The Issue
The election of an avowed Marxist government in Chile ranks as one of the most important political events in recent Latin American history. In this Newsletter we have tried to provide some basic...
...In addition it will be expeditious and less onerous...
...and France, where the Popular Front was led by Leon Blum, which left not even a part of a foundation for later generations...
...The values of the capitalist society would have to be replaced by other values...
...This means that of every 100 escudos that Chileans produce, 50 go to line the pockets of 10 oligarchs and the other 50 are shared among 90 Chileans of the people and the middle class...
...Since their formation, MIR has expanded its operation to other areas of Chile, and they have been joined by the worker-based group, VOP (Organized Vanguard of the People...
...In the immediate, therefore, we will push for those aspects which coincide with our politics...
...1 0 The group of businessmen that controls the economy, the political system, the press and other means of communication, and which threatens the state when it dares to intervene or denies them favors, costs the Chileans a great deal...
...But it is not right to conclude from this that there is a climate that is going to provoke chaos...
...Time, October 19, 1970, The Miami Herald, October 29, 1970...
...Jacques Chonchol, Allende's Minister of Agriculture, has moved his office to Temuco, in the south of Chile, and is personally supervising the accelerated agrarian reform process...
...Neither must we suppose that the problems will come only from the size of the capital affected by the possible measures, but also from the political consequences implied by such reforms (right to private property, possible example to the rest of Latin America, etc...
...Nixon's opinion...
...accepted the legitimacy of the right of the CD to demand guarantees and in fact having applauded this as a historical event in its own press, all this gave a great strength to the demands of the Christian Democracy...
...We are only referring to the initial actions in Peru and not to the possibilities that may open up (within the process and among the different tendencies developing...
...We provincial students lived very modestly, in pensions...
...an axiom that inexorably repeats itself...
...To liquidate rapidly the cultural and educational deficits inherited from the present system, a wide popular mobilization designed to eliminate illiteracy within a short period of time and elevate the educational levels of the adult population will be carried out...
...We have never discarded the possibility that a country may pass to socialism as a "ripe fruit" when the worldwide capitalist system is in agony and socialism prevails on this planet...
...b) To unify, improve and extend the social security system by maintaining all the legitimate conquests attained, eliminating abusive privileges, inefficiency and bureaucracy, improving and expediting the care of the recipients, extending the security system to those workers who still do not have it and handing over to the depositors the administration of the Social Security Treasuries that function within the guidelines of planning...
...You will have seen in four months that there is the most ample and unrestricted freedom...
...c) Integration and support of the Armed Forces in different aspects of social life...
...Same source as information on copper, above...
...interventions in company management...
...2. For a comprehensive background in English on The Popular Front see John Reese Stevenson, The Chilean Popular Front (Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Press, 1942) and Frederico G. Gil, The Political System of Chile (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1966...
...partnership with Sheraton 350.000 1,827,000 4. Majority interest in int'l...
...in distributor of petrol...
...4. The imperialistic exploitation of backward economies is carried out in many ways...
...or sentences of "forced labor" such as sweeping streets on Sundays or cleaning public parks...
...GNP per capita growth was 2.7 percent in 1965, 4.3 percent in 1966, but only 0.4 percent in 1967 (See: Susanne Bodenheimer, "Stagnation in Liberty, the Frei Experiment in Chile," NACLA Newsletter, Vol II., February, 1969, p. 8...
...program and our cirticism of this political front for its purely electoral character and for having within itself forces which in our judgement, to a great extent, represented the interests of the bourgeoisie...
...6. The increase in the cost of living is a hell in the homes of the people and especially for the housewife...
...We don't expect to achieve socialism overnight, Mr...
...decided and executed by the organizations of teachers, workers, students, and parents within the general outline of national planning...
...The increase in mass movement activity permitted what we thought would be very difficult: the electoral plurality of the U.P...
...These courts were to hear oral arguments and decide the cases on the spot without lawyers...
...Quarterly Economic Review of Chile, annual supplements for 1965, 1969 and 1970, p. 2...
...Nevertheless, we are moving right along...
...DEMOCRATIC, UNIQUE AND PLANNED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM The action of the new government will be oriented toward making available more and better educational opportunities...
...program is formulated, it strikes some vital nuclei of capitalism such as foreign enterprises, finance capital, industrial monopolies, and the latifundia...
...10025 P.O...
...1. 60% interest in Chilean telephone company 2. All American Cables...
...program...
...Let me give you an example...
...I would imagine that all presidents would like the people to have enough to eat -- they can't...
...The dominant classes, the accomplices of this situation and unable to help themselves, have intensified during the past 10 years Chile's indebtedness to foreign countries...
...QERC, May 1965, p. 9...
...company in Chile with three operating mines Boise Cascade (via its purchase of Electric Bond 6 Share...
...In that year, the Communist, Socialist and Radical Parties,l previously considered unlikely allies, united in their support of an enlightened Radical, Pedro Aguirre Cerda, for the presidency...
...LANDAU: Did you exchange opinions with Castro...
...Penalties would range from public admonition to fines NATIONAL DEFENSE The popular state will give preferential attention to the preservation of national sovereignty which it conceives as a duty of all the people...
...3)foreign trade...
...Workers' organizations will have a fundamental participation in the planning system...
...ALLENDE: No, the agrarian reform is only a part of the plan for the economic and social development of Chile...
...4- 20 - between the dominant classes and the working classes in Chile...
...3 0 For as long as inflation lasts the policy will proceed to establish automatic readjustments by law (Sources: ERC, annual supplements for 1965, p. 11...
...over 85 percent drop out after 6 grades, and 27.5 percent finish only one year of school...
...3 He received only 5.4 percent of the vote in that election, losing to the Conservative ex-dictator Carlos Ibanez del Campo...
...The following listing of major U.S...
...Freedom of conscience, speech, press and assembly, the inviolability of the home and the rights of unions and their organization will rule effectively without the limiting conditions presently established by the dominant classes...
...They will also be empowered to initiate laws and to criticize superior bodies...
...RCA International...
...These classical anti-inflationary measures are incompatable with guided growth, redistribution objectives and altering existing world price and trade relationships...
...These are only a few examples of the new conception of government which we propose -one in which the people truly participate in the State apparatus...
...The Ministry of Economy and the Government Development Corporation announced early this year their intention to reorganize the automotive industry...
...Every country has its own reality and each country has its own leaders, and the tactics that the leaders use will be appropriate to the reality of the concrete case here...
...In the last 42 years the copper mining companies have taken $3.8 billion out of Chile (Allende/Landau interview...
...the legal judicial superstructure is not only functioning but is also being accepted by the U.P...
...Specific norms will determine and coordinate the powers and responsibilities of the president of the republic, ministers, the People's Assembly, regional and local organisms of power and political parties for the purpose of assuring legislative operability, governmental efficiency and, above all, respect for majority will...
...This fact explains why in 1964 the left, while losing, obtained approximately 38% of the votes, but in 1970 it won the elections with less than 36% of the votes...
...This strategy has the advantage of giving the ruling classes enough time to regroup themselves, and above all, it allows them to attempt to discredit historically the possible political solution of the "left," and of socialism in Chile and Latin America for at least a significant period of time...
...The loans or credits granted by the development agencies to the enterprises of this area will be made ize the industries mentioned in this section...
...Chile re-established diplomatic relations with Cuba on November 12, 1970, and with Communist China on January 5. On February 26, the government announced it would sell copper directly to Communist China...
...ALLENDE: We believe that the problem of the Araucanian, the Mapuches, is not a problem which can be solved only within the agrarian reform...
...U.S...
...There should be measures to rationalize distribution and commerce, stabilize prices, and to prevent the structure of demand that comes from high incomes to drive up prices...
...THE PRESENT SITUATION AND THE PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE...
...and only when the masses, withdrawn or stagnated in their mobilizations, do not threaten the survival of the system...
...In the same way the policy will solidify itself effectively with the Cuban revolution, and with the advances of revolution and the construction of socialism on the Latin American continent...
...This also shows that the electoral contribution of the PR, API, and the PSD 4 could not have been that significant...
...71-83...
...We have not done anything illegal, nothing illegal...
...Quoted in Jose Yglesias, op...
...Adjustments will be necessary in accordance with the political situation which the country is going through...
...THE MIR AND THE ELECTORAL RESULTS* The electoral majority obtained by the left has created a series of concrete questions inside the revolutionary left...
...First they have to fulfill their responsibilities and then they have the right to say they are political leaders...
...On October 21, 1969, two units of an army division revolted in suburban Santiago...
...LANDAU: It is what is meant by Latin Americans when they speak of imperialism...
...All democratic rights and guarantees will be extended through the delivery to social organizations of the real means to exercise them and the creation of the mechanisms that permit them to act at the different levels of the state apparatus...
...ALLENDE: In 1937...
...The second was former president Jorge Alessandri who ran as an independent backed by rightist parties...
...His property and capital increase in value, his construction contracts with the government are readjusted and the prices of his products always go up at a higher rate than wage increases...
...The government will proceed at a pace that will be defined technically to establish a minimum wage and salary system of equal levels for equal jobs regardless of the enterprise where these jobs are carried out...
...V, No, I / March 1971 50 C NACLA ' NEWSLETTER P.O...
...We have to raise the copper production to 1,200,000 tons...
...We have sent down there, not only a minister of agriculture, but we have also sent doctors, educators, anthropologists and sociologists...
...We must also praise some of his combative calls for the defense of the victory...
...We look for the effective exercise of power by the workers themselves, supported by an armed proletariat, on the local level...
...farmers will have titles of domain that their ownership of the house and garden to them and of the corresponding rights divided fields of the cooperative...
...ALLENDE: Yes, they continue on in the same way...
...If one takes as an indicator the war in Southeast Asia, the aggressiveness of imperialism has been increasing openly...
...In addition, we have been exporters of raw materials, and you know perfectly well what has happened in the international market...
...Do you feel that the people have responded to the People's Union program...
...and popular vacationing and sea resorts...
...A strong Latin American and anti-imperialist sense will be promoted through an international policy of peoples rather than chancelleries...
...wholly owned pharmaceutical plant . Phelps Dodge...
...General Viaux was also implicated in the October 22 assasination of Commander in Chief of the Army Rene Schneider Chereau, a military leader apparently committed to non-intervention...
...Regis Debray spent several months there after his release from a Bolivian prison, and the 70 Brazilians who were released by the Brazilian government in exchange for the life of the Swiss Ambassador to Brazil are currently there...
...dustrial exports while industrial imports increase...
...Bouchon is currently in a Santiago prison awaiting trial...
...potable water...
...to substantially modify this limiting legal framework (by means of constitutional modifications, plebiscites, dissolution of parliament, etc...
...1965 -- 25.9...
...The Popular Action Front unlike the Popular Front of the 30's and the Unidad Popular of 1970, did not include the Radical Party...
...I have gone to Cuba many times and I have talked many times to Fidel Castro I knew, also, very well, Commandante Ernesto Che Guevara...
...For example, in the welfare and social security institutions we will establish the administration by the depositors themselves, thus assuring them democratic elections and the secret vote for their directive councils...
...prods...
...Two giant U.S...
...to permit them to manipulate the distribution of food and to horde food in order to bring about scarcity and the later price increases so as to continue enriching themselves at the people's expense...
...They will also be the interpreters of and combatants for the urgent claims of the masses and above all they will prepare themselves to exercise popular power...
...There exist & few contradictions between imperialism and the national bourgeoisies which are centered around a struggle to obtain a greater share of that which is produced through the exploitation of Latin America...
...If U.P...
...Nothing more...
...The U.P...
...Since 1952 up to today North Americans have invested 7,473 million dollars in Latin America and they have taken out 16 billion dollars...
...We shall point out the dangers that await the people in the path of seizing power by the workers starting from an electoral majority, with the intention of preparing it for the confrontation that this path necessarily implies...
...Municipal structures will be modernized and will be granted the necessary authority in agreement with the coordination plans of the whole state...
...and from there we construct an anti-imperialist, anti-capitalist program...
...That process has as its essential foundation, first to recover the basic wealth of Chile and put it in the hands of Chileans...
...As of 1968 less than 2 percent of university students came from working class families...
...MIXED AREA This sector is called mixed because it will be made up of enterprises that combine state and private capital...
...We have an industry that is different: we have a higher level...
...they constitute their highest form of development...
...II., (February, 1969) and vol...
...In the same way all discrimination between men and women or because of age in relation to wages and salaries will be eliminated...
...Depdrtment of Commerce, Trade List, Chile, April 1970 Note: Omitted for lack of sufficient information were: Ford Motor, which assembles vehicles...
...a just and operable social security system without privileges and without starvation-level pensions...
...What then has failed...
...APU was formed in May, 1969 by Christian Democrat "rebeldes" who, one of their spokesmen, Jacques Chonchol, has said, became convinced that "the center, which Frei represents, was not going to be willing to develop the economy in a Socialist context...
...However, the exercise of the regional and local organizations' powers will have to adjust itself to the boundaries established by national laws and by the general economic and social development plans...
...3 4 At 33...
...Frank, p. 99...
...For example, in 1967 of the 30,500 industries (including craft industries) only some 150 controlled the markets monopolistically, monopolizing state aid and bank credit and exploiting the other industrial enterprises of the country by selling raw materials to them at a high price and buying their products at a low price...
...McCann-Ericson...
...ALLENDE: You have to think of two possibilities...
...The police force should be reorganized so that it cannot again be employed as a repressive organization against the people and so that on the other hand it fulfills the objective of defending the people from antisocial actions...
...1965 -- 5.0...
...economic aid to Chile through fiscal year 1968 was $1.238 billion (Inter-American Economic Affairs, Winter 1970, Vol...
...6. Incorporation of small and medium-size farmers to the advantages and services of cooperatives that operate in their geographical area...
...Certainly their acceptance of Allende indicates that this is true, but no one knows to what extent they will come to the ruling classes' aid if Allende's government moves from reformism to revolutionary socialism...
...officials undoubtedly pressed for the five points...
...The government will also carry forward the remodeling of cities and neighborhoods with the basic idea of preventing the poorer families from being put on the periphery, and will guarantee the interests of the people living in the remodeled sector such as the small businessman who works there and will assure the occupants of their locations in the future...
...Bodenheimer, NACLA Newsletter, May-June 1970, p. 20...
...The percentages for each candidate were: Candidate Men Women Allende 41.6 30.5 Alessandri 31.5 38.4 Tomic 25.9 29.9 (Mimeographed election figures from Chile's Direccion del Registro Electoral, courtesy of Paul Drake).-9The Popular Unity Committees will be more than electoral organizations...
...So what do we want...
...Another source estimated urban unemployment in Chile at the more likely figure of 28 percent (International Labor Review, November 1968, pp...
...Balanced against this, the pronounced goal of the stand-by loans has not been achieved, as shown by the increase in the consumer price index after a short period of respite in 1965-66: 1963 -- 45...
...This means designing a policy that will generate employment by planning the adequate use of the country's resources and by adapting the correct technology to demands of national development...
...The quotas or monthly rents that house purchasers or renters must pay will not -- by general rule -- exceed 10 percent of the family income...
...Chile accounts for one fourth of Kennecott's annual copper production...
...If they keep their promise, they will vote favorably...
...He visited the Villa Kennedy, spoke with the squatters, and eventually convinced them to leave, promising he would build 100,000 homes in the next year...
...program is not identical to ours, we shall push and support the realization of those measures...
...ALLENDE: Yes, of course...
...present armed forces...
...It seems that the predominant strategy of the bourgeoisie and of imperialism consists in allowing Allende to take power, to try and give him just a few months to govern, "tie him up" with the ropes of legalism, use the armed forces to guarantee the effectiveness of the ties, and thus have the U.P...
...Anglo Lautaro Nitrate...
...1 3 This means that everyday a part of the wages is stolen from those Chileans who live from their work...
...The democratic culmination of this process will be translated into important contributions of the universities to the revolutionary development of Chile...
...Petras, p. 29...
...He personally cannot even enter into a contractual agreement, and that situation can not change overnight...
...One writer estimates that the Christian Democrats received $1 million monthly from American sources, and around $18 to $20 million more from the Christian Democrats in West Germany, Italy and Belgium...
...The different streams of opinion will flow into it and will manifest themselves...
...You have seen how they attack us, how the daily papers publish whatever occurs to them -- not only about political matters, but they also reflect attitudes about events and about one's own private life...
...They would have had to be at least 18 years old, have a clean police record and have been a member of a labor or social institution such as a union, peasant coop or neighborhood committee...
...Neither does the list present a picture of Chile's importance as a market for U.S...
...Frei's government changed that, and illiterates and young people of ages 18-21 will vote for the first time in Chile's next municipal elections (April 4, 1971...
...Now, you have to ask: why isn't it possible...
...The document lays out the fundamental problems that face Allende and the UP, including their analysis of how the opposition is currently plotting to overthrow him...
...When we consider the possibilities of the U.P...
...LANDAU: You are more popular now, in my opinion, than before...
...The popular and revolutionary forces have not united to struggle for the simple substitution of one president of the republic for another, nor to replace one party for another in the government, but to carry out the profound changes the national situation demands based on the transfer of power from the old dominant groups to the workers, the peasants and the progressive sectors of the middle classes of the city and the countryside...
...from the point of view of imposing its right to govern, under the conditions it sees fit, essentially weak...
...The general aim is specifically not limited to reforms within the framework of the existing system...
...For example, it can make decisions that obstruct the task of the peoples' government...
...Peaceful Transition to Socialism...
...intends to nationalize...
...So, the agrarian reform is part of a process...
...LANDAU: Has the United States Government put any pressure on you...
...The interview was taped and transcribed from a KQED TV broadcast March 4, 1971...
...iron ore shipments...
...Of course, there is a difference between working for a group of mine operators and working for the country or the people...
...This is not the place to evaluate at length Frei's agrarian reform program, though its apparent failure was decisive in the election of Allende...
...The people have already elected president Salvador Allende and this is not negotiable at any cost...
...Afterward, a significant sector of them, rather than voting for a traditional rightist which would certainly open the way for the development of a revolutionary left, they preferred to vote for the demagogic populism of Tomic which offered possibilities of "order and peace...
...National Planning Office...
...Also the ruling classes will be trying to sabotage industrial and agricultural production...
...Allende's government planned to raise the vital for workers to 20 escudos per day...
...4. To assure rapid and decentralized economic growth which tends to develop our productive forces to the maximum and to produce the optimal utilization of human, natural, financial and technical resources available for the purpose of increasing work productivity and satisfying both the demands of the independent development of the economy as well as the necessities and aspirations of the working population that are compatible with a dignified human life...
...The North American funds helped finance the massive propaganda campaign against Allende...
...It has been operating on the very edge of the law, while protected by the Central Bank for twice the capital that it actually has...
...The People's Assembly will be the Single House that will express popular sovereignty at the national level...
...75% interest in Rio Blanco copper mine...
...5. U.S...
...That was in a Popular Front government, one of the three Popular Fronts that there was in Chile in the period of Pedro Aguirre Cerda...
...And we can understand that from his point of view he doesn't exactly like what we are doing...
...We are not talking about appropriating or usurping the properties from the owners, for example, the copper mine owners...
...I talk with the peasants, with the copper workers, with the coal miners, with the students, and with the housewives...
...Singer, which employs 450 in manufacturing and distributing sewing machines...
...However, power itself is foreign to the people...
...victory on September 4th...
...Has the strategy of armed struggle failed in Chile...
...b) Technical education that is open to all contributions of modern military science, taking into account Chile's necessities, national independence, peace and friendship among people...
...A single state organization will be created with national, regional and local levels...
...Each case will have the right to appeal to the highest possible constitutional procedures in Chile...
...Forty others were wounded...
...As Lenin said: those who govern, in actuality, are the immense layer of functionaries, technocrats, bureaucrats and militaries in the ministries,subsecretariats and corporations, etc., which only a revolution can displace...
...Nevertheless the common interest of maintaining the system of exploitation and control on which they base their power and their wealth, prevails always above and beyond these lesser contradictions...
...children's playgrounds...
...Box 226, Berkeley, California 94701 _I I- 2THE 1970 ELECTIONS A BRIEF BACKGROUND by Elizabeth Farnsworth The roots of Chile's governing coalition of leftist parties, the Unidad Popular (Popular Unity) can be traced back to Chile's first Popular Front Government in 1938...
...government and then, based on right wing groups created in the mean time, they would use the armed forces "to save the fatherland" and to prevent "disorder and chaos...
...For these reasons, although the U.P...
...Adult education will be organized principally around the labor centers to enable the permanent functioning of general, technological and social education for the workers...
...Two further very large copper mining investments have been undertaken by Cerro Corp...
...1 2 Under Chilean law, if no candidate receives an absolute majority, Congress must decide between the top front-runners...
...Kennecott holds a 49 percent interest in El Teniente mine, the world's largest underground copper mie (during the Frei administration both Anaconda and Kennecott were induced to sell a 51 percent interest in the mines to the Chilean government, though they retained management and marketing control...
...We also believe that if this program is- 22 - implemented it will create a bourgeois and imperialist counteroffensive which given the energies and aspirations of the working class will bring about a quick radicalization of the process...
...ALLENDE: Well, that is logical, but this you do not build overnight...
...A modern, patriotic and popular conception of the country's sovereignty will be defined based on the following criteria: a) The supporting of the national character by all the branches of the Armed Forces...
...30 - sugar...
...13...
...It has been translated from Spanish and presented in a slightly abridged version...
...LANDAU: Does Fidel understand that...
...From the first day when the popular government assumes office it will open channels for the purpose of expressing the influence of the workers and the people through their social organizations in the adoption of decisions and the inspection of the functioning of state administration...
...For a brief description of how this virtual monopoly of the country's main resource has been used and how this has affected the Chilean people, see the government copper corporation's full page ad in The New York Times, January 25, 1971, the source for the chart below (the apparent discrepancy between the figures given in the chart below and those cited above is due to the different sources used -- those above reflect the companies' claims, as reported in numerous articles in the U.S...
...3. Insurance, shipping and other investments related to international trade and marketing...
...The U.P...
...Pfizer...
...ALLENDE: At that time...
...All of the above involves, with certainty, an armed confrontation between the ruling classes and the workers...
...3, pp...
...See Petras, p. 241...
...But you understand that this should not be seen as a norm...
...Kaplan, pp...
...The popular government will opt for the creation of an organism that is truly representative of Latin American countries...
...They consider themselves in the same Latin American Camp as the Tupamaros of Uruguay, the ALN-VPR urban guerrillas of Brazil, the ELN of Bolivia, and Cuba...
...And he is not going to send recipes, nor am I a man who receives them...
...Therefore, Cuba's problems are not the problems of Chile...
...program formulates...
...We know that powerful interests must be hurt, interests which in each country are protected by the capitalist state apparatus...
...I would imagine that all presidents would like to supply work -- they can't...
...I have said this very clearly, you do not get socialism by decree...
...LANDAU: We attended a Mapuche meeting and the Indians always referred to "the Chileans" as being distinct from themselves...
...It is considered indispensable to revise, denounce and forget about, according to individual cases, the treaties or agreements that mean compromises that limit our sovereignty and concretely the treaties of reciprocal assistance, the mutual assistance pacts and other pacts that Chile has signed with the United States...
...Agustin Edwards forms part of the directorate...
...Included, in alphabetical order, are all the companies listed in the April 1970 U.S...
...You have seen the Christian Democrat papers (La Prensa, La Tarde) and the provincial papers, in which 80% or better 90%, are in the hands of the reactionary or right wing elements...
...The Communist and Socialist Parties, and the MIR (the Movement of the Revolutionary Left) have all organized homeless people for land take-overs...
...The fight against inflation will be decided essentially on the stated structural changes...
...They committed a customs fraud...
...Of course what we are pro- posing today is a lot different than what we proposed 30 years ago...
...Similar pressures have confronted his government in the south of Chile where independent leftists have led peasants in invasions of rural properties not chosen to be expropriated under the agrarian reform...
...49 percent owned by Anaconda), and by the El Teniente mining complex (which is 49 percent owned by Kennecott...
...and as long as mobilizations amongst the workers are organized against their bosses...
...But this does not invalidate the fact that the electoral victory of the U.P...
...As the level of the people's struggle increases in proportion to the failures of reformism, the position of the most reactionary sectors of the ruling class hardens...
...6, No...
...7. Allende's government has disbanded the Grupo Movil, which was an elite group of policemen especially trained in riot control and often accused of repressive tactics...
...through the technological control that obliges us to pay extremely high sums for equipment, licenses and patents...
...Some indications of this are the IPA declaration and the New York Times editorial supporting a military coup in Chile, etc...
...POLICY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT The state's economic policy will be carried forward through the national system of economic planning and the mechanisms of control, orientations, production credit, technical assistance, tax policy and foreign trade policy as well as through the state's administration of the economy...
...Allende and his government must quell those fears, must proceed slowly: We are not in the Cuba of 1959...
...980,000 of these lived in the greater Santiago area where government figures show unemployment as follows: 1963 -- 3.7...
...Shortly before the election, the conservative El Mercurio, Chile's most widely-read daily newspaper, carried a front page article which discussed Russia's 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia, intimating that Russian tanks were an inevitable byproduct of an Unidad Popular victory...
...majority interest in paper plant...
...DEMOCRACY, AUTONOMY AND ORIENTATION OF THE UNIVERSITY The government of Popular Unity will lend a wide backing to the process of university reform and will stimulate its development with resolve...
...It is the bank that has forced us to insist that it obey the law...
...The present government's brutal methods of violence, such as the actions of the "Grupo Movil," the beatings of peasants and students and the slaughters of slum dwellers and miners are inseparable from other no less brutal methods which affect all Chileans...
...Chilean rocksalt production, an important factor in the local economy of northern Chile, increased eightfold in 1965-69, largely due to increased mechanization by the sole large producer, Cia.Minera Santa Adriana S.A...
...And finally, we created a state investment corporation which was the foundation of Chilean heavy industry, steel, oil, and electricity...
...ALLENDE: There are not any serious conflicts...
...minority interest in cable plant...
...POPULAR GOVERNMENT'S INTERNATIONAL POLICY OBJECTIVES The international policy of the popular government will be directed toward affirming the complete political and economic autonomy of Chile...
...WE STAND FOR NON-INTERVENTION AND SELF-DETERMINATION" ALLENDE: Our struggle isn't against the people of the United States...
...We read the Marxist theorists...
...That is obvious, isn't it...
...To me, it is not important that a student says to me that he is a left wing leader, if he is a poor student...
...minority interest in tire plant Gillette...
...We maintain that the electoral victory of the left constitutes a tremendous advance in the people's struggle for power, and objectively favors the development of a revolutionary path for Chile...
...On the other hand, in Chile the Popular Front re- presented a very important stage for us...
...e) Complete civil capability will be established for the married woman as well as for the children within or outside of marriage as well as adequate divorce legislation that completely safeguards the rights of the woman and the children...
...This shows that the economy in general and the agricultural system in particular are incapable of feeding Chileans even though Chile could now sustain a population of 30 million persons, triple her present population...
...Continued U.S...
...1 1 It is probable that pressures from the growing successes of the Chilean revolutionary Left, especially the Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR) contributed to the adoption of such a militant Program...
...Kennecott Copper...
...over Alessandri...
...In Valparaiso, for example, everyday when I come out of the office, there were four, five, six hundred people waiting some of them for two hours or more, just to say hello...
...5 These are the same problems that derive from class privileges and which will never be renounced voluntarily...
...and at the beginning and even up until the end, a sector of the middle class looked for protection under the wing of the "caudillos" of the right...
...The popular government will base its force and authority essentially on the support the organized people give it...
...Consequently, the university government will be responsible to its respective community...
...ALLENDE: Oh, what do you mean utopian...
...Whether or not one can pass from a leftist government to more advanced phases in the construction of socialism, depends on whether or not we destroy the state capitalist apparatus...
...And you know how powerful the oil companies are...
...22, (January 1971), p. 2. 12...
...L Tel...
...This common work system will be a permanent method and a dynamic way of organizing and fulfilling the Program, an active school for the masses and a concrete way of getting at the bottom of the political content of the Popular Unity at all its levels...
...The right has not been crushed here by a popular uprising...
...Allende compaigned especially diligently among women in 1970...
...For data on U.S...
...merchant fleet interests (Newsweek, November 19, 1969, p. 68...
...Because in spite of the setbacks suffered by imperialism in Vietnam and the advances of the Colonial Revolution throughout the world, imperialism is still immensely powerful as are also the native ruling classes of Latin America...
...Elements that are going to be wounded in their economic interests...
...Landau, an independent film maker, was in Chile working on "Que Hacer" a full length color "music, spy thriller about the elections...
...will have to concretely satisfy the aspirations of the masses in a short span of time...
...1964 -- 4.2...
...Since the election MIR has agreed to put aside the initiated armed struggle for the moment, and has decided to organize active support for what they consider to be the revolutionary aspects of the UP's program...
...metal office furniture " Standard Oil (N.J...
...Although we look for a way in the first stages, to protect the small agricultural owner, the small merchants and the small industrialists, we do not believe that there exist sectors of the industrial bourgeoisie with whom it would be possible to ally oneself, much less protect...
...For at least three years mass movements in Chile have been growing and the electoral majority of Allende was based on the heightened aspirations of the workers...
...We shall fight the maneuvers of the "momios," we shall denounce the devious intentions of the CD and its political past, we shall support the revolutionary sectors of the U.P., and we shall try to shift the decision-making centers from La Moneda (presidential palace) and the corridors of Congress to the mobilized fronts of the masses...
...One picture which was widely circulated and used as a wall poster showed a Cuban worker receiving last rites from a priest before his execution by a firing squad...
...However, in 1969 an OAS study reported that "true unemployment" in this area was more than 12 percent in 1969 (Business Latin America, February 19, 1970, p. 57)-- yet even this figure does not take into account hidden un- or under-employment...
...Meanwhile, the Congress is debating a law that would nationalize all the banks...
...The results are in full view...
...An example of popular art that has sprung up on walls throughout Chile reflecting the themes of the U.P...
...Chile may become a haven for persecuted revolutionary exiles and refugees...
...stable work...
...To make educational planning a reality and to create a single, rational and democratic school system, the new state will assume responsibility for private establishments and will begin with those schools that select their students on the basis of- 16 - social class, national origin or religious preference...
...In addition the truth can be published...
...Joan M. Nelson, Aid, Influence and Foreign Policy, New York, 1968, p. 11...
...Therefore the Christian Democracy won for itself the representation of the ruling classes and can now count on the economic, military and political strength of imperialism and the bourgeoisie...
...The New York Times, January 18, 1971...
...In November, 1967, the police and army killed or injured at least 22 persons participating in a general strike led by the leftist National Confederation of Chilean Workers (the CUTCH...
...their role is to dedicate themselves to the mobilizations of workers and students...
...IMPERIALISM AND THE REFORMIST GOVERNMENTS OF LATIN AMERICA Since World War II, the international situation has been defined in its most fundamental aspect, by a growing colonial revolution and by the struggle of imperialism to prevent it...
...Due to the existence of oil and natural gas deposits in northern Chile, the government has sponsored a petrochemical industrial complex around its refineries in Concepcion...
...In fact, 45 percent of its stock is U.S.-owned...
...People can greet me and I can greet them, although, clearly, I do not spend my whole day saying hello to people...
...Above and beyond the tactical games of political representation, the Chilean bourgeoisie will try to strengthen its links with imperialism and to present a common front to the masses rising behind the UP...
...under-utilization of productive capacity in industry...
...In this Newsletter we have tried to provide some basic background information which is crucial to understanding current political developments in Chile: 1. The peculiar antecedents of the popular front and the elections of 1970...
...The organization mainly included students who were dissatisfied with the political strategy and tactics of the traditional Chilean left parties...
...ALLENDE: The application of the law allows us to punish those who do not obey the law...
...exploitable iron ore reserves at 338 million tons in 1969 (QERC, annual supplement 1969, p. 6...
...But this can not be considered an overwhelming problem for Chile...
...4 The FRAP and its candidate Allende nearly won the presidency in 1958...
...9 National police force, the carabineros, shot and killed nine people during an attempt to break up a squatters' invasion of private land...
...has moved to acquire, through purchases of stock from the public, the control of all private banks...
...Furthermore, the U.P...
...Nevertheless, an active policy of bilateral agreements on those materials that are of interest to Chilean development will be maintained...
...During emergency situations lands will be assigned to those families that need them and technical and material help for building houses will be made available...
...The CD Junta and the acceptance by the U.P...
...Because of this, the half liter of milk plan was developed, but that isn't a definitive solution -- but it is a contribution, it is something positive...
...We are moving within the existing possibilities...
...That is what they mean...
...And in the Middle East the interests of imperialism are represented by the Israeli army...
...changes in taxes, concessions, and licensing agreements, etc...
...and 25 percent by ADELA...
...1. Wholly owned sales organization...
...and the profits they obtain from the administration of credit are very sizeable...
...El Mercurio, for example, (and not only El Mercurio, which is the most powerful organ of the Chilean oligarchy, but also the other papers, La Tercera, and La Segunda) use a more candid and at the same time a more violent language in its attacks...
...We always thought that man should have a different dimension...
...Police procedures will be humanized so as to guarantee effectively the complete respect of dignity and the physical well-being of the person...
...But the Ibaniez government's failures set the stage for a resurgence of the left, and in 1956 the Popular Action Front (FRAP) was formed...
...In fact, it is owned by W.R...
...The American Department of State cautiously puts forward their opinions in different ways: first it was the IPA which warned the world about "the threat of communism," then The New York Times asked for a coup d'etat, etc...
...7. According to one observer, Frie's campaign received about $1 million a month, for many months, from American sources, and an estimated $18 to $20 million more from Christian Democrats in West Germany, Italy and Belgium (Barnard Collier, "A Revolution without the Execution Wall," The New York Times Magazine, February 19, 1967...
...Moreover the revolutionary sectors within the U.P...
...Would you say that the Indians have been awakened a little by the triumph of the Peoples' Union...
...By citing the Program as his guide to action, he quells people's fears that he will act dictatorially, one of his collaborators explained recently to a reporter...
...Therefore some sectors of Tomicist base turned their support immediately to the U.P...
...after the election, to count on those sectors which were Tomic's base...
...3 2 MEANS OF MASS COMMUNICATION The communications media (radio, book publishers, television, press and movies) are fundamental in helping the formation of a new culture and a new man...
...in accordance with the increase in the cost of living...
...We have always affirmed that the seizing of power by the workers will be possible only through armed struggle...
...But it is not a problem for one day...
...The Christian Democrats, in the presidential campaign of Radomiro Tomic, always said they would also support the nationalization of credit...
...We shall maintain our political and military structure as long as the capitalist system prevails in Chile and as long as power is not effectively controlled by the workers, the defense of whose interests shall continue to be our sole reason for existence...
...WAS OUR ELECTORAL POLICY FUNDAMENTALLY WRONG...
...We have not taken it from them...
...According to official statistics 50 percent of children less than 15 years of age are undernourished...
...But the only thing they have achieved up to today is that Chile has a record of being one of the most indebted countries on earth in proportion to its inhabitants...
...U.S...
...8,000 of these committees were formed during the campaign, and 4,000 more during the month or so after the election...
...For them to condescend to continue "working" -of course only they have the luxury of working or not -- it is necessary: accumulated in Chile over the last 400 years (Allende/ Landau interview on KQED, broadcast March 4, 1971 -see text elsewhere in this Newsletter...
...electric utility ,in process of purchase by Chile...
...program, we must not look at an abstract economic model which the U.P...
...ALLENDE: No, none...
...It is one of the world's largest producers of copper (11.6 percent of world total in 1969) and in 1968-69 produced nearly 7 percent of the world's molybdenum, a byproduct of its copper mining (Minerals Yearbook preprint, U.S...
...and imperialism far from having its hands tied, remains strong and powerful...
...On the streets people greet me...
...What they do everyday is make decisions for everybody else...
...The people sell voluntarily because the price we have set is good business...
...10 The Program of Government printed below was released in December by the leaders of the Unidad Popular after months of "round table" conferences...
...Who does the CD think they are lying to when they ask guarantees regarding the armed forces after having boycotted the plan to better the conditions of the military retired personnel...
...The popular government will begin immediately a genuine administrative decentralization as well as democratic, efficient planning which will eliminate bureaucratic centralism and replace it with the coordination of all state organisms...
...It will assume power along with high and middle functionaries of the previous regime and under the old structure which will make the excercise of government very difficult...
...And if they had not committed any crimes, nothing would have happened...
...In spite of participating in both fronts actively, the hands of imperialism have not been tied up...
...The Cubans only had that road because they faced a dictatorship...
...14 FOOTNOTES 1. Chile's Radical Party, formed in 1862 as a reaction against oligarchic rule, has represented the center in Chilean politics since the early 1930's...
...the mushrooming of a low-productive service center...
...Some are through investments in mining (copper, iron and others) 6. Susanne Bodenheimer analyzes Frei's program of "Revolution in Liberty" in the NACLA Newsletters cited above...
...Obviously, the course that events will take in relation to these measures will depend on the specific form that these measures will take (expropriation, simple intervention, indirect control, etc...
...Cerro Corp...
...These were the reasons for their acceptance of the "agreed nationalization" of Frei's government...
...We have not harassed the bank...
...In early January, 1971, Allende signed an agreement with the Central Unica de Trabajadores (CUT), Chile's Central Federation of workers...
...in the peasants mobilizations of Chillan and Colchagua...
...We contemplate the existence of a Supreme Tribunal whose members will be designated by the People's Assembly with no limitation other than that which emerges from the natural suitability of its members...
...MIR's actions have included expropriations from banks and supermarkets, bombings of imperialist targets like the First National City Bank and an attack on the Santiago Police Command Post...
...The transformation of the educational system will not only be a task for technicians but will also be a task studied, argued...
...That of the banks and of the monopolies...
...Between 1958 and 1964, Chilean Christian Democracy became a mass movement, a new phenomenon in Chilean politics which "competes with the left in its appeal to populist or reform sentiments, but at the same time maintains firm social and ecomonic ties with business and foreign enterpreneurial groups...
...U.S...
...PROGRAM We try to determine whether or not the U.P...
...problems...
...All reactionary regimes that promote or practice racial segregation and anti-Semitism will be condemned...
...The ammendment would guarantee the right of Chilean children to private non-profit education and would forbid political interference in education...
...2 2 The members of the People's Assembly and of every representative organization of the people will be subject to the control and recall of the electors through consultation mechanisms enabling voters to revoke their mandate...
...And what is more, 47% of the population is undernourished...
...This system will permit us once and for all to do away with two of the evils Chile has been suffering from: The dictatorial presidential system and the corrupt parliamentary system...
...State controllers have taken over the Banco Edwards and the Bance de Comercio e Industria which belong, respectively, to the Edwards family and Alfredo Yarur, both wealthy industrialists currently in self-exile...
...Its objectives will be: 1. To resolve the immediate problems of the great majority...
...It is also part of the strategy of the bourgeoise to create a reduction in industrial production, to refuse to negotiate the foreign debt and to reduce the planting of the fields thus increasing inflation and unemployment...
...For a people to succeed in building a distinct society, you need an organized, a disciplined, and a conscious people...
...Into this area of nationalized activities will be integrated the following sectors: 1) the large mining companies of copper, nitrate, iodine, iron and coal...
...The vital in December, 1970, was 12 escudos per day (360 per month) for workers...
...The heterogenous political composition of the U.P...
...We have to produce 2 million tons in six years...
...I have said this to the people many times -- for example, the students...
...telephones...
...The same thing occurs with retired and pensioned people, the independent worker, the craftsman and the small producers whose meager incomes are trimmed daily by inflation...
...Furthermore, it is these limitations which define the conditions of power that the Christian Democrats have insisted on guaranteeing in their negotiations with the U.P...
...Allende needed their votes, and on October 9, after a week of negotiations, the Unidad Popular and the Christian Democrats presented Congress with an agreedupon list of constitutional ammendments to tighter guarantees of civil liberties...
...Furthermore, we have maintained that armed struggle will take the form of a long and irregular revolutionary war...
...5. To execute a foreign trade policy that tends to develop and diversify 2 9 our exports to open new 28...
...The popular culture system will stimulate artistic and literary creation and will multiply the channels of contact between artists and writers with a public infinitely greater than the present...
...Readers Digest...
...This explains why the majority is discountented and is looking for an alternative for our country...
...Total foreign investment is estimated to account for approximately 17 percent of the Chilean industrial assets, varying from industry to industry: in the electrical machine industry it is almost one half, in chemicals about a third and in textiles about a quarter.-5Furthermore, as a consequence of the development of worldwide capitalism the surrender by the national monopolistic bourgeoisie to imperialism progressively increases and accentuates its dependence and its role as the minor partner of foreign capital...
...You understand that, we are not the intellectual lackeys of anyone...
...U.S...
...I made the first survey of housing that was ever done in Chile...
...President Frei defended the armed forces' actions...
...For example, if producing and importing high priced automobiles is good business, then important resources from our economy will be diverted into this area without taking into account that only an extremely small percentage of Chileans are able to buy them, and that there are much more urgent necessities to take care of in this same area, such as the improvement of collective transportation, the installation of agricultural machinery and others...
...Once this is known, no North American could accept it...
...I think I am even more popular now than I was before...
...OUR POLITICS For us, the workers have already gained the right to make the foreign enterprises, the banks, the factories, and the land, the property of all the people...
...Cuba is a country that was much more backward from the industrial and agricultural point of view...
...From the government side, Allende has asked for MIR's support and he has granted a general political amnesty for all MIRistas...
...1965-66 -- S. Bodenheimer, NACLA Newsletter, February 1969, p. 8; 1967-68 -IMF, International Financial Statistics, February 1971, pp...
...49% interest in Chuquicamata 6 El Salvador copper mines, 75% in Exotica copper mine...
...1964 -- 39...
...Dept...
...International Commerce, January 5, 1970, p. 23...
...It is much harder to achieve socialism through legal means...
...The Chilean Development Corp...
...It could go from a popular uprising, a civil war, to a revolutionary war which from the beginning could count on the overwhelming popular support...
...under the constant threat of reactionary military coup, with the specific purpose of keeping Allende from carrying out his fundamental plans...
...None of these fundamental propositions has changed due to the electoral victory of the U.P.: the confrontation has only been postponed...
...A recent study of the Chilean military by a French sociologist debunks the myth that it is apolitical...
...1 4 The system of large land holdings is to blame for the food problems of all Chileans and is responsible for the backward, miserable situation that characterizes the Chilean countryside...
...The electoral victory of the left disconcerted the ruling classes and forced them to withdraw politically when the leaders they put forward lost prestige...
...5. A listing of the major U.S...
...It still has its industries, banks, land, and its allies in the army...
...public lighting...
...3 5 tor Progess the United States and various international lending agencies had vested interests in shoring up the weak Chilean situation...
...approx...
...New York Times, October 10, 1970...
...ALLENDE: Clearly, they call the whites, "huincas...
...of Commerce, Overseas Business Report, OBR 68-3, p. 25...
...Objectively one can not but praise the attitude of the President in his categorical public reaffirmation of the program to the press and to some mass demonstration...
...Grace & Co...
...Petras, p. 346...
...Quoted by Jose Yglesias, "Report from Chile: The Left Prepares for an Election, The New York Times (January 11, 1970...
...This calls for rejection of any use of the Armed Forces to repress the people or participate in actions that are of interest to foreign powers...
...ALLENDE: Yes, since I was a youth...
...this added to the fact that in the long run, the substitution of copper by other metals is certain, plus the tendency of American capital in Latin America to move from traditional investment sectors (in Chile these are fundamentally extractive) towards the industrial, manufacturing, financial, and commerical areas, diminishes the relative importance of the American investments in Chilean copper mining...
...In May of this year, without descarding the possibility of an electoral victory of the left, we believed it would be extremely difficult, because we thought the ruling classes would be forced to pull out one of their candidates...
...66-68...
...ifests itself in social and economic stagnation, 2 in generalized poverty and in the delays of all kinds suffered by workers, peasants and the other exploited classes...
...This allowed certain sectors of the bourgeoisie to raise the contradiction between their interests and those of the North Americans, as well as contradictions between different factions within the bourgeoisie itself...
...The new state will work for the incorporation of the masses into intellectual and artistic activity both through a radically transformed educational system as well as through the establishment of a national system of popular culture...
...Presently, the worldwide agressiveness of imperialism is expressed in the expansion of the Southeast Asian war to Laos and Cambodia, and in the Middle East...
...National Secretariat of the Movement of the Revolutionary Left (Movimiento de izquierda revolucionaria) M.I.R...
...government in a swamp of legalisms, maintains the threat of a reactionary coup by the military and keeps them from solving the fundamental problems of the country and people...
...9 The coalition is similar to the FRAP but includes the powerful centrist Radical Party and an important new movement called MAPU, the People's United Action Movement...
...I walk around like a private citizen...
...There are also certain groupings in Chile that do not belong to the Peoples' Union that are pushing for the seizure of farms and pieces of farmland of a size smaller than the law allows the individual farmer...
...Today it is reinforced and encouraged by the unification of the forces of the Left...
...has modified the initial form that the struggle for power in Chile will take...
...Many people contributed to it, but it is the result mainly of Communist, Socialist and MAPU theoreticians...
...MIR felt politically closer to the Socialist Party: but the Socialist had decided to follow the path of electoral politics and MIR had formulated a strategy of armed struggle as the necessary action to make the revolution...
...and among secondary and university students throughout the country...
...We understand that the new organization and administration of justice will come to the aid of the majority classes...
...As a consequence of world consumer demands for copper, and the current high price reached by the metal in the international market, great sources of copper production were opened in the rest of the world...
...When one is hungry it is sometimes very difficult to reason...
...7 This is because violence means that while some have luxurious housing a large part of the population lives in unhealthy housing and others do not have even a roof over their heads...
...We affirm that the measures proposed by the U.P...
...2. In Chile the "reformist" and "developmental" solutions that the Alliance for Progress encouraged and that the government of Frei made as their own, have not succeeded in changing anything important...
...78-79...
...Tomic received 27.8 percent and Alessandri 34.9 percent...
...ALLENDE: Yes, obviously...
...the continuation of Susanne Bodenheimer's article in the NACLA Newsletter of March 1969...
...minority int...
...1968 -- 22.9...
...The ruling class in Latin America is constituted by a social and political conglomerate which includes the North American ruling class and our native bourgeoisies, their economic, military and political interests being closely linked...
...program can be co-opted by the capitalist sytem...
...We must establish very clearly the difference between a temporary setback of the ruling classes and a strategic defeat which has not yet taken place...
...In spite of the United States being forced sometimes to allow some local and temporary loosening of control in its empire, it does not seem today that this would be the most probable outcome in Chile at least not in the long run...
...Does the electoral victory belong exclusively to the UP and therefore the revolutionary left has nothing to do in it...
...aid in substantial amounts was essential to the success of the new government's programs for modernizing Chile through evolutionary processes...
...and to place all the state apparatus at the service of the workers interests...
...And the answer is in the method and in the system itself...
...members...
...The servicing of capital debt as a percent of exports has been: 1963 -- 18.2...
...If it had obeyed the law, nothing would- 29 - have happened...
...A New York Times editorial which states the importance and means of ousting Allende, ( 4. Radical Party, Independent Popular Action and the Social Democrat Party are all part of the Coalition...
...They enjoy privileged laws at the same time as they impose monetary devaluation, the reduction of salaries, and distort agricultural activity through agricultural surpluses...
...Sources: IMF, International Financial Statistics, February 1971, p. 80...
...1. Chile is living a profound crisis which man1. The UNIDAD POPULAR (Popular Unity or Peoples' Union) is a popular front made up of six parties: The Socialist Party, The Communist Party, The Radical Party, The Social Democratic Party, The Unitary Popular Action Movement (MAPU), and the Independent Popular Action Party (API...
...We declared our categorical rejection of the candidacies of Alessandri and Tomic...
...The industrialization of the construction will be developed by controlling prices and by limiting the amount of the profits of the private or mixed enterprises that operate in this area...
...THE LIMITATIONS OF A U.P...
...And in spite of this they have been able to develop a country...
...LANDAU: Do you have a vision of a future society...
...What the majority wants can be published...
...And these points were actually carried out...
...The composition of the U.P...
...He may live in a small house built as part of the Christian Democrat government's housing policy, or he may live in a cardboard shack with a tin roof, or even in a tent, in a poblacion which grew out of a "toma de terreno," a land takeover...
...The actual composition of the U.P., the relative weakness of the revolutionary sectors force two possible outcomes of the process: either the acceptance of the pressures and demands of the CD and the "momios" and the ties for the future government, or the effective mobilization of the masses and from there the existence of the right to govern, imposing their own conditions, passing or not through a confrontation of classes...
...The other countries were: Spain, and that ended in Civil War...
...3 Chile's problems can be resolved...
...The basic points of the government's action will be: a) The definition of a remunerations policy that proceeds to create immediately the organisms which, with the participation of the workers, will determine figures that effectively constitute "vital wages" and minimal salaries in the different areas of the country...
...The popular state will maintain an alert attitude toward threats to the territorial integrity and the country's independence that are encouraged by imperialism or by oligarchical sectors who enthrone themselves in neighboring countries and who together with repressing their own people stir up expansionist and revengeful desires...
...Concerning political structure the popular government has a double task: -- to preserve and make more effective and profound the democratic rights and the conquests of the workers...
...1 7 But the popular masses believe these lies less and less...
...LANDAU: What year was that...
...THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ELECTORAL VICTORY OF THE U.P...
...6The North American monopolies, with the complicity of the bourgeois governments, have succeded in taking control of almost all our copper, iron and nitrate...
...d) Sufficient funds will be set aside for the purpose of carrying out an ample plan of housing construction...
...The Edwards' bank is the principal stockholder in El Mercurio...
...We developed in the working class, especially through the Central Trade Union that we set up, a very high level of con- sciousness and an organization to defend the rights of the people...
...How long have you been here...
...It is this popular power that assures the fulfillment of the outlined tasks...
...3, 1969, p. 10...
...Without exaggeration, estimates establish that from Chile, in about the last 60 years, in the neighborhood of $9,800,000,000 have been taken out of Chile...
...October 1970 FOOTNOTES: 1. ECLA, a U.N...
...aid dollar to Latin America goes to U.S...
...The Christian Democracy caught in its own trap of Tomicist populism found itself incapable of supporting the "momios" 4 which they attacked so openly during the campaign...
...advertising 6 market research...
...In spite of this, imperialism has been forced sometimes to accept reformist governments where in the short run it could not intervene because it was tied up in bigger confrontations, as in the case of the Lazaro Cardenas government in Mexico which nationalized the oil...
...We stand for non-intervention and self-determination...
...These controls will take a wide variety of forms: outright expropriation (with varying degrees of indemnification...
...The government has intervened in several foreign and Chilean firms that began operating far under capacity after the U.P...
...There is a congress we have to accept what that congress decides according to the precepts of the law...
...1966 -- 21.7...
...Medicines will be distributed in sufficient quantities and at low prices based on strict control of costs in the laboratories and on the proper ordering of their production...
...wholly owned cable company...
...We learned very quickly that the greater the disease, the greater the poverty...
...7. Defense of the integrity and amplification as well as the assurance of democratic rule in native Indian communities that have been threatened by usurpation...
...208-9...
...Through a long struggle process the Chilean people have conquered certain liberties and democratic guarantees whose continuity call for the maintenance of an attitude of alertness and combativeness without truce...
...I have told the workers that they have to work more...
...9. Andre Gunder Frank writes, "it has been estimated that in the present century, U.S...
...Upon assuming the presidency in 1965 the Frei administration faced severe balance of payments defecits at a time when Chile's credit rating was at an ebb and domentic inflation was rampant -- consumer prices had risen 45 percent in 1963 and 39 percent in 1964 (Jacob J. Kaplan, The Challenge of Foreign Aid, Praeger, New York, 1967, p. 213...
...86-87...
...program can not be absorbed passively by the capitalist system in Chile...
...Dept...
...3 3 MORE NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE The position of active defense of Chilean independence implies denouncing the present OAS as an instrument and agency of North American imperialism and to struggle against all forms of Pan-Americanism implicit in this organization...
...Chilean agricultural imports in millions of U.S...
...But from that to sending me a letter saying, do not do this and do other things...
...We just want to take advantage of the surplus of the Chilean economy to develop our own economy and to solve basic problems...
...we may safely conclude that he has flubbed it...
...Chile is the world's only significant producer of natural nitrates, which are used in the production of fertilizers and explosives...
...I would imagine that all the presidents would like all people to be educated -- it is impossible...
...150,000 Chileans who had worked in the past were out of work in October,- 7Imperialistic capital and a group of privileged people who do not exceed 10 percent of the population monopolize half the national income...
...At each one of the levels, social organizations with specific powers will participate in the popular state...
...and IBM, which employs 355 people selling and servicing Its equipment...
...For us it is not a matter of increasing state control over the economy, allowing sectors of big industry and agribusiness to go on growing...
...A strength to the extent that the dominant political forces are of the left (PS - Socialist Party and PC - Communist Party), in that its social base is made up of workers, peasants, and town dwellers...
...It is also seen in the growing difficulties faced by employees, professionals, small and mediumsized businessmen and in the minimal opportunities 2. James Petras, in his book, Politics and Social Forces in Chilean Development (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970), pp...
...For the reasons explained above we believe that as the U.P...
...agency, stands for Economic Commission on Latin America...
...this is why we did not call for the abstention of the masses and we put our words and our newly-born armed apparatus in the struggle for the defense of an eventual victory of the left and against the conspiracies of the right, before and after the campaign...
...Now it is summer time in Chile and there are a lot of tourists from other countries -- and I'm not going to say where they come from...
...In the popular government a new conception of magistracy will replace the present individualist and bourgeois idea...
...PETRODOW), 70 percent owned by Dow Chemical Co., is by far the largest complex to be built...
...At the same time the American investors do not, in the short run,want to lose the profits from the high price of copper in the international market...
...wholly owned sales organization International Tel...
...5. Petras, pp...
...LANDAU: And wouldn't you say that Indians wouldn't make the moves as they did if they didn't have confidence in the Peoples' Union government...
...The limitations of time, space and available in- formation left some glaring omissions in this material -- an analysis of the Nixon administrations policy on Chile, the position of the military, agrarian reform, the status of women and cultural reform, to name a few...
...How is this possible...
...All of which doesn't mean that I can not benefit from the experience lived by the Cubans...
...It should get along with peoples with the double purpose of learning from their struggles the lessons to aid in the construction of our socialism and to offer them our own experiences in such a way that in practice the international solidarity we defend is constructed...
...The distribution of credit is an economic function that they will not give up easily...
...In this way they intend to destroy the prestige of U.P...
...7 Largely because of those scare tactics, Allende lost the election by a wide margin, receiving only 38.9 percent of the votes to FreL's 55.7 percent...
...I was the dean of the senate...
...The fundamental interests of the most important and dynamic Chilean bourgeoisie are in this sector of the economy...
...There is nothing that we desire less than to interfere with the possibility of the UP taking power...
...The first step will be to nationalize those basic sources of wealth such as the large mining companies of copper, iron, nitrate and others which are controlled by foreign capital and internal monopolies...
...See Serge La Favrie, op...
...For this to be effective the labor and social organizations of workers, employees, peasants, pobladores, 1 9 housewives, students, professionals, intellectuals, craftsmen, small and middle-size businessmen and other sectors of workers will be called upon to intervene at their respective places in the decisions of the organs of power...
...The editors of Monthly Review describe the program in their January issue as follows: "It is hard to imagine a more sweeping programmatic statement...
...Foreign aid and loans conditioned on political agreements or which imply the imposition of realizing investments which derive from these loans on conditions that made our national sovereignty vulnerable and which are against the interests of the people will be rejected and denounced by the government...
...But at the same time it seems to us legitimate and necessary to express our thought...
...Yes sir, to see if they have obeyed the tax laws...
...Department of Commerce Trade List for Chile which reported sales of $1 million or more in 1968...
...The banks in Chile are also property of the most important sectors of imperialism and the national bourgeoisie...
...Journal of Commerce, September 24, 1970...
...Moreover it will assume power under the legal and institutional system presently in effect,which will drown its plans in a swamp of legalisms, constitutional transactions, projects of laws submitted to parliamentary procedures, etc...
...Popular Unity Government:Basic Program Annotations by Elizabeth Farnsworth and Marc Herold INTRODUCTION The parties and movements that make up the Coordinating Committee of Popular Unity, without endangering their own philosophies and political profiles agree completely in the analysis of the national reality explained below and in the programmatic ideas which will be the base of our common action and which we release for the consideration of the people...
...3. The expropriated lands will be ferentially as ownership cooperatives...
...2. An annotated version of the Unidad Popular program -- the platform on which the left won...
...ALLENDE: The first contact came from our unrest as university students...
...I continue defending the same things I have defended for 25 years because for 25 years I have been a socialist parliamentarian, and to be a socialist is not to be a utopian...
...But if you have to deal that way you have to say: well, look, mister, how much did you invest in this company and how much have you taken out...
...cement, petrochemicals and heavy chemicals, cellulose and paper...
...I am talking about the year 1940...
...They dominate important industrial and service sectors...
...I came from the provinces to study in Santiago...
...A former U.S...
...1 8 Consequently, this new power that Chile needs must begin to function starting now wherever the people organize themselves to struggle for their specific problems and wherever the awareness of the necessity to exercise it is developed...
...News From Chile, The Embassy of Chile, Washington, D.C., January 4, 1971).- 10 - At the same time the popular government guarantees workers the right of employment and strike and to all the people the right of education and culture with complete respect for all religious ideas and beliefs and guarantees of the exercise of worship...
...THE CAUSES OF THE ELECTORAL VICTORY OF THE U.P...
...6. The "26th of January" is the name of a camp in Santiago set up by squatters...
...For example, in the case of the banks...
...100% owned importing company . North American Rockwell...
...Frei promised to build 360,000 homes in 6 years, but his program has barely held its own against a population growth of 2.5 percent per year...
...and even inside the United States itself there is a struggle against this sector -for example, when President Kennedy, as you remember, attacked the steel trust...
...This does not require direct intervention...
...No government has been capable of solving these essential problems of the people...
...We plan to cover these and other topics in a forthcoming pamphlet on Chile...
...1969 -- 7.1...
...For a useful bibliography of source material in Spanish and English on the Chilean left, see the Bibliography in Frederick B. Pike, Chile and the United States, 1880-1962 (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1963...
...The 1970 campaign against Allende was more subtle than that of 1964...
...Infant and adult mortality rates, illiteracy, and lack of housing and health in the rural zones are markedly superior to those of the cities...
...the agreement provided for "the participation of the workers in the process of national transformation through an effective representation of the workers in organizations of planning and economic development, as well as in the administration of state and mixed enterprises...
...Dept...
...With this economic situation it will not be easy to solve the problems of the workers, considering there are no easily accesible sources of capital (nationalizations are a limited source unless they are massive with very low indemnities...
...The insufficient agrarian reform of the Christian Democratic Government has not solved these problems...
...Let them pay it...
...Crown Zellerbach...
...2 8 3. To liberate Chile from her subordination to foreign capital...
...General Cable...
...1962 -- 129.4...
...9. See Susanne Bodenheimer, "Stagnation in Liberty, The Frei Experiment in Chile," NACLA Newsletter, vol...
...majority interest in ., shipyards L fishing fleet operation...
...I think that ought to make things quite clear...
...This policy will begin in the state area and then will be extended throughout the whole economy, without detriment to the differences deriving from disparate productivity in different enterprises...
...DEEPENING DEMOCRACY AND THE WORKERS' CONQUESTS The popular government will guarantee the exercise of democratic rights and will respect the individual and social guarantees of all the people...
...The well-known "Chilean" commercial firm, Hucke Brothers (Chile's 44th largest corporation), still has Hucke family members on the board and in the management...
...3. The response to this program and the electoral victory by one of Chile's principal armed revolutionary groups (MIR...
...One of the founders of Chile's powerful Socialist Party in 1933, he has been involved in government almost constantly since Pedro Aguirre Cerda appointed him the Popular Front's Minister of Health...
...The results were very different when similar governments occured in the imperialist's backyard...
...nap by nary viver a JonM angas NORTH AMERICAN CONGRESS ON LATIN AMERICA (NACLA) Vol...
...The New York Times, January 1, January 27 and March 5, 1071...
...The vital for employees was 560 escudos per month...
...LANDAU: So you've always been in politics...
...88 86 88 89 Copper 69 70 73 78.5 77.8 80 Iron Ore 10.5 11.4 8.9 7.5 7.5 n.a...
...The Communists...
...15,000) 10,705 302 1,575 4,000 4 0 250 100 366 34 250 47 108 358 100 493 200 625 34 2 5,535 58 467 153 * 10,187 7 6 86 53 583 480 220 115 260 248 51 86 1,300 29 66 325 * * Not available Source: U.S...
...Moreover, technology is often introduced by foreign firms, resulting in its exclusive use in those sectors dominated by the foreign interests, and a continued dependence on the original source of importation (of machinery, technology, and semi-finished products) since it becomes very costly for these investors to shift to production in other nations once the original investments in fixed capital have been made at the home base...
...For this reason they should be impressed with an educational orientation and freed from their commercial nature by the adoption of measures that will permit the social organizations to use these media and by eliminating the fatal presence of monopolies in them...
...In May we also established the general differences we had with the U.P...
...1967 -- 23.4...
...This phenomenon produced the split in the ruling class which divided the two presidential candidates (Tomic and Alessandri...
...1965 -- 146.0...
...cit., p. 55...
...You have to work more, otherwise this enterprise cannot maintain itself...
...majority int...
...An announcer broke in, "Communism only offers blood and pain...
...100% owned publishing house...
...the necessity of the people with regard to education and health are insufficiently cared for...
...to give them every type of help...
...How are they going to ask us not to apply the law...
...They said that we were going to suppress freedom, at least there would be total chaos...
...aid to Chilean police see NACLA Newsletter, November 1970...
...Chile's fish and fish products industry is second only to Peru in Latin America (QERC, annual supplement, 1969, p. 5...
...State Department official reports that during 1965 the United States wanted Chile...
...In August of this year- 23 - we stated publicly the great possibility of an Allende victory...
...For us, the ruling class includes the North Americans, and the industrial, financial and agrarian bourgeoisie as a whole...
...In steel, we are producing 700,000 tons...
...1968 -- 6.8...
...Mobil Oil...
...firms -- Anaconda and Kennecott -account for 80 percent of all Chilean copper production and a third, Cerro Corp., for an additional 10 percent...
...I know the Cuban struggle...
...or else they can be peasants...
...LANDAU: And today how do you hold this coalition of yours together...
...Well, that is his opinion...
...ALLENDE: No, that letter is absurd...
...In addition the resources the reorientation of the academic functions of teaching, research and extension around national problems will be encouraged by the realizations of the popular government...
...4. Chile is extremely well endowed in mineral wealth...
...Between 1950 and 1962 Chile lost $93.5 million in shipment and insurance fees on copper exports alone (John Gerassi, The Great Fear in Latin America, New York: 1963, p. 364...
...The largest religious demostrations took place during that time [of the Popular Front government...
...ORGANIZATION OF JUSTICE The organization and administration of justice should be based on the principle of autonomy that is constitutionally safeguarded, and on real economic independence...
...iron and steel production...
...This is our idea of a strong government as opposed to that promoted by the oligarchy and imperialism which identify authority with the coercion exercised against the people...
...Among the incidents of the "government's brutal methods of violence" referred to in this section of the platform are the following: In March, 1969, in the southern city of Puerto Montt, Chile's and in industrial, banking and commercial activities...
...Sources: 1963-64 -- Kaplan, pp...
...For the purpose of establishing the proper harmony between the powers that emanate from the popular will and so that this will can express itself coherently, all elections will be carried out in a combined process within the same lapse of time...
...78-79...
...He was a Deputy and a Senator during the 1940's and a presidential candidate for the first time in 1952, when he ran as the candidate of a Socialist-Communist coalition called the Frente del Pueblo, or Peoples' Front...
...dollars were as follows: 1961 -- 97.2...
...International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics, February 1971, pp...
...Millions of dollars were spent that year to convince Chilean electors that an Allende victory would mean the end of the world...
...of Commerce, 1969...
...We feel it is important to publish this material now because it has particular timeliness -- not only are important municipal elections coming up on April 4th, but, more generally, Chile is now the arena of a fierce struggle between those who wish to build socialism and those who wish to block it...
...Anaconda runs three mines: Chuquicamata (49 percent owned, the world's largest open pit copper mine), El Salvador (49 percent owned) and Exotica (75 percent...
...This program will be carried out by integrating into the educational system the personnel and other assets of private education.31 PHYSICAL EDUCATION Physical education and the practice of all sports, from the lowest levels of the educational system and in all the social organizations of young people and adults, will be the constant, methodical concern of the popular government...
...Two different cases would be the Cuban revolution which had the support of the rebel army and the masses and the Peruvian government which could count on the army...
...5. MIR carried out an armed occupation of the town of Helvetia...
...Manifestations of this process are the ECLA agreements,l the Peruvian process, (at least at the beginning), the Bolivian pantomime, 2 etc...- 19 - The Peruvian military, for example, took power not as leaders of a popular movement, but as a result of dealings amongst themselves...
...then, and only then, they would replace Allende, in political circumstances much more favorable to them...
...It will be difficult for the U.P...
...2 3 23...
...I have said it and I have written it for many years, today in Chile there are 600,000 children mentally retarded because they were not adequately nourished during the first eight months of their lives, because they did not receive the necessary proteins...
...and the organizations of revolutionary left can not assume just the role of passive spectators and observers of the process...
...News From Chile," published by the Embassy of Chile, Washington, D.C., January 4, 1971...
...That is to say, the total value of all the capital accumulated in Chile over the last 400 years has left its frontiers...
...This same analysis, only in reverse, helps us explain why in Brazil, Uruguay, or Argentina such "nationalist" attempts are not forthcoming, and to a certain extent it explains the failure of the Nationalist Bolivian pantomime...
...recreation areas...
...Se we are a country which has to sell cheap and buy at high prices, because we pay manufactured article prices in countries where people have a very, very high standard of living...
...It does not even include the following: 1. The investments of major banks, insurance companies, investment houses and other financial corporations in the form of loans to the Chilean government and companies in Chile...
...In addition the systems of patents, customs duties, taxes and tributes will be simplified for these enterprises and they will be assured of an adequate and just commercialization of their products...
...The New York Times, February 11 & 15, 1971...
...We shall also open discussions at the mass fronts to give impetus to this process from the base...
...In addition the new state will develop an extraordinary plan for the construction of school buildings that will be backed by national and local resources and mobilized by the basic organs of power...
...Box 57, Cathedral Park Station, New York, N.Y...
...a declining or low rate of per capita food output...
...They want, for example, decent housing without readjustments that exhaust their income...
...Neverthe less, the Christian Democrats threatened not to do so this year unless Allende made certain promises to them...
...In copper we are producing about 750,000 tons...
...U.S...
...How can people like Perez Zujovic y Carmona9 responsible for the assasination of town dwellers and miners in Port Montt and E Salvador, ask for "democratic guarantees...
...In addition to full nationalization of copper, the government purchased the controlling share of the Lota Schwager Coal complex near Concepcion on January 1, 1 1971 and has begun talks with the Bethlehem Steel Co...
...3. In 1968 the active labor force was 3 million...
...The state apparatus remains untouched, its military apparatus and its bureaucratic army also remains untouched...
...The annotations further explain the social and economic conditions referred to in the program...
...iAnd the t2e oLh#4 is bor,".- 31 - U.S...
...The following MIR document appeared in October, after the elections but before Congress voted the presidency to Allende...
...I was a minister at 29, and I was just as much of a socialist then as I am now...
...52-62...
...8 wholly owned branches...
...The MIR document, on the other hand, outlines the host of problems that the U.P...
...and decline in in--4available to women and youth...
...I am a man who came to the presidency after 25 years as a senator, 25 years as a senator...
...sufficient wages...
...In 1967 these three companies accounted respectively for 13.3%, 47.2%, 30.5% and in 1958 for 15%, 48.4% and 26.7% of total Chilean copper production...
...and within the U.P...
...will have to take charge of a very difficult economic situation with a foreign debt of $2 billion, owed to a great extent to American financial institutions, which can hardly be expected to offer Allende what they offered Frei in 1964...
...49% interest in El Teniente mine...
...On another level, MIR has been involved in factory take-overs by workers, the seizing of the Catholic University in Santiago by 2,000 slum dwellers, student demonstrations and more recently, the armed occupation of farms by the Mapuche Indians in southern Chile...
...THERE IS A PROGRAM THAT UNITES US" LANDAU: Is that the origin of the Peoples' Union of today...
...sales & wholly owned deodorant plant...
...investments in Chile see footnote number 4 under the U.P...
...Popular unity is made for this...
...And these are not isolated instances...
...By incorporating ourselves into the process being led by the U.P., we run the risk of helping to bury the prospects of socialism in Chile and in Latin America, if their hesitations become greater than their advances and the process comes to a standstill...
...2. Maj...
...Allende received 45 percent of the male vote in that election but only 32 percent of the female vote...
...This makes the U.P...
...and agricultural products...
...and one must not discard the possibility that the Southeast Asian conflict, the problems of prestige for the "leader of the free world," and the movement within the United States against the war in Vietnam, may limit the political actions for a short period of time...
...Although some small peasants, merchants and small industrialists may benefit from the state administration of credit, the nationalization of the banks would hurt powerful interests and we do not believe that it will be implemened with the passive acceptance of those whose very basis of power and wealth are being questioned...
...A weakness to the extent that it holds within itself groups representing different class interests since its social basis of support is quite heterogenous...
...Noth- ing like that occurred...
...Only the United States and the Soviet Union produce more copper...
...As far as we know, this is the first time the U.P...
...Although we did not carry out electoral activities nor have confidence in this path for the effective seizure of power by the workers, in our deeds we recognized that Allende represented the workers in the electoral arena and that Alessandri and Tomic had the electoral representation of the ruling classes...
...There is an autonomous judicial power that can make its own decisions...
...9,000 million of economic surplus produced by and in Chile has been expropriated/appropriated by the world capitalist metropolist...
...Shortly thereafter Chonchol left the Christian Democrat Party and helped to form MAPU, now part of the Unidad Popular.-89. The only truly popular alternative and consequently the fundamental chore that the government of the people has before it is to end the dominion of the imperialists, the monopolists, and the landholding oligarchy and to begin the construction of socialism in Chile...
...4, 1967, pp...
...The enterprises that make up this sector will be aided by the general planning of the national economy...
...Nevertheless, Chile is a country which has had to import every year meat, wheat, lard, butter, oils, at a value of $140 million a year...
...We were not only interested in studying material con- nected with our careers, but we were also interested in horizons that went beyond the university, the reality of our country...
...So one has to come to a very obvious conclusion: it is the method, it is the system...
...73.2 percent owned by Marcona Corp...
...Bernard Collier, "A Revolution without the Execution Wall," The New York Times Magazine, February 19, 1967, p. 84...
...8 A single piece of information shows this...
...this "Yarur" corporation in turn owns 49 percent of Caupolican Textiles (Chile's 24th largest firm), which,on the surface, appears to be without substantial foreign ownership...
...The fundamental task of the moment is to defend the electoral victory from the maneuvers of the bourgeoisie and imperialism, to push for mass mobilizations starting from these objectives, and to formulate a policy towards the lower rank officers and the troups of the armed forces...
...For example, I told the coal workers, you are now producing 3,800 tons of coal a day, and you have to produce 4,700...
...Look how we have done it...
...ALLENDE: Of course...
...3, p. 87...
...We carried out these policies when we passed out the money expropriated during the direct actions of "Helvetia" and "El Caucho" to those in the "26th of January" settlement, in the mobiliations of "SigdoKopers," "Muebles Roma," "Carbon y Textiles de Tome...
...2. 70% interest in petrochemical plant...
...And following this law we will nationalize and we will pay indemnity, considering each case by itself...
...Through this policy, workers' and peasants' children will be more able to enter and take advantage of the regular school system...
...Some of these are: What is the significance of the electoral victory of the UP...
...just began producing copper in 1971 after an investment of $130 million in the Rio Blanco mine...
...The masses remained, at least at the beginning, as marginal spectators...
...IS THE STRATEGY OF ARNED STRUGGLE FUNDAMENTALLY QUESTIONED...
...followed, in a very short time, by class confrontation...
...December 1966, p. 9. IMF, International Financial Statistics, February 1971, pp...
...For the great majority on the other hand, to sell everyday their effort, intelligence and work is very bad business, and making decisions about their own destiny is a right which in large measure they do not possess...
...Nitrates 5.5 4.4 3.2 2.3 2.0 n.a...
...How are they going to maintain their own culture...
...INVESTMENTS IN CHILE The Unidad Popular government plans to impose strict controls on the major industries of Chile in order to make them more responsive to the people's needs...
...Because of such dramatic inflation, the unit of calculation in studies on income levels and wage decisions in not the escudo (as Chile's money is called) but the sueldo vital -- the vital wage -a minimum legal wage which is readjusted each year...
...it's against a sector of the United States...
...The goal, therefore, is the seizing of power by the workers, which requires the destruction of the state as an instrument of the bourgeoisie...
...They only produce rtba: Frce Territory o America -- nd now Chile...
...We need sufficient time in order to erase from the spirit, from the minds of these people what has been happening for more than a 100 years...
...This allowed the Tomic vote to end up favoring the U.P...
...Their social mobilization grows daily...
...Chilean copper exports accounted for 69% of total Chilean exports in 1963, 70% in 1965, 79% in 1967, and 80% in 1969...
...1, 1969, p. 13...
...The Chilean Congress has traditionally chosen the candidate who received the most votes...
...Press, 1965...
...Iron ore exports accounted for 10.5% of total Chilean exports in 1963, 11.4% in 1965, and 7.5% in 1967 and 1968...
...in lubricants plant...
...Moreover, we are acting only according to the law...
...by the editors of Monthly Review, vol...
...First because we have the authority, and not only the authority that comes from the law, but also moral power...
...Concerning enterprises of the public sector, their directive councils and their production committees will have the direct participation of workers' and employees' representatives...
...as long as there is exploitation and misery in the countryside and in cities of Chile...
...Four months...
...On February 10, 1971 the Chilean Senate approved a constitutional amendment clearing the way for nationalization of all basic mineral deposits, including copper...
...intends to nationalize the copper industry...
...Fatherland and Freedom...
...Logically, then, the reward for the people living in this brutal reality is simply to eat every day...
...Allende could not support the invasion because the homes were meant for workers and were built partly with workers' savings...
...See Alain Joxe, Las Fuerzas Armadas en el Sistema Politico de Chile, (Santiago: Editorial Universitario, 1970...
...1 5 Only the stuggle of the peasants with the help of all the people can solve them...
...This means the expropriation of imperialistic captial, the realization of a policy of ever-increasing self-financing of our activities, the fixing of conditions on which foreign capital will operate in this country if it is not to be expropriated, the achievement of greater independence in technology, in foreign transport and others...
...This does not deny the possibility that some temporary tolerance could be given to a leftist reformist government in Chile...
...Above all this is so when there is a low cultural level and no political understanding, when one has always been cheated, when one has been a victim of false promises for more than a century, and when one's grandfathers and great grandfathers have been frustrated and put down...
...Unemployment and unstable working conditions are suffered by every family...
...J. Walter Thompson...
...It has been only narrowly beaten in election...
...majority interest in lamp plant...
...communications...
...The national system of popular culture will concern itself especially with the development of the film industry and with the preparation of special programs for the mass communications media...
...to take over its iron mines...
...All the tasks, at this level, must actually be oriented to defending the electoral victory of the left and to struggle against ultraright organizations...
...11-27...
...We have to thank them for allowing us to show the whole country, before the entire people, what is the true nature of these capitalists...
...The big businessmen suck the state dry under the threat that there will not be private investment unless the helps and guarantees they request are granted...
...The FRAP was composed of the Socialist and Communist Parties and several smaller parties...
...The armed forces, the traditional reserve force used by the ruling classes as a last card to play when their interests are being threatened, were not able to operate with ease...
...low rates of overall per capita economic growth...
...General Electric...
...The increase in social movement in Chile also means there has been a sharpening of the class struggle in the last three years...
...the People's Assembly will be the superior governing body...
...Copper is currently produced largely by two Anaconda subsidiaries, The Andes Copper Co...
...What is a free press...
...They will say that liberty is in danger, that violence will rule the country, and so forth...
...This allowed the most reactionary sectors of the CD to become stronger....- 25 - We also know that it is considered bad tactics and inappropriate to attack the CD...
...They said that the loans and agreements with international bankers could produce greater economic development...
...120,000 were underemployed, and 600,000 who worked regularly held the kind of marginal jobs that economists call "hidden unemployment...
...They were not prepared to blindly obey orders which would interfere with the political decisions before submitting those decisions to their own judgement...
...1966 -17...
...The number of these urban land take-overs has increased in the past few years...
...Allende won 36.2 percent of the vote, a plurality...
...Furthermore, all my life I have always said this, and I have said this as a cabinet minister, as a deputy, as a senator, in fact as president of the senate...
...But there has been as international campaign, quite serious, which exists obviously inside the United States, where completely unfounded accusations are published in regard to Chile...
...Futhermore, we saw what was happening in the world and we appreciated the struggle of the people, especially the ones in the underdeveloped countries...
...2 4 CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW ECONOMY The united popular forces seek as the central objective of their policy to replace the present economic structure, putting an end to the power of national and foreign monopolistic capital and of latifundism in order to begin the construction of socialism...
...How many magazines are there in Chile...
...The satisfaction of these just desires of the people -- which are really rights that the society should recognize -- will be a preoccupation of high priority for the popular government...
...Nitrates as a percent of total exports were 5.5% in 1963, 4.4% in 1965, and 2.0% in 1968...
...when Mr...
...Thus it will be a genuinely democratic, representative and cohesive executive The popular government will respect the rights of opposition that is exercised within legal bounds...
...Our country has great resources such as copper and other materials, a great hydroelectric potential, vast extensions of forests, a long coastland rich in marine species, more than sufficient agricultural lands and so forth...
...We have said we will buy the shares from you...
...At that time, technicians, architects, and engineers pointed out that 320,000 houses were needed in Chile...
...6. To take all measures that will lead to monetary stability...
...Goodrich...
...The Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR -Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria) began under its present leadership in December, 1967 at the University of Concepcion...
...We have not stolen from the people their property...
...wholly owned industrial explosives plant Oow Chemical...
...In numbers these enterprises will be the majority...
...Marine Construction h Design...
...owns second largest iron mining...
...3, 1970, p. 6...
...The real solution is in changing the existence of their parents, in restructuring the life conditions of the family...
...These increases will come into play every 6 months or as soon as the cost of living exceeds a growth rate of 5 percent...
...There are differences about which tactics we ought to pursue and about the speed and rhythm of change, but nothing serious because we all reached absolute agreement over the program of the Peoples' Union...
...1969, p. 11...
...For further summaries of Chile's economic crisis, see: Petras, pp...
...The U.P...
...11-12...
...1968 -- 22.9...
...For a discussion of the Christian Democratic ideology and its sources of support, see Petras, pp...
...On March 11, troops invaded the union building at El Salvador and killed six workers and two housewives...
...Also recommended are two recent works: James Petras, Politics and Social Forces in Chilean Development (Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1970), and Ernst Halperin, Nationalism and Communism in Chile (Boston: M.I.T...
...Ten million dollars...
...7. "Momios" translates mummies and refers to the monied class in Chile...
...They still have a few legal cards they can play: they are still searching for ways to change the voting results, and they do not abondon hope of preventing Allende from being elected in Congress...
...It must take charge of a country with a low rate of growth, with a diminished industrial and agricultural production, with an inflation which certainly this year will surpass 40% and with a considerable increase in the unemployment...
...GOVERNMENT...
...The metal earned over $1 billion last year and accounted for 80 percent of all foreign exchange earned and 20 percent of the total government revenues...
...In addition a National Scholarship Plan will be established and will be sufficiently extensive to assure the incorporation and continuity in school of all Chilean children, especially the children of workers and peasant classes...
...SOCIAL TASKS The social aspirations of the Chilean people are legitimate and possible to satisfy...
...And the Allende interview gives a sharper picture of the prin- cipal architect of the left's victory and the key per- son holding together the various tendencies in the popular front...
...to govern with the capitalist state apparatus remaining untouched...
...XIII...
...in case of victory...
...1. Xinority interest in petrochemical plants...
...Such a program has been already brought to practice in concrete historical situations as during the NEP in the Soviet Union or in People's China in the decade of the fifties...
...It is widely accepted that the Chilean military is highly professional and apolitical...
...Frei received 50 percent of the male vote and 63 percent of the female vote...
...paved streets and sidewalks...
...One radio announcement consisted of the sound of a machine gun, followed by a woman's cry, "They're killed my son...
...Because we have kept our promises to the people I am not stuck in my office...
...Copper reserves are estimated at 92 million tons...
...at least 36O,OOO,OOO) 40,000,000 * * ~?,000,000 * 2,250,000 18,000,000 12,000,000 5,900,000 5,000,000 * 2,000,000 1,200,000 * 12,000,000 36,000,000 2,000,000 43,600,000 1,640,000 2,500,000 60,160,000 602,000 3. Hotel Carrera, Santiago...
...The same will be valid for those cases in which these enterprises obtain credits with the endorsement or guarantee of the state or its institutions...
...Iron ore deposits are exploited by a private Chilean firm which in 1968 acquired the assets of Englehard Minerals and Chemical Corp., by the Chilean Steel Co., and by Bethlehem-Chile Iron Mines Co...
...It does not have military strength of any kind on its side...
...This allowed the U.P...
...and the absence of a political force to stand behind it make it weak and makes the path to government particularly difficult...
...These meager achievements must be measured against the original Frei goal of resettling 100,000 families during his administration...
...A law clearly defining conflicts of interest will be established which will call for the resignation of those deputies or public employees with high responsibilities who act as representatives of private interests...
...The figures are from Chile's Direccion del Registro Electoral (courtesy of Paul Drake...
...Chile's next elections are April 4, 1971, to elect regidores, or town councilmen in all the municipalities of Chile...
...schools and universities for their children...
...Also populist governments such as Sukarno in Indonesia, and Nkrumah in Ghana managed to last for some time...
...The government considered the sympathy strike illegal, and, invoking an internal security law passed during World War II, decreed military intervention...
...on the extent of the measures (what percentage of banks will be affected, how much of the mining industry, what is understood by latifundia, what is understood by "industrial monopolies," etc...
...Kodak...
...but at the same time the Americans reaffirm the principle of nonintervention in Chile through various spokesmen and periodicals...
...The nationalization of this economic sector from the national and foreign ruling classes, regardless of the amount of indemnity, appears much more difficult because it questions the economic basis of capitalism and the system of imperialist domination...
...This MIR document appeared in the Chilean publication Punto Final (October 13, 1970...
...The masses are now committed behind a program, which implies an irreversible process in the forms of expression of their aspiration to be constituted as power...
...349...
...Imagine now, from 1940 to today, though 31 years have gone by, not 320,000 houses are lacking but today 440,000 houses are needed because of the increased population...
...Together the three have an estimated $780 million invested in Chile: Anaconda $400 million, Kennecott $250 million and Cerro $130 million...
...Herman Pico Cana, who certainly does not belong to the Peoples' Union and who is the owner of La Tercera, has said that there is not any pressure, no threats, and no coercion against the press...
...Cerro Corp., through its 70 percent interest in the Andean Mining Co...
...On these bases it is necessary to assure the Armed Forces that they will have the material and technical means and a just, democratic system of remunerations, promotions and retirements that will guarantee to officers, noncommissioned officers and troops economic security during their stay in the ranks and later during their retirement and the effective possibility for all to rise up through the ranks based only on the individual's suitability...
...But the American people are another matter...
...1970, pp...
...Why is that...
...In the executive guiding of the educational apparatus there will be the effective representation of the social organizations already mentioned through their integration with local, regional and national education councils...
...The film should be available for distribution in June 1971...
...4. See Petras, pp...
...There are a whole series of factors to influence them...
...It will incude all the revolutionary parties, movements and groups...
...Between 1965 and 1969 Chile engaged in three such agreements, accepting the standard terms: reducing the budget -- hence reducing public investment and raising unemployment -- reducing credit in both the public and private sectors, instituting stricter wage and price controls, eliminating controls over exports and imports, and freeing the exchange rate...
...35...
...6) in general all those activities which determine the country's economic and social development such a the production and distribution of electrical energy...
...Furthermore we, and I personally, have established that the agrarian reform be carried out under the Agrarian Reform Law...
...The Members of the UP are the Socialist Party, the Communist Party (which is the third largest Communist Party in the capitalist world, after those of France and Italy), The Radical Party, The Social Democrat Party, The Independent People's Action, and the People's United Action Movement (MAPU...
...Furthermore, it is towards this sector that American capital is being displace, and, according to tendencies observed in Chile and in the rest of Latin America, this is the sector of the economy the bourgeoisie intends to continue developing, by associating itself with American capital and by searching for foreign markets through the formation of Latin American or regional "common markets...
...wage and price regulations...
...in the last analysis, those sectors have recourse only to force...
...We do not recognize the existence of 'good' or 'bad' industrial executives or agrarian landowners...
...It is necessary to produce more...
...62.5% interest in nitrate mining and chemicals manufacture...
...and Andre Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967...
...The large capitalist on the other hand uses his influence to protect himself from PAUC COKLIN_--PI CHILEAN FAMILY IN SLUMS inflation and in fact benefits from it...
...So that this doesn't happen in Chile, we must elect Eduardo Frei president...
...is also an expression of the maturity reached by the masses in the last six years...
...majority int . in advertising L mktg...
...This depends on the effective participation the masses have in this process, on the revolutionary composition of the political forces which lead the process and on the measures taken in the struggle against imperialism and financial, industrial and agrarian capital...
...We will start from the official formulation of their program and from the statements of Salvador Allende...
...Allende faced two opponents during the long campaign of 1970: the first was Radimiro Tomic, former Chilean Ambassador to Washington, a Christian Democrat who promised to nationalize basic industries and accelerate Frei's social reforms...
...Viaux himself was held for questioning in the matter and then released...
...in manufacture and sale of steel shipping containers...
...Direct action (Helvetia 5 case as an example), mass mobilizations with revolutionary methods (26th of January 6 , for example) and street fighting will not lose their place as long as the capitalist system prevails...
...The CD is trying to get Allende elected, but "tied up" and conditioned...
...2 Salvador Allende is an integral part of that tradition...
...bases its strength on the legitimacy of "the democratic tradition in Chile," the political climate of fair play, the tactical weaknesses of the right, the organized mass movements, and the rare mass mobilizations which it has started...
...A former AID official testified to the close working relationship between AID and the IMF: "In Chile...
...Sumptuous buildings will be expropriated as they are necessary to be used as new school and boarding establishments...
...VII...
...nevertheless he still received a smaller percentage of women's votes than did the rightist candidate, Jorge Alessandri...
...Petras, p. 206...
...We will look at the process objectively, with socialism as its only goal, with the understanding that our support or our opposition to the U.P...
...Unlike many political platforms, it is a fascinating document which lays out the principal pro blems facing the Chilean people and a blueprint of a socialist solution to these problems...
...158-196...
...This is not the present situation...
...alone, between 1924-1951, shipped over $324 million from Chile to the United States on an intial investment of $2.3 million (James Petras, New Politics, Vol...
...f) The legal division between laborers and employees will be eliminated, the common denomination as "workers" will be established for both, and the right to organize unions for all those who presently do not have the right will be extended...
...We are certain that the ruling classes will not give up their privileges free of charge, and therefore the electoral victory assures the legitimacy and the mass character of the confrontation of classes which will precede the seizing of power by the workers...
...I know the Cuban leaders...
...General Tire...
...78-9...
...government has begun to nationalAREA OF PRIVATE PROPERTY This area includes all those sectors of industry, mining, agriculture and services in which the private ownership of the means of production remains in effect...
...The experience that already exists in this field and the vacuums or inconsistencies that have come up from it lead us to reformulate the distribution and organizational policies of land ownership based on the following directives: 1. Acceleration of the agrarian reform process by expropriating those fields that exceed the maximum established size, according to the conditions of the different zones, including orchards, vineyards and forests without the owner having the preferential right to select the reserve area...
...You have to realize that...
...We have already nationalized the coal industry and steel without difficulties...
...LANDAU: What was your first contact with Marxism and how did you become a Marxist...
...For the purpose of caring for the developmental necessities of pre-school children and to enable the incorporation of women into productive work the system of nurseries and infant playgrounds will be rapidly extended and priority will be given to the most needy sectors of our society...
...but we can only say that it seems to us shameful and hypocritical on the part of the Christian Democratic Party to demand "democratic guarantees" of the U.P...
...To stimulate and orient the mobilization of the people of Chile toward the conquest of power we will set up Popular Unity Committees everywhere, in every factory, large farm, slum, office or school...
...ALLENDE: Well, you said it...
...and the Edwards' bank has jeopardized Chile's credit...
...At the same time attacks are perpetrated from the right, new leadership is formed which in the long run is trying to become the base of support for an eventual military coup and in the short run to politically direct maneuvers of economic sabotage and to pressure the CD in their demands to the U.P...
...They will also defend the coalition government against attacks from imperialist and other right-wing forces...
...1964 -172.2...
...an end once and for all to high prices...
...On March 4, 1971, faced with certain defeat in Congress and strong opposition for the president of the Supreme Court, the UP government withdrew the bill which would have established these courts...
...To make new teaching effective requires the amplification of methods that place emphasis on an active and critical participation by the students in their teaching instead of a passive and receptive position that is now common...
...The imperialists and the country's dominant classes will fight the popular unity and will try once again to deceive the people...
...In the Agrarian sector we believe it is possible that sectors of the industrial bourgeoisie may agree on pushing measures favoring a greater industrialization of the agrarian production, which would allow a reduction of the cost of salaries in the industrial sectors, and which on the other hand would increase the standard of living of the peasant population and thus would incorporate it into the market of industrial production, which today is stagnated due to the lack of an internal market...
...no, never...
...Allende's pre-innaugural agreement with the Christian Democrats included his support for a constitutional ammendment which, if approved, would make the fulfillment of this part of the program unconstitutional...
...Taking advantage of military and political agreements they have tried to penetrate the Armed Forces...
...The American press claims that the Communist Party controls a majority (Time says 80 percent) of these committees and points to this control as a presentiment of future Communist control of all of Chile...
...and Jaime Castillo Velasco, Las Fuentes de la democracia cristiana (Santiago: Editorial del Pacifico, 1963...
...The situation is different with the industrial monopolies that the U.P...
...There will be a tendency to transform these structures into local organisms of the new political organization...
...100% owned pharmaceutical plant...
...Why, if you would defend your country, why wouldn't we defend ourselves...
...Diplomatic relations, interchange and friendship with the socialist countries will be reinforced...
...AREA OF SOCIAL PROPERTY 2 5 The process of transforming our economy will begin with a policy destined to make up a dominant state area formed by the enterprises that the state presently possesses along with the enterprises that will be expropriated...
...the production, refining and distribution of petroleum and its derivatives -- including bottled gas...
...Without the appropriate political climate it has been and will be very difficult to drag the military into a coup d'etat...
...Obviously because there are the possibilities of greater resistance, than for example, when you seize power...
...1970 -- 16.4...
...But we are sufficiently candid to not even say that about another government...
...And this is not just happening in Chile, it is all over Latin America, and there have been democratic governments, pseudo-democratic governments,- 28 - and dictatorships...
...See the Los Angeles Times, October 26, 1970, and The Miami Herald, October 27, 1970, also El Mercurio for this period...
...Well, I have an experience which I am putting at the service of Chile, in a Chilean way, for the problems of Chile...
...These forces together with all the people, mobilizing all those who are not compromised by the power of the reactionary national and foreign interests, that is, through the unified combative action of the immense majority of Chileans, can destroy the present structures and advance in the task of their liberation...
...The system of read-- 15 - justment dividends will be eliminated...
...Landau...
...It is an important problem, but not an overriding one...
...There will be diplomatic relations with all the countries of the world irrespective of their ideological and political position on the basis of respect for self-determination and the interests of the people of Chile...
...For innumerable young men the possibility of working is very difficult and uncertain...
...24, No...
...We have to answer for our actions to a congress in which we do not even have a majority...
...in fence-pushing actions among "Mapuches" (Araucanian Indians) of Cautin...
...the sum is equal to the entire capital stock of Chile in 1964...
...2. The immediate incorporation of abandoned fields and poorly utilized state property into agricultural cultivation...
...He spoke about the idea of what constitutes the right to publish a newspaper...
...What North American could accept a Chilean company sending third class equipment to the United States and saying it was first class...
...The contradictions between the bourgeoisie and imperialism increase every time that the share of the bounty decreases significantly for any one of them...
...Because they did not obey the law, because they did not pay their salaries, because they shut down 80% of their productive capacity, and thus created a very serious social problem...
...9. Frei's Minister of Interior, Perez Zujovic carried out and Senator Carmona supported the repression of squatter rebellions in which 9 people were killed and more than 30 injured.- 26 - Allende Interview The following interview with President Salvador Allende was conducted at his home in Santiago on January 30, 1971 by Saul Landau...
...8. Refers to an ill-fated military coup attempt in October 1969 which grew out of troop discontent...
...X. THE POLITICAL SITUATION IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THE ELECTIONS...
...and that there would be unemployment of the people...
...50 percent of Chile's working class children still do not finish the third grade...
...The popular state will concern itself with enabling the Armed Forces to make a contribution to the country's economic development without prejudice to their essential.chore of defense of the country's sovereignty...
...Rheem Mfg...
...Its composition varied somewhat from 1956 to 1964...
...It can not be overlooked that in the votes for Tomic there were sectors of the working class which voted for the populist aspects of his political program...
...DEEPENING AND EXTENDING THE AGRARIAN REFORM 2 7 The agrarian reform is understood as a process that is simultaneous and complementary with the general transformations that are desired in the country's social, political and economic structure in such a way that its fulfillment is inseparable from the rest of the general policy...
...208-9...
...producers -especially the producers of capital goods and heavy machinery -- mining and construction equipment , aircraft, electrical generators, etc...
...QERC, No...
...In these enterprises the rights of workers and employees to just salaries and working conditions should be guaranteed...
...majority int...
...iously...
...1964 -- 17.4...
...We respect the right of the people to choose whatever government they desire...
...there are truly revolutionary sectors...
...This tribunal will freely generate the internal powers, either unipersonal or associational, of the judicial system...
...to permit them to fire workers if the workers request better salaries...
...ALLENDE: Logically you should imagine that they must be waiting for any opportunity to express their resistance to the majority of the government...
...Serge La Favrie, "La Revolution Sans Fusils," Le Nouvel Observateur, December 14, 1970...
...In the 60 next largest companies, approxiamately one third have foreign participation...
...It can take the form of aggression from Argentina, or of activating a confrontation - - . _ b.W _1 I- .72 I ::i...
...ALLENDE: In fact the opposite took place...
...During recent years we have grown at an annual average rate of 2 percent per capita...
...by Saul Landau -- no reprint without permission of author...
...Loans from the Inter-American Development Bank alone totalled $280 million during the decade of the 60's (QERC, No...
...Pressures -- we really have not seen any...
...These policies allowed for a great organic development, and increase in our operational capacities and a significant influence on the masses, cooperating also with the combative and political unity of the workers...
...LANDAU: And the right wingers who conspired in the assassination of General Schneider...
...I am aware of what they have accomplished and how difficult it has been to defeat the blockade...
...As election time approached, MIR did not attack the UP but neither did they support it...
...or on electoral victory of the U.P...
...among the occupants of seven land seizure actions in Santiago...
...VIII...
...197-255...
...This is fundamental and brings us to some necessary adjustments of the tactical forms of struggle...
...Furthermore, there is a court to which the companies can appeal...
...administration will face in attempting to implement its program...
...ALLENDE: An awful lot...
...Every type of colonialism or neocolonialism will be condemned and the right to rebellion of the people subjected to these systems will be recognized...
...As class privileges are eliminated in the educational system, the entrance of workers' children into the university will be made possible and adults will also be permitted either through special scholarships or through work-study systems to enter highlevel courses...
...In the evenings we used to get together to discuss and analyze the different philosophies popular at the time, the different ideas and ideals...
...Brigadier General Roberto Viaux Marambio, who led the shortlived uprising, said its sole purpose was to dramatize the grievances of army officers and troops who receive extremely low pay and lack adequate equipment...
...The anti-imperialistic struggle of the peoples of the Middle East will also receive the solidarity of the popular government which will support the search of a specific solution that is based on the interests of the Arab and Jewish peoples...
...STRENGTH AND STRATEGY OF THE RULING CLASSES...
...The same treatment will be reserved for every type of economic, political and/or military aggression provoked by the imperialist powers...
...Nevertheless, they continue to publish...
...majority int...
...Edwards should be here, in Chile to answer legally for what his bank has done...
...a $137 million investment shared with Japaneses interests) and by the Continental Copper and Steel Corp...
...For a summary of some of the points made in this book see, Monthly Review, January 1970...
...178-180...
...Latin American economic integration should be constructed on the basis of economies that have liberated themselves from all imperialistic forms of dependence and exploitation...
...of Commerce, International Commerce, January 5, 1970, p. 23...
...451-469...
...we also know that the ruling classes, as taught by historical experience, will not hesitate to use violence in defense of their power and wealth...
...And finally, the president of the national press association in Chile, Mr...
...So in this line I read, studied and was the founder, later on, of the Socialist Party...
...Ties of friendship and solidarity with independent or colonized people will be established, especially with those who are developing their struggles of liberation and independence...
...brick manufacturing facilities...
...There are two producing firms: a government venture operated by CORFO and the very large ($49.6 million) Anglo-Lautaro Nitrate Corp...
...and the Chile Exploration Co...
...We have expropriated some industries, especially in woolens and textiles...
...This will be done by the followers of the movements and the parties of the Left and will be aided by that multitude of Chileans who decide in favor of fundamental changes...
...We in Chile, for example, have to achieve an income of $2,000 per person a year -- well, for that we have to produce more People progress only by producing more, working more...
...6 Its popularity among both left and right grew during 1964 as the Christian Democrats, with financial help from the United States and Western Europe, conducted a campaign designed to scare the electorate away from Allende...
...to permit them to deposit the profits they obtain in their foreign bank accounts...
...1963 -- 176.6...
...Of three judges presiding, two were to be elected by the community and one appointed by the local district administrator...
...They are amazed to see a president whom they can touch with their hands They can talk to me, because I do not go around with an escort of tanks or surrounded by police...
...BUT CUBA IS NOT LIKE CHILE" LANDAU: There is a rumor of a letter that Fidel Castro sent you...
...Chileans were subjected to a massive propaganda offensive whose basic message was that FRAP meant Communism, and Communism meant the firing squad, the destruction of the family, and the end of religion...
...These will be decisive steps for the liquidation of the bureaucratic centralism that characterizes the system of the present administration...
...In June, 1969, after a battle with the Police at the University of Concepcion, MIR decided to carry on its work underground...
...The decided defense of self-determination of peoples will be stimulated by the new government as a basic condition of international life...
...in electronics plant Sperry Rand ; majority int...
...The electoral majority of the left, above and beyond the possible direction the political leadership may take, or whether or not the confrontation is postponed, opens up a new historical period for the working class...
...4. An interview with President Salvador Allende...
...in auto 6 railroad springs plant...
...The profound transformations to be undertaken will demand a socially aware and unified people, educated to exercise and defend their political power, scientifically and technically capable to develop the transitional economy toward socialism and completely open for the creation and enjoyment of the most varied manifestations of the arts and the intellect...
...The respect of these rights will be guarded by the state and the workers of the respective enterprise...
...V. THE EXTENT OF THE ELECTORAL VICTORY OF THE U.P...
...Therefore, above and beyond the legal limitations and once the euphoria of the victory is passed, the U.P...
...The Latin American bourgeoisie has tried in the last few years to deny imperialism a greater share of the economic surplus that each country produces and this has brought about the so called "wave of nationalism" in Latin America...
...Today great contingents of masses look forward to socialism as a system and their maturity allowed them to resist the alienation of the capitalist propaganda used massively during the political campaign...
...MIR criticized the Chilean Communist Party for being too bourgeois to make a revolution and for blindly following the Soviet line...
...companies in Chile represents only the tip of the foreign investment iceberg...
...The new culture will not be created by decree...
...In fact, employment in manufacturing actually declined as a percentage of total employment between 1925 and 1960...
...The New York Times (February 21, 1971) sums up Chile's foreign debt as follows: "This country of 9 million people, with a GNP of $5 billion a year, has a foreign debt of $2 billion, one of the highest ratios in the world...
...We believe it would be useful to open up the discussion at a high and fraternal level, within the left, a discussion which others could turn, against our will, into ammunition for the enemy...
...2. Licensing agreements (for example, Chrysler automobiles are assembled under license by a Chilean firm...
...sewers...
...Monetary policy should also include measures that adapt the flow of circulating money to the real necessities of the market, that control and redistribute credit and avoid usury in the money business...
...c) To assure both preventive and curative medical and dental attention for all Chileans which will be financed by the state, employers and social security institutions...
...Its power remains intact...
...Industrial Products 4.2 n.a...
...The owners of capital are always interested in earning more money, not in satisfying the necessities of the Chilean people...
...They continue to publish...
...The electoral victory is a step forward fbr the masses in the defense of their interests, and the interests of the ruling classes, both national and foreign, are objectively being threatened...
...LANDAU: And when are you planning to finish with the expropriation of these interests...
...Currently, the state already has certain basic industries, like electricity and oil...
...and they are numerous...
...And when it takes place, it will be more legitimate and massive, which makes the strategy of armed struggle today more valid than ever before...
...Of the 100 largest companies in Chile, 61 have external capital invested in them and in 41 of these foreign participation is greater than 30 percent...
...None of them are left wing...
...The New York Times, February 3, 1971...
...Over 800 people were arrested during this strike, which was called to protest the government's forced-savings scheme, which would have fallen heavily on the wageearning classes...
...The predominant political climate was one of fair play and the only flag that they could raise to oppose the electoral victory of the left was the right of the minority to defend its privileges,- 24 - which they could not do...
...Fundamentally it has been a new government of the bourgeoisie in the service of national and foreign capital whose weak attempts at social change have run aground, without pain or glory, on economic stagnation, scarcity and violent repression against the people...
...2) a reorientation of production towards vehicles suitable for public transportation, trucks and cheaper cars...
...The manner in which those problems are resolved will determine whether or not, or when MIR will again resume armed opposition...
...In short, we present a fundamentally anti-imperialist, anti-capitalist, socialist program and not one which is purely anti-imperialist, anti-monopoly, anti-feudal and democratic, as do some forces of the U.P...
...to permit them to produce what they want with the money of all Chileans, in place of fabricating what the great majority of the country needs...
...Du Pont...
...The disaffection of the Christian Democrat "rebeldes" and the formation of MAPU occured partly because of Frei's reluctance to carry out radical agrarian reform...
...She details its failures, concluding that Frei was "given the opportunity to demonstrate the viability of the peaceful, reformist model of development for Chile and for all Latin America...
...A coalition of six independent leftist parties that supported a common slate of candidates at election time, FRAP is the direct antecedent of the Unidad Popular...
...It demands the permanence of the XII...
...Only an irregular war, which in its political and military development would weaken the ruling classes and strengthen the revolutionaries, could be successful in Chile...
...See Monthly Review, January, 1971, for a discussion of some of the questions raised by this section of the program...
...They plan (1) a reduction in the number of assembly factories (there are currently 11...
...The state will provide the necessary financial and technical assistance to the enterprises of this area so that they can fulfill the important role they play in the national economy, paying heed to the number of persons who work for them as well as the volume of production they generate...
...AID) program loans in 1963 and 1964 were largely conditioned on Chilean compliance with fiscal, monetary and foreign exchange rate policies defined in standby agreements with the IMF...
...As of March 14th the government controlled 5 of the country's 22 private banks (The Journal of Commerce, March 15, 1971...
...it will still be an instrument of oppression and continue fulfilling a class role...
...In January, 1966, copper miners in the El Teniente Mine in northern Chile struck for wage increases, and in March, miners of the El Salvador mine declared a sympathy strike...
...General Motors...
...Fidel Castro is a man who has a great feeling for selfcriticism and he respects his political friends...
...Supporting the candidate of Popular Unity does not mean, however, only voting for a man but also declaring one's self in favor of the immediate replacement of the present society which rests on the dominion of the great national and foreign capitalists...
...Between 1965 and September 1969, 15,826 families were settled in 488 "asentamientos," encompassing 2,098,000 hectares, only 167,000 of which were irrigated (International Commerce, January 5, 1970, p. 25...
...The returns were as follows (Figures cited in Pike, p. 424): Jorge Alessandri 387,297 Salvador Allende 352,915 Louis Bossay 190,832 Raul Antonio Zamorano 41,268 6. Petras, p. 197...
...ALLENDE: Yes, of course, that is it, you know that perfectly well...
...A NEW INSTITUTIONAL ORDER: THE POPULAR STATE POLITICAL ORGANIZATION A new power structure will be constructed through a process of democratization at all levels and an organized mobilization of the masses...
...2 6 All these expropriations will be carried out with complete respect for the interest of the small shareholder...
...in copper wire plant...
...As you know, I am a physician...
...We learn later in the Program that, according to National Planning Office figures, the per capita growth rate since 1967 has been negative...
...Neither do we hide concessions to these sectors behind a 'middle bourgeoisie' as some are trying to do...
...Alessandri and Frei assured us that they would put an end to inflation...
...Because of the influence that the popular movement has and that I personally have -- you have seen it, you know it, you have been at public acts at the meetings...
...But Cuba is not like Chile...
...I know what it is like, caramba, to have everyday the absolute difficulty of defending yourself from infiltrations after having smashed one invasion...
...wholly owned telephone equipment assembly plant...
...In all state organizations and above all in the key posts in the Executive, high salaries will be limited to a figure that is compatible with the situation of our country...
...Petras cites the following figures which illustrate the Program's statement in this section: Housing: In 1964 Chile had a shortage of 600,000 houses...
...program has been presented to the English-speaking public...
...In organizations concerned with housing, operating within their jurisdiction and at their own level, the Neighbors' Councils and other organizations of slum dwellers will have the use of mechanisms to inspect their operations and intervene in the many aspects of their functioning...
...taking over the reins of government...
...is a strength as well as a weakness...
...Petras, p. 205...
...5) the strategic industrial monopolies...
...The caption read, "Chileno, Do you want this to happen in Chile...
...They import everything from caps on their heads to the soles of their shoes...
...Anaconda is highly dependent on its Chilean operations -- the company estimates that two thirds of its total annual copper sales are from Chile...
...In the meantime, the majority of the people are selling their shares...
...All Chilean military personnel, officers and enlisted men, and the members of the national police force (the carabineros) have historically been disenfranchised.- 11 - and solution of problems within their competence...
...According to official information during the past 10 years the cost of living has increased by almost 1,000 percent...
...Presently, in regards to Latin American native bourgeoisies, the United States has also hardened its policy, in the cases of Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Guatemala, Bolivia, etc...
...investments in Chile which stand to be affected by the policies of the Allende government...
...Same source as information on iron and copper above...
...That is, a shanty town resident has the same right to publish as Agustin Edwards, but of course he has not the money...
...AID reported that as of mid-1968 only 9,000 families had been resettled and that in 1969, only 1,188 families had acquired new lands -an all-time low, (Inter-American Economic Affairs, Winter 1970, p. 88...
...For a discussion of the scare campaign, see Eduardo Labarca Goddard, Chile Invadido, Reportaje a la intromision extranjera (Santiago: Editora Austral, 1968...
...These included a subsidiary of Ralston Purina and NIBSA, Chile's leading producer of valves and other fittings which is 50 percent owned by Northen Indiana Brass Co...
...8. Use of international shipping facilities is ex pensive, as the recent Rockefeller Report on the Americas has noted: about 20 cents of every U.S...
...wholly owned soft drink plant Coca-Cola Inter-American...
...assumes the government it will do so through legal means, which forces U.P...
...ALLENDE: No, because later on these parties split, but it represents an important antecedent, because Chile was one of three countries in which there was a Popular Front...
...Chile promised to follow the monetary and fiscal policies dictated by the IMF, receiving in return the stabilization loans (short-term foreign currency loans...
...4 It also has the will to work and progress of all Chileans together with their technical and professional capability...
...The plans with which the system operates will have to be approved by the People's Assembly...
...to check the rate of inflation, support the establishment of an Inter-American military force, oppose the admission of Red China to the United Nations, accelerate the reform of its tax collection arrangements, and reach a workable agreement with its embattled U.S.owned copper companies...
...3. In explaining his electoral pact with the thenillegal Communist Party, Allende has said, "I think that the anti-imperialist and antioligarchic revolution must essentially base itself on the unity of the working class, and the working class in Chile is represented by the Communists and Socialists...
...rail, air and maritime transportation...
...Internally the school system will be planned with respect for the principles of unity, continuity, correlation and diversification of teaching...
...Since Chile was a showcase for the Alliance- 17 - the same time all types of foreign impositions with respect to Latin American raw materials such as copper and with respect to the obstacles placed on free trade that for a long time have been translated into the impossibility of establishing commercial relations with all the countries of the world, will be rejected...
...The Anaconda figures are from our own calculations based on various business press sources...
...However, this insufficient analysis did allow us to develop the tasks of defending an electoral victory, a question which has been of first importance in the national situation and which will continue to be so for a period of time...
...5. Chile governs and legislates in favor of the few, the big capitalists and their followers, the companies that dominate our economy and the large land owners whose power remains almost intact...
...2 1 The generation of every organism of popular representation should be carried out by universal, secret and direct suffrage of all men and women of more than 18 years of age, both civilian and military, both literate and illiterate...
...For this the country's productive capacity will be turned from superfluous and expensive articles that satisfy the high income groups toward the production of articles of popular use that are cheap and of good quality...
...The North American policy regarding reformist governments of the left has been basically one of open opposition...
...It is more difficult when you have to defend specialized interests...
...The U.P...
...We will benefit from experience wherever it comes from, from technology and science wherever it comes from, but adapting it to our reality...
...C-F- 18 - MIR's Response to the U.P...
...The "Tacnazo" 8 questioned the power, destroyed part of the military discipline and to a great extent politicized the young officers, the petty officers and the troops...
...Afterwards we shall push for the realization of the program, affirming its development in the poorest sectors of society as a way to insure the revolutionary and socialist course of the process...
...Well, we will see if they keep their promise...
...These organizations will have to share responsibility and develop initiatives in their respective areas of action as well as the examination 21...
...Our only chance of success is to play to the end the game of legality - using all the weapons that the constitution gives us...
...and -- to transform the present institutions so as to install a new state where workers and the people will have the real exercise of power, 18...
...Whose interest does El Mercurio represent...
...THE POSSIBILITIES OF THE U.P...
...The popular government will have as the objective of its housing policy that each family eventually becomes the owner of a house...
...Same source as cited above under copper iron and nitrates...
...of Interior, Minerals Yearbook 1968, Vol...
...The state will grant the universities sufficient resources to assure the fulfillment of their functions and their effective stabilization and democratization...
...We are going to make them produce...
...That is about $1.25 per day at the legal rate of exchange, but only around $.53 at the black market rate of that time...
...8.9 10 8.4 n.a.=not available- 14 - markets, to achieve a growing technical and financial independence and to avoid the scandalous devaluations of our currency...
...It is for these reasons that the ruling classes, through the CD, are putting pressure on the U.P...
...But it is important because this country has land which could feed not 10 million but 20 or 25 million inhabitants...
...ALLENDE: Well, when the law is passed...
...LANDAU: I remember, President, seeing Carlos Rafael Rodriguez of Cuba talking on Chilean television about freedom of the press...
...But it turns out that they have been owing the tax collector of Santiago province 5,400,000,00 pesos...
...There is an anthropological problem, there is a cultural problem, there is a problem of race...
...Through these means the government will try to create at least one unified school (basic and middle level) in each rural area, in each neighborhood and in each poblacion in the cities of Chile...
...UNITY AND ACTION OF THE ORGANIZED PEOPLE The growth of our workers' forces with regard to their number, their organization, their struggle and the awareness of their power reinforce and propagate the desire for profound changes, the criticism of the established order and the clash with its structures...
...CULTURE AND EDUCATION A NEW CULTURE FOR THE SOCIETY The social process that will be opened with the triumph of the people will gradually shape a new culture oriented toward the consideration of human work as the highest value, the expression of the affirmative will and national independence and the shaping of a critical vision of reality...
...The electoral majority obtained by the U.P...
...The 1968 export shipments of these three firms were, respectively, 47.8%, 26.8%, and 25.3% of total Chilean What has failed in Chile is a system that does not meet the necessities of our times...
...Coca-Cola Export...
...business press, while the figures in the chart reflect the Chilean government's claims...
...Petroquimica Dow S.A...
...timely medical attention...
...I must have been 28 when I founded with other companeros, the Socialist Party...
...As long as the state apparatus remains untouched it will not go beyond its present bureaucratic and military structures...
...Malnutrition affects their growth and limits their ability to learn and educate themselves...
...We need good students, good scholars...
...It is a mistake to confuse these temporary limitations on imperialist aggression with a strategic tolerance of leftist reformism in Latin America...
...We did not foresee the possibilities of the U.P...
...As a recent 1970 CORFO study documents, foreign capital invested in Chilean industry is substantial (QERC, No...
...1969 -- 200...
...Since September 4th (Allende's election) there has been no evidence of open intentions to intervene...
...Above all, the medical student and the doctor face head-on very clear social facts...
...In Southeast Asia the expansion of the war is done through "Vietnamization," through which American soldiers are replaced by native soldiers...
...He won, the Front endured for two years and 21 days (longer than the Popular Fronts of either France or Spain), and the tradition of leftist unity was begun...
...program above...
...organized preThe small establish assigned in the unWhen conditions call for it, farmers will be assigned land for their personal property thus stimulating the organization of work and commercialization of the basis of mutual cooperation...
...It will be a problem for many years because today the Mapuche in terms of the law has the same position as a child, he is without rights...
...We begin from the position that it is necessary to destroy the capitalist state...
...and August 1965, p. 10...
...The introduction of technology unadapted to the local patterns of employment and factory endowment has resulted in largely unnecessary increased "technological unemployment" in several countries, especially Chile, Peru and Colombia...
...Similarly, as long as the worldwide relationship of forces does not change fundamentally, the final struggle for power will be long and irregular...
...1 6 8. The growth of our economy is minimal...
...THE PROGRAM POPULAR POWER The revolutionary transformation the country needs can only be carried out if the Chilean people take power into their hands and exercise it effectively...
...Would you go along with this...
...Why wouldn't you defend us on the same principle...
...Jacques Chonchol, former Christian Democrat, now Secretary General of MAPU and Allende's Secretary of Agriculture, left his post as vice-president of the Agrarian Development Institute in 1968 when he realized Frei would not fight landowners or conservatives within his own party to implement a rapid redistribution of land...
...1 1 l -- more than half of Chilean workers receive insufficient remunerations to take care of their minimal living necessities...
...Because the state must have under control the basic wealth and resources of the country and right now the wealth of Chile is in the hands of foreigners -copper, iron, nitrates...
...wholly owned assembly plant...
...of the constitution demanded by the joint committee allows us to presume that Allende will take power without a confrontation...
...Important sectors of the bourgeoisie cannot be expected to ally themselves with the UP to develop an antimperialist policy...
...LANDAU: In this sense, President, is this a method that comes from winning electoral power...
...When the left coalition, Unidad Popular, under Allende's leadership was formed, MIR was critical of the UP's reliance on the electoral process...
...Chilean international policy and its diplomatic expression should break all forms of bureaucracy and immobility...
...The central planning organizations will be at the highest administrative level and their democratically generated decisions will have an executive character...
...Our wrong analysis consisted in over-estimating the political-tactical strength with which the right would confront an electoral victory of the left and underestimating the tactical maneuverability of the U.P...
...8 The Unidad Popular was born in 1969 as leftists all over Chile became convinced that Christian Democracy had failed...
...We have bought it at a value higher than the shares really have today...
...At a given moment of the campaign the essential content of this program, enriched by the support and the discussions of the people and by a series of projected governmental measures, will be underlined in an Act of the People that will constitute for the new popular government and the front which sustains it an unrenounceable mandate...
...It knows that by such a demand it drowns the U.P...
...A race which has been smashed, denied, and degraded physically and morally...
...As a consequence its policy will be vigilant and active in defending the principle of nonintervention in rejecting every attempt at discrimination, pressure, invasion or blockade on the part of imperialist countries...
...In our country there are more than three million workers whose productive force and enormous constructive ability cannot, however, be liberated within the present system that only exploits and subjects them...
...The guarantee of the fulfillment of these objectives lies in the control by the organized people of political and economic power that is expressed in the state area of the economy and in the economy's general planning...
...The United States intervened openly in 1954 in Guatemala and also to put down the reformist bourgeois government of Goulart in Brazil ten years later...
...2. To guarantee employment with adequate remuneration to all Chileans of working age...
...So what have we said...
...That Popular Front was formed by Radicals, Socialists, Communists and Social Democrats...
...However, we must import hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of foodstuffs of agricultural origin...
...The popular government will be many-partied...
...majority interest in refractory...
...I go to the shanty towns...
...Imperialism has snatched away from Chile large resources equivalent to double the capital invested in our country throughout the whole of its history...
...This nationalist movement has developed in different countries according to the state of the mass movements, and also according to the extent to which the North American interests are willing to divert their investments from the fundamental extractive sectors of the economy to others like the manufacturing industry...
...LATIN AMERICAN POLICY The popular government will defend an international policy of affirmation of the Latin American personality on the world scene...
...LANDAU: And are these groups independent left groups...
...But this sector will not allow the expropriation of the great portion of agrarian properties without receiving a good indemnity, simply because the big landowners are to a great extent the same, or belong to the same families as the industrialists and bank owners themselves...
...I would imagine it would be the same in the United States...
...will not signify opportunist deviations to the extent that we have our objectives and our path very clear...
...24, No...
...5. Reorganization of extremely small properties through the progressive introduction of agricultural work cooperatives...
...Since 1967 we have not grown, in fact we have gone backwards, according to the government's own figures (ODEPLAN [Oficina de Planificacion Nacional...
...First National City Bank...
...the Chilean military had not revolted for over 30 years...
...What we want is that you respect us just the way you would respect your- "C selves -- that right we want for ourselves...
...Dept...
...in the new society they will have a place in the vanguard to continue their action...
...The New York Times reported October 29, 1970, that according to Allende's own economic planning team, his government will inherit a demand for almost 900,000 productive jobs, equivalent to almost 1/3 of the labor force...
...The expropriation could include the whole or part of the assets of the expropriated fields (machinery, tools, animals and others...
...in which CORFO acquired a 37.5% interest in 1968...
...How can they ask for guarantees for the political parties when they made organizations of the left illegal and jailed and tortured the revolutionaries...
...With over 21 percent of the world's reserves, Chile is the top exporter of the metal...
...Running against the Conservative Jorge Alessandri, whom he also confronted in 1970, and against Eduardo Frei, who was making his first bid for the Christian Democrats, Allende lost the election by only 35,000 votes out of the 1.3 million cast...
...and assurance to the Mapuche Indians and other indigenous people of sufficient lands and appropriate technical and credit assistance...
...7. A high number of Chileans are poorly fed...
...And what was their initial investment...
...LANDAU: What conflicts are there within the Peoples' Union and how do you handle them...
...These investors know that it is in their own interest to reach an agreement with us, because they had said they were importing first class machinery and they were actually importing used machinery...
...I am a doctor, as you know, Landau...
...So the Peoples' Union program establishes three areas: the social part of the economy, the mixed (part state and part private capital), and the private area...
...Bethlehem Steel...
...So of what value, for example, will there be from what the gentlemen of the CIA say when Mr...
...Wall Street Journal, October 14, 1968...
...Chile was a net exporter of food before World War II but the country now imports large and rising quantities of agricultural goods...
...through Grace's other Chilean subsidiaries...
...An extensive network of popular culture centers will stimulate the organization of the masses to exercise their rights of culture...
...ALLENDE: Well, it works well because there is a program that unites us...
...Kennecott's Braden Copper Co...
...INVESTMENTS IN CHILE 1968 Sales Company (in US $) Employees Anaconda...
...1 3 He was innaugurated on November 4. As candidate and as President, Allende has cited the Program of Government as the source of his programs, using it to lend legitimacy to his actions...
...All this has demonstrated once again that reformism is incapable of resolving the people's problems...
...3 III...
...Why...
...The ruling class has not given up and different sectors are trying various strategies that would permit them to maintain power and wealth in the short run...
...IT IS THE SYSTEM THAT MUST BE CHANGED LANDAU: Some people have spoken of the agrarian reform as if it was the most important measure in the Peoples' Union's Program...
...3. Inter-American Press Association declared that "freedom of the press in Chile is being strangled by Communist and Marxist forces and their allies...
...The instruments of the state's economic and social policy will make up a national planning system, they will be of an executive nature and their mission will be to direct, coordinate and properly order the state's action...
...I. IMPERIALISM AND THE LATIN AMERICAN BOURGEOISIES Without trying to go too deep we are interested in answering one of the questions now being discussed in the left: Is it possible that today we could have an alliance between important sectors of the national bourgeoisie and the left in order to develop an antiimperialist policy...
...ALLENDE: Well, this is a utopian right -unreal...
...For more on U.S...
...Although this revolt was quickly suppressed, the government and the Chilean people took it extremely ser-- 12 - In the new economy, planning will play an extremely important role...
...On January 7, 1971 the Minister of Justice announced plans for creation of neighborhood "people's tribunals" which would be charged with trying persons accused of anti-social behavior such as drunkenness, public nuisances, child neglect, wife-beating and other similar offenses -- misdemeanors and civil disputes involving claims of up to about $50...
...And I can tell you that these companies, in the last 42 years, have taken $3,800,000,000 out of Chile...
...In the future we must hope that the revolutionary sectors and those of the left will have more influence on the decisions than the reformists...
...11-12, considers the following "patterns of development" as indicative of Chile's economic stagnation: "the declining ability of industry to absorb an increase in the economically active population, especially in terms of urban growth...
...Today many fundamental questions remain unanswered...
...Today, in order to buy the same that we bought 10 years ago, we have to deliver many more raw materials...
...Numerous and new sectors of the people have been incorporated into the struggle for socialism, and the electoral victory gave the masses the feeling of victory and the right "to govern...
...5 Allende tried again as FRAP's candidate in 1964, but he lost that year to the Christian Democrat, Eduardo Frei...
...Schneider was murdered when he pulled a gun on rightists attempting to kidnap him...
...LANDAU: Relations continue on as they had...
...2. MIR's reference to General Torres' feeble attempt to create a Peruvian-type government...
...Chile is a capitalistic country dependent on imperialism, dominated by bourgeois sectors that are structurally linked to foreign catital, and cannot resolve the country's fundamental problems...
...From that standpoint, we base the right to nationalize our own resources...
...The split between the two condidates not only corresponded to an error in the ruling class's calculations but, in the face of the increased mass mobilizations, the growth of the left and the beginning of actions by the revolutionary left in Chile (and in other Latin American countries such as Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Bolivia), the middle classes became frightened...
...Education: Chile's illiteracy rate is 19 percent, which is especially significant, because illiterates have been disenfranchised...
...Moreover, the U.P...
...Or in the province of Cautin, they can be Mapuches, whose lands were stolen many years ago and who have lived with half a hectare of land...
...No one knows whether the assailants meant to kidnap him in order to issue revolutionary communiques in his name, hoping to intimidate Congress and keep it from ratifying Allende on October 24, or if he was to have been a hostage to be killed if Congress elected Allende...
...1966 -- 166.2...
...National Cash Register...
...How can they dare to ask for guaranteed autonomy for the universities when they are the same ones who violate and insulted them...
...This means that in 1966 each Chilean had a larger quantity of goods than he has today...
...There isn't one, just the opposite...
...See NACLA Newsletter, May-June 1970, p. 4...
...Eduardo Labarca Goddard, Chile Invadido -- Reportaje a la Intromision Extranjera, Santiago: Editora Austral, 1968, pp...
...The popular government will act to resolve pending frontier problems through negotiations that prevent the intrigues of imperialism and the reactionaries and will keep present the interest of Chile and of the peoples in the neighboring countries...
...the greater the poverty, the greater the disease rate...
...We have heard Mr...
...either one gives some security to American capital -at least to the extent of allowing it to transfer its investments from one sector of the economy to another -- or American interests are threatened and a policy of intervention will develop...
...Thus, we developed our activities on the basis of either an electoral defeat of the U.P...
...1970...
...Partly as a result of the scare tactics, Chile's women voted overwhelmingly for Frei in 1964...
...In carrying out these proposals there will be the general improvement of living conditions of workers and the consideration at the proper level of the responsibilities of educators...
...Business Latin America, November 26, 1970 and The New York Times, January 18, 1971).- 13 - as contributions so that the state will be a partner and not a creditor...
...The prison system, which constitutes one of the worst defects of the present system, must be completely transformed for the purpose of the regeneration and recuperation of those who have committed crimes...
...Frei promised to stabalize Chile's economy, but inflation continued: 1964 - 46% 1965 - 25% 1966 - 17% 1967 - 21.9% 1968 - 30% 1969 - 29.3% 1970 (first 6 months) - 23.9% (El Mercurio, Edicion Internacional, July 6-12, 1970...
...LANDAU: The North American people still aren't clear about this...
...one of the most important suspects, Julio Antonio Bouchon, is married to the sister of Viaux's wife...
...police...
...They control foreign trade and dictate our economic policy through the International Monetary Fund and other organisations...
...This paragraph refers to the "campaign of terror" waged against Allende in the 1964 presidential campaign...
...Furthermore, Chile has vast forests -- among the most important in Latin America...
...We have bought the shares from both Americans and Chileans in the case of steel and all the shares from Chileans in the case of coal...
...1 2 AFFLUENT FAMILY AT HOME 11...
...INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY The struggles that people are unleashing for their liberation and for the construction of socialism will receive the effective and militant solidarity of the popular government...
...In May of this year (1970) we maintained the following: a. the increase in social mobilization constituted the most relevant political occurrence of the period, b. the elections would come within the framework of these social situations, c. the elections would only be partial and formal expression of the fundamental process at the institutional level, d. we would not carry out electoral activities as such but we would put our efforts in pushing mass mobilizations by revolutionary means and into developing actions directly related to these mobilizations...
...The intensification of the class struggle during the Frei government, also created splits within the armed forces and caused the relative loss of their traditional monolithic posture which prevented the ruling classes from using them to maintain power before or immediately after the elections...
...We are not the intellectual lackeys of anyone...
...On October 24 the Chilean Congress overwhelmingly proclaimed Allende as Chile's President...
...See the Chilean weekly, Ercilla, #1850, December 30, 1970...
...They will receive adequate financing and authority for the purpose of caring for, in working with the Neighbors' Councils and in coordination with them, the problems of local interests of the communities and their inhabitants...
...The same is happening in education, health, and in work itself...
...In the meantime a good part of those who effectively produce are undergoing a difficult situation: -- half a million families need housing and many others live in terrible conditions with respect to sewer systems, potable water, electricity and health...
...Sources: Journal of Development Studies, April 1970, IV, 3; International Commerce, January 13, 1969, p. 13...
...For a few, to sell a piece of Chile everyday is good business...
...A poblador is an inhabitant of one of the many poblaciones -- or slum areas -- of Santiago and other Chilean cities...
...III., (March, 1969...
...LANDAU: And here President Allende, would you say that the North American copper companies have extracted a lot...
...The regional and local organizations of the popular state's power will exercise authority within the geographical range that is attributed to them and will have economic, political and social authority...
...The constitutional reform has been proposed and as soon as the law is passed we will do exactly what the Congress determines...
...Violence means that while some people throw food out, others have nothing to eat...
...These are exploited, among others, by Crown Zellerbach and a CanadianChilean joint venture, the two largest pulp and paper operations in Chile...
...and that it may not take the form of a popular insurrection which in a few hours will turn power definitely to the workers...
...Nevertheless a merely "purist" and blind opposition may alienate ourselves from a process which, passing through a historically significant confrontation of classes may be the beginning of the road to socialism...
...One of Allende's early challenges as president came when a group of homeless people occupied a lowcost government housing project called The Villa John F. Kennedy...
...The margin was nearly equal to the votes won by a leftist, defrocked priest, Raul Antonio Zamorano, who some suspected of being a stalking-horse intended to take votes away from Allende...
...For example, there are certain Radical Congressmen who have criticized a provincial functionary who had- 27 - his own views on how the agrarian reform should be carried out...
...Chile's 14th largest firm, is ostensibly under the control of the Chilean Yarur family...
...Inter-American Economic Affairs, Winter 1970, Vol...
...investment is concentrated...
...Bank of America...
...There is a big campaign going on in the United States about this company called Purina that produces chicken feed, but it seems that we are going to finally reach an agreement with the foreign investors...
...3 wholly owned branches...
...32.5 million), (QERC, No...
...through the usurious North American loans that oblige us to spend in the United States and transport the purchased articles in North American ships, etc...
...We can presume these methods will fail, but nevertheless the tactics are important elements of pressure for those who are negotiating their votes with the U.P...
...Provincial Assemblies should also enter into operation with this same idea...
...The present development of their struggles for land and the liquidation of the land-holding system opens a new outlook to the Chilean popular movement...
...6 3. The development of monopolistic capitalism impedes the widening of democracy and exacerbates the antipopular violence...
...Under no circumstances will we accept or proceed in an arbitrary way...
...These powers will not imply any limitations on the complete independence and autonomy of the organizations...
...telecommunications .. 5. Standard Electric...
...Nitrates accounted for a declining share of Chilean exports, largely due to the production of synthetic nitrates in the world's industrialized nations...
...Just about every major company in Chile will be affected, with the greatest moves directed against the large copper mining companies -- Anaconda, Kennecott and Cerro (see below) -- where over half the known U.S...
...Chilean international policy should maintain a position of condemnation of the North American aggression in Vietnam and recognition and active solidarity with the heroic struggle of the Vietnamese people...
...is struggling to become a government based on the electoral majority it obtained, and to be a government of the left will mean to occupy certain public offices such as the presidency, ministries, etc., with U.P...
...LANDAU: And, after spending 25 years in the congress, in the Chilean parliament, do you still continue to be a utopian...
...Therefore, they will start governing without any substantial modifications in the armed forces, thus assuring the permanent threat of a reactionary military coup...
...We have to push the social part of the state...
...YOU DO NOT GET SOCIALISM BY DECREE" LANDAU: Can you predict what some of the obstacles will be, on the Chilean road to socialism...
...El Mercurio, Edicion Internacional, November 8-15, p. 4...
...Under socialism, it is understood that every individual does not have to publish what he thinks...
...Allende reports a figure of $9.8 billion over the last 60 years -- a sum equal to the value of capital 'What really ripes me, Highy, is they did it with demoratie vote...
...It will arise from the struggle between brotherhood and individualism, the valuation of human work and its deprecation, national values and cultural colonization, and the access of the popular masses to art, literature and the means of communication and their commercialization...
...Obviously it is very difficult to imagine that we all have the same opportunities, under the capitalist system, that is impossible...
...Today the majority of intellectuals and artists are struggling against the cultural deformations of the capitalistic society and are trying to introduce the fruits of their creation to the workers and trying to link themselves with their historical destiny...
...in the actions of Concepcion, Tome, Coronel, Chillan and Los Angeles...
...They can be left groups that have not matured politically...
...majority int...
...Power is to be taken away from capitalists and landlords, and the process of constructing socialism is to be initiated...
...In Latin America, the United States, by passing its own formulation of the Alliance for Progress, since the 1965 invasion of Santo Domingo, has returned to a policy of "the big stick" even when dealing with petty bourgeois, "democratic" governments...
...4. Hidden investments such as those described by Maurice Zeitlin in his recent Ramparts article (April 1971) on Chile: " The Chilean Cotton Manufacturing Co...
...Must we abandon the present political and military structure of our organizations...
...Obviously, our road is much more difficult because it is within the limits of the law and the constitution...
...8. The Radical Party candidate, Julio Duran, received only 5 percent of the vote...
...Company Investments (Worldwide) Investments in Chile Percentage Anaconda $ 1,166,172,000 $ 199,030,000 16.64% Kennecott $ 1,108,155,000 $ 145,877,000 13.16% Company Profits (Worldwide) Profits in Chile Percentage Anaconda $ $ 99,313,000 $ 78,692,000 79.24% Kennecott 165,395,000 $ 35,338,000 21.37% . | , . Z _ _ -SOME U.S...
...For example, articles that say there is no freedom of press here...
...Serge La Faurie, "La Revolution Sans Fusils," Le Nouvel Observateur (Paris, December 14, 1970), pp...
...The popular triumph will open the way to the most democratic political regime in the country's history...
...COPPER Copper is the life-blood of Chile...
...Furthermore the masses who were susceptible and anxious to mobilize on the 4th of September have become TV watchers and radio listeners of the political situation...
...I was Minister of Public Health under the government of Pedro Aguirre Cerda...
...3. Wholly owned plastics plant Dresser Industries...
...We continue to believe that it was a just policy...
...its powerful economic interests are still intact...
...4) the great distribution enterprises and monopolies...
...Afterwards, at the level of the masses, the task will be to push for the realization of the program...
...We believe that the entire left must be on the alert, that we must push for every measure, task or policy that will contribute to prevent the success of this vicious strategy...
...The limited mobilizations of the last few weeks probably is not the sole responsibility of the U.P...
...on the time schedule and the sequence of these measures, on the form of payment (how long to receive payments, in cash, exchangeable for cash if reinvested in industry, what forms of appraisals will be used) and finally on the methods by which these measures are carried out (constitutional reforms, laws, executive decrees, etc...
...2) the country's financial system, especially, private banks and insurance companies...
...They have to obey the same law as everybody else and if they don't pay, we'll apply the law...
...photographic products...
...The first Chilean Cardinal was nominated in the Popular Front period because of pressure brought by the President of the Republic, Pedro Aguirre Cerda...
...All of this is for the purpose of nationalizing foreign capital, and returning all the banks, all the land, and all the factories to all the people.- 21 - VI...
...However, the Chilean copper industry is capital-intensive instead of laborintensive and employs less than 1 percent of the labor force (unemployment in the country runs near 30 percent...
...Lands will also be set aside to create state agricultural enterprises with the most modern technology 4. In qualified cases land will be assigned to small farmers, tenants and agricultural employees who are able to do agricultural work...
...Neither do we recognize the existence of an agrarian feudalism with which to fight, etc...
...We did con- structive work, and in that period they talked of the Popular Front as today they talk of the Peoples' Union...
...3, 1970, p. 6...
...Some political graffitti expressed the same sentiment: "Allende es el paredon" and "Allende es Comunismo" (Allende means the firing squad and Allende is Communism...
...LANDAU: How old were you then...
...A new political constitution will institutionalize the massive incorporation of the people into state power...
...They also interfere in education, culture and the communications media...
...Thus, if they are guaranteed a "good" indemnity receivable over a "prudent" period of time and if possibilities are opened for them to transfer their investments to other areas of the economy, such as the manufacturing industry, we can not discount the possibility of the American investors and the State Department allowing this particular type of "nationalization...
...They say we have taken El Mercurio's books...
...LANDAU: And that didn't occur...
...The Christian Democrats then supported Allende on Ocotber 24...
...1965 -- 18.5...
...insurance, credit, marketing and production controls...
...The people will be incorporated into the task of protecting public health...
...P8rke.Davi.s d Co...
...Diversification in the past has been significantly unsuccessful, as shown below: EXPORTS BY CATEGORY AS % OF TOTAL MERCHANDISE EXPORTS 1963 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Mineral Products (total) 88 n.a...
...The facts demonstrate that inflation in Chile follows the deep causes related with the capitalistic structure of our society and not with wage increases as successive governments have attempted to make us believe to justify the maintenance of this system and to cut the income of the workers...
Vol. 5 • March 1971 • No. 1
