from the rural population...
...Such aid is also used to protect U.S...
...Bragg, N.C...
...Sales to Latin America have been increasing at a spectacular rate: from an average of $30 million yearly in the 1960s, to $72 million in fiscal 1971, $118 million in fiscal 1974 and a projected $180 million in 1976...
...A related factor in the rapid acceleration of arms sales is the rise in oil costs, which has led to the accumulation of millions of excess dollars in the reserves of the Middle East countries and sheikdoms...
...The Congressional drive to regain authority over foreign policy decisions has led to numerous confrontations with the Administration...
...Similarly, the use of civilian technicians will also allow the United States government to circumvent the Congressional ban on military aid to Chile, which ended the formal U.S...
...The Command and General Staff course offered here is restricted to senior officers and (since 1956) is only given to foreign students...
...Latin America is slated to receive only a small amount of aid, with all but one of the grants under $600,000...
...PURPOSE: To provide selected Latin American officers with a basic knowledge of urban counterinsurgency concepts, operational tactics and techniques...
...Army Command and Staff College at Fort Leavenworth and West Point, all provide nationwide tours for visiting officers...
...This was partly due to the costs of operating the program: $136.5 million in 1974...
...government - Chilean military personnel continued to attend U.S...
...Our commanders are very smart, but the rebels are very smart too...
...Be-, Ga This institution, which produced many of the U.S...
...In the Congressional Presentation Document for Security Assistance for fiscal year 1976, the Administration is proposing for the first time that a separate Foreign Military Training Program be established...
...Depar of Defense tables to NACLA, Nov...
...This interdepartmental group was to be the mechanism by which the State Department would exercise its influence over the entire security assistance program...
...8. Quoted in Miles Wolpin, Military Aid and Counterrevolution in the Third World (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, D.C...
...control...
...Army School of the Americas at Fort Gulick in the Canal Zone...
...9. Ibid., p. 29...
...The Pentagon has recently assigned a representative to the negotiating team led by Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker to prevent the State Department from giving up strategic U.S...
...Joseph P. Rice (a 1951 graduate of West Point), travelled to Bolivia in April 1967 to train and supervise the Bolivian Army ranger batallion that was used to hunt down and kill guerrilla leader Ernesto Che Guevara...
...3. Anti-governmental Activities a. Unknown persons who try to join the local security forces without any recruitment attempts on the part of the authorities may be an indicator of an attempt by the insurgent movement to undermine the government forces from within, or to obtain a reliable source of intelligence...
...post-World War II strategy to contain communism and protect U.S...
...West Point influence on foreign military establishments is furthered by the large portion of U.S...
...IADC, according to an official brochure, is "a military institution of high level studies, devoted to conducting courses on the Inter-American System and the political, social, economic, and military factors that constitute essential components of InterAmerican defense...
...This doesn't mean that an urban insurrection can be directed and coordinated by a rural insurrection, but the communist theorists of today place emphasis on the countryside and the rural population as the source and the basis of success for many insurrections...
...2. Actions Aimed at Gaining Popular Support a. The disappearance or movement of youths possibly indicates the recruitment to form guerrilla bands in the area...
...254 NICARAGUA...
...6. "Notes from the House Appropriations Subcommittee on DOD Appropriations for 1976," Inter-American Economic Affairs, Vol...
...Congress has also acted to reduce or eliminate MAP aid...
...Most of the information for this section came from this interesting and comprehensive study of West Point...
...consequently in 1961 the International Police Academy was established to train Third World police forces...
...At the same time, the Security Assistance Program Review Committee was created in the State Depart- ment with the new Under Secretary as its executive / ' V10 chairman, and including representatives from the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the DOD, Treasury, National Security Council and Office of Management and the Budget...
...After World War II, the threat to Latin America was described as an external one, coming from Soviet aggressive designs to penetrate the continent...
...The primary function is to train military personnel in counterinsurgency operations...
...In order to increase military exports to Latin America through the FMS program, President Nixon was obliged, in May 1971, to waive a $75 million ceiling on arms transfers to the region that had been imposed by Congress...
...training, he replied that "from the military point of view it was very good...
...Often U.S...
...Armed Forces and the Latin American military fraternity, which more often than not comprises the leadership of the governments in these countries...
...Emphasis added)' The military training programs have one overriding purpose - to develop relationships with foreign military officers that will lead them to support U.S...
...f. Psychological Aspects of Urban Guerrilla Warfare: Psychological and sociological factors that influence the individual to join, endure hardship, and stay with insurgent organizations...
...In a 1967 report to a subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Professor Lieuwen reported: The recent wave of military interventions suggests that the U.S...
...And while the Vinnell team will presumably be withdrawn from Saudi Arabia after a specified duration of time, many of the maintenance and support programs will result in the creation of a permanent American presence inside the armed forces of many Third World countries...
...Congress.7 From MAP to FMS: SECURITY ON A CASH BASIS The Military Assistance Program (MAP) has been the cornerstone of the U.S...
...military personnel, but through orientation tours that take the trainees to historic points of interest, to government buildings and institutions in Washington, D.C., to interviews with industrial leaders and legis- lators, and to factories and farming areas...
...attitudes and assumptions...
...civic action and PSYOP...
...In addition to providing combat training, they also assisted in various civic action projects...
...Amy Infantry & U.S...
...The training at the College has attempted to facilitate Inter-American military cooperation through the close relationships built up among the trainees and through the understanding of U.S...
...Several schools organize clubs in other countries, such as the West Point Societies, where graduates can meet and keep alive the friendships and attitudes that they acquired during their stint in the United States...
...3 0 INTER-AMERICAN DEFENSE COLLEGE-Washington, D.C...
...Address all correspondence to Box 57...
...defeat in Vietnam and the subsequent development of the Nixon Doctrine (see above...
...training programs, the work of the missions, and the contact between United States and Latin American military men did little to improve military respect for civilian authority and constitutional processes...
...they would incorporate the U.S...
...13 While the grant assistance program is fading out, the Administration will seek to accelerate credit sales of U.S...
...ASIA, Total Afghanistan India Iran Iraq Jordan Lebanon Morocco Nepal Pakistan S. Arabia Sri Lanka Tunisia Other AFRICA, Total Ethiopia Ghana Liberia Libya Mall Nigeria Senegal Sudan Upper Volta Zaire Other LATIN AMERICA, 107,099 142,691 249,790 Total 775 1,128 408 4,160 9,642 22,668 2,119 449 9,420 20,286 10,276 25,768 18,410 359 539 9,018 372 1,054 312 1,105 45 3,919 1,174 39 446 28 5,739 3,413 205 571 429 69 462 18 124 28 404 16 19 66,357 26 597 5,637 9,811 35,652 27 5,825 4,221 4,499 10,020 5,116 33 1,789 32 44 1,188 1,104 530 206 190 463 139 4 41 5 8 266 794 67,485 434 4,757 15,279 32,479 37,771 476 15,245 24,507 14,775 35,788 23,526 359 572 10,807 404 1,098 1,500 2,209 45 4,449 1,380 39 636 28 6,202 3,552 205 575 470 74 462 18 132 28 670 16 Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba (1950-60) Dominican Rep...
...I" Therefore, even though the MAP program is ending, the United States has not abandoned its strategy of supplying training and weapons to the world...
...The Inter-American Defense College (IADC) was established in 1962 as a senior service school similar to the U.S...
...Brochure, Department of the Army, Headquarters U.S...
...Finally, and apparently of least importance, U.S...
...Gulick...
...Catalogues are shops and correspondents we are able to supply new titles, issued and we maintain a record of particular country or subject government publications, publications of political organisations, interests...
...The 44 courses offered at USARSA are divided into four sections...
...n22 c. Media: Audio-visual advantages and disadvantages...
...arms in Latin America are Argentina ($30 million in 1975...
...This program lasts nine weeks with 305 houra of indruction...
...regimes are threatened by insurgent movements (Colombia, Peru...
...influence over Third World military forces...
...Bragg in "riot control, counterguerrilla operations and tactics, intelligence and counterintelligence, and other subjects which will contribute to the maintenance of public order...
...Students in Selected USARSA Courses, 1970-75 C 8, '&,C Z 1 R q , A ~ SC 0 ~ o Source U.S...
...dollars in millions) Includes: A. MAP grants: direct grants of military equipment and services (including training) provided under the Military Assistance Program (MAP).a B. FMS Eximbank credits: Credits furnished by the U.S...
...Thus, while the Pentagon is banking on the new "white collar mercenaries" to reduce the risks and contradictions that surround the formal programs, it will have to abandon some of the political objectives of the MAP programs...
...Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti (1950-63) Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela EUROPE, Total Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Turkey United Kingdom Yugoslavia NATO Agencies 28,621 43,030 71,651 2,766 502 7,544 2,811 2,527 33 307 782 1,601 239 729 475 388 467 808 60 402 3,385 1,120 1,675 82,684 415 3,768 3,836 37 12,600 1,190 11,980 8,144 63 4,744 4,042 2,246 8,536 16,274 3,719 625 465 WORLDWIDE-Total 242,553 910 3,454 904 3,517 3,673 496 214 2,923 2,955 1,443 2,301 92 2,253 271 4,089 4,070 1,033 3,349 1,417 3,666 15,943 11 1,430 811 1,742 434 2,164 1,219 113 1,553 1,386 751 1,336 2,626 148 219 3,676 3,956 8,448 6,328 6,200 529 521 3,705 4,556 1,682 3,030 567 2,641 738 4,897 4,130 1,435 6,734 2,537 5,341 98,627 426 5,198 4,647 37 14,342 1,624 14,144 9,363 176 6,297 5,428 2,997 9,872 18,900 3,867 844 465 207,243 449,796 "aSource: U.S...
...NAVY PROGRAMS The Naval War College at Newport, Rhode Island, was the first U.S...
...Time Period Number U.S...
...Nelson A. Rockefeller, "Quality of Life in the Americas-Report of a Presidential Mission for the Western Hemisphere," Department of State Bulletin, December 8, 1969, pp...
...A significant example of the latter was the honoring of Raul Castro, head of Cuba's Armed Forces Ministry at the anniversary of Mexican independence in September 1975 in Mexico City...
...House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Foreign Operations Appropriations for 1963, Hearings, 87th Cong., 2d...
...Military Apparatus, published by The North American Congress on Latin America, August, 1972...
...students...
...Funds for this program would no longer be included in the MAP budget, but would be requested separately under another provision of the Foreign Assistance Act...
...Requests for MAP training are presented to the Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) which then coordinates the request with "training survey teams" that are sent to each MAP country with the estimates of the number and type of training spaces available at U.S...
...and foreign military forcea...
...Only persons very sensitive to changes and very familiar with the area and local conditions will be able to recognize such indications...
...Bragg in 1973 to conduct training in security assistance and civil-military operations, in addition to Special Forces instruction...
...foreign policy...
...Gulick...
...Army School to cater exclusively to Latin American personneL The courses are taught for the most part by U.S...
...use and control of rumor 7. Air Operations in Urban Counterinsurgency: Introduction to air-ground operations 8. Counterinsurgency Exercise: Practical exercise 9. Communism: Theories and Strategies: Communist ideology and insurgent doctrine...
...Department of Defense, quoted in Wohlpin...
...government...
...To ensure the success of this politico-military strategy, the United States has poured millions of dollars of military aid into Latin America for equipment, advisors and training programs...
...This was confirmed by U.S...
...In fact, at the moment of the coup, joint U.S...
...Therefore, these programs have not been completely effective in achieving the goals desired by the United States...
...The Draper Committee, charged by President Eisenhower with evaluating the military assistance program in 1959, found that "there is no single aspect of the military assistance program which produced more useful returns for the dollars expended than these training programs...
...d. Networks of police and informants don't provide the kind of reports they should...
...However, the fact of increased intervention by primarily repressive and antidemocratic military officers, indicates that this goal is not being met...
...insurgency Environment: Intelligence orientation...
...Cathedral Station, New York, NY 10025...
...A doctrine of the "new military" was developed by U.S...
...Each area of study ie broken down further into specific ledurea (e chart of Frogram of Instruction for the course on Urban Counterhmrgency Operations...
...4. Institute of International Education, Military Assistance Training Programs of the U.S...
...ARMY SCHOOL OF THE AMERICAS AS OF 6 SEPTEMBER 1976...
...In 1974, SOUTHCOM was identified as one of seven major U.S...
...Ibid...
...military training installations and programs...
...military institutions can boast other men like Somoza, such as the current members of Chile's ruling military junta and military leaders in Brazil and Argentina...
...the need for training in management, economics, public administra- tion, the social sciences, and related fields is most critical...
...the expansion of the socialist world...
...aerospace officials in interviews...
...Types of rural and urban indicators as they affect the population and the insurgent propaganda effort...
...Latin American countries have a quota of two cadets a year, which is not always filled...
...In 1962, the Defense Department integrated additional material on U.S...
...This task is better suited to the capability of police and paramilitary forces, and * A 1970 Special Study Mission to Latin America from the House Foreign Affairs Committee found that 85 percent of the Brazilian military who would come to the United States under MAP training would be on orientation tours...
...The vehicle that the Pentagon used to try to achieve this goal was the Military Assistance Program, which itself contained the seeds of several of the problems facing the United States today...
...reprinted in Wolpin, p. 197...
...Copyright 1976 by the North American Congress on Latin America, Inc...
...These technicians will not provide the ideological indoctrination that is an essential aspect of the formal military training programs, and the Pentagon will continue to rely on the traditional schools and orientation tours for this purpose...
...President, have been West Point graduates...
...Marine Corps Command and Staff College, the U.S...
...There are many reasons for the rapid transition from MAP grant aid to arms sales, including growing Congressional opposition to any more "give-away" programs...
...Kidnappings, political assassinations, assaults, acts of sabotage, student uprisings, ambushes, strikes, riots, etc...
...A small number of foreign students attend the U.S...
...28 West Point, the most elite military academy in the United States, the producer of nearly two thirds of U.S...
...Thus, a study mission from the House Foreign Affairs Committee which visited Peru after the 1968 coup found that: Despite the attendance of top Peruvian officers at American military schools, despite U.S...
...The 1976 MAP Program Twenty-two nations are scheduled to receive grant assistance in FY 1976...
...As noted by Professor Edward Lieuwen, "the basis for military aid to Latin America abruptly shifted from hemispheric defense to internal security...
...counterparts - among the most advanced and ambitious in the U.S...
...officers are also selected to attend this 42-week program...
...Provides an excuse for behavior Projection is one of the most powerful defense mechanisms for avoiding the pangs of conscience...
...8th Special Forces in the Canal Zone.19 U.S...
...Army School of the Americas Catalogue and tables submitted to NACLA, November 1975...
...These training centers provide officerlevel instruction to foreign and U.S...
...Both forms of military rule are raising significant problems for U.S...
...training.13 In addition, the more recent coups in Panama, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile have all been led by men who received at least some training in the United States or the Canal Zone (see box on Training of Chileans).* The fact that so many military rulers attended U.S...
...military institutions that provide training for foreign military personnel can be found in the appendix, with selections from course curriculums and lectures from the Special Warfare Center at Ft...
...The Vinnell episode set off a chain-reaction of other disclosures and thus forced the Pentagon to acknowledge what had long been surmised: that the Nixon-Ford Administration has shifted many overseas defense tasks from the regular Armed Forces to the lower profile of U.S...
...Army Psychological Warfare School at Ft...
...13 3 2 2 10 15 27 282 50 6 410 4 2 4 5 4 2 21 87 134 148 88 29 486 436 124 71 631 108 32 278 418 631 197 828 1 9 1 5 6 16 5 4 47 6 4 5 2 6 12 22 14 2 7 7 14 101 5 6 5 8 4 6 4 14 9 42 3 10 10 20 146 13...
...s The United States, in Rockefeller's view, should forget "the philosophical disagreements it may have with particular regimes" and extend support to the right wing military strongmen who now rule most of the Latin American countries...
...B. Explanation 1. Generalities -Recall the concept of Psychological Operations: "Utilization of propaganda" and other means of influencing ideas, attitudes and behavior of hostile elements, neutrals and friends in such a way as to gain their support in carrying out their objectives...
...The aim is to select "highly motivated officers, [who] presently occupy or are destined to occupy influential positions in their armies or governments...
...The practice of hiring former U.S...
...In Peru and Panama, on the other hand, government policies have been directed against the older oligarchic land-holding class, and have been applied more ambiguously against certain large foreign investors, particularly the oil and copper companies...
...military programs have been based on an analysis of the threats to Latin America and the needs of the United States...
...30.0 0.5 1.8 - 4.0 209.3 245.6 Ecuador 42.6 0.6 3.5 - 17.0 21.9 85.6 El Salvador 9.2 3.5 0.8 - 0.5 - 14.0 Guatemala 22.8 9.4 2.8 - 0.9 33.5 69.4 Haiti 3.2 - 0.1 - 0.8 47.7 51.8 Honduras 11.4 3.0 1.1 - 0.5 1.6 17.6 Mexico 2.3 9.3 # - 7.7 1.2 20.5 Nicaragua 17.4 3.0 2.6 - 0.6 - 23.626 Region & A. MAP B. FMS, C. Excess D. MASF E. PL480, F. Sec...
...During hearings on the 1971 foreign aid appropriations, MAP director General Warren asserted that compliance with Section 510 "means that, at the very time we are asking our friends and allies to assume more responsibility for their own and the common defense, we must sharply curtail our efforts to enhance their professional skills...
...6 In the Defense Department, the DSAA assumed most of the functions of the Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Military Assistance and Sales, which had shared authority over the FMS program with the sales agencies of the separate services...
...All 8tudent.s have to preeent a paper on solutions used to combat urban insurgency in their home countries and to diacuaa new or unique types of equipment used in such operationa...
...Department of the Army table submitted to NACLA, October, 1975...
...PL480 recipient @Includes Eximbank loans...
...On June 4, 1971, however, the bar was filled with members of the West Point class of 1946...
...imperialism - confronted also by a severe economic crisis and weakened by domestic challenges to its foreign policy - is on the defensive...
...Instruction includes lectures on the structure of underground organizations and the phases of unconventional warfare...
...AIR FORCE PROGRAMS The role of the Air Force in counterinsurgency operations and military training has grown steadily since the early 1960s...
...weapons in the world in 1974 (Pentagon figures from L.A...
...The Administration opposed this measure on the grounds that it undermined the intent of the Nixon Doctrine...
...And coups in Peru, Bolivia, Panama and Chile were carried out by officers who had attended the USARSA...
...Most importantly, none of the repressive military regimes are able to effectively establish a solid social, economic and political base among the population precisely because they maintain order and "buy time" through the destruction of basic legal and human rights...
...4 The GAO report also criticized the heavy emphasis placed by the MAAGs on "furthering the sale of U.S.produced military equipment...
...In areas of this size, where interests are interrelated, the indicators of insurrection should be similar in villages and countryside...
...At one time over 7,500 U.S...
...The only way insurgent forces can defeat numerically greater and better equipped forces is by means of popular support...
...Though the United States tries to put these concepts into a narrow framework, there is an inherent possibility that the application of the doctrine by specific military leaders can be in opposition to U.S...
...9. U.S...
...R-940-ARPA, RAND Corporation, January, 1972...
...The growing deployment of such "white-collar mercenaries" in the Third World fulfills an important goal of the Pentagon, to maintain the dependence of foreign armed forces on the United States...
...technicians are moving into other countries, including many in Latin America, in step with booming U.S...
...military headquarters slated to be shut down by 1975...
...grants credits...
...and, U.S...
...Under its arrangement with the Shah, Rockwell will recruit former operatives of the supersecret National Security Agency to run these installations in Iran...
...The military carried out this broader political role initially through the civic action program...
...interests...
...5. Reasons for Dissemination of rumors -In an atmosphere of crisis or tension caused by an emergency situation, the individual is predisposed to listen to and repeat whatever he hears, whether it be a rumor or true information...
...The training was contracted before the enactment of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1974 which cut off military aid to Chile...
...We are living in a convulsive world in which youth, disillusioned by the socio-politico-economic failure of preceding generations, and bewildered by the multiple progress of science and technology, is unable to see an immediate solution to the undeniable injustices which daily present themselves in every field of human activity...
...Under the Mutual Security Act of 1951, funds were made available for the strengthening of Latin American armies in the interest of hemispheric defense...
...502-15...
...They are encouraged to 'Yorget that it b only an exercise, and consider eeriously the implications and bad consequences that a poor assessment, order or recommendation would have for your city, government and country...
...3 However, this was a risk worth taking, particularly given the U.S...
...The military bases are at the heart of the long-standing dispute with the Panamanian government over a new treaty returning sovereignty of the 550 sq...
...Do not give them something for nothing...
...This process will be discussed further in the section on civilian mercenaries...
...According to RAND analysts, the rationale for the U.S...
...A similar conclusion was reached about MAP training programs by a 1970 House Foreign Affairs Committee study mission to Latin America: The majority of issues which must be addressed about MAP training are political and economic in nature, rather than strictly military...
...troops were pulled out in compliance with the Paris Peace Accords...
...Conversely, the United States is portrayed as representing progress and as having the best form of government that man can hope to achieve...
...influence on Peruvian military thinking, and despite the close friend- ships between members of the general staff and U.S...
...dissemination...
...Arms Sales to Latin America," NACLA 's Latin America Report, Vol...
...The training at Ft...
...government in processing and implementing sales transactions...
...guard force 4. Civic Action: Military civic action...
...The authorized personnel strengths of U.S...
...According to a former State Department official, even the word 'communist' has been applied so liberally and so loosely to revolutionary or radical regimes that any government risks being so characterized If It adopts one or more of the following policies which the State Department finds distasteful: nationalization of private Industry, particularly foreign-owned corporations, radical land reform, autarchlc trade policies, acceptance of Soviet or Chinese aid, insistence upon following an anti-American or nonaligned foreign policy, among others...
...MILITARY TRAINING The dictator of Nicaragua and 1946 graduate of West Point, Anastasio Somoza, euphemistically known as the "President of the Republic," was performing just like one of the boys -- his collar was open, his short-sleeved shirt was beginning to dampen in the armpits, and he good-naturedly paid for the drinks when his turn came...
...With this dual responsibility, the Director participates in developing policy guidelines and is also involved in the coordination process for aid and sales...
...military groups, military attaches and local commanders screen applicants from the various coun- tries...
...Chileans have also attended the Army Command and Staff College, U.S...
...presence of more than 14,000 troops now in the Zone...
...Representatives of U.S...
...Thus, Peru had the largest and most costly civic action program in Latin America - an effort which in one sense is now being carried out on a national scale...
...Lieuwen, p. 121-22...
...school attended by foreign officers (admission requirements include a rank of major or above...
...H. Heymann, Jr., and W. W. Whitson, "Can and Should the United States Preserve a Military Capability for Revolutionary Conflict...
...Army Institute for Military Assistance, Fort Bragg, North Carolina...
...1 January 1976 Published monthly, except May-June and July-August when it is published bi-monthly, at 160 Claremont Ave, New York, NY 10027...
...ASIA, Total 6,829.4 4,532.4 508.3 - 2,570.3 3,191.0 17,631.4 Afghanistan 5.0 - - - - 25.6 30.6 Egypt - - - - - 290.8 290.8 Greece 1,596.0 294.5 150.4 - 465.6* 283.9 2,790.4 India 94.9 27.3 7.3 - 0.1 - 129.6 Iran 834.8 924.0@ 20.5 - 29.9* 205.3 2,014.5 Israel - 2,711.7 - - 1,600.0P 474.5 4,786.2 Jordan 258.5 99.0 20.9 - 0.2 442.1 820.7 Lebanon 14.4 25.0 0.1 - - - 39.5 Pakistan 673.1 7.9 8.9 - 83.9* 589.8 1,363.6 Saudi Arabia 36.4 257.7 0.6 - 2.9 - 297.6 Turkey 3,244.7 185.0 298.5 - 387.7* 823.6 4,939.5 Region/Other Countries" 71.6 0.3 1.1 - 0.1 55.4 128.5 LATIN AMERICA, Total 843.1 714.5 81.5 - 247.6 675.3 2,562.0 Argentina 45.9 143.6 1.5 - 37.9 19.9 248.8 Bolivia 39.1 8.0 4.2 - 1.1 164.2 216.6 Brazil 223.7 228.1 27.7 - 70.9 75.5 625.9 Chile 97.3 62.5 8.0 - 33.8 - 201.6 Colombia 95.3 39.3 6.0 - 20.0 31.5 192.1 Costa Rica 1.8 - - - 0.1 0.1 2.0 Dominican Rep...
...and secondly through the so-called "Civic Action" programs...
...Although the teams are made up of men from all of the services, the Eighth U.S...
...dominated regimes...
...Juan Alberto Melgar Castro, President of Honduras.13 ceeded in imposing a limit on the number of foreign military personnel that can receive such training in any given year (see above...
...This important role assigned to the training programs will now be discussed in detail...
...Now that the MAP grant aid program is being phased out and replaced by military sales, it is instructive to look at the role MAP has played and the reason for its demise...
...Cuban guerrilla forces during the revolutionary war...
...community development...
...Leavenworth and the Inter-American Defense College...
...communist strategy in Latin America...
...recent experience for developing countries...
...Extensive information on U.S...
...development and methods of rural and urban guerrillas...
...With the end of MAP in sight, it is significant that the Administration has chosen to separate out the training element so that it will not be eliminated along with the other aspects of the program...
...and Chile, in opposition to the systematic violations of human rights carried out by the military junta...
...military Involvement cannot be successful unless we provide our friends and allies, whether through grant aid or credit les, with the material assistance necessary to asre the most effective possible contribution by the manpower they are willing and able to commit to their own and the common defense . . In the majority of cases, this means Indigenous manpower organized into properly equipped and well-trained armed forces with the help of materiel, training, technology and specialized skills furnished by the United States through the Military Assistance Program or as Foreign Military Sales.' According to Laird, the MAP program is the essential ingredient of the Nixon Doctrine plan to "honor our obligations, support our allies, and yet reduce the likelihood of having to commit American ground combat units...
...Corn materiala are often introduced with the following warning: GRADUATES OF U.S...
...As of September 1975, 33,147 students had graduated from USARSA...
...The latter is characteristic of the rumor...
...objectives in their own countries...
...Military Assistance Program (MAP) was very important in U.S...
...Its diffusion is generally verbal, by word-ofmouth...
...In addition, as economic conditions continue to worsen in these Training "The Other Side" In addition to nationalist military officers, several guerrilla leaders, whose careers began in the military, received U.S...
...Y2 A single course on urban counterinsurgency i~ actually composed of many mb-topics taught by membm of the various departments...
...American policy-makers began to accept the premise that economic and social progress is an important precondition for stabilizing Latin America and pacifying opposition movements...
...Bragg, including 7,599 foreign nationals from 96 nations...
...Therefore, this Report focuses on existing military tmining programs through which the United States planned to control and influence the armed forces and prevent their turning to nationalist solutions...
...introduction to interrogation and document exploitation...
...2 6 Other sessions of the Symposium covered the role of the military advisors and other agencies that administer security assistance, the role of the military in the modernization or development process, and the role of the United Nations and other peacekeeping forces...
...Foreign Assistance 1971, p. 391...
...Though these contracts have been signed primarily with the Persian Gulf oil kingdoms, U.S...
...subversive propaganda objective and organization...
...3. Miles Wolpin, Military Aid and Counterrevolution in the Third World (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, D.C...
...Graduates include Colonel Jose Joaquin Jimenez (W.P...
...Bragg and the U.S...
...hegemony in Latin America...
...However, as suggested above, the goal of counteracting progressive nationalism among the military has not always been successfully met in U.S...
...We now hold a stock of 30,000 recent titles from Latin America...
...Dozens of U.S...
...military training programs have been an effective instrument of U.S...
...In 1969, Rockefeller also endorsed the policy of massive military and police aid to Latin America to prevent other countries from turning to a Cuban solution...
...29, No...
...9 In addition, personal contact between the trainees and U.S...
...In 1972, the Symposium included a discussion of Population Protection and Resources Management in Internal Security Operations which analyzed techniques and procedures designed to separate people and resources from organized insurgent movements...
...1933) who was the head of the Army during the reign of Venezuelan dictator Perez Jimenez...
...Twenty-five percent of the graduates of the Naval War College have been assigned to instructional duties in their own naval colleges or training institutions and more than 30 percent have assumed command positions...
...where] it may be essential for the military to assume many civil affairs functions and operate even as the prime institution of government in certain regions...
...From Fiscal Year 1949 through Fiscal Year 1969, a total of 416 foreign military officers attended such schools...
...In like manner, the inclusion of towns and villages with populations fluctuating between 5 and 20 thousand inhabitants who are oriented toward agriculture serves to group persons with similar interests, whether because the population depends on agriculture or vice versa...
...Nevertheless, the entire world is a scene of revolutionary war, which takes new and old forms of struggle, sometimes subtly, to impose its will...
...This was reflected in the Alliance for Progress, which aimed to create the6 conditions for a certain kind of economic development that would benefit the large multinational corporations investing in Latin America...
...Luigi R. Einaudi and Alfred C. Stepan III, Latin American Institutional Development: Changing Military Perspectives in Peru and Brazil, (Santa Monica: RAND, 1971), p. 123...
...c. Hostility on the part of the local population to the government forces, in contrast to their amiable or neutral attitude in the past...
...MAP program is that profesionallsm contributes to lessened political involvement on the military's part and the concentration on exclusvely military affairs...
...Police (Berkeley, Ca.: Center for Research on Criminal Justice, 1975...
...This emphasis reflects our strong convictions that military assistance programs are primarily an instrument of American foreign policy and only secondarily of defense.s Not surprisingly, MAP aid is normally increased whenever pro-U.S...
...This dependence creates a close relationship between arms transfers and political influence...
...The implications of the end of the MAP program will be examined below...
...2. U.S...
...In keeping with the "Containment" doctrine of the early Cold War era, this give-away program originally focused on the so-called "Forward Defense" countries on the periphery of China and the USSR...
...ARMY INFANTRY AND RANGER SCHOOL-Ft...
...January, 1974...
...b. Source for Eximbank figures: U.S...
...The Department of Command and General Staff provides instruction for high-level commanders and staff officers which is comparable to the Command and General Staff course presented at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas...
...Naval Academy at Annapolis, the U.S...
...3 3 In fulfillment of this mission, 16 Green Berets headed by Major Ralph W. "Pappy" Shelton and Col...
...See Michael Klare, "Arms and Power: The Politics of U.S...
...Because of the complexity of modern aircraft, "it only takes one little piece to go wrong for the plane to be grounded - and if Washington refuses to supply a replacement part, "that's the end," the plane is worthless...
...9-10...
...e. Represents "forgiven" FMS credits...
...military sales to the Third World...
...training programs contribute to pro-U.S., repressive policies without looking at the reality of a military-dominated Latin America...
...From 1952 to the present, the United States has provided weapons, training and grant aid to the Latin * Though we are focusing on military governments in this article, we do not want to make an absolute distinction between civilian and military governments...
...interests is one of the more important activities of the current MAAGs...
...government and the Latin American military, the United States may be forced either to change these programs or to reassess the current strategy of relying on the military to act in its interest NACLA'S LATIN AMERICA & EMPIRE REPORT Vol...
...investments, an uninterrupted supply of raw materials, cheap labor, and access to military bases and markets, all of which are essential to the survival of the U.S...
...According to a RAND study, the mission of the MTT's is to train counterparts to adapt U.S...
...This importance is reflected in a warning issued by the Draper Committee in 1959: "To abandon the (MAP) program, for errors of execution or for any other reason, would be to abandon the Free World and to lose the Cold War...
...While Vinnell is basically working as a subcontractor to the Department of Defense, other defense firms are working directly for the Iranian government and thus can escape much of the Congressional oversight imposed on Pentagon contracts...
...General Howard Fish, is also the Dep...
...Hatred For disillusioned persons or those with frustrated desires it tends to provide an escape by giving them someone to blame, subject to suspicions, hatreds or prejudices...
...The * This has been a major cause of discord among the Latin nations and at the 11th Conference of Army Commanders referred to earlier, a special provision was adopted to exclude pro-ocialst countries from future meetings, as a veiled threat against Peru.12 guests stayed at such hotels as the Sheraton Park in Washington and the Flamingo in Las Vegas, attended a midnight show at Las Vegas and a beach party in Connecticut, and toured Disneyland - all at U.S...
...Agency for International Development, U.S...
...Attempts have been made to raise the standard of living of all sectors of the population, as well...
...Finishing Schools for Gorillas U.S...
...It has the most compre- hensive bibliography available on military training, and includes several examples of course materials in the Appendix...
...It doesn't require a normal system of communication, thus its importance increases with the scarcity of such means...
...According to H. Souza, a radical Brazilian sociologist, the wave of military coups in the past ten years is different from earlier periods of military takeovers because the entire structure of the State is being transformed...
...pays) and the Foreign Military Sales Act (the U.S...
...1999 MEXICO...
...corporations...
...b. Insurgent Capabilities: Principles of determining enemy capabilities in the conventional and internal defense situations...
...The largest recipients will be Korea, Thailand, Jordan, Greece, Turkey and Ethiopia (if Congress approves...
...Yet in these countries...
...How can we be sure that the riot quellers of today will not be the rioters of tomorrow...
...lie even went so far as to say that "the question is less one of democracy or lack of it than it is simply of orderly ways of getting along...
...by selling billions of dollars' worth of advanced arms to these countries, the United States can repossess some of these "petro-dollars...
...Naval Academy at Annapolis increased greatly...
...The * In congressional testimony on Operation Phoenix, army personnel admitted that "neutralization" of insurgents is usually equivalent to amsmination.17 rest of the program concerns training in weapons systems, vehicle maintenance and other technical skills...
...More than 10,000 students have graduated from the Academy since 1943...
...By 1973, 90 foreign cadets had graduated from West Point...
...According to one State Department official, Kissinger's personal leadership has contributed to State assuming a larger role in policy-making in the field of security assistance...
...military information programs...
...1963), other Latin Americans who attended West Point were either from wealthy families or went on to important business as well as military positions...
...Under Section 510 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1970, the number of military trainees brought to the United States under MAP was limited to the number of foreign students studying in the United States during the previous fiscal year under the Hayes-Fulbright Act (the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act...
...3 Despite assertions that the purpose of the MAP program is to improve and modernize foreign military forces, it also provides important political and economic benefits to the United States...
...military schools, the Pentagon supplies teams of U.S...
...MAAGs in 1971 totalled 3,471 people...
...Nancy Stein, "Policing the Third World in the 1970s," The Iron Fist and the Velvet Glove: An Analysis of the US...
...According to the New York Times (November 19, 1975), an unpublicized report from the State Department explained that since so many nations around the world engage in such violations, there was "no adequate objective way" to distinguish which countries were worse than others.20 U.S...
...officials believe that the training programs prevent or inhibit foreign officers from turning to the Soviet Union for such aid...
...support for military governments by saying that the underdeveloped countries should not "be deprived of the developmental value of the military organizations simply because the ideological basis of the military in advanced societies rejects the appropriateness of the military openly touching upon essentially civilian functions...
...training of Chileans...
...Curriculum guide, "Ejercicio Practico de Contrainsurreccion," Grupo de Instruccion de Policia Militar, Depto...
...By associating informally and frequently with their U.S...
...The Administration plan calls for an end to the program in most countries by 1978...
...g. Psychological Operations in Stability Operations: National internal defense building program...
...Conclusion: FROM MAAGS TO MERCENARIES The security assistance program is at a turning point...
...Given the recent energetic moves to restructure the interAmerican system (the creation of the new Latin American Economic System, current charter revision of the OAS and the decision to lift sanctions against Cuba), many of these assumptions may be challenged and might well lead to a restructuring of the IADB and IADC...
...Some of the most important training centers, such as the Inter-American Defense College, the U.S...
...7. Ibid., p. 17...
...This material should be burned or destroyed when it is no longer useful for instruction...
...2205 COSTA RlCA...
...This situation develops because the policies adopted5 by countries like Peru and Panama are still within the bounds of the world capitalist system from the point of view of their basic economic relations...
...This book provided much of the background information for the section on U.S...
...Also, Michael T. Klare, "The Political Economy of Arms Sales: United States-Saudi Arabia/Iran," Society, Sept.-Oct., 1974...
...1 As a result of training programs, the military has developed a desire for a more active role in the economic and political fields...
...Use of Means of Communication Generally by means of questions which insinuate their responses...
...and Peru ($20.5 million...
...defense industry by promoting needless arms sales, and that some MAAGs remain in countries to which the United States no longer provides military assistance...
...Nancy Stein21 Urban CounterInsurgency Operations The following documents are selected portions of the course curriculum from the U.S...
...Though the State Department has been vested with the overall policy-making responsibility for security assistance, the Defense Department more often than not exerts this role...
...f. Includes Cameroon, Dahomey, Ivory Coast, Mauritius, Ghana, Kenya, Niger, Senegal, Sudan...
...So far in 1975, 651 officers and 160 enlisted men have been trained under the Military Assistance Program (the U.S...
...The Civil Affairs and Military Government School is the principal center in the United States for training in the administration of military civic action programs and government administration...
...Gabriel Jose de la Guardia (W.P...
...Naval Training Center and the U.S...
...As early as 1952, the U.S...
...printed material...
...The curriculum is the same for foreign and American students, with two thirds of the courses devoted to intelligence gathering and assessment, civil affairs, logistics, administration (civil as well as military), geopolitics and anti-Communist indoctrination...
...An arms agreement tends to tie the recipient politically to the donor for the life of the product (15-25 years for most aircraft...
...Marine Corps Command and General Staff College...
...Chilean naval maneuvers (known as UNITAS) were taking place right off the coast of Chile...
...Eighty percent of the Brazilian officers who carried out the 1964 coup had U.S...
...MAP aid is used to support countries that are confronted with a continuing threat (Korea...
...and to bolster the defense expenditures of countries that do not possess the resources to purchase military equipment and services (notably the Central American nations...
...ARGENTINA 600 BOLIVIA...
...Jose Joaquin Jumenez, "Bulletin Board," Assembly [West Point Journal], Winter 1967, p. 15...
...Since these planes require at least 20 hours ground maintenance for each hour of flying time, the Grumman team will inevitably play a critical role in any future conflict involving Iranian aircraft...
...When asked about his U.S...
...What good are arms and security controls in a perma- nently unstable society...
...The first Under Secretary appointed by President Nixon was the former selective service director, Curtis Tarr...
...military equipment and services...
...A country became eligible for these funds upon ratification of bilateral mutual defense assistance pacts with the United States...
...Army Infantry and Ranger School, U.S...
...2946 PARAGUAY...
...The role of this institution in promoting pro-U.S...
...34...
...In an effort to alleviate some of the worst problems confronting U.S...
...Military Schools,1950-75a Region & Country Trained in the US, CZc Trained Abroad Total Region & Country Trained in the US, CZc Trained Abroad Total EAST ASIA & PACIFIC, Total Burma Cambodia Indochinab Indonesia Japan Korea (S) Laos Malaysia Philippines Taiwan Thailand Vietnam (S) NEAR EAST & SO...
...Commander, Chilean Army Terrorism can also be the same as capitalism...
...new ideas of urban warfare...
...map exercise planning an operation in a built-up area j. Improvised Explosives: Types and use of improvised explosives...
...Exchange visits also take place between West Pointers and the officers at the Inter-American Defense College in Washington, D.C...
...combat in cities...
...world-wide interests...
...The information herein should not be divulged to any company, agency or person without official authorization...
...1 5 This fact also governs the selection of military personnel attending U.S...
...This phenomenon has raised serious questions about the efficacy of U.S...
...The existence of nuclear arms of great destructive power permits one to perceive, however indistinctly, the idea of a balance between the great powers who wield them as objects of pressure in the diplomatic arena of the general strategy of the States that have nuclear power at their disposal...
...1913 CHILE...
...2 4 The Special Warfare Center is part of the John F. Kennedy School for Military Assistance, which also develops Pentagon doctrine on military assistance, internal defense, and psychological operations (PSYOPS...
...House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Reports of the Special Study Mission to Latin America on Military assistance and Developmental Television, 91st Cong, May 7, 1970, p. 31...
...Even though nationalism (military or civilian) is a major force in the world today, it has not been adequately analyzed...
...He went on to justify U.S...
...2, March, 1975...
...Embassy staffs in several countries, it reported that "influence, whether it be for facilitating U.S...
...foreign policy objectives and more anti-Communist propaganda under the assumption that "technical training would lose much of its impact if conducted in an ideological vacuum...
...In fact, this role has increased, though it is now conducted on different terms and is subject to competition from other international suppliers...
...108-109...
...training of Third World police forces under the Public Safety Program, closed the International Police Academy, and imposed a ban on military aid to Chile last year...
...Hence any effort to curtail Foreign Military Credit Sales will be met with stiff resistance by the Administration, according to State Department officials...
...c. Source for PL 480 data: U.S...
...4. Comptroller General's Report to the Congress, Assessment of Overseas Advisory Efforts of the U.S...
...Alden Partridge, former director of West Point, quoted in Galloway and Johnson, p. 21...
...A few, however, with the same U.S...
...Recent bans include Turkey, which used U.S.supplied materiel in the war with Cyprus, thus violating U.S...
...The major installation that provides training to foreign air force personnel is the Inter-American Air Force Academy at Albrook Air Base in the Canal Zone...
...1 It is the most important training ground for counterinsurgency operations in Latin America, and it is the only U.S...
...ARMY SCHOOL OF THE AMERICAS The U.S...
...government...
...military analysts, the goal of counterinsurgency is not to destroy rebellious forces, but to incapacitate the political organization of the insurgents, which is seen as the life of the movement...
...Overseas Loans and Grants, July 1, 1945-June 30, 1971 (Washington, D.C.: 1972...
...Security Assistance Symposium, Dec...
...Army School of the Americas which trains thousands of Latin American military personnel...
...It found that the United States continues to supply material grant aid to some countries, like the Philippines and Thailand, "more for political reasons than to help improve the quality of the armed forces...
...methods of population and vital installation protection 5. MILITARY INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS IN THE UR- BAN COUNTERINSURGENCY ENVIRONMENT a. Intelligence Orientation: Introduction to and principles of Intelligence...
...the victories of independence movements in Africa...
...priorities and policies...
...and Col...
...Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on American Republics Affairs, Survey of the Alliance for Progress, Compilation of Studies and Hearings (Washington, D.C.: U.S...
...Military Assistance Programs Total Expenditures by Country, 1946-75 (By Fiscal Year...
...Edwin Lieuwen, "The Latin American Military," Report incorporated into U.S...
...MAAGs are mandated under current DoD regulations to cooperate with private industry in promoting the sales of American arms abroad...
...restricted areas...
...MOBILE TRAINING TEAMS (MTT) In addition to instruction at U.S...
...20-27, and "Inter-American Defense College Educates Officers of 22 Nations," Army Research and Development, March, 1968...
...This strategy, which has been preserved by the Ford Administration, is based on the premise that U.S...
...These groups oversee the entire MAP program, and provide instruction to local troops which receive MAP-furnished equipment...
...New York Times, November 1, 1970...
...General officers for the Second WorM War, became one of the first schools to receive foreign officera when it extended invitatiom to Latin American armies in 1939...
...They are e coming leaders, the men who will have the know-how and impart it to their forces...
...efforts to develop conventional armed forces modelled after the United States, RAND argues that the MTT's provide a "more effective instrument for relating to counterinsurgency needs because the training is tailored more to the special needs of the less developed countries...
...weapons - so that they will want to purchase identical equipment when outfitting their own armies...
...This process may lead to an opening for more nationalist sectors of the bourgeoisie to assume a greater role in determining government policy, which may, in the long run, lead to new conflicts with the United States...
...This could indicate that the sources of information have become allied with the insurgent movement, or that they fear the retaliation of the insurgents or their sympathizers...
...for this "reason you circulate a rumor that presents another person doing something more or less censurable...
...foreign policy by indoctrinating Third World military officers with pro-U.S...
...They can pursue the same policies depending on whose class interest they represent...
...4262 PANAMA...
...The training programs are extremely important from the purely military point of view as well as the social and political...
...This is given varying interpretations, but it is hard to get a broad perspective that defines a possible solution to the problems which today confront the world...
...A major goal of much - if not all -- American-sponsored training is to contribute to such attitudes...
...They constitute one of the U.S...
...Heath and Company, 1972), p. 11...
...citizens of Mexican, Puerto Rican or Cuban descent, and top graduates in each clanm are invited back as guest lecturers...
...Clammom exerc& in urban warfare courses range from the selec- tion of labor union informere, to methods of protecting leaders from mination attempts, and to the recovery and deactivation of explosive devices...
...Army commanders, is also the alma mater of dozens of foreign military personnel who were selected to carry the tradition of "Duty, Honor and Country" to their own lands...
...detection...
...When the situation is so complex that information about it is difficult to understand, the rumor distorts it and presents it in a simple form...
...Provide a means of escaping one's own responsibilities It is used to express hatred or hostility openly, without having to assume the inherent responsibilities...
...8. New York Times, November 1, 1970...
...or be destroyed by the system, losing national aspirations and converting itself into the first model [Brazil...
...Overseas Loans and Grants, July 1, 1945-June 30, 1972 (Washington, D.C.: 1973...
...It is not possible to take political power without first obtaining a certain level of control over the population, as well as popular support...
...strategy has been based on the premise that military forces would willingly adopt their role as guarantors of internal security and protectors of foreign investment...
...Even during the government of Salvador Allende - a target of economic and covert aggression by the U.S...
...The Alliance was developed to lessen the causes of subversion - hunger, illiteracy, unequal land distribution - not to eliminate them...
...Long regarded by the public as an impediment to the development of "democracy" in the hemisphere, the military gradually began to be portrayed by U.S...
...Other U.S...
...However, even these mechanisms will contain new contradictions that will further reduce Pentagon influence in the hemisphere...
...Frequently, the tasks of U.S...
...Even9 though the amount of aid to Latin America is small, another official explained, "Henry never knows when a million here and there might come in handy...
...With the imminent termination of the Military Assistance Program, as well as the challenge posed by military trainees who are pursuing a different set of goals than the United States intended, the Pentagon is searching for new mechanisms of control and influence to regain the leverage and hegemony that it had exerted over the Latin American militaries in the 1950s and 1960s...
...Later, as the threat of national liberation struggles grew more pronounced, the program expanded to encompass most Third World nations in an effort to upgrade indigenous counter-insurgency capabilities...
...The rest of the assistance has covered support services, training and maintenance services...
...Country grants credits Articles grants grants Assist...
...de Operaciones de Apoyo, Escuela de las Americas, Ft...
...22, 1974...
...On the other hand, commanders from Peru, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela, raised strong voices against violence from the right and the large multi- national corporations which often intervene in the affairs of the Latin American countries...
...They have travelled throughout Latin America (except Cuba, Haiti and Mexico) and they participate in developing counterinsurgency and civic action programs...
...International Herald Tribune, January 14, 1975...
...National War College, Great Britain's Imperial Defense College, and the NATO Defense College...
...U.S.-sponsored training programs have always combined instruction in civic action with psychological warfare operations...
...specialists who travel to other countries to set up improvised courses when needed...
...organization for civil affairs 5. Military Intelligence Operations in the Urban Counter...
...And it is their armies which exercise the controlling influence over their governments...
...military presence abroad and to avoid the future involvement of U.S...
...1945) from Panama who went on to get a degree from MIT, became the general agent for the Pan American Life Insurance Company and then the president of Xerox Corp...
...In this sense, the people will not give their support until they have been convinced that the government or the existing political institutions can't satisfy their aspirations...
...INTRODUCTION In recent years the problem of subversion has reached dramatic proportions...
...Leavenworth is followed up with return visits to the United States, with the "Leavenworth Clubs" - associations of American and foreign graduates of the College who meet regularly to reinforce inter-officer friendship - and through the College journal, Military Review, which is published in several languages...
...Trainees from this region have come mainly from Panama, Venezuela and Costa Rica...
...Edward Martin, "Communist Subversion in the Western Hemisphere - Continued," Department of State Bulletin, March 18, 1963, pp...
...While this program was conducted on a small scale and was not very popular among the armed forces themselves, the rationale behind the program -- the concept of the military as "nation-builders" and agents of economic progress - is related to the actual functions that the military forces in many countries have taken on...
...Army School of the Americas," Military Review, April, 1970, pp...
...When the information isn't important enough the agent dramatizes or exaggerates it...
...197 LATIN AMERICA Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela EAST ASIA Cambodia Indonesia Korea, S. Laos Malaysia Philippines Thailand Taiwan Vietnam, S. -1975 U.S...
...Cadets and junior officers are "taught leaderahip rolea for units wigned to irregular warfare, jungle operatiom, and combat engineer missions," l9 in addition to marksmanship training and tactical field exercises...
...security assistance...
...discussion of tendencies and perspectives of population growth and problems in China, India, and Latin America b. National Problems Limiting National Development: Definition of inflation, unemployment, monetary and fiscal policy...
...Army AY Intel U.S...
...Southern Command (SOUTHCOM), which coordinates all U.S...
...18, July, 1964), p. 21...
...3 Though the activities of the Special Forces have declined with the end of the Vietnam War, recent teams have travelled to such countries as Bolivia, Guatemala, Peru, Jordan and Indonesia to provide training in subjects including tactical operations, civic action, military police, underwater reconnaisance and counterinsurgency techniques...
...military aid does not receive MAP funds, but is funded instead through FMS and Security Supporting Assistance...
...In criticizing U.S...
...colleges and universities for courses ranging from engineering to the social sciences...
...Finally, it should be pointed out that military officers also attend U.S...
...Trainees from countries pursuing anti-U.S...
...According to the Department of the Army, Chile was one of 17 Latin American countries which sent students to the School of the Americas during the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1974, but 60 percent of the students were Chilean...
...Agency for International Development, U.S...
...Renamed the Special Warfare School in 1956, its task was to "initiate, develop and revise psychological and unconventional warfare doctrine" for members of the U.S...
...development of a campaign to include targets, attitude, themes, susceptibility, and effectiveness...
...The closing down of the International Police Academy in 1975 was only one indication that Congressional concern will lead to action...
...Academic subjecta include the baaic concepts of counterinsurgency in urban arm, physical and VIP security, civic action, military intelhgence operations in the urban counterinsurgency ehvironment, pqchological operationa, communism - theories and mtegies...
...Our military establishment is their model, and the U.S...
...There are also indications, according to documents from the Brazilian War College, that as early as 1950, the United States foresaw a significant role for the armed forces in combatting internal subversion...
...Finally, like the Leavenworth Clubs, most countries in Latin America also have their West Point Society, where, according to Venezuelan Col...
...13.Ibid...
...e. A growing hostility against governmental agencies & agencies of public order...
...Army Intelligence Command at Fort Holabird...
...804 VENEZUELA...
...face-to-face communication - most important element...
...The establishment of a separate program will also more clearly identify its cost, objectives, and Impact as an instrument of national security and foreign policy...
...2) structure a definition of national interest which precludes non-alignment...
...Security assistance became increasingly important with the introduction of the Nixon Doctrine, which seeks to reduce the direct U.S...
...In addition, the United States is confronted with a balance-of-payments problem and a serious economic crisis, which massive sales can help to correct...
...training is supposedly intended to foster "a constructive and democratic approach by the military to their professional responsibilities and to the solution of national problems...
...The program of instruction emphasizes the role of civic action in insurgency situations and includes courses in the organization of non-military agencies, psychological operations, the theory of economic development and special forces officer instructions...
...strategy was the view that no true development could take place in a climate of instability and rebellion...
...Objective verification is generally difficult, since its content is open to varying interpretation depending on the knowledge, values and attitudes of the individual...
...Often trainees are brought back to the United States several times to reinforce the training experience...
...As the Alliance for Progress reformist solution was failing, and the liberal bourgeois regimes proved incapable of controlling revolutionary and popular forces, the U.S.-sponsored military went on the offensive, carrying out "preventive" coups to forestall the drift toward nationalism and socialism...
...Moreover, Peru is not only purchasing Soviet weapons, but also allowing Soviet technicians to function inside the country as well.* However, advocates of the training program still believe that fostering ties between the military forces of Latin America and the United States promotes the best interests of the United States...
...Government and Management," Congressional Research Service, JX 1435, January 9, 1973, and "U.S...
...994 ECUADOR...
...If you wish to receive catalogues please advise...
...While emphasizing programs for the Latin American armed forces, we also discuss the military role of civilian technicians and advisors in the Middle East and present data on the worldwide training effort undertaken by the United States...
...2131 CUBA...
...In addition, a list of all U.S...
...military training programs, Miles Wolpin concludes that the goals of the political indoctrination aspect of such training are to "(1)develop a propensity to solicit or agree to American policy suggestions...
...Sales are less subject to Congressional scrutiny, although various amendments to the FMS Act are designed to increase Congressional oversight of the sales program...
...ClIncludes Panama Canal Zone.29 Foreign Graduates of U.S...
...Rockefeller's view lent renewed support to the MAP program, which was beginning to come under close scrutiny and criticism from the U.S...
...security assistanceefforts, President Nixon in 1969 appointed a Task Force on International Development, chaired by Rudolph A. Peterson (President of the Bank of America) to evaluate and recommend changes for the program...
...This fact emerges with startling clarity from the recent news reports of Rockwell International's multi-million dollar contract to build an ultramodern electronic intelligence system for Iran...
...It's clear that the vast majority want a change, but this doesn't mean that they are attracted to the communist doctrine - only that this is an epoch of so many and such great advances that it seems impossible that so much injustice could exist on the earth...
...new ideas in urban warfare...
...b. Reports from the people, the police or security personnel about attempts to recruit them as spies...
...The program has declined from $1.2 billion in 1967 (including the transfer of excess defense articles) to $885 million in 1974...
...major differences between the urban and rural guerrilla d. Phases of Subversion: A comparison between the distinct theories or forms of expression of the phases of subversion e. New Ideas in Urban Warfare: Elements of the development of a new Latin America communist strategy and evolution of tactics...
...8. U.S...
...The curriculum also stresses the study of economic theory and models of development to expose the military leaders (who are often the government leaders) to these concepts...
...of Panama...
...These ties are also used to promote sales of U.S...
...interests without question...
...Classes of propaganda: grey, white and black propaganda -Means of diffusion of grey and black propaganda: radio transmission, cartoons (comics), leaflets, posters, and...
...military planning in the Third World, the goals of the MAP were modified accordingly...
...2. U.S...
...Leavenworth, Kan...
...The resulting control exercised by the United States through the supply of spare parts and technical training is another way of rendering the armed forces more dependent on the United States...
...The Organization of American States provides the operating funds for the IADC, which is always directed by a U.S...
...9. Interview with a Brazilian sociologist, Berkeley, Ca., November, 1975...
...Some of the central questions which go beyond the scope of this Report, are: -How does the current crisis in the world capitalist system open up certain options to nationalist governments, while closing off others...
...Department of Defense under the Foreign Military Sales program (FMS) or by the Export-Import Bank for purchases of U.S...
...or Box 226, Berkeley, CA 94701...
...COURSE OUTLINE 1. Basic Concepts of Counterinsurgency in Urban Areas: National problems limiting national development...
...convulse the world...
...Deputy Commandant for Training and Education, Precis of Courses, 1976, U.S...
...The closer the armed forces are to the United States, the less likely other countries, particularly communist ones, would be able to obtain any influence over these militaries...
...Located at Fort Lesley McNair in Washington, D.C., IADC occupies a building that was refurbished for its use by the MAP program at a cost of $1 million...
...civilians - mostly "retired" military personnel - were engaged in this twilight war...
...Department of Defense, "Collateral Benefits Derived from Military Assistance and Other DOD Training Programs" (unpublished memorandum, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, 1960), p. 7. Quoted in Wolpin, p. 67...
...Training in previou years ha^ included a "week long maneuver known as the Bulbw Crossing in which they (cadets) trek acrow the iAhmus from Pacific to Atlantic shorea on a sirnulated search and deetroy mission, putting into prac- tice what the learned about guerrilla warfare and jungle living...
...war college to admit foreign officer trainees...
...Foreign officers also receive high-level training at the Armed Forces Staff College in Norfolk, Va...
...6. Comptroller General's Report, p. 8. 7. Ibid., p. 16...
...support for these regimes has come under increasing attack from the Congress, which ended U.S...
...TOTAL Portugal 324.5 - 8.0 - 14.7 - 347.2 Spain 647.9 62.3@ 27.6 - 196.6* 492.5 1,426.9 United Kingdom 1,034.5 801.4@ 24.3 - - 186.6 2,046.8 Yugoslavia 693.9 1.4 9.2 - - 424.7 1,129.2 Regional/Qther countriesJ 211.9 - - - 0.5 178.6 391.0 Interregional, NATO, SEATO, etc 2,877.6 23.1 100.8 1,699.6 - 292.6 4,993.7 WORLDWIDE, Total 38,033.8 8,145.6 2,249.3 18,765.7 6,269.0 17,013.2 90,476.5 #Less than $50,000...
...4. Motivations for the Rumor -Three basic emotional impulses constitute it...
...Hugo Banzer, dictator of Bolivia...
...According to the School's commandant, "the lessons thee Allied &dents learn will be reflected in years to come in the doctrine and practices of their own armed forces, and the bonda of friendship established between individuale will help our country in many instances in the f~ture...
...Thus counterinsurgency was the other side of the Alliance for Progress coin...
...1333-1386...
...MAP FMS officers enlisted officers enlisted 1971 156 114 9 3 1972 195 114 3 3 1973 198 170 7 4 1974 294 165 182 0 1975 538 165 113 88supply, medical, military police and military intelli- gence fields...
...From the Pentagon's point of view, the better trained, equipped and capable local forces are, the less chance that the United States will have to get directly involved in putting down a rebellion or revolutionary movement...
...In 1975, 80 officers attended this School...
...communist propaganda, agitation and terrorism V llu I I1 COURSE DESCRIPTION 1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF COUNTERINSURGENCY IN URBAN AREAS: a. Demography: The population explosion and the necessity for controlling population growth and economic development...
...Similarly, under the Foreign Military Sales program, MAAG functions include supplying the Pentagon with data on host country capabilities, resources and requirements, and acting as a go-between for the country and the U.S...
...For example, a RAND study found that "the actively anticommunist and openly pro-American stance of the 1964-67 Branco government [Brazil] was a result of, or was related to, their American training...
...However, the Commission on the Organization of Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy in June 1975 recommended that the position of Under Secretary be abolished because it never had a clear function and has not been able to consolidate the various departments responsible for security assistance...
...Army's best resources for carrying out our mission of training foreign military personnel...
...However, essential to the U.S...
...You should report the reluctance of families of said missing youths to speak about them...
...and (3) inculcate an ideology of develo ment which favors the multinational corporations...
...This has dropped to 2,106, largely as a result of Congressional action...
...Air Force training institutions are located at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama, and include the Air University, the Squadron Officer School, Air Command and Staff College and the Air War College...
...Military training programs are also designed to accustom foreign military personnel to the use of U.S...
...This decision in part represents a response to a changing world system, marked by the end of the Cold War...
...0 Intelligence functions are crucial to counterinsurgency operations and thus much emphasis is placed on intelligence gathering and methodology, as well as on interrogation techniques and psychological warfare campaigns to "win the hearts and minds" of the people...
...As expected, a sharp increase in FMS credits have been extended to several countries, including Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela...
...They arrive with a sense of mission, either to guarantee the function that country serves within the world capitalist system or to try to change this function by means of nationalistic projects.6 However, Souza argues that these nationalistic projects (represented by the Peruvian model) are ultimately faced with two alternatives: they must either "carry out the project to its logical conclusion, affirming its national character by breaking away from the world capitalist system and integrating into another system that will tend toward socialism...
...25 per year for profit-making and government organizations ($48 for two years...
...It has also been used as a weapon against governments that did not follow U.S...
...Army School of the Americas (USARSA), located at Fort Gulick in the Canal Zone, was established to "conduct training for designated Latin American personnel to achieve higher levels of professionalism, increased capabilities for maintenance of internal security, and greater military contribution to national development...
...to provide training to the Saudi Arabian National Guard...
...dilemma of conflicting economic goals...
...security planning...
...2, 1961, p. 84...
...When the military takes direct control of the State apparatus, does this give it a greater ability to shift to and follow through on nationalist priorities...
...military personnel, the ascendancy of the military government to power in Peru has resulted in very difficult problems for United States-Peruvian relations...
...IX, No...
...The Depart- ment of Tactical Operations provides practical instruction for enlisted men in such areas as communications, engineering and weapons and vehicle maintenance...
...New York Times...
...strategists as the "bright new hope for progress and reform" after the Cuban Revolution, when the inability of civilian governments to effectively control guerrilla movements became apparent...
...Many of the graduates of USARSA have risen to top positions in their governments...
...It is beyond price to us to make friends of such men...
...Periods of extreme tension...
...6. Herbert de Souza, The World Capitalist System and Militarism in Latin America (Toronto, Canada: Brazilian Studies, November, 1974), pp...
...officers...
...Naval Intelligence School...
...The initial post-war task of MAP was to help rebuild the military forces of the "Free World" nations, through the provision of grant aid, materiel and training...
...U.S.-sponsored military training contributed to the heightened politicization of the armed forces through anti-communist indoctrination and by stressing their role as guardians of internal security and economic stability...
...According to a General Accounting Office (GAO) study, most of the 49 MAAGs operating in 1974 should be "eliminated and their residual functions taken over by the Defense Attach6 Office or by establishing a position of military assistance advisor to the Ambassador...
...loudspeaker...
...As quoted in Galloway and Johnson, p. 209...
...Criticism also came from the international community which condemned violations of human rights in Chile, Brazil, Guatemala and the Dominican Republic, among others, leaving the United States basically isolated in its support for these right-wing dictatorships...
...combat troops by building up the military forces of other countries...
...Chilean rfficen at the US Aray.kh8ol d the Americas...
...phases of subversion...
...It is also a major doctrine taught Latin American officers at U.S...
...taxpayers' expense.' * In addition, many training institutions also maintain a program of civilian sponsors, a 'typical' family which welcomes the trainees to their homes and gives them "a close view of day to day life in the United States" (according to one Israeli colonel attending the school at Fort Leavenworth).' Orientation tours are conducted independently or combined with a full training program...
...strategy, which since the late 1960s has regarded the military as the only reliable force capable of maintaining internal stability in Latin America...
...principles of organization...
...Do not issue orders to him or demand an instant decision...
...Our aim is to supply any title published in Latin America, Europe We hold full bibliographical tools, but customers, when ordering, and North America, in the Spanish, Portuguese, English and are asked to provide as much information as they are able French languages...
...military personnel who will be assigned to a military mission, military assistance advisory group, or mobile training team in the Third World...
...On the other hand, these governments do represent a logical consequence of a program which emphasizes the role of the military as modernizers and nationbuilders...
...However, a Pentagon spokesman indicated that the only real change is a partial withdrawal of Army units from the Command...
...Installation directive establishing Allied Sponsor Program, U.S...
...Assistant Secretary of State Edwin Martin reported in 1963 that hundreds of Latin American military personnel were receiving training at Ft...
...regulations governing the use of U.S.-supplied weapons by NATO countries...
...3. Ibid...
...1 0 Since then, the Administration has tried to resist further efforts by Congress to reduce MAP, but with little success...
...After the 1973 coup, other officers trained by the United States included the director of intelligence, the heads of the Second Infantry Division and the Support Division at Santiago, the Engineer School at Tejas Verdes (a known torture center), and the Paratroop and Special Forces School near Santiago...
...Though the revolutionary and popular democratic organizations have been hurt in countries like Brazil, Uruguay, Bolivia and Chile, the mass base of resistance and opposition cannot be destroyed...
...Training continued during the years of the Unided Popular government, as did other forms of military aid...
...Even a simple instructional manual, entitled Village Water Well Project, was published by the Thirteenth Psychological Warfare Battalion...
...Therefore, during the initial stages of an insurrection which is nourished in rural areas, the rural population show some of the first indications of the insurgency...
...8 Now, in 1975, the MAP program is being phased out, and is slated to disappear within two years...
...applications in Latin America c. Development and Methods of Rural and Urban Guerrillas: Historical highlights of the guerrilla movement...
...In 1975, $226.5 million was slated for military training purposes, twice the amount spent on training in 1972...
...By regular contact with publishers, book- concerning author, title, publisher, country...
...Army Combat Development Command Special Operations Agency was assigned to Ft...
...Nationalist military governments have taken hold in such countries as Libya, Egypt, Peru and Panama, despite U.S...
...2s A Security Assistant Symposium is offered every six months to personnel in the Military Assistance Officer Command and Staff Course...
...governments threatened by insurgency or invasion.a B. FMS, C. Excess E. PL480, F. Sec...
...4 S. Z C5, 7V7 ( I:4 1r Q CS 5 1 2 1 45 5 6 8 83 8 6 4 11 1 3 4 10 5 2 4 2 2 29 21 18 53 7 9 44 2 80 2 1 2 1 1 14 15 3 12 1 1 2 2 8 1 5 3 23 20 130 14 1 33 6 3 4 6 13 4 32 9 99 24 23 1 8 1 6 10 8 7 5 7 2 1 28 3 3 1 2 8 2 4 2 4 2 8 21 23 10 72 1 59 4 8 2 18 2 12 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 4 13 1 8 4 3 29 3 13 12 5 1 1 3 6 5 4 9 2 9 13 1 24 10 6 9 1 10 16 6 14 4 4 2 8 3 5 2 8 4 12 1 1 7 10 5 6 2 10 1 14 8 15 20 11 12 20 29 6 55 AFRICA Ethiopia 25 7 8 1 6 5 5 2 3 14 Ghana 4 10 5 7 8 1 4 4 10 Kenya 2 2 Liberia 13 12 2 1 2 1 2 3 Morocco 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 Tunisia 21 1 3 1 19 Zaire 3 8 3 13 13 12 12 2 4 6 _____________________ - ~ __________ ____ - _____ - I30 SPECIAL FORCES MOBILE TRAINING TEAMS Source: U.S...
...899 PERU...
...The nine-month course of study stresses Cold War ideology and the need for joint action against "Castro-Communist" guerrillas...
...While it is clear that even the "progressive" military regimes uphold the basic principles of the world capitalist system, what is significant here is that Washington thought it could count on the armed forces to preserve the status quo and to protect all U.S...
...Furthermore, the AbourezkMcGovern amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1975, which gives Congress the power to cut off economic aid to countries that systematically violate human rights, is likely to be attached to the military assistance bill, now before Congress.* One mechanism being developed to bypass Congressional restrictions is the use of civilian technicians and advisors to replace U.S...
...Most military governments have been willing to carry out U.S.-supported programs and represent U.S...
...h. Characteristics of the Urban Guerrilla: Organization, recruitment, finances, logistics support, security and operative tactics of the urban guerrilla i. Combat in Cities: Techniques and fundamentals for planning an attack of a built-up area in an urban insurgency environment...
...to demoralize...
...These new mechanisms would preferably be beyond the jurisdiction of Congress which has repeatedly placed restrictions on security assistance and has tied the President's hands in several cases...
...These highly trained cryptographers, cryptoanalysts, computer programmers and electrical engineers are not likely to be replaced by Iranian personnel soon - if ever...
...The Memoirs of Matthew B. Ridgway (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1956), p. 184...
...The instruction focused on the tactics, techniques and principles of psychological and unconventional warfare...
...Furthermore, in some cases, a civilian government is merely a facade for military rule, which is the case in Uruguay today...
...Congress, Senate, Committee on Appropriations, Foreign Assistance Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1974, Hearings, 93rd Cong., 1st Sess., 1973, pp...
...As part of their contribution to the hemispheric defense effort, MAP recipients were pledged to supply the United States with minerals and other strategic raw materials...
...Tims, Sept...
...UTILIZATION AND CONTAINMENT OF RUMORS A. Introduction (5 minutes) 1. Objective: To teach the dynamic of the procedure for disseminating rumors...
...military strategies and programs...
...goals...
...Lucian W. Pye, "Armies in the Process of Political Modernization," European Journal of Sociology, Vol...
...Howard Fish, claimed that military advisors do "no hustling, no huckstering, for overseas sales...
...This expo- sure is carried out not only through contact with U.S...
...Let them know that all these projects are village projects, not U.S...
...By divulging it in a situation of friendly confidence it tends to seem more trustworthy...
...5. U.S...
...When you buy an airplane," Lockheed Vice-President William D. Perreault said, "you also buy a supplier and a supply line - in other words, you buy a political partner...
...Now the military organizations obtain power to construct a new kind of State, and they arrive with a plan, which is not actually a military plan, but a political and economic one...
...In October 1973, more than 170 graduates were heads of governments, cabinet ministers, commanding prenerals or directors of intelligence in their countries...
...graduates whose careers include stints at SOUTHCOM, the Inter-American Defense College and Board, and various military advisory groups in Latin America...
...90-91...
...Military Schools SELECTED COURSES, FISCAL YEARS 1970Source: U.S...
...Four hundred MT'"s operated between 1962 and 1968, many of them in Southeast Asia...
...psychological operation in support of counterguerrilla operations...
...Transition to Sales Between 1946 and 1975, $40 billion was provided to countries around the world under the MAP program...
...Security Assistance Program, General Accounting Office, 1975, p. 7. 5. New York Times, October 19, 1975...
...countries, the ranks of popular opposition forces will begin to include previous supporters of the U.S...
...In describing the Administration's defense posture to Congress in 1970, Defense Secretary Melvin Laird stated: The basic policy of decreasing direct U.S...
...France 4,153.1 80.4 96.6 - 25.5 76.5 4,432.1 Germany, W. 900.8 - 0.2 - 38.1 - 939.1 Italy 2,290.2 89.2@ 71.5 - 40.4 - 2,491.3 Netherlands 1,217.0 2.2 14.7 - 21.6 - 1,255.5 Norway 893.8 - 14.7 - 6.1 - 914.627 Region & A. MAP B. FMS, C. Excess D. MASF E. PL480, F. Sec...
...a. Source (unless otherwise noted): U.S...
...But in whose hands would we put those arms...
...And a record 87% of such training is now being paid for by the recipient countries through the Foreign Military Sales Act, reflecting the dramatic shift from grant aid to credit and cash sales...
...However, the overriding goal of the programs were to inculcate and reinforce the values held by the U.S...
...TOTAL NEAR EAST & SO...
...This can indicate a change of loyalty or of behavior inspired by fear, often manifested by children refusing to fraternize with members of the internal security forces...
...As quoted in Michael T. Klare, War Without End: American Planning for the Next Vietnams (New York: Random House, 1972), p. 301...
...This situation raises a serious question of how much leverage our military assistance training programs really provide when strong national feelings are involved.s The United States is also beginning to face problems, though of a different type, from the repressive governments as well...
...The Commander in Chief of the Caribbean, and his component service commanders, exercise a tremendous influence on the military establishments and, therefore, on the political regimes of the Latin American republics...
...likewise the military solutions of the 1970s contain new contradictions that will further reduce the ability of the United States to intervene...
...Edward B. Glick, Peaceful Conflict (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1967...
...JOHN F. KENNEDY SCHOOL OF MILITARY ASSISTANCE-Ft...
...3,788.4 167.9 318.1 1,168.8 1,096.6* 2,332.0 8,871.8 Laos 358.2 - 34.7 1,268.8 7.4 751.4 2,420.5 Malaysia 2.0 59.8 - - 1.9 - 63.7 New Zealand - 81.7@ - 2.8 - 84.5 Philippines 514.5 15.6 32.7 9.6 177.1* 195.5 945.0 Singapore - 19.0 - - 1.9 - 20.9 Taiwan 2,654.2 391.1 315.6 - 321.8* 727.4 4,410.1 Thailand 692.4 8.0 69.1 503.3 21.4 412.9 1,707.1 Vietnam, So...
...33147 This lrtstructbn material was dewloped fa use In the Assistance Program of the Foreign Intelliqen~ Service...
...For example, a good approach could be "I will try to get a tin roof for this school house If you will build the school and furnish all the other materials and labor...
...mission and target analysis 6. PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS a. PSYOP Planning: Concepts of PSYOPS planning...
...plans to arm its allies and influence its friends...
...Most of the students are U.S...
...The military did not merely gain power to 'normalize' or 'pacify' the class struggle, and then return to their barracks...
...values is extremely significant - especially when one learns that many foreign graduates became important military and political leaders in their own nations: 12 became heads of state or premiers, 112 cabinet ministers or ambassadors, 80 commanders of national armed services, 922 general officers...
...3. Basic Law of the Rumor PR = I xA PR - Power of the rumor I - Importance of the theme it refers to A = Ambiguity present, lack of concrete facts that would allow its negation or verification...
...8. Risks encountered in Controlling a Rumor: -Giving greater publicity to those rumors that are being denied -Spreading more rumors than those that can be effec- tively denied -Exaggerating the danger of the opposing propaganda -Failing to deny all the rumors that you should, allowing some to circulate freely.24 U.S...
...goals in Latin America, began to challenge and even supplant them with its own program for hemispheric development...
...2, Autumn, 1975...
...As a result of the massive increase in arms sales - particularly of advanced, high-technology aircraft and missiles - new agreements with the purchasing country require the manufacturer to provide training, maintenance and other services "in country" for the items it has sold...
...The civilian solutions to the problems of inequality and underdevelopment in Latin America did not work in the 1960s...
...Cold War social scientists in the early 1960s...
...Many of them came from the Philippines, Nationalist China, Thailand, Spain and South Vietnam...
...However, beginning with the Peruvian coup in 1968, a new type of military has come to power - a more independent-minded and nationalist force, one that instead of supporting U.S...
...See "Inter-American Defense College," Military fteview, April, 1970, pp...
...Julio Sanjines (attended 1945), the Bolivian Ambassador to the United States during the period when Che Guevara was killed and who later worked with the Inter-American Development Bank in Guatemala...
...world view and a sense of U.S...
...strategy towards Latin America...
...e. Use and Control of Rumor: Use of rumor as psychological operation media...
...4 It was felt that through these relationships, visiting officers would assimilate the "American way of life...
...In an effort to encourage Latin Americans to attend the Academy, West Point also holds conferences on Latin American affairs which bring together business, military and academic leaders from the hemisphere...
...Army Special Forces, based at Ft...
...Io `"32 11...
...68 The GAO was also critical of the political orientation of the entire MAP program...
...The aggressive forces of international communism clash with the firm determination of the western countries to conserve their own traditional way of life...
...2 -Commander, Panamanian National Guard Latin America is characterized today by two basic approaches to controlling popular opposition movements and providing for economic development...
...its application in Bolivia f. Basic Theory of the Urban Guerrilla: Concepts, organization and patterns of insurgency, with emphasis on the model for insurgency set forth in the mini-manual by Marighella g. Analysis of the Urban (Tupamaro) Guerrilla: Analysis of the urban guerrilla's characteristics...
...12-13, 1972, The Military Assistance Officer Command and Staff Course 1-73, U.S...
...military equipment.ab C. Excess Defense articles: Deliveries of surplus U.S...
...intelligence in psychological operations...
...A quick Accounts are sent in sterling, but payment may be made in any service is similarly available from North America and European currency at the prevailing rate and customers who wish may publishers, remit to our New York account, details of which appear on invoices...
...Law and order was essential for this task to be successfully carried out, even if the military had to take over the government to ensure it...
...z. 87...
...As at other U.S...
...As one military specialist put it, "U.S...
...military training, have taken the leadership in challenging U.S...
...3 ' The curriculum, which is approved and developed by the U.S.-dominated Inter-American Defense Board, is based upon the assumption that a unity of interest defines the relationship between the United States and the Latin American nations...
...Sabotage...
...b. Intelligence in PSYOPS: Conventional intelligence and intelligence for PSYOPS...
...efforts to prevent this from happening...
...Department of Defense, Fiscal Year 1971 Defense Program and Budget, Statement by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird (Washington, D.C., 1970...
...military training programs, the four year stint at West Point provides the most prolonged period of acculturation and ideological indoctrination for trainees...
...Fear The rumor tends to impart reality to the fearful anticipation of people who are "ready for the worst...
...training courses, thus allowing the United States to further cultivate the already close relationship it had with the Chilean Armed Forces...
...Second-class postage paid at New York, NY.3 Latin American Militaries TWO MODELS, MANY PROBLEMS Subversion is the product of international Marxist- Leninist agitation that has to be combatted through arms and exterminated through violent repression...
...evaluation, interpretation and dissemination of intelligence...
...7. San Francisco Examiner, July 25, 1971...
...The first category includes rural indicators...
...A security check is made of the proposed student to ascertain his political orientation, and then biographical data are furnished to each school the officer will attend, to the Defense Intelligence Agency and the U.S...
...Economic aid, another form of subtle penetration, is a particular phase of this struggle, in that the major powers try to obtain dominant influence over developing nations...
...Naval Station, Treasure Island, California...
...improvised explosives 2. Management: Functions of management...
...Army Institute for Military Assistance, Ft...
...evacuation...
...South Viatnamese soldiers in training exercise at U.S...
...handling captured personnel and documents...
...Sales are made only if it serves our national interests and meets a valid military requirement...
...There is also a great deal of emphasis on exposing trainees to the "American way of life," to instill a desire in them to want to duplicate this lifestyle - a lifestyle which can only be achieved through cooperation with the multinational corporations...
...weapons so that the trainees will urge their governments to purchase materiel from the United State& This Is true in the case of Chile, which was identified as ninth in importance among customers for U.S...
...2455 URUGUAY...
...Heath and Company, 1972), p. 112...
...Country grants Eximbank articles grants Other aid Sup.Asst...
...Exchange programs are also conducted between cadets at West Point and various Latin American military academies...
...Admission requirements include the rank of lieutenant colonel or above, graduation from an advanced command and general staff college, and military command experience...
...Agency for International Development, U.S...
...House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Reports of the Special Study Mission to Latin America on Military Assistance Training and Developmental Television, 91st Cong., May 7, 1970, p. 7. 10...
...s In justifying the continuation of the military advisory program, Pentagon officials affirm that "the advisory organization is an element of the worldwide U.S...
...As part of the running battle between Congress and the Executive, the Ford Administration has refused to comply with a mandate of Congress that it specify which nations receiving military assistance carry out "goro violations" of human rights...
...See Michael Klare, "Arms and Power: The Politics of U.S...
...and in 1972, a Coordinator of Security Assistance was created as the Under Secretary of State for Security Assistance...
...The sale of sophisticated arms requires technicians, spare parts, maintenance and other services that are only obtainable from the original supplier...
...This emphasis has become even more important with the U.S...
...Army officers aspiring to major commands (the other is the Army War College...
...They indicate furthermore, that the drive for independent national development is a world-wide phenomenon, and that new links are being forged between the countries of Latin America and the rest of the world, through such bodies as OPEC, the United Nations and the Organizations of Non-aligned Nations...
...A rural region is an agricultural area, a town or village with a population of up to 5,000 inhabitants, or any town with a population of up to 20,000 whose economy is based in agriculture and the population earns its living from industries related to agriculture...
...Important advice to these teams was included in a memorandum by Lieutenant Colonel John T. Little, former chief of the White Star Mobile Training Team in Laos, which reveals much of the attitude of those engaged in this program: Always make the villagers share the workload...
...The exploitation of real or fabricated injustices facilitates the second step, since the only alternative the people will have will be the program the insurgents present...
...1975 data only: U.S...
...The President can appropriate emergency funds for food if he can demonstrate that the money will in fact go to those who need it...
...This training center was forced to close down in March 1975 as a result of Congressional action in response to international and national popular pressure...
...This College is one of the two most important schools for senior U.S...
...policies or even neutralist ones are made to feel that this is a wrong and dangerous approach and that they have the responsibility to correct it...
...While in the United States, Ft...
...House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Military Assistance Training...
...70 In responae to the growing wave of guerrilla activity in the citiee, new coursea have been devel- oped on urban guerrilla war- are and on so pmicated "crimd investigation techniques...
...of Alhambra, Calif...
...f. During the initial stages of an insurrection, propaganda serves to plant the seed of discontent while the insurgent movement makes preparations and establishes an organization23 for future operations...
...b. The refusal of campesinos to pay rents, taxes or agricultural loans or any difficulty in collecting these will indicate the existence of an active insurrection that has succeeded in convincing the campesinos of the injustices of the present system, and is directing or instigating them to disobey its precepts...
...Some specific reasons: -Provide a response to important questions...
...October 23, 1973...
...The Military and the State - or, The Limits of Nationalism Clearly, one of the most important areas for future research and study is the relationship between the military and the State in Latin America...
...The rumor (definition) "Specific or generalized proposition, to make someone believe in a thing without there being any concrete proof...
...Military Command & Ranger School Civil Affairs ol Police School Gen...
...But to the extent that military expertise or professionalism is Increased in areas of counterinsurgency, nation-bulldlng and multi-sector development planning, the military would tend to become more rather than less involved in poJltcs...
...Courses offered included aircraft maintenance, electronics, radio communications and weapons mechanics...
...strategy in Vietnam...
...Government (New York: IIE, Committee on Educational'Interchange Policy, Statement No...
...INDICATORS OF INSURGENT ACTIVITIES This instructional material was conceived for use in the AID Program of the Foreign Intelligence Service...
...Combat instruction for officers, cadets and enlrsted men is provided in the Department of Combat Operations...
...Staf rtment school School sent 75...
...1,245.8 7.8 7.2 - 0.2 - 1,261.0 Canada - - - 13.1 - 13.1 Denmark 617.6 - 7.0 - 1.7 - 626.3 j...
...Critics of the MAAG system have complained that the advisors often serve merely as an extension of the U.S...
...training schools...
...3 2 Visitors to Fort Gulick are told that the Special Forces train and advise the Latin American military forces "in support of the objectives of the United States within the framework of the Cold War...
...Brazilian armed forces trained and equipped by the United States...
...Congress has seized on the MAP program as a way to reassert its authority and to end U.S...
...16 Several of the most important training centers for Latin Americans are discussed in more detail below...
...4. Richard J. Barnet, Intervention and Revolution (New York: World, 1968), p. 9. Quoted in Wolpin, p. 7. 5. U.S...
...and, U.S...
...While Latin America is still dominated by brutal, repressive governments closely tied to the multi-4 national corporations, the more nationalist governments, which aim to control foreign economic penetration, recuperate natural resources and adopt a more independent foreign policy in relation to the United States, are exerting a strong influence on Latin American political affairs...
...It was originally created to defend the Canal Zone itself, but through the years its function has expanded to include the defense of U.S...
...human resources and documents...
...Most of the instructional programs, whether of a technical or strategic nature, include ideological material...
...package and material control...
...In addition, a recommendation to end grant aid to Latin America by next year was made in January 1975 by the Under Secretary of State for Security Assistance, Carlyle Maw, and supported by the Latin American bureaus of the State Department, the National Security Council staff and other high-level officials...
...For the most part, as in Brazil, they operate to preserve a status quo which benefits the bour- geoisie and its foreign allies, the multinational corporations, while their so-called development policies only benefit a tiny minority of the population...
...In explaining this decision, the document asserts the importance of the training: This change has been made in recognition of the unique and lasting benefits which accrue to the United States from the training of foreign military personnel, and the need to ensure their continuing accrual as an independent and highly productive form of security assistance...
...US Annu US senice tch88ls train hundreds 8f Lath 0lAC8n yearly...
...Bragg, North Carolina...
...The College is administered by the InterAmerican Defense Board (IADB), which is composed of military representatives of the 22 member nations of the Organization of American States...
...MILITARY ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS 1. U.S...
...Training also extends to members of the armed forces of-other countries who will be assigned positions in civic action programs...
...Let him win full credit for the completion of any project...
...terms...
...Congress repeatedly asked the Administration for a phase-out plan, which was finally presented in 1975...
...The notion is continually reinforced that "you're either with us or against us...
...Country grants Eximbank articles grants other aid Sup.Asst...
...and they should be coordinated with an intensive PSYOPS campaign to convince the population that these harsh methods are for their own good...
...The scene was the bar of the Thayer HIotel, a government-subsidized institution on the grounds of West Point that frequently caters to defense-industry conventioneers...
...ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE-Ft...
...Included are new documents from the U.S...
...Army School of the Americas and other special air force divisions...
...The U.S...
...They cited social problems and underdevelopment as sources of opposition movements, and openly called for an end to economic aggression waged by the United States against the poorer nations of the hemisphere...
...Army, never before published, -obtained by NACLA through the Freedom of Information Act...
...For years, U.S...
...3. Edward Martin, "Communist Subversion in the Western Hemisphere," Department of State Bulletin, March 11, 1963 and March 18, 1963...
...Congressional opposition to the MAP program developed in response to the Vietnam war and the popular movement within the United States that began to challenge the assumptions of U.S...
...instructors and students is encouraged both during and after training...
...Also includes the "Greek-Turkish aid" of the Truman Doctrine era and miscellaneous other grants.ac F. Security Supporting Assistance: funds provided by the Agency for International Development for support of pro-U.S...
...2429 EL SALVADOR...
...This was good insurance for the future, because many of the top level officers trained in the United States were destined to be important leaders in their governments and armed forces...
...These are reflected in the above statements made by various military leaders at the 11th Conference of Army Commanders of Latin America and the United States, held in Uruguay in October 1975...
...installations...
...Intelligence and counter-intelligence in support of internal defense, internal development and PSYOPS...
...Among the major customers for U.S...
...The bias is staunchly anti-Communist, portraying a stereotyped, monolithic view of communism...
...6. Methods of Dissemination...
...4 The idea is not only to instill anti-communist attitudes, but to provide a framework for the officer to analyze situations just as his American counterparts would...
...objectives that the students hopefully would acquire...
...According to the Department of Defense, Normally the subjects available in United States institutions denote a degree of academic sophistication far beyond that achieved in the schools of the less developed countries...
...Security Assistance Since 1972, the MAP program has been part of the all-encompassing Security Assistance Program, which includes Foreign Military credits and sales, commercial sales, economic supporting assistance, ship loans, excess defense articles and a host of other programs that provide for the build-up and modernization of foreign armed forces...
...In a major study of U.S...
...16 CIVIL AFFAIRS AND MILITARY GOVERNMENT SCHOOL-Ft...
...502-515...
...automated management information system 3. Physical and VIP Security: Introduction to physical security/hazards...
...introduction to counterintelligence 6. Psychological Operations: Introduction to PSYOP...
...He is also the Secretary of the Defense Security Assistance Council which advises the Defense Secretary and is composed of representatives from other Defense Divisions...
...In October 1975, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela and Puerto Rico sent ambassadors, cultural officers or military attaches to attend Hispanic Week at West Point and to mingle with the cadets and guests...
...general or admiral.18 The emphasis at IADC is on the quality, not the quantity, of its students, who come from all Latin American countries except Cuba...
...7. Opportunity...
...Region & A. MAP Eximbank Defense D. MASF other Support...
...Robert S. McNamara, testimony before the Senate Appropriations Commitee, April 21, 1966, as quoted in Edwin Lieuwen, "The Latin American Military," p. 120...
...THE COLD WAR Democracy and communism are engaged in a struggle for objectives of worldwide significance...
...Congressional critics of the MAP program have charged it with: fostering the overthrow of civilian governments by the military in less developed countries, with helping to fuel Intraregional military competition, with creating a taste for sophisticated weapons among the armed forces in poor nations, and with squandering American taxpayers' money on "tin soldiers...
...1,473.8 - 363.2 14,115.6 1,173.5* 5,205.2 22,331.3 Regional 958.9 - 7.3 - - 834.7 1,800.925 Region & A. MAP B. FMS, C. Excess D. MASF E. PL480, F. Sec...
...from the protection of coastlines and from anti-submarine warfare to internal defense against Castro-Communist guerrilla warfare...
...In addition, the studenta participate in a simulated urban warfare situation, where they take on the rolea that they would have in the armed forces of their own countries...
...Congress, Senate, Committee on Appropriations, Foreign Assistance Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1975, Hearings, 93rd Cong., 2d Sess., 1974, pp...
...military aid programs...
...Therefore, the alleged goals of the program were to strengthen the region's defense against external attack, while at the same time allowing the United States to gain a dominant influence in the hemisphere by providing arms and money to the Latin American armed forces...
...Under the jurisdiction of SOLTIHCOM are the 14 U.S...
...The School provides training (in Spanish) in courses ranging from vehicle maintenance to military intelligence...
...The Support Operations division, for enlisted men and officers, offers courses in the The United States has maintained its influence over the Chilean Armed Forces through training programs conducted in the United States and the Canal Zone...
...Matthew B. Ridgway, Soldier...
...Ranger School at Fort Benning, Georgia...
...techniques...
...Of all the U.S...
...Of the four Chileans who graduated since 1962, one, Ricardo Enriquez Cesped Doering (W.P...
...Since 1952, 92,724 students have graduated from the institutions at Ft...
...According to General Matthew B. Ridgway, former commander of the Southern Command in the Canal Zone and a veteran of the fight against Augusto Cesar Sandino of Nicaragua, the first modern guerrilla leader in Latin America...
...9 One of the first cut-backs was directed against MAP training...
...Subscriptions: $10 per year for individuals ($18 for two years), $16 per year for non profit.institutions ($30 for two years...
...Thus MAP aid is designed to promote close relationships between U.S...
...Grumman will deploy at least 2,000 engineers in Iran to provide back-up support to the 80 F-14 "Tomcat" air-superiority fighters purchased by the Shah for an estimated $1.9 billion...
...1006 GUATEMALA...
...They can be easily distorted...
...1404-1462...
...The course emphasizes military operations against conventional and guerrilla forces in an urban environment The cost for the Chileans was $314,440 of which $304,440 was paid for by the United States through the MAP program...
...2, March, 1975...
...In such cases, the first indicators are seen in rural areas where the insurgents concentrate their initial efforts...
...These events indicate that U.S...
...This drive was further fueled by Watergate and the excesses of the Nixon presidency...
...14.Interviews with State Department officials, October 1975...
...media...
...Most of the Latin American military leaders who conducted the nine coupe between 1962 and 1966 had been recipients of U.S...
...papers from institutes and often, out of print titles, throughout South and Central America (including the Caribbean...
...This premise is no longer valid...
...G.P.O., 1969), p. 113...
...In this context it is interesting to note that many of the leaders of the current progressive nationalist govern- ments, for example Omar Torrijos in Panama, began their careers fighting the guerrillas and coming into contact with the problems confronted by the people...
...Hereafter referred to as Foreign Assistance, 1971...
...allies will assume the primary responsibility for their own defense needs - but with the help of substantial U.S...
...1 2 Underscoring the long-standing feud between Congress and Kissinger, the source went on to say that, "it is a matter of principle with Henry not to give in to Congressional pressures to tie his hands...
...The security assistance effort has also been characterized by lack of coordination among the various programs, and lack of a clear line of authority and control over the program as a whole...
...Courses in the theory of guerrilla war are taught using the writings of various revolutionary leaders such as Mao Tse-tung, General Vo Nguyen Giap of Vietnam, and Che Guevara...
...the revolutionary efforts in Portugal and other massive popular movements in Western Europe...
...Therefore, the first section of the Report develops a preliminary analysis of different military models-Brazil on one hand as the reactionary model, and Peru on the other as a progressive nationalist force-and the problems that both models are posing for U.S...
...Guillermo Rodrigues Lara, President of Ecuador...
...In addition to dictator Anastasio Somoza and his one-time Chief of Staff of the Nicaraguan Army, Frank Kelly (W.P...
...tactics and goals using the Tupamaros as a model...
...initiation...
...This career pattern is typical of many graduates who retired from military service into lucrative business positions...
...And in 1971 it was reported that the Pentagon spent over one million dollars entertaining cadets from Brazil's higher military academies...
...S. . We know that insurrection is based on the people and their problems...
...According to U.S...
...However, as these programs may have reached the limits of their effectiveness, they may be reduced in the future...
...The military was to play a role in both the developmental and the repressive aspects of this strategy - first by searching out guerrilla groups and destroying them, along with other manifestations of opposition and dissent...
...Nearly 300 additional officers attended training programs in 1974 compared to the previous year...
...In response to the growth of nationalist and socialist movements in the 1950s and 60s, the participation of foreign nationals at West Point and the U.S...
...Panama wants to limit the number of bases to three and to reduce the U.S...
...In many of these countries where the military plays a predominant role in national development, the collateral benefits accruing from the training of senior officers are obvious.'4 It was always expected that military leaders trained by the United States would assume important positions in their own countries, either within the military or as leaders of the government itself...
...military equipment in order to retain U.S...
...The Director, now Lt...
...This strategy is designed to guarantee the continuing profitability of U.S...
...In these countries, the governments are not trying to move toward socialism, but to render capitalism more responsive to the needs of the developing countries: to be independent within the world-wide capitalist system, yet part of it...
...House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Reports of the Special Study Mission to Latin America on Military Assistance and Developmental Television, 91st Cong., May 7, 1970, p. 11...
...several members of the prestigious Alfaro family of Ecuador and the Arosemena family of Panama...
...mile Canal Zone to Panama...
...Curriculum guide, "Indicadores de Actividades Insurgentes," Grupo de Instruccion de Inteligencia Militar, Depto...
...military equipment (figures given represent one-third of original acquisition cost).a 0. MASF grants: direct military grant aid furnished to U.S...
...c. Short, unjustified and unusual absences from work on the part of government employees...
...propaganda analysis...
...technology to the political and military reality of their own cultures...
...Army School of the Americas...
...counterinsurgency) in conjunction with the U.S...
...Included is an edited outline for course 0-47 on urban counterinsurgency operations, and selected material from several course lectures...
...Congressional Presentation Document, fiscal years 1976 and 197T, Foreign Military Sales and Military Assistance Program, November*5, 1975, p. 1. MILITARY TRAINING PROGRAMS 1. K. Bruce Galloway and Robert Bowie Johnson, Jr., West Point: America's Power Fraternity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973), p. 22...
...Einaudi and Stepan (RAND), pp...
...More significantly, an attitude is inculcated that is critical or suspicious of any neutralist or nationalist policy that a government might take...
...Use of Agents Friends in the affected region originate the rumor within the group...
...West Point: America's Power Fraternity, p. 217...
...and foreign military personnel, thereby facilitating Pentagon efforts to acquire influence over foreign military establishments while simultaneously preventing other countries from replacing Washington's favored position...
...The only opposing view was presented by the Pentagon which argued that the aid program was important in maintaining close relations with the Latin American military...
...Session, Part I, p. 359...
...Army - foreign trainees often develop relationships that are close and long-lasting...
...As the threat of armed revolution and "more Cubas" became the major concern of U.S...
...For more on the Public Safety Program and police training, see: The U.S...
...In insurrectionary war, the people choose one of two sides actively or passively, aiding the insurrection or the established government...
...populace resources control...
...This "role expansion" was an integral part of deepening the military's involvement in the development process...
...406-7...
...How does the ability of the multinational corporations to respond to nationalist programs limit the possibility for achieving an independent economic development...
...Between 1950 and 1973 more than 428,000 foreign officers and enlisted men (including 64,000 Latin Americans) were trained under the Military Assistance Program in the United States and Panama, with thousands of others receiving U.S.-sponsored in-country training...
...This Lniormation rbould not be gfwn to any Inrtltutlon, agency or person who does not have oKlchl ruth- tbn...
...The importance of these programs to Pentagon strategy is suggested by the following statement by then Defense Secretary McNamara to the House Appropriations Committee:11 Probably the greatest return on our military assistance investment comes from the training of selected officers and key specialist at our military schools and training centers in the United States and overseas...
...g. The new urban classes are very vulnerable to insurrection...
...Jimenez, alumni "will be constantly striving to support West Point and the Association of Graduates, and to bring before the people and the armed forces of Venezuela the ideals, standards, and dedication to duty that so typify the graduates of West Point...
...Use of Sympathizers Encourage sympathizers to disseminate stories...
...Rockefeller, pp...
...servicemen to provide training to foreign military personnel first came to light in February 1975, when Peter Arnett of the Associated Press revealed that the Pentagon awarded a $77 million contract to the Vinnell Corp...
...The maintenance of military bases and the network of alliances that surround the communist world is not enough to stop revolutionary war and, unfortunately, its field of battle is widening every day...
...I need not dwell upon the value of having In positions of leadership men who have firsthand knowl- edge of how Americans do things and how they think...
...development and status of current guerrilla interest in the urban area...
...This elite unit of "Green Berets" consists of some 1100 officers and enlisted men, who compose approxi- mately 25 MTT's...
...but it does not represent an end to U.S...
...To facilitate this transition from the military as military to the military as government, U.S...
...Gordon, Ga...
...interests in the Zone, among them the military bases...
...the move to protect and control natural resources through producers organizations like OPEC...
...Army School of the Americas in the Panama Canal Zone...
...d. Includes Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Nepal, Syria, N. Yemen...
...strategy until 1961, when John Kennedy became President, two years after the Cuban Revolution...
...help for the helpless...
...Our main activity is the supply of books about and from Latin Latin A m erica Books America, but we will handle orders for books and publications on any subject, and customers overseas will find this service ENGLAND useful for books published in England and North America.b LOW OUSEGATE, YORK, ENGLAND28 Foreign Trainees at U.S...
...Two-thirds of these funds were consumed in the delivery of materiel, including 4,385 F-84 aircraft, 206 patrol boats, 21,725 tanks and hundreds of thousands of jeeps, rifles and other equipment...
...Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Ks., July 7, 1959...
...3057 BRAZIL...
...The advanced curriculum in combat operations offered at the School is supplemented by ranger and airborne training, pathfinder courses and basic and advanced infantry officer courses, all de- signed to increaae counterinsurgency capabilities of both U.S...
...Breakdown of formal means of communication...
...House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee, Foreign Assistance and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1971, Hearings, 91st Cong, 2d Session, 1970, p. 307...
...TOTAL EAST ASIA & PACIFIC, Total 12,804.0 1,610.9 1,253.2 17,066.1 3,079.4 11,023.8 46,837.4 Australia - 824.5@ - - - - 824.5 Burma 76.4 4.1 - - 9.1 89.6 Cambodia 1,267.7 - 38.1 - 47.6* 488.8 1,842.2 Indonesia 162.6 8.5 12.0 - 51.9* 66.8 301.8 Japan 854.9 34.8 58.3 - 175.2 - 1,123.2 Korea, So...
...D / Y) \IF /_OY /bOU U uu / - , ! -- / r . -- , 1 0...
...Army School of the Americas, Fort Gulick, 1975...
...Gives the teller a sense of importance The prestige of a person increases when in a time of doubt or confusion he can provide "information...
Vol. 10 • January 1976 • No. 1
