Pinochet, Arms Merchant
Burbach, Roger
report : guns
Pinochet, Arms Merchant
Pinochet (with arm raised) and government officials in 1983. his arms-trafficking business was run inside the government along mafia lines. Roger...
...Ibid., p. 98...
...33...
...In 1981, just as the Reagan administration took of fice, Pinochet reopened a Riggs In 1985 Pinochet account he had shut down af ter the passage of the Interna followed the tional Security Assistance and example of Arms Export Control Act of 1976, which blocked all U.S...
...with full U.s...
...state monopolies on the means of violence in the region More than half of the foreign guns were from the United are anything but secure in the age of transnational flows states (54.8%), followed by argentina (15.6%), italy (7.3%), and neoliberal markets...
...very small potatoes compared Markets in Rio de Janeiro,” a 2006 study produced by the to Pinochet’s racket, of course, but nonetheless telling: international Peace Research institute and viva Rio/isER...
...8. Prensa Latina, “Crime in Mexican Capital Escalates,” October 10, 2007...
...their “U.s.-made R-15 rifles and M60 machine guns, ment stockpiles and private owners...
...Oscar Aitken, a specialist in financial law, served as its head lawyer, helping establish the secret offshore accounts...
...Larry Rohter, “Colonel’s Death Gives Clues to Pinochet’s Arms Deals,” The New York Times, June 19, 2006...
...7. Small Arms Survey 2004, p. 16...
...br/publique/media/Report%20Jamaica.pdf...
...Human Rights Watch, “Arms Transfers to Government of Sudan,” 1998, www.hrw.org/reports98/sudan/Sudarm988-05.htm...
...Pinochet was preparing to invest even more, with the first prototype to be produced using British technology in Chile by 2001.1 The extent of Pinochet’s arms trafficking was unknown to the public until 2004, when a U.S...
...By roger Burbach T he arrest of augusto pinochet at a London hospital on October 17, 1998— after Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón filed charges against the Chilean dictator for crimes against humanity—produced a storm of media attention...
...He would often instruct Aitken on the best way to move funds in and out of the accounts, and virtually all military deals for heavy arms purchases and licensing agreements, including illegal commissions, were negotiated by Honzik,” Narváez says...
...They were presented to Aylwin’s minister of defense, and over his protests he was compelled to sign them.14 But like the earlier deal with Iran, this one also went awry...
...César Levano, “Las armas de mentiras,” Voz de Izquierda, October 19, 2007, http://vozdeizquierda.blogspot.com/2007/10/las-armas-de-lamentira-cesar-levano.html...
...34...
...2. Henry Mora and Todd Tucker, “Costa Rica Doesn’t Need CAFTA to Benefit From U.S...
...26...
...9. Charlie Gillis, “American Guns, Canadian violence,” Macleans, August 10, 2005...
...Guns Behind Cartel Killings in Mexico,” The Washington Post, October 29, 2007...
...24...
...Sergio Chapa, “Violence Prompts Consulate Closure in Nuevo Laredo,” The Brownsville Herald, July 30, 2005...
...Mirna Servin,“Enfrentan 20 hombres armados a soldados en Michoacán,” La Jornada, May 21, 2007...
...until 2002, the report says, “settle for cheaper, and even home-made, weapons...
...23...
...Even Elías Padilla, the director of the Center for the Study of Memory and Human Rights at the Academic University of Christian Humanism, was surprised by the extent of Pinochet’s corruption...
...33...
...they were no means unique...
...International Institute for Strategic Studies, “Defense Spending in Latin America,” May 2006, www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/presscoverage-2006/may-2006/defense-spending-in-latin-america...
...Alejandro Marinelli, “Ya destruyeron 70.000 armas que estaban en ma-nos de civiles,” Clarín (Managua), December 26, 2007, www.clarin.com/ diario/2007/12/26/policiales/g-03815.htm...
...CardoenIndustries, www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Congress/1770/ cardoen.html...
...In 1980 Pinochet began spinning his web of contracts that would turn Chile into a significant international armaments dealer...
...we have fooled the authorities Possible (wiley, 2007), the FaRC got its guns by employing of four countries,” bragged an anonymous writer, identified the transportation services of victor Bout, the fugitive for-only as a “member of the aUC high command,” in the Comer soviet military officer whom a U.s...
...arms continue to flow still, the state remains a key source of the guns fuelling into Colombia, while reports of diversion to the country Brazil’s informal violence...
...Trade Preferences,” Public Citizen’s Global Trade Watch, September 2007, www.citizen.org/documents/CAFTA-CBI_report.pdf...
...trade deficit and the massive current-account deficit, is resulting in a downward adjustment...
...William Godnick, “Illicit Arms in Central America,” presentation to the British American Security Information Council, November 1998...
...36...
...42...
...Military Spending and Armaments, 1999: SIPRI Yearbook (Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 372...
...aid would give its adversaries, buyer is the final recipient and is not planning on transfer-began aggressively seeking fresh arms supplies (likely fi-ring them), the broker had told the Nicaraguans that the nanced using profits from its cocaine export deal with the guns would go to the Panamanian police force...
...two hot arms broker sarkis soghanalian...
...2. “Money Laundering and Foreign Corruption: Enforcement and Effectives of the Patriot Act, Case Study of the Riggs Bank,” U.S...
...Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2003: Development Denied (Oxford University Press), pp...
...6. Chris Khan, “ATF Says More Guns Sent Illegally South of the Border,” Associated Press, December 27, 2007...
...8. Ibid., pp...
...But on a per capita basis, Chile by far outspends both countries, since its population is 16 million, compared to Brazil’s 188 million and Colombia’s 44 million.22 Venezuela, with 26 million, had an official defense budget of just $1.4 billion, although as the IISS points out, this may not include defense deals made outside of the regular budget...
...15...
...Truenan congresistas contra gobierno de EU por plan México,” La Jornada, November 14, 2007...
...13...
...10...
...5, Small Arms Survey, October 2002, p. 4. 2. Mark A. Cohen and Mauricio Rubio, “Solutions Paper: Violence and Crime in Latin America,” Copenhagen Consensus Centre and Inter-American Development Bank, June 2007, p. 5. 3. Rachel Stohl, Matt Schroeder, and Dan Smith, The Small Arms Trade: Beginners Guides (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2007), p. 9. 4. Ibid., p. 8. 5. Ibid., p. 9. 6. Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers (NISAT) database, www.nisat.org...
...Department of State, author interview, December 14, 2007...
...22...
...sion to the Colombian paramilitaries is the United states...
...31...
...Threat to Mexican National Security 1. Jason Trahan et al., “Drug War’s Long Shadow,” Dallas Morning News, December 13, 2005...
...The regime acquired an aura of permanence, and the international arms boycotts on Chile began to lose their effectiveness, particularly with unscrupulous international arms dealers and contractors...
...7. Manuel Roig-Franzia, “U.S...
...Doubts Over Bush Plan on Mexico Drugs,”BBC News, October 22, 2007...
...4. Benedicto Castillo, Pinochet: El gran comisionista (Editorial Mare Nostrum, Santiago, 2007), p. 104...
...32...
...Ibid., p. 99...
...These fighter planes constituted the core of the Chilean Air Force, and the agreement caused an uproar among air force officers—including their commander in chief, General Fernando Matthei...
...Diversifying rapidly in arms production, he had five factories with 1,000 employees by the mid-1980s.5 He would collaborate with FAMAE and the Pinochet mafia on some arms projects, but Narváez says he was never part of the syndicate, and a certain amount of competition existed...
...Colonel Gerardo Huber, who helped set up the deal, was preparing to testify...
...Paraguay’s military government and private sources...
...Castillo, p. 124...
...Germany (4.4%), and spain (4.1%)—despite the fact that all of these countries have signed on to one or more inter-Pablo Morales is NACLA’s editor...
...38...
...11...
...40...
...and con-tenced to 20 years in prison for his role in the affair...
...Imports,” www.cepr.net/documents/import_market_2006_07.pdf...
...A new constitution was imposed on the country in a rigged plebiscite that enabled Pinochet to remain in power at least until 1988, when a second plebiscite was to be held on extending his presidency...
...International Action Network on Small Arms, “Partners in Peace: NGO Contributions to the Implementation of the UN’s POA on Small Arms UN Biennial Meeting of States,” July 7–11, 2003...
...See Mark Weisbrot and David Rosnick, “A Shrinking Market: Projections for U.S...
...Mexican Soldiers Take Over City,” BBC News, June 14, 2005...
...Atacan Zetas a la AEI,” Cuarto Poder (Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas), May 28, 2007...
...List of U.S...
...In 1980, Honzik began negotiating weapons agreements on behalf of Chile...
...Between december 1998 owned banana vessels under aUC control, as Phillip Rob-and april 1999, the authors say, a plane belonging to one of ertson, writing in the fall 2007 issue of Virginia Quarterly Bout’s front companies made at least four trips from Jordan Review, reports...
...The main line of the inquiry in which Carreño testified centered on the agreement with the Iranians for the sale of the F-5s...
...Pinochet immediately blamed the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front guerrilla group, and the following week, in apparent retaliation, five members of the Chilean Communist Party were “disappeared...
...House of Representatives, April 20, 2005...
...As the Senate investigation reported, Riggs had established these accounts “with no serious inquiry into questions regarding the source of his wealth,” helping him “set up offshore shell corporations and open accounts in the names of those corporations to disguise his control of the accounts...
...Redbook, p. 99...
...Assault Weapons Threaten Public Safety,”online fact sheet, Brady Campaign, Washington...
...the scandal eventually brought down vladiin small-arms “diversion,” meaning the shifting of arms miro Montesinos, head of Peruvian intelligence during the from legal to illegal markets...
...23...
...30...
...notes 22...
...NRA Faults Bill Targeting Gun Sales,” Associated Press, May 4, 2007...
...The Media Need More TLC in CAFTA Reporting 1. A lengthy anti-CAFTA response by Senator Bernie Sanders appeared in The Wall Street Journal, reacting to an op-ed criticizing his trip to Costa Rica in which he spoke against the Bush administration’s threats...
...Ibid...
...niving corporations—come out of the labyrinthine arms-arms demand from Colombia’s right-wing narcosmuggling networks that have arisen to meet the demand of paramilitaries has also diverted state guns...
...17...
...In 1983, the country began producing cluster bombs, making its first sale for $21 million to Iraq for 3,000 bombs weighing 500 pounds each...
...arms into Paraguay before then was so voluminous paramilitaries] with weapons and ammunition”—obviously that many of the guns are still circulating...
...16...
...the paramilitary arms pipeline was official once called “the most powerful player” in illegal part of an elaborate smuggling scheme involving Chiquitainternational arms trafficking...
...Castillo, pp...
...21...
...12...
...U.S...
...at lower levels, civilians and military of-parachuted over FaRC-controlled territory in eastern ficials alike have often turned a quick peso by engaging Colombia...
...Laura Starr, “Does the Mérida Initiative Represent a New Direction for US-Mexico Relations...
...6. “How did the General Get So Rich...
...Levano, “Las armas de mentiras...
...today, U.s...
...5. Shirley Christian, “Chilean Arms Maker Helps Fill a World Demand,” The New York Times, July 22, 1987...
...12...
...37...
...Guns: The U.S...
...In 1985 Pinochet followed the example of the Reagan administration and began negotiating arms deals with Iran, with the direct approval of CIA director William Casey.6 Cardoen and a secret government delegation journeyed to Tehran, where they concluded a contract in which Chile would sell Iran 300 units of a newly designed cluster bomb called the Avispa, which was manufactured under a complex arrangement with Cardoen and FAMAE in a plant called FERRIMAR, controlled by Chilean industrialist Guido Pesce...
...military support, had a budget of $6.3 billion, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS...
...Guns Behind Cartel Killings in Mexico,” The Washington Post, October 29, 2007...
...3. “La empresa preferida de Pinochet...
...The Riggs banking revelaPinochet left behind two legacies that the four presidents of the Concertación coalition have followed from 1990 to today: the neoliberal economic policies launched in the mid-1970s, and the conversion of Chile into a major global arms dealer and latin american military power...
...Falsified export documents were drawn up making it look like Sri Lanka was the country of origin for the shipment...
...And with the steep rise of international copper prices in recent years, the Chilean military budget has increased dramatically.24 The Chilean military has apologized to the country for the crimes of the Pinochet era and it has sworn its total subservience to civilian rule...
...British govern ments from thenceforth were Casey...
...144–45...
...Rohter, “Colonel’s Death...
...For the next eight years he acted with complete independence of the elected civilian governments, continuing to expand his international arms empire along with his offshore bank accounts...
...purchase 50,000 aK-47s (originally from East Germany...
...3. Alfredo Corchado and Tim Connolly, “U.S...
...Roger Burbach is director of the Center for the Study of the Americas (CENSA), based in Berkeley, California...
...drug-trafficking mirror one another, the aUC often paid its report: guns was dispatched to Iran, where it upped the ante by initializing an agreement to sell 15 additional F-5s to Iran for $200 million...
...some of the most colorful anecdotes about small-arms Montesinos, who had long cultivated a stern, anti-guerrilla diversion—typically featuring a cast of characters that persona, reportedly collected $8 million on the diverted riincludes shady, cosmopolitan brokers...
...Annual Report for Colombia,” Amnesty International, 2006...
...However, Pinochet left behind two legacies that the four presidents of the Concertación coalition have followed from 1990 to today: the neoliberal economic policies launched in the mid-1970s, and the conversion of Chile into a major global arms dealer and Latin American military power...
...delighted to deal with Pinochet in cutting military deals and granting him special commissions...
...state United states suspended arms sales to Paraguay in 1996, department’s 2003 human rights report on Colombia noted it hasn’t stopped, the report says, because the wave of that elements of the Colombian military was “providing [the U.s...
...Viva Rio, www.vivario.org.br/english...
...Gun Shows: Arms Bazaars for Terrorists and Criminals,”online fact sheet, www.bradycampaign.org...
...16...
...Pinochet, Arms Merchant 1. “La empresa preferida de Pinochet,” Que Pasa (Santiago), September 15, 2005, http://quepasa.cl/medio/articulo/0,0,38039290_101111578_ 160031632,00.html...
...Research assistance: Claudia Toledo...
...29...
...But in Budapest, perhaps due to a CIA tip, customs officials uncovered the real origins and contents of the shipment and it was confiscated.15 That same year, Chile delivered 1,658 cluster bombs to Ethiopia...
...4. Sam Logan, “Guns: The Bloody US-Mexico Market,” ISN Security Watch (Zurich), October 31, 2007...
...105–8...
...21...
...ATF Seizes Guns Destined for Mexico and LA gangs,” KNXV-TV (Phoenix), December 3, 2007...
...Using a forged end-state, the FaRC guerrilla group, anticipating the enhanced user certificate (a document used to certify that an arms capabilities that the U.s...
...In retrospect, the dictator put Chile on the map as an international arms trader, but his arms syndicate, its laundering of funds, and its fiascos drained hundreds of millions of dollars from the Chilean treasury...
...In addition to not wanting to part with the planes, Matthei also feared retaliation from the U.S...
...while the flow of U.s...
...majority of the high-caliber guns and assault rifles they this was not without precedent...
...105–6...
...and began The war between Great Brit ain and Argentina the follownegotiating arms ing year over the Malvinas, deals with Iran, in which Chile stood alone among Latin American nations with the direct in assisting the British, aided approval of CIa Pinochet’s international mili director William tary ambitions...
...In 1991 at Pinochet’s direction the Chilean government signed a secret deal with Croatia for the sale of a long list of weapons, ranging from three different types of missiles and platform launchers to rockets, grenade mortars, and rifles...
...15...
...Adolfo A.Franco, testimony at “Gangs and Crime in Latin America,” hearing convened by the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, Committee on International Relations, U.S...
...Thomas A. Shannon, assistant secretary of state for western hemisphere affairs, testimony before Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, November 15, 2007...
...Gunmen Posing as Soldiers Slay 7 in Acapulco,” The San Diego Union-Tribune, February 7, 2007...
...Anti-drug Aid Proposal Could Heighten Violence in Mexico,” Dallas Morning News, January 2, 2008...
...Jens Erik Gould,“Latin American Crime Is Crimping Growth: Investment Slows Amid Insecurity,” International Herald Tribune, October 17, 2006...
...In 1997 the Sudanese government used Chilean-made cluster bombs in its civil war against rebels in the south...
...These hefty procurements have set off alarm bells in neighboring Argentina, Peru, and Bolivia, all of whom are trying to compete with Chile with more stringent revenues and budgets.21 In terms of defense budgets, Chile ranked third among Latin American nations in 2005, spending $3.8 billion on defense, behind Brazil with $13.2 billion and Colombia, which because of its war with the guerrillas and U.S...
...35...
...military aid program to the Colombian negotiated through an israeli broker...
...Weekly Puzzler, December 28, 2006, www.submergingmarkets.com/weekly_puzzlers/2006/12/the_generals_bo.html...
...Small Arms Survey 2006, p. 204...
...But according to the constitution he imposed on the new government he was to remain commander in chief of the Chilean Army until 1998...
...Shannon testimony...
...3. The dollar’s devaluation, together with the record-level U.S...
...28...
...The arms arrived in Hungary from where they were to be sent by land to Croatia...
...Now,” he says, instead of chanting at demonstrations, “ ‘Pinochet, Assassin,’ we can chant, ‘Pinochet, Assassin and Thief.’ ” When Pinochet died in December 2006, he had not received a final sentence for any of the charges against him nor spent a day in jail...
...Aside from the military officials (sometimes retired), civilians were also a part of the syndicate...
...12...
...Castillo, pp...
...14...
...There was also the Czech-born Carlos Honzik, a friend of Pinochet’s who lived in Chile and served as a representative of the Swiss arms company Mowag...
...20...
...Hawley and Solache, “US Guns Pour Into Mexico...
...Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns in the City (Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 171...
...31...
...Andrea Becerril, “Calderón pidió a EU mecanismo similar al plan Colombia, revelan,” La Jornada (Mexico City), June 9, 2007...
...21...
...In 1985 this close relationship enabled Pinochet to begin discussions with British Ordnance on transferring the technology to manufacture the Cohete Rayo in Chile.3 But it was during the Iraq-Iran war that Chile took off as a major international arms dealer...
...President Michelle Bachelet refused to hold a state funeral for him, and while the military held a special ceremony attended by pinochetistas as well as protesters, it refused to bury him in the elaborate mausoleum he had prepared for himself at the military cemetery, fearing it would attract too many vandals...
...Michael Mogensen,“Corner and Area Gangs of Inner-city Jamaica” (Children of Organized Armed Violence, 2005), p. 11, www.coav.org...
...Grillo and Minaya, “Unafraid, Mexican Lawman Pays With His Life...
...9. John Müller, “La Operación Foxtrot, el ambicioso plan de Pinochet para transferir 16 aviones F5 a Iran,” www.geocities.com/john_muller_es/ Cronicas/Irancorfo/irancorfo4.html...
...Lydia Richardson and Adèle Kirsten,“Armed Violence and Poverty in Brazil: A Case Study of Rio de Janeiro and Assessment of Viva Rio for the Armed Violence and Poverty Initiative,” Centre for International Cooperation and Security, March 2005...
...Guns Behind Cartel Killings in Mexico...
...14...
...in 2003, authorities confiscated were foreign-made, according to “tracking caught a Paraguayan lieutenant-colonel trying to steal the Guns: international diversion of small arms to illicit a pair of machine guns...
...State Department fact sheet, October 22, 2007...
...tions in 2004 destroyed his business empire, as most of his offshore and family accounts were blocked or confiscated...
...If anyone showed signs of crossing the padrino, they were immediately removed from their posts...
...Elizabeth Williamson, “Congress Passes Bill to Stop Mentally Ill From Getting Guns,” The Washington Post, December 20, 2007...
...counter-terrorism lombian daily El Tiempo...
...He played the part of godfather, appointing members of his clique to head the Factories and Arsenals of the Army of Chile, or FAMAE, an autonomous state agency and the oldest munitions factory in Latin America, dating back to the early 19th century, that produced most of the arms and weaponry for export...
...13...
...A Chilean military delegation headed by the general director of FAMAE, Carlos Carreño, Colombia and Brazil: Deadly Diversions P inochet may have reached the apex of corrupt govern-But, as the international press widely reported in ment arms trafficking in Latin america, but he was by 1999, 10,000 of the rifles didn’t end up in Peru...
...Godnick et al., “Stray Bullets,” p. 11...
...7. Castillo, p. 104...
...17...
...13...
...Many more deliveries were made of these bombs as well as other weaponry.4 Cardoen Industries, owned by Carlos Cardoen, produced the cluster bombs for Iraq...
...Ibid., pp...
...Biting the Bullet,” in Reviewing Action on Small Arms, 2006: Assessing the First Five Years of the UN Programme of Action (2006), p. 97...
...There is, in fact, a widespread belief, according to Narváez, that an explosion at a Cardoen plant in the northern Chilean desert in 1986 that killed 29 workers was carried out by a special military unit un report: guns der Pinochet’s direction...
...Logan, “Guns: The Bloody US-Mexico Market...
...Ninety-one days later, Carreño was released in São Paulo, Brazil, and flown back to Chile in one of Pinochet’s personal jets, appearing in the newspapers the next morning in a photo with the smiling dictator.9 by Pablo Morales overseas arms suppliers in cocaine, according to Robert-national agreements aimed at curbing diversion...
...Quoted in“Calderón: More Help Needed From U.S...
...23...
...22...
...Martin Seiff, “Defense Focus: Venezuela’s Kalashnikovs,” United Press International, August 15, 2007...
...this, foreign tourists in Paraguay could buy guns and ammuthe authors say, “implies that paramilitary groups are both nition with just a photocopied id...
...Congress or the Pentagon, since by then news of the Iran-Contra scandal had broken, forcing the Reagan administration to end its Iranian arms deals.8 In 1987 Carreño was to return to Tehran to sign the deal for the 15 F-5s...
...Human Rights Watch believes that the bombs might have come from Ethiopia.16 In 1993, during Aylwin’s civilian government, the government opened an inquiry on the shipment of arms to Croatia in 1991, which violated a UN embargo...
...10...
...Funds from Pinochet’s military deals and commissions would be deposited in these private accounts and then used according to the whims of Pinochet and his associates, with no public accounting whatsoever...
...11...
...Not long after, in 1995, Chile immediately began shipping arms to Ecuador when a border war erupted with Peru, violating an international treaty that Chile had signed with Ecuador and Peru in 1942 agreeing not to sell arms to either country in case of a conflict.18 Meanwhile, the expansion of Cardoen Industries was particularly notable in the 1990s as it set up subsidiaries in Ecuador, Italy, Spain, and Greece...
...15...
...How did the General Get So Rich...
...indeed, the U.s...
...In the 1980s, the dictator’s mafia-like organization began functioning and continued even until after he was forced out of the presidency in 1990...
...duped government fles, directly from the FaRC...
...knowledge...
...Pablo Gato and Robert Windrem,“Hezbollah Build a Western Base,” MSNBC, May 9, 2007, www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17874369...
...2 Citibank and some lesser-known banks performed similar functions for Pinochet over the years...
...24...
...Council on Hemispheric Affairs, December 14, 2007...
...Ibid...
...10...
...Laura Carlsen, “Plan Mexico,” Foreign Policy in Focus, October 30, 2007...
...Grillo and Minaya, “Unafraid, Mexican Lawman Pays With His Life...
...notes The Small Arms Trade in the Americas 1. Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2004: Rights at Risk (Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 50...
...2. Ioan Grillo and Zeke Minaya, “Unafraid, Mexican Lawman Pays With His Life,” Houston Chronicle, June 10, 2005...
...Senate investigative subcommit diegO gOLdberg/sygma/COrbis tee released a report describing how the Riggs Bank of Washington, D.C., had collaborated with Pinochet and his family in establishing special accounts and offshore shell corporations to hide their business activities...
...Mexican Soldiers Take Over City,” BBC News...
...25...
...The Merida Initiative: United States-Mexico-Central America Security Cooperation,” U.S...
...But it is opposed to touching the copper endowment bestowed on it by Pinochet...
...A cargo plane flew from Chile in November making a stopover in Miami, where the CIA may have detected the shipment...
...5. Chris Hawley and Sergio Solache, “US Guns Pour Into Mexico,” Arizona Republic, January 16, 2007...
...Government,” El Universal, online English edition, January 19, 2007...
...Although his goddaughter, Loreto Tapia, was married to one of Pinochet’s grandsons, Huber was “disappeared” before he could formally CrisPin hughes/PanOs PiCtures report: guns give his deposition...
...EricJackson, “Going Through the Motions About AUC Arms,” The Panama News (Panama City), August 17–September 6, 2003...
...Paraguay, as is as well as israeli Galil rifles,” are expensive, sophisticated well-known, was a major source of the military-grade weapons compared to those of the guerrillas, who often weapons on Brazilian streets...
...Among his most recent books is The Pinochet Affair: State Terrorism and Global Justice (Zed Books, 2003...
...Alex Sánchez, “Chile’s Aggressive Military Arm Purchases Are Ruffling the Region, Alarming in Particular Bolivia, Peru and Argentina,” Council on Hemispheric Affairs, August 7, 2007...
...Kim Cragin and Bruce Hoffman, Arms Trafficking in Colombia (RAND and National Defense Research Institute, 2003), p. 18...
...manufacturers on trade Web site http://AK-47.us...
...29...
...Bahia de Banderas News (Puerto Vallarta), February 2007...
...Modified U.S.-made helicopters, night vision goggles, and other light weapons were sold to Libya’s Muammar al-Gadhafi, the Saudi Arabian monarchy, and the South African apartheid government...
...The Coming Fight for Control of Matamoros...
...38...
...in september 2006, he was senofficials...
...202, 206...
...with more than 50,000 ammunition rounds that were found Brazil, too, is a magnet for diverted weapons, from both missing from a government arsenal...
...Reflecting the extent to which arms-and to Peru, delivering legally purchased aK-47 rifles...
...International Action Network on Small Arms, “Message From the Director,” January 21, 2005...
...in fact, well-known Brazilian trafficker Luiz Fernando da Costa...
...37...
...14...
...Manuel Roig-Franzia, “U.S...
...report : guns Pinochet, Arms Merchant Pinochet (with arm raised) and government officials in 1983...
...The international press initially reported that Pinochet was in London to receive medical treatment for a herniated spinal disc and to visit a friend, former prime minister Margaret Thatcher...
...At the urging of Colonel Oliver North, Chile sold 58 ground-to-air “blowpipe” missiles and eight platforms for launching short-range rockets.12 The cluster bombs sold to Saddam Hussein were used extensively by Iraq in the Persian Gulf War in 1991...
...Northrop Corporation, as compensation for the faulty cluster bombs...
...report: guns Carreño later testified that his captors, who he said never asked him any political questions, were mostly likely connected to the intelligence unit of the Chilean Air Force.10 I n spite of the fiasco with iran, the 1980s witnessed the consolidation of Chile as a leading arms dealer among third world nations...
...Agent: AlabamaMilitia Planned Attack on Mexicans,” Associated Press, May 1, 2007...
...Catherine Bremer, “Mexico Needs US Help to Crush Drug Gangs,” Reuters, December 10, 2007...
...Days later his body was found just outside of Santiago.17 Pinochet blamed leftist terrorists...
...Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business (Oxford University Press), p. 84...
...almost son’s source...
...Chile, Cardoen Industries...
...wealthier and better connected internationally and do-guns into Brazil has been somewhat contained since the mestically than guerrilla groups...
...23 The arms procurement program continues to escalate under the government of Bachelet, who took office in 2006...
...31...
...Shannon testimony...
...Deja 15 sicarios muertos enfrentamiento en Sonora,” El Universal, May 16, 2007...
...Hereafter referred to as Redbook...
...24...
...It is believed that in retaliation, the United States canceled the previously approved contract for the shipment of a prototype of a Bell combat helicopter to Chile that was to be used to manufacture a lower-cost version of the helicopter in a Chilean plant.13 Pinochet finally turned the presidency over to Patricio Aylwin of the Christian Democratic Party in March 1990, after losing the 1988 plebiscite...
...Until Pinochet, Chile was not even a bit player in the international arms business...
...28...
...Manuel Roig-Franzia, “U.S...
...Mexico to Learn From Colombia,” El Universal, online English edition, January 27, 2007...
...16...
...18...
...27...
...25...
...27...
...Starr, “Does the Mérida Initiative Represent a New Direction for US-Mexico Relations...
...the reagan military sales to Chile because administration of its human rights violations...
...28–29...
...8. www.nisat.org 9. Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2002: Counting the Human Cost (Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 12...
...President Signs Bill to Strengthen the Brady Background Check System,” Brady Campaign press release, January 8, 2008...
...as they were shipped on the Panamanian-registered freighter douglas Farah and stephen Braun recount in Merchant of Otterloo to the port town of turbó, Colombia, where they Death: Money, Guns, Planes, and the Man Who Makes War were received by the aUC...
...A Cardoen-owned plant in Guatemala began producing explosives, grenades, and mines.19 Thus, in October 1998 when Pinochet arrived in London, he stood at the pinnacle of an international arms empire, second only to Brazil at the time as Latin America’s most important exporter.20 But after his 1998 arrest, virtually no countries or arms dealers dared to deal anymore with the Pinochet family...
...But a day before he was scheduled to depart from Santiago, Carreño was kidnapped...
...32...
...Only later did it come out that he was also there to receive a $4.3 million personal commission for Chile’s purchase of three British frigates, brazenly flaunting Chile’s law forbidding government officials from receiving special payments...
...Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Washington, D.C., July 14, 2004, p. 2. www.senate.gov/~govt-aff/_files/ACF5F8.pdf...
...Aside from expanding military exports, Chile has gone on a military purchasing spree since 2000, spending $2.8 billion on heavy weapons, including 10 F-16 Lockheed fighter planes, 18 similar warplanes from the Netherlands, and frigates, submarines, and Leopard tanks from Germany...
...Reuters, “U.S., Nicaragua Head for Conflict Over Old Missiles,” February 5, 2007...
...According to report: guns Luis Narváez, a reporter who is investigating Chile’s arms dealing and Pinochet’s offshore accounts for the Chilean newspaper La Nación, Honzik was crucial to the operation, more important than the lawyer Aitken...
...Godnick et al., “Stray Bullets,” p. 8. 18...
...in the years lead-November 2001, the Nicaraguan government sold Panama ing up to the implementation of Plan Colombia, the multi-3,000 aK-47s and millions of ammunition rounds in a deal billion-dollar U.s...
...20...
...The first shipment of Avispas arrived in Iran in January 1986, and almost immediately the Iranian authorities reported that many of them malfunctioned...
...Amnesty International Report 2007 41...
...39...
...Sánchez, “Chile’s Aggressive Military Arms Purchases...
...Department of State, author interview, June 22, 2004...
...a third of the confiscated foreign guns were made by a But perhaps the most significant source of arms diver-single U.s...
...Guy Taylor, “ ‘Merida Initiative’ Would Provide Counter-Drug Aid to Mexico, but Congress Remains Skeptical,” World Politics Review, December 13, 2007...
...company, smith & wesson...
...in January, a Paraguayan colofrom elsewhere in Latin america, including argentina, Ec-nel, major, and two officers, along with two civilians, one uador, and venezuela, have persisted since the Montesinos of them a pawnshop owner, were arrested in connection and Otterloo incidents...
...34...
...20...
...According to a law written by Pinochet, the armed forces of Chile automatically receive 10% of the copper revenues from Codelco, the state-owned copper enterprise...
...36...
...26...
...although most of the commander reportedly said the arrest had exposed the guns that Rio de Janeiro police confiscated between 1974 “systematic theft” of government munitions, likely sold to and 2004 were domestically manufactured handguns, the Brazilian drug gangs...
...the deal, undertaken with spots drive much of the small-arms diversion in Latin amer-the blessing of the Cia station in amman, was for Peru to ica: the Colombian conflict and the Brazilian street wars...
...For example, in Colombian paramilitaries and guerrillas...
...But he died a hounded man with virtually all of his family’s fortune blocked or confiscated...
...Sales of the cluster bombs and other weaponry to Saddam Hussein in Iraq continued to expand.11 Chile also became involved in the sale of weapons in the CIA-backed Contra war against the Sandinista revolutionary government in Nicara gua in the mid-1980s before the Iran-Contra scandal broke...
...Pablo Dreyfus, interview by Shelley de Botton, “Homemade Handguns: Weapons Seizures Point to Growing Trend in Brazil,” Comunidad Segura, September 28, 2006...
...18...
...U.S...
...35...
...A corrected version of the Avispa was sent to Iran the following June, but in a test run it prematurely detonated in a fighter plane.7 The Iranian government demanded that Chile turn over one of its F-5 aircraft, produced by the U.S...
...the phenomenon is frequent alberto Fujimori administration, who had negotiated an os-in the region—a “recurrent Latin american nightmare,” as tensibly legal aK-47 deal with Jordan through the U.s.-based the arms analyst Pablo dreyfus recently called it...
...Starr, “Does the Mérida Initiative Represent a New Direction for US-Mexico Relations...
...Even so, Peruvian journalist César Levano is on the mark when he points out that “if the United States is really preoccupied with an arms race [in Latin America], it should look at Chile, and not Venezuela...
...17...
...Marion Lloyd, “Five Severed Heads Thrown Onto Crowded Dance Floor,” Houston Chronicle, September 7, 2006...
...Pinochet also met with Royal Ordnance, a subsidiary of BAE Systems, Europe’s largest weapons manufacturer, to discuss his favorite project with the company, the Cohete Rayo, a 22-mile-range missile that Chile had already invested at least $176 million in building...
...Eoin O’Carroll,“Colombia Seeks Eight in Chiquita Terrorist Scandal,” Christian Science Monitor online edition, March 22, 2007...
...His office close to the presidential palace was decorated with several pictures of Honzik embracing Pinochet...
...William Godnick, with Robert Muggah and Camilla Wasznik, “Stray Bullets: The Impact of Small Arms Misuse in Central America,” Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper no...
...the study concludes that most of the foreign weapas Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business empha-ons arrived legally to Brazil or one of its neighbors and sizes, the paras are generally better armed than the guer-were then later diverted, mostly from Brazilian governrillas...
...11...
...Tina Marie Macias, “House Panel Criticizes Latin America Anti-drug Plan,” Los Angeles Times, November 15, 2002...
...Mark Stevenson, “Gonzales: US Eyeing Gun Flow Into Mexico,” Associated Press, May 16, 2007...
...corrupt military and police officials...
Vol. 41 • March 2008 • No. 2
